Du Trotskysme À La Social-Démocratie: Le Courant Lambertiste En

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Du Trotskysme À La Social-Démocratie: Le Courant Lambertiste En THESE Pour obtenir le diplôme de doctorat spécialité CNU 22 Histoire et civilisations : histoire des mondes modernes et contemporains Préparée au sein de l’Université Le Havre Normandie Du trotskysme à la social-démocratie : le courant lambertiste en France jusqu'en 1963 Présentée et soutenue par Jean HENTZGEN Thèse soutenue publiquement le 13 juin 2019 devant le jury composé de Monsieur Frank Georgi Maître de conférences en histoire Rapporteur contemporaine HDR à l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Monsieur Frédéric Sawicki Professeur de science politique à Rapporteur l’Université Paris 1-Panthéon-Sorbonne ’exercice Madame Ludivine Bantigny Maîtresse de conférences en histoire Examinatrice contemporaine HDR à l’Université de Rouen Monsieur Michel Dreyfus Directeur de recherche émérite au CNRS Ancien directeur de thèse Monsieur John Barzman Professeur émérite d’histoire contemporaine Directeur de thèse à l’Université Le Havre Normandie Thèse dirigée par John BARZMAN, Professeur émérite d’histoire contemporaine à l’Université Le Havre Normandie, laboratoire Idées Le Havre (CIRTAI) UMR 6266 CNRS Du trotskysme à la social-démocratie : le courant lambertiste jusqu'en 1963 7 SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ........................................................................................................ 5 SOMMAIRE .................................................................................................................... 7 LISTE DES ANNEXES ................................................................................................. 11 TABLE DES SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS ............................................................... 12 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 15 CHAPITRE I LE PREMIER ÂGE DU TROTSKYSME FRANÇAIS (jusqu’en 1948) .............................................................................................................. 37 Genèse du mouvement trotskyste .............................................................................. 37 L’entrisme à la SFIO ................................................................................................. 39 La fondation de la IVe Internationale ........................................................................ 42 Les premières expériences militantes de Pierre Lambert .......................................... 45 La division persistante des trotskystes français ......................................................... 47 P. Lambert durant l’Occupation ................................................................................ 50 Naissance du PCI ....................................................................................................... 53 Le PCI à la Libération ............................................................................................... 56 L’ascension de P. Lambert ........................................................................................ 62 Syndicalisme révolutionnaire et trotskysme .............................................................. 66 Le tournant de 1947 ................................................................................................... 71 Scission au PCI .......................................................................................................... 75 CHAPITRE II NAISSANCE DU « PABLISME » (avril 1948 – juin 1952) .................................................................................................. 81 La « divine surprise » yougoslave ............................................................................. 81 Quelques données sur le PCI ..................................................................................... 89 La quête d’un regroupement syndical ....................................................................... 93 La nouvelle stratégie de M. Pablo ........................................................................... 102 Le débat dans la section française ........................................................................... 103 Le IIIe congrès mondial ........................................................................................... 109 Reprise de la lutte fractionnelle ............................................................................... 111 Le compromis du Xe plenum .................................................................................. 115 La fin de L’Unité ..................................................................................................... 116 Une scission inéluctable .......................................................................................... 119 CHAPITRE III LA CONQUÊTE D’UNE ORGANISATION (juillet 1952 – mars 1953) ............................................................................................ 123 Les militants majoritaires ........................................................................................ 124 Une situation difficile .............................................................................................. 126 Le VIIIe congrès des exclus .................................................................................... 128 Echec dans l’Internationale ..................................................................................... 132 La remise en route ................................................................................................... 135 L’implantation syndicale des majoritaires ............................................................... 139 Les hésitations du PCF et de la CGT ....................................................................... 150 Du trotskysme à la social-démocratie : le courant lambertiste jusqu'en 1963 8 Un nouveau débat au PCI majoritaire ..................................................................... 153 La victoire des « syndicalistes » .............................................................................. 158 CHAPITRE IV L’AFFIRMATION DU COURANT LAMBERTISTE (mars-décembre 1953) ................................................................................................. 163 Portrait de P. Lambert ............................................................................................. 163 Un nouveau débat sur l’URSS ................................................................................. 168 « Fonctionner comme une fabrique » ...................................................................... 172 L’échec des CRC ..................................................................................................... 177 Le retour de L’Unité syndicale ................................................................................ 179 Une grève exemplaire .............................................................................................. 181 Le mouvement pour les Assises .............................................................................. 185 Les déceptions de l’automne 1953 .......................................................................... 192 Une victoire contre le « pablisme » ......................................................................... 196 CHAPITRE V LA DERNIÈRE LUTTE DE TENDANCE (janvier 1954-avril 1955)…………….……………………………………………….201 Une nouvelle crise au PCI ....................................................................................... 202 Constitution du groupe Raoul .................................................................................. 208 L’intervention syndicale .......................................................................................... 211 Les dissensions demeurent ...................................................................................... 213 L’enlisement du Comité international ..................................................................... 218 L’ultime divergence : Messali Hadj ........................................................................ 223 Synthèse des désaccords .......................................................................................... 225 La rupture finale ...................................................................................................... 227 CHAPITRE VI LE SOUTIEN AUX MESSALISTES (jusqu’au début de 1956) .............................................................................................. 233 Nationalistes algériens et trotskystes ....................................................................... 233 Les raisons d’une alliance ....................................................................................... 237 Les événements de 1954-1955 ................................................................................ 240 L’orientation lambertiste ......................................................................................... 243 Les activités clandestines du PCI ............................................................................ 246 Le soutien public du PCI ......................................................................................... 248 Les alliés des lambertistes ....................................................................................... 249 Le Comité Messali ................................................................................................... 254 Une alliance fragile.................................................................................................. 257 Les lambertistes contre le FLN................................................................................ 260 CHAPITRE VII
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