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Struktur Dan Komposisi Vegetasi Dalam Sistem Agroforestri Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu (Hhbk) Multi Strata Di Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman Lampung

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Struktur Dan Komposisi Vegetasi Dalam Sistem Agroforestri Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu (Hhbk) Multi Strata Di Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman Lampung STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI VEGETASI DALAM SISTEM AGROFORESTRI HASIL HUTAN BUKAN KAYU (HHBK) MULTI STRATA DI TAMAN HUTAN RAYA WAN ABDUL RACHMAN LAMPUNG Nanang Herdiana1 dan Teten R. Saefuloh1 1Balai Penelitian Kehutanan Palembang Emai: [email protected] ABSTRAK Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman (WAR) di Provinsi Lampung merupakan kawasan konservasi yang menerapkan agroforestry sejak tahun 2000. Hal tersebut dilakukan sebagai upaya rehabilitasi dan peningkatan perekonomian masyarakat sekitar.Dalam perkembangannya, adanya larangan penebangan/penjualan kayu dari kawasan, maka masyarakat mulai mengembangkan jenis tanaman penghasil HHBK, baik getah maupun buah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur dan komposisi vegetasi yang terbentuk pada kebunyang dikelola oleh masyarakat di Tahura WAR. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan mulai bulan Juli – Agustus 2015 pada kebun masyarakat di empat lokasi (Sumber Agung, Kebagusan, Bogorejo dan Batu Menyan). Pengukuran vegetasi menggunakan Metode Garis Berpetak pada 5 plot yang dibangun pada masing-masing lokasi.Parameter vegetasi yang dianalisis meliputi: Indek Nilai Penting, Indeks Keragaman Jenis dan Indeks Kesamaan .Hasil Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa jenis dominan yang ditunjukkan oleh nilai INP tertinggi pada masing-masing lokasi relatif beragam. Di Sumber Agung, pada tingkat semai didominasi oleh karet dan kopi (54,78 % dan 53, 91 %), tingkat tiang dan pohon juga jenis karet (110,94 % dan 107,08%). Tegakan di Kebagusan, pada tingkat tiang dan pohon didominasi oleh jenis karet (55,22%, 88,01% dan 78,61%), sedangkan tingkat pancang didominasi oleh coklat (101,85%). Karet juga mendominasi di Bogorejo pada tingkat tiang dan pohon (142,73% dan 89,20%), sedangkan pada tingkat semai dan pancang didominasi oleh kopi dan coklat (43,42% dan 114,47%). Vegetasi dominan untuk tingkat semai dan pohon di Batu Menyan adalah duku (71,24% dan 109,59%), jenis karet hanya mendominasi pada tingkat tiang (64,81%) dan coklat mendominasi pada tingkat pancang (111,47%). Keragaman jenis pada keempat lokasi tersebut termasuk rendah dengan nilai indeks keragaman berkisar antara 0,51 - 0,87. Komunitas yang paling mirip adalah Kebagusan dengan Bangun Rejo dengan indeks kesamaan sebesar 66,17%, sedangkan komunitas Batu Menyan relatif lebih berbeda dengan ketiga lokasi lainnya, baik dengan Sumber Agung (34,45%), Bogorejo (35,67%) maupun Kebagusanm (35,77%). Kata kunci: agroforestri, Indeks Keragaman Jenis, Indeks Kesamaan, Indeks Nilai Penting, jenis tanaman I. PENDAHULUAN Salah satu permasalahan yang muncul akibat peningkatan jumlah penduduk adalah kebutuhan lahan untuk pemenuhan pangan. Kondisi tersebut memaksa masyarakat memanfaatkan areal di sekitar tempat tinggalnya, termasuk areal yang merupakan kawasan hutan, seperti yang terjadi di Tahuran Wan Abdul Rahman (WAR) di Provinsi Lampung yang merupakan kawasan konservasi dan telah dimulai sejak tahun 1959.Sebagai upaya rehabilitasi kawasan dan peningkatan perekonomian masyarakat sekitar, pengelola Tahura WAR menerapkan sistem agroforestri sejak tahun 