DOCSLIB.ORG

Can Isoprenoids in Leaves and Roots of Plants Serve As Biomarkers for Past Vegetation Changes? a Case Study from the Ecuadorian Andes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Can Isoprenoids in Leaves and Roots of Plants Serve As Biomarkers for Past Vegetation Changes? a Case Study from the Ecuadorian Andes View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Plant Soil (2007) 291:181–198 DOI 10.1007/s11104-006-9185-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Can isoprenoids in leaves and roots of plants serve as biomarkers for past vegetation changes? A case study from the Ecuadorian Andes Boris Jansen Æ Klaas G. J. Nierop Æ Femke H. Tonneijck Æ Frans W. M. van der Wielen Æ Jacobus M. Verstraten Received: 18 October 2006 / Accepted: 15 December 2006 / Published online: 17 January 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Large-scale clear-cutting and burning suitable records. Such biomarkers could help caused the altitude of the natural upper forest line establish past vegetation dynamics including the (UFL) in the Northern Ecuadorian Andes to UFL position. For an isoprenoid to be a biomar- decline to the point that its ‘natural’ position is ker in soils normally it must be absent from the now uncertain. To obtain a detailed reconstruc- roots of a plant species as roots do not enter soils tion of the dynamics of the UFL over the last few in chronological order. For peat deposits this thousand years, traditional proxies alone do not criteria only needs to be met for the peat species suffice. For instance, pollen analysis suffers from themselves as only roots from peat species will be a low altitudinal resolution due to the large wind- present. Two diterpenes, four phytosterols and six blown component. In an attempt to find new, pentacyclic triterpenoids met the criteria for additional proxies to study past UFL dynamics in biomarker in peat records. Of these, one diter- the Ecuadorian Andes, we investigated the occur- pene, two phytosterols and three pentacyclic rence of isoprenoids (diterpenes, phytosterols and triterpenoids also met the criteria for biomarker pentacyclic triterpenoids) in the roots and leaves in soils. Samples from a soil under forest, a soil of 19 plant species responsible for the dominant under the adjacent pa´ramo and a nearby peat biomass input in soil and peat records along deposit, 14C dated at approximately 1500 cal. AD altitudinal transects covering approximately and 200 cal. AD, were tested for the presence of 500 m above and below the current UFL in two isoprenoids that meet the criteria for biomarker. locations in the Northern Ecuadorian Andes. Such isoprenoids were only found in the peat bog Isoprenoids can serve as biomarker if they are samples. However, we found that changes of uniquely present in a relevant plant species and number and concentrations of isoprenoids with preserved well enough in chronological order in depth might provide additional information re- lated to past vegetation changes. In conclusion, isoprenoids show potential for use in a multi- proxy approach to reconstruct past UFL locations B. Jansen (&) Á K. G. J. Nierop Á F. H. Tonneijck Á F. W. M. van der Wielen Á J. M. Verstraten in the Northern Ecuadorian Andes and other Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics – ecosystems with similar vegetation and soils. Earth Surface Processes and Materials (IBED-ESPM), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Keywords Andic soil Á Biomarkers Á Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Diterpenes Á Peat Á Pentacyclic triterpenoids Á e-mail: [email protected] Phytosterols 123 182 Plant Soil (2007) 291:181–198 Introduction onset of large-scale human interference. To obtain as detailed as possible a reconstruction of Montane cloud forests and Montane tropical past UFL positions we need to overcome the alpine grasslands (pa´ramo) compose the fragile limitations of pollen and vegetation analysis as ecosystems that nowadays are encountered only recognized by Wille et al. (2002). Therefore, we in selected places in the higher parts of the are investigating the possibility of applying new Ecuadorian Andes. However, cloud forests are additional proxies in conjunction with traditional believed to have once covered much larger areas, pollen and vegetation analysis. Biomarkers con- and human interference through clear-cutting and stitute one such proxy that may offer opportuni- burning is held responsible for a significant ties for reconstructing past vegetation