Chapter 12 The Internet Era: 2000–

1. and the Internet a. Internet catalyzed the most profound transformation in the dissemination and consumption of b. MPEG (digitally compressed file) allows wide and rapid dissemination of sound recordings over the Internet c. MPEG lead to the development of the MP3 encoding format 2. Napster a. Developed in 1999 by Shawn Fanning b. Allowed users to share and swap music files c. Sued by RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) d. Shut down by a federal court in 2001 e. Supreme Court ruling in 2005 said online firms violated copyright law; firms were shut down 3. Personal listening devices a. Apple (introduced in 2001) stored up to one thousand CD-quality tracks b. ipod is the most popular individual listening device in history c. iTunes launched in 2003 making 200,000 tracks available for $.99 each d. iTunes is the top music retailer in the e. Led to renewed interest in individual (as opposed to ) 4. YouTube a. Launched in 2005 b. In 2006 Warner Music made its entire video catalog available c. Google bought YouTube for $1.69 billion in stock d. Presents an astounding amount of material form 1920s films to contemporary alternative artists and slick professional productions 5. Pro Tools a. Recording software designed to run on home computers b. Allowed to set up a home studio on a small budget c. Gave users a great deal of control over every parameter of musical sound d. Visual interface led to new way of thinking about music e. Songs could be assembled by cutting and pasting rather than performing 6. focused on Baby Boomers a. Renewed focus on baby boom generation as a source of revenue b. Compilations by established artists from the ’60s and ’70s offered little risk c. High-end rock offerings (like boxed sets) appealed to Boomers with significant discretionary income d. Boomers were perceived as unwilling (or unable) to illegally download music e. Establishment of rock culture of the ’60s and ’70s seen as definitive f. Top-selling and touring rock groups from 2000 to 2010 included , , , and 7. Search for income streams other than selling records a. Placing songs in movies, television, commercials, and cell phone ringtones b. Increased emphasis on “360-degree deal” handling every aspect of an artists career c. Record industry is adjusting to an era in which music is no longer disseminated as a physical object d. Touring is an increasingly important component of profits e. Big-box retailers sell recorded music than specialty outlets 8. a. Continued traditional approach to music and business of rock b. Formed in 1995 in Vancouver, Canada c. In 2000 came to prominence in the United States with the post- grunge, country-influenced The State d. Accomplished extraordinary in an era of Internet downloading 9. Linkin Park a. Worked within the framework that is fundamentally rock-based b. Integrates other influences like hip-hop c. Their success reflects the diminishing relevance of genre boundaries d. Features two Asian American members, a reflections of rock’s changing demography 10. Creed a. Known for music directed at followers of American evangelical Protestantism b. Promoted themselves as a that dealt with Christian themes rather than a “” band c. Achieved success in 1999 with the album and the hit single “Higher” 11. a. Took an experimental approach to the sound and economics of rock b. Came to prominence in the United States with the album OK Computer c. Increasingly integrated sampling and other influences d. Allowed fans to set their own price for in 2007 12. Radiohead’s “Bodysnatchers” a. Eclecticism of Radiohead’s business strategy is reflected in their music b. Draws on nihilistic sensibility of hardcore punk and guitar-dominated textures of and heavy metal c. describe an alienated person incarcerated in his own body d. Connects the sensation of helplessness with the constant demand that musicians harness creativity for generating profit 13. a. -based band winning the 2011 Grammy for best album of the year i. First alternative to achieve that recognition b. Centered on married duo of (Texas-raised /singer) and Régine Chassagne (vocalist/keyboardist of Haitian descent) c. All seven members play multiple instruments d. Influenced by arena rock, punk, synth-pop, Brazilian bossa nova, French Cajun music, French chanson, and classically tinged pop e. (2011) evokes recession-impoverished suburban sprawl 14. Early international manifestations of rock ’n’ roll a. Johnny Hallyday, the “French Elvis,” was a huge star in France and its former colonies but never made a serious dent in the American market b. Some Mexicans protested Elvis’s films, while the Mexican music industry quickly recorded Spanish-language versions of rock ’n’ roll hits marketed as rocanrol c. Young people around the world made sense of rock ’n’ roll in their own culturally specific terms 15. Rock around the world a. Significance of national boundaries is diminishing b. Rise of the Internet allows music to travel around the world instantaneously c. Transnational companies buy and consolidate record companies d. Governments are motivated to be consistent with copyright laws e. In a stark ideological and stylistic distinction is drawn between slick, commercial J-Pop and groups like Guitar Wolf exemplifying punk attitude 16. Panda (a.k.a. PXNDX) a. Mexican alternative band b. Accused of plagiarizing North American bands like and Smashing Pumpkins c. Former fans jeer and created an “Anti-Panda” movement 17. BLKJKS (Black Jacks) a. South African band b. Incorporates the influence of , , Jamacian Dub, and local urban genres like mbaqanga and maskanda c. Signed with an American indie label in 2007 d. African Roots reached #4 on Billboard’s Top World Albums chart 18. Yothu Yindi a. Among the first indigenous Australian groups to play and record b. Combines traditional songs and instruments with rock instrumentation and harmonies c. are about traditional concerns including music about spirit figures inhabiting Dreamtime d. Some songs deal with contemporary concerns like racism, alcoholism, crime, and the politics of land ownership 19. Yothu Yindi’s “Treaty” from Tribal Voices (1992) a. Combines traditional songs/texts with the style and sensibility of rock b. Composed in collaboration with white Australian band Midnight Oil c. Protests government’s failure to honor promises to indigenous Australians d. Incorporates the distinctive timbre of the dijeridu, a wooden trumpet and symbol of aboriginal identity e. Became an anthem for indigenous land rights activists and their allies 20. Rock and international politics a. Relationship between rock and politics emerging the United States during the 1960s is manifest in many international contexts b. “Mexican Woodstock” held in Avándaro (1971) included young people exploring themes of personal freedom c. Led authorities to ban some musicians’ music from the Mexican airways for the next fifteen years d. In East Germany rock bands articulated popular opposition to the communist regime before the Berlin Wall fell e. Rockers played important roles in countries from to f. Rock music plays an important role in the experience of immigrants balancing new circumstances and maintaining a connection with deep cultural roots 21. Rock in Indonesia a. Pioneering Indonesian rock band Koes Plus was jailed by then- President Sukarno for playing American-style music b. Indonesian General Suharto (Sukarno’s successor) initially allowed rock scene to flourish in an effort to improve relations with the United States c. Suharto regime’s attitude toward rock later soured d. 1993 riot over ticket prices at a in Jakarta represented a broader set of political issues under Suharto’s “New Order” government 22. a. Self-styled “transcultural rock band” based in New City b. Led by , a Ukrainian-born who lived in many places in before moving to the United States in 1993 c. Hütz’s experience as an “outsider” shaped the hybrid sound of Gogol Bordello’s music d. Fuses aspects of , , Slavic , music of the nomadic Rom people, Arabic rai music, and Spanish flamenco guitar music e. Perform music performed on rock instruments and eastern European wedding band instruments f. Trans-Continental Hustle (2010) was produced by hip-hop pioneer and driven by politically charged, high-energy tracks like “Immigraniada ( Comin’ Rougher)” 23. Gogol Bordello’s “Immigraniada (We Comin’ Rougher)” a. Video begins with a quote from President Franklin D. Roosevelt: “Remember always, that all of us, and you and I especially, are descended from immigrants” b. Video shot in of and east Los Angeles c. Includes images of immigrants, past and present, from various demographics d. Music includes diverse influences, including pogo, reggae, surf-rock, and eastern European music e. Expresses visceral frustrations and dreams of immigrants f. Connects cultural roots to transnational route 24. Hip-hop in the twenty-first century a. As rock declined, hip-hop claimed much of its previous audience b. Embraced the rock star paradigm, in which economic success is a key to freedom c. Some ignored the boundary between hip-hop, rock, and pop as the economic and marketing pressures maintaining those boundaries breaks down i. Examples include d. Some emphasized the character of the “hustler” i. Worked hard to be successful in the underground economy ii. Combined outlaw appeal and street credibility with materialism and work ethic iii. Allowed for rappers to merchandise and develop clothing lines, energy drinks, video games, and brands of liquor iv. Leading proponents included Shawn “Jay Z” Carter, Marion “Suge” Knight, and Sean “P. Diddy” Combs 25. Jay-Z a. One of the leading figures in hip-hop b. Embodied the role of the “hustler” c. First album, Reasonable Doubt, painted a detailed picture of a Brooklyn drug dealer d. Built his career on making deals as much as making records e. Central theme of his music is the pursuit of wealth f. Business acumen seen as a mark of authenticity, not compromise g. Spawned his own successful clothing line in 1997 (Rocafella) h. Saw business interests as more than peripheral to his music career 26. a. Began his career as a producer for Jay-Z’s Rocafella Records b. Emerged as an artist in his own right with the album College Dropout (2004) c. Embraced for the quality of his beats and lyrics d. Established himself as a pop culture icon known for public outbursts and incidents i. Criticized then-President George W. Bush during a telethon for Hurricane Katrina victims ii. Interrupted ’s acceptance speech for best female video at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards e. Fifth album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, (2010) explores themes of fame, alienation, and self-doubt f. Influenced by the spirit and sound of rock (commitment to sex, drugs, and electric guitars) 27. Marshall “” Mathers a. Blurred line between rock and hip-hop b. Came to prominence with the 1999 album The Shady Slim LP c. First white rapper to enjoy substantial mainstream success and be accepted by the hip-hop community d. Known for his extraordinary rhythmic sensibility and use of the sound of words e. Lyrics explored his identity and experiences connecting to multiple demographics simultaneously f. Embraced whiteness as a symbol of working-class midwestern anxiety g. Arguably the first rapper to be consistently played on rock radio h. Idea of as a way to exorcise intimate demons influenced by rock rather than hip-hop 28. Outkast a. Duo of Andre “Andre 3000” Benjamin and Antwan “Big Boi” Patton b. Known for crossing boundaries c. First came to public attention in 1994 with the release of Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik d. Combined social and political commentary with freewheeling - influenced sound e. Won the Grammy for record of the year in 2004 with Speakerboxxx/The Love Below 29. Outkast’s “Hey Ya” a. Essentially an Andre 3000 solo record b. Draws from mid-1960s rock and pop in instrumentation, chord structure, lyrics, and rhythmic feel c. Video directly references the 1960s d. Based on an unusual six-measure line e. Contains a very catchy hook in the chorus f. References the hip-hop practice of using “metaphors” (“Shake it like a Polaroid picture”) for comedic effect