2000. Solusi ini menjadi salah satu jalan keluar atas permasalahan yang timbul akibat pemanfaatan lahan yang tidak tepat dan sekaligus mengatasi masalah pangan (Hairiah et al., 2003). Upaya tersebut relatif berhasil, terlihat dari semakin baiknya kualitas tutupan di kawasan Tahura dan memiliki potensi ekonomi yang cukup tinggi. Dalam perkembangannya, adanya larangan penebangan/penjualan kayu dari kawasan mendorong masyarakat untuk mengembangkan jenis tanaman penghasil HHBK, baik getah maupun buah.Sampai saat ini, praktek agroforestri tersebut telah dilakukan oleh sejumlah petani pada beberapa lokasi yang menyebar dengan luasan yang bervariasi. Kondisi tersebut akan berimplikasi Prosiding Seminar Nasional Agroforestry 2015 323 terhadap perbedaan komposisi jenis, struktur dan populasi vegetasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur dan komposisi vegetasi yang terbentuk pada tegakan agroforestri (kebun Campuran) yang dikelola masyarakat pada empat lokasi di Tahura Wan Abdul Rahman (WAR). II. METODE PENELITIAN Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tegakan agroforestri yang dikelola oleh masyarakat pada empat lokasi di Tahura Wan Abdul Rahman (WAR). Tahura WAR terletak di Propinsi Lampung dengan luas 22.244 Ha dan ditetapkan berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan No. 742/Kpts-II/92 tanggal 21 Juli 1992. Secara administrasi pemerintahan terletak di Kecamatan Tanjung Karang Barat, Kedodong, Gedong Tataan dan Padang Cermin Kota Madya Bandar Lampung, sedangkan pengelolaannya di bawah Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam II Tanjung Karang. Tahura WAR memiliki topografi bergelombang ringan sampai berat dan sebagian datar. Menurut klasifikasi iklim Schmid dan Ferguson, Tahura WAR Rachman termasuk tipe iklim B dengan curah hujan rata-rata 2.422 mm per tahun. Suhu udara berkisar antara 24°C-26°C (Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Lampung, 2009). Objek penelitian adalah tanaman pola agroforestri yang dikelola secara individual oleh petani pada empat lokasi yaitu: Sumber Agung, Kebagusan, Bogorejo dan Batu Menyan. Pada masing-masing lokasi dibangun plot pengamatan seluas 0,04 ha yang diulang sebanyak 5 kali, sehingga secara keseluruhan dibangun 20 plot pengamatan. Pengukuran vegetasi menggunakan Metode Garis Berpetak (nested sampling) yang mengacu pada Indriyanto (2006). Pengambilan data berlangsung mulai dari bulan Juli – Agustur 2015. Untuk mengetahui struktur dan komposiai tegakan dilakukan analisis terhadap data vegetasi. Parameter yang dihitung meliputi: Indeks Nilai Penting (INP). Perhitungan INP dilakukan dengan mengacu pada rumus yang dikemukakan oleh Kusmana (1997). Indeks Keragaman Jenis. Menggunakan Indeks Diversitas Shannon-Wienner (1949) dalam Ludwig dan Reynolds (1988). Indeks Kesamaan. Menggunakan Indeks Kesamaan (SI) menurut Mueller dan Ellenberg (1974). III. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Jenis tanaman yang dikembangkan dalam praktek agroforestri oleh masyararakat padaempatlokasidi Tahura Wan Abdul Rahman cukup beragam. Berdasarkan pengamatan dan pengukuran lapangan (Tabel 1), jenis vegetasi penyusun agroforestri antara lain: Sumber Agung sebanyak 21 jenis, Kebagusan sebanyak 20 jenis, Bogorejo sebanyak 16 jenis dan Batu Menyan sebanyak 22 jenis.Dari berbagai jenis vegetasi tersebut, jika dikelompokan berdasarkan komoditas atau nilai manfaat yang dihasilkan, maka jenis tanaman yang dikembangkan oleh masyarakat dapat dikelompokan menjadi: tanaman penghasil buah (kopi, coklat, kemiri, duku, durian, nangka, mangga, jambu, rambutan, alpukat, pala dan lainnya), tanaman penghasil kayu (jati, mahoni, cempaka, duren), tanaman penghasil getah (karet), tanaman pakan ternak (kaliandra, kemlandingan) dan tanaman penaung (gamal, dadap). 