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The Ohio Valley Flood of March-April, 1913

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The Ohio Valley Flood of March-April, 1913 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 334 THE OHIO VALLEY FLOOD OF MARCH-APRIL, 1913 (INCLUDING COMPARISONS WITH SOME EARLIER FLOODS) BY A. H. HORTON AND H. J. JACKSON WASHINGTON GOVEBNMENT PBINTING OFFICE 1913 CONTENTS. Introduction.............................................................. 7 Scope of report........................................................... 8 Accuracy and reliability of data............................................ 9 Acknowledgments........................................................ 9 Division of work.......................................................... 9 Definition of terms......................................................... 10 Convenient equivalents.................................................... 11 Causes of floods in the Ohio Valley......................................... 13 History of the flood of March-April, 1913.................................... 19 General causes........................................................ 19 Precipitation and temperature.......................................... 20 Progress of the flood................................................... 23 Stage and discharge................................................... 24 Flood of March-April, 1907................................................. 31 Causes................................................................ 31 Precipitation and temperature.......................................... 31 General features....................................................... 33 Stage and discharge................................................... 34 Flood of 1884.............................................................. 39 Causes................................................................ 39 Precipitation and temperature.......................................... 39 General features....................................................... 40 Stage and discharge................................................... 42 Comparison of the floods in the Ohio Valley................................ 43 Causes................................................................ 43 Place of origin........................................................ 45 Progress............................................................... 45 Record stages......................................................... 45 Effects of tributaries................................................... 45 Future floods.......................................................... 46 Stage and discharge................................................... 47 Damage caused by flood of March-April, 1913................................ 84 Prevention of damage by floods............................................. 87 Conclusion................................................................ 91 Index.................................................................... 93 3 TABLES. 1. Stages, in feet, of floods above danger line at selected stations on Ohio River. 14 2. Gage heights, in feet, for floods of Ohio and tributary rivers from 1880 to 1913. 17 3. Precipitation, in inches, at selected stations in or near Ohio River basin, March 23-27, 1913................................................... 20 4. Gage height, in feet, at stations on Ohio River for flood of March-April, 1913. 25 5. Gage height, in feet, at stations on streams tributary to Ohio River for flood of March-April, 1913.................................................. 26 6. Precipitation, in inches, at selected stations in or near Ohio River basin, March 4-14, 1907.................................................... 31 7. Gage height, in feet, at stations on Ohio River during flood of March-April, 1907........................................................................ 34 8. Gage height, in feet, at stations on rivers tributary to Ohio River for flood of March-April, 1907................................................... 36 9. Precipitation, in inches, at selected stations in or near Ohio River basin, February 3-14, 1884.................................................. 41 10. Gage height, in feet, at stations on Ohio River during flood of 1884........ 42 11. Crest stages, in feet, for selected floods and miscellaneous data at stations on Ohio River.......................................................... 48 12. Crest stages, in feet, for selected floods and miscellaneous data at stations on streams tributary to Ohio River...................................... 49 13. Daily gage height, in feet, and daily discharge, in second-feet, of Ohio River at Cincinnati, Ohio, for all floods above the danger line from 1859 to 1913.. 52 14. Daily gage height, in feet, and daily discharge, in second-fe< t, of Ohio River at selected stations for floods of 1884, January, 1907, March-April, 1907, and March-April, 1913.................................. 66 15. Summary of flood-flow records of Ohio River at Cincinnati, Ohio, for all floods above danger line from 1859 to 1913............. 75 16. Summary of flood-flow records of Ohio River at Wheeling, Parkersburg, Cat- lettsburg, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Evansville, for flo< ds of 1884, Jan- uary, 1907, March-April, 1907, and March-April, 1913. 78 17. Summary of flood-flow records of Ohio River for floods of 1884, January, 1907, March-April, 1907, and March-April, 1913, at Wheeling, Farkersburg, Cat- lettsburg, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Evansville. 80 18. Ratios of total discharge during selected floods at various points on Ohio River............................................... 82 19. Estimate of damages in Ohio Valley by flood of March-Apiil, 1913. 85 4 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. PLATE I. A, Panoramic view of Parkersburg, W. Va., during flood of March- April, 1913; B, South Main Street, Dayton, Ohio, after flood of March-April, 1913............................................... 7 II. A, Second Street, Marietta, Ohio, during flood of March-April, 1913, after water had fallen; B, Market Street, Parkersburg, W. Va., dur- ingflood of March-April, J.913..-....-......---....-.-..-......... 20 III. Map showing drainage area, principal streams, towns, and lines of equal rainfall for flood of March-April, 1913...................... 20 IV. Flood hydrographs for 15 stations on Ohio River during the flood of March-April, 1913............................................. 24 V. Flood hydrographs for stations on Ohio River and tributary streams during the flood of March-April, 1913.............................. 24 VI. A, Miami Street canal bridge, Dayton, Ohio, after the flood of March- April, 1913; B, Post office, Dayton, Ohio, after the flood of March- April, 1913...................................................... 24 VII. A, High Street, Hamilton, Ohio, at daybreak March 26, 1913; B, Same street after the flood..................................... 30 VIII. A, "The island," Wheeling, W. Va., during the flood of March-April, 1913; B, View looking north on Market Street, Wheeling, W. Va., from Baltimore & Ohio Railroad viaduct, during the flood of March- April, 1913.................................................... 30 I.. Belpre, Ohio, during the flood of March-April, 1913................ 31 X. Flood hydrographs for 15 stations on Ohio River during the flood of March-April, 1907............................................. 34 XI. Flood hydrographs for stations on Ohio River and tributary streams during the flood of March-April, 1907............................ 34 XII. Map showing drainage area, principal streams, towns, and lines of equal rainfall for flood of 1884................. ................... 40 XIII. Flood hydrographs for 7 stations on Ohio River during the flood of 1884. ......................................................... 40 XIV. Railroad bridge over Muskingum River at Marietta, Ohio, March- April, 1913: A, During the flood; B, After the flood............... 86 XV. A, Fourth Street and Baptist Church, Marietta, Ohio, March 30,1913; B, Post office, Front Street, Marietta, Ohio, March 30,1913......... 86 XVI. A, B, C, High Street bridge over Miami River at Hamilton, Ohio, March-April, 1913............................................. 86 XVII. A, Rileys Island, Miami River, below Hamilton, Ohio, March 26, 1913; B, High Street, Hamilton, Ohio, during flood of March-April, 1913.......................................................... 86 XVIII. A, South B Street, Hamilton, Ohio, after the flood of March-April, 1913; B, Railroad crossing at South Hamilton, Ohio, after the flood of March-April, 1913............................................ 87 XIX. Ohio River at Cincinnati, Ohio, April 4,1913........................ 88 5 ILLTJSTEATIONS. XX. Ohio River at Cincinnati, Ohio, April 4, 1913, looking downstream from suspension bridge between Cincinnati and Newport, Ky....... 88 XXI. Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad bridge over Miami River at Hamilton, Ohio, March 25, 1913: A, Just before failure; B, During failure; C, Immediately after failure............................ 88 XXII. A, Remains of Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad bridge at Hamilton, Ohio; B, Secondhand Court streets, Hamilton, Ohio, on the morning of March 25, 19i3.................................. 89 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 334 PLATE I A. PANORAMIC VIEW OF PARKERSBURG, W. VA., DURING FLOOD OF MARCH-APRIL, 1913. Looking upstream on Ohio River. Little Kanawha River in foreground and extending upstream to the right. B. SOUTH MAIN STREET, DAYTON, OHIO, AFTER FLOOD OF MARCH-APRIL, 1913. THE
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