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German-Speaking Women Refugees in American Social Work After 1933

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German-Speaking Women Refugees in American Social Work After 1933 A Second Chance in Exile? German-Speaking Women Refugees in American Social Work After 1933 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Barbara Louis IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, Co-Advisor Susan Jones, Co-Advisor April 2015 © Barbara Louis 2015 Acknowledgments My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my advisers, Susan Jones and Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, who have guided and advised me wisely and generously over the years in all matters related to life and work in academia. In addition to giving me advice, they showed me how to be a historian of science. I couldn’t have had better mentors by my side. I am also tremendously grateful to the members of my dissertation committee, Gary Cohen, Donna Gabiacca, and Jennifer Gunn. In their own unique ways, they have profoundly shaped the ways I have been thinking about my project, which made writing this dissertation such a rewarding and stimulating process. I owe thanks to the members of the HSTM faculty who created a tremendously hospitable intellectual and social environment and served as professional role models, and to Barbara Eastwold for her ability and willingness able to solve even the trickiest administrative issue. My initial project idea could develop to become this dissertation only because I received funding from several sources. At the University of Minnesota, I am deeply indebted to the Program in History of Science, Technology and Medicine, the Graduate School, and the Center for Austrian Studies. The German Historical Institute in Washington, D.C. supplied plentiful resources and an ideal working environment during my two-year residence. The 2012/13 dissertation fellowship by the Dietrich W. Botstiber Foundation, finally, gave me the opportunity to exclusively focus on analyzing the collected sources and to write up large parts of the dissertation. Exploring archival collections without the wisdom, practical knowledge, and sustaining enthusiasm of archivists would be a sad affair. Lois Hendrickson, then at the University of Minnesota Archives, was instrumental for helping me find my topic, as she gently, yet insistently, pointed to social work, which had not been on my radar as I started out. Among several other archivists who assisted me along the way, my thanks go particularly to Eric Moore, also at the University of Minnesota Archives, to Heidi Koschwitz at the German Central Institute for Social Issues, Berlin, and to Michael Simonson at the Leo Baeck Institute in New York City, who was exceptionally welcoming and generous in providing access to the collections relevant to my project. Along the way, I had the good fortune of meeting people who generously engaged with me in discussions about my project and shared their creative ideas and profound knowledge. At the Center for Austrian Studies, my thanks go to Annett Richter, Lisa Peschel, Thomas König, Nicole Phelps, and Anne Carter. To Anne I will also be forever grateful for the hours she spent patiently editing the first papers I had written in graduate school in a foreign language and academic system. At the German Historical Institute in Washington, D.C., I thank Clelia Caruso, Mario Daniels, Marcus Gräser, Mischa Honeck, Mark Stoneman, Richard Wetzell and my immediate colleagues on the Transatlantic Perspectives project, Andreas Joch, Jan Logemann, Corinna Ludwig, and Lauren Shaw. i Meeting one of the protagonists of my dissertation, Gerda L. Schulman, in person, as well as family members, friends, and colleagues of others, constitutes the most memorable experiences of my dissertation work. Kathy Leichter welcomed me into her home in New York City, and together with her father Franz, she shared her memories and material about Elsa Leichter, which inspired and enabled me to write chapter one. In Minnesota, several persons who knew Gisela Konopka contributed their recollections and gave me valuable feedback on my work. My gratitude goes to you all, in particular to professor Hyman Berman. In Vienna, people were also generous with their knowledge and advice. Monika Vyslouzil pointed me in the right direction, and Maria Dorothea Simon shared her fascinating insights, based on her long and productive career in social work and beyond on both sides of the Atlantic. I am tremendously grateful to my senior colleagues who supported this project by reading drafts, commenting on conference papers, inviting me to present my work, and by discussing with me whatever issue or topic needed exploration. Thank you, Christian Fleck, Kenneth Ledford, Christine von Oertzen, and Marynel Ryan Van Zee. Without Joachim Wieler this project would not have been feasible. A pioneer in the study of exile and social work in the German-speaking area, he shared his expertise, and encouraged me in the early stages of my work. He conducted the oral history interviews with émigrés in the United States, that constitute a significant part of the sources of this dissertation. More importantly, though, with these interviews, he preserved the unique voices and fascinating stories of émigrés in social work, which would otherwise have remained unheard. I owe gratitude to my graduate student colleagues for sharing their knowledge and experience; also for their friendship, support, good cheer, and in general for creating a community in which I felt at home from the very first time I set foot in the graduate student office. Thanks to all of them, in particular to Sara Cammeresi, Adrian Fischer, Xuan Geng, Maggie Hofius, Kate Jirik, Hyung-Wook Park, and Gina Rumore. Amy Fisher in addition for Sunday afternoon walks and pleasant as well as productive hours spent at various coffee shops. I thank Joe Martin, who is one of the smartest, funniest, most erudite and generous people I have ever met, and Maggie Charleroy, his equal in all these respects, for their profound contribution to making my time in Minnesota (and, in fact, in all the other places where we have met in the meantime) so intellectually stimulating, exciting, as well as entertaining. My friends and family did their best to keep me sane, listened patiently to what must have seemed endless stories about my work, provided valuable comments from their unique vantage points, and housed and fed me. Thanks for unconditional friendship and unwavering support goes to Dustin Breitenwischer, Barbara Brunner, David Felder, Dara Fischer, Ashley Narayan, Brooke Penaloza-Patzak, Petra Perzl, Annemarie Steidl, Julian Ward, and Bettina Weilhartner. My uncles Eduard and Franz Geroldinger gave me books to read when I was a little girl, and they have been a constant source of inspiration ever since. My mother Veronika Reiterer-Wimmer, my step dad Alois Wimmer, and my brother Daniel Reiterer may not have understood all my decisions, but they never ii questioned me and were always supportive, no matter how far away from them my adventures took me. To my husband, Vincent Louis, I owe my deepest and sincerest gratitude. He came into my life when I started to work on this project, and he has been by my side during every step of the way, which included moving to a different continent and starting a new life. He read, commented on and challenged my work, which made this dissertation so much better than I could have ever achieved by myself. For this and everything else, I thank you. iii Dedication To my grandmother Maria Geroldinger and the memory of my grandfather Karl Geroldinger iv Abstract This dissertation examines the trajectories of Austrian and German Jewish women refugees who established careers in American social work. It traces their lives and careers from ambitious and idealistic young women to their new beginnings in the unfamiliar professional landscape of the United States, and the interwoven, at times conflict-laden, dynamics of their ongoing development within their profession into the last quarter of the twentieth century. I argue that educated, political, Jewish émigré women created productive careers in American social work that enabled them to maintain their identities as intellectuals, emancipated, and activist women dedicated to social reform, albeit in modified ways. While social work as a typical female profession provided the opportunity for empowerment and success for émigré women, the social forces that structured gender relations in larger society reached into the presumed female domain and curtailed the women’s options. Focusing on Elsa Leichter, Gerda L. Schulman, Gisela Konopka, Etta Saloshin, and Anne Fischer as major protagonists, this study illustrates various paths that exiles from war-torn Europe were able to pursue in the social work profession ranging from a caseworker in Richmond, Virginia, to innovators in family and group therapy at a large agency in New York City, to a highly decorated and internationally respected professor of social work at the University of Minnesota. Drawing on the historiographies of intellectual migration and exile, gender and science, as well as the history of the social sciences, the dissertation combines a transnational and comparative perspective with group biography to provide an inclusive account of the émigrés’ lives, careers, and v migration paths, as well as the different contexts and circumstances they encountered. This study proposes to include peripheral actors and those in related applied fields instead of restricting the understanding of the social sciences to their purely academic realms in order to arrive at a more nuanced
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