324 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Agroforestry 2015 Tabel 1. Rekapitulasi Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) vegetasi penyusun agroforestri pada 4 lokasi di Tahura Wan Abdul RahmanTahun 2015. Sumber Agung (%) Kebagusan (%) Bogorejo (%) Batu Menyan (%) No Jenis Semai Pancang Tiang Pohon Semai Pancang Tiang Pohon Semai Pancang Tiang Pohon Semai Pancang Tiang Pohon 1 Alpukat 4,27 9,89 9,49 17,00 7,75 21,63 53,72 2 Aren 12,26 11,09 3 Cengkeh 7,99 41,15 8,61 50,67 47,04 32,49 22,42 4,04 4 Cempaka 16,645 5 Coklat 3,72 92,68 60,16 11,54 101,85 104,000 18,89 114,47 56,630 21,08 111,39 6 Dadap 6,19 8,75 8,47 12,45 7 Duku 71,24 44,98 50,84 109,59 8 Duren 12,26 22,46 33,86 52,32 8,12 21,29 8,56 65,70 16,76 14,29 16,864 33,66 3,72 56,38 19,09 9 Gamal 11,56 11,80 10 Jambu Air 9,42 13,56 11 Jati 16,85 12 Jengkol 4,87 3,41 19,94 9,28 18,63 34,16 13 Jeruk 4,66 14 Kaliandra 3,77 15 Karet 54,78 75,17 110,94 107,08 55,22 91,36 88,07 78,61 23,26 45,68 142,728 69,20 13,26 38,52 64,81 16 Kayu Afrika 4,93 17 Kelapa 7,44 5,37 24,09 4,34 22,51 18,36 18 Kemiri 3,49 85,68 4,49 17,67 9,02 43,68 19 Kemlandingan 7,57 8,75 20 Kopi 53,91 8,55 6,78 71,92 16,44 6,05 43,42 79,53 9,38 49,76 9,02 21 Mangga 3,41 6,63 3,72 10,29 22 Melinjo 4,99 36,82 98,45 3,59 6,28 9,72 13,49 47,305 26,81 4,11 4,91 9,73 52,28 23 Nangka 10,41 6,96 8,87 9,31 5,15 15,79 24 Pala 14,18 10,75 13,88 25 Petai 3,72 4,81 8,97 3,59 11,09 9,46 5,41 6,85 23,483 17,34 3,72 14,82 26 Pinang 17,41 19,15 21,413 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Agroforestry 2015 325 Sumber Agung (%) Kebagusan (%) Bogorejo (%) Batu Menyan (%) No Jenis Semai Pancang Tiang Pohon Semai Pancang Tiang Pohon Semai Pancang Tiang Pohon Semai Pancang Tiang Pohon 27 Rambutan 3,41 8,99 5,55 16,55 28 Rotan 3,72 29 Salam 3,72 30 Sawo 5,63 31 Sonokeling 25,46 4,40 12,09 40,15 7,98 6,48 Sumber: Hasil olah data primer, 2015 326 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Agroforestry 2015 Hasil analisis Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) vegetasi penyusun agroforestry (Tabel 1), menunjukkan bahwa secara umum jenis vegetasi dominan penyusun tegakan relatif tidak berbeda. Jenis vegetasi dominan di Sumber Agung untuk tingkat semai adalah karet dan kopi dengan nilai INP masing-masing sebesar 54,78 % dan 53, 91 %. Karet juga mendominasi untuk tingkat tiang dan pohon dengan nilai INP masing-masing sebesar 110,94 % dan 107,08%. Selain itu, jenis melinjo juga turut mendominasi untuk tingkat pohon dengan nilai INP sebesar 98,45%. sedangkan untuk tingkat pancang didominasi oleh jenis coklat dengan nilai INP sebesar 92,68 %. Tegakan di Kebagusan didominasi oleh vegetasi karet, terutama untuk tingkat semai, tiang dan pohon dengan nilai INP masing-masing sebesar 55,22%, 88,01% dan 78,61%. Untuk tingkat pancang didominasi oleh coklat dengan nilai INP sebesar 101,85%. Seperti halnya pada dua lokasi sebelumnya, jenis karet juga mendominasi di Bogorejo pada tingkat tiang dan pohon dengan nilai INP masing-masing sebesar 142,73% dan 89,20%, sedangkan pada tingkat semai dan pancang didominasi oleh kopi dan coklat dengan nilai INP masing-masing sebesar 43,42% dan 114,47%. Vegetasi dominan di Batu Menyan relatif berbeda, jenis duku menjadi vegetasi dominan untuk tingkat semai dan pohon dengan nilai INP masing-masing sebesar 71,24% dan 109,59%, jenis karet hanya mendominasi pada tingkat tiang dengan nilai INP sebesar 64,81% dan coklat mendominasi pada tingkat pancang dengan nilai INP sebesar 111,47%.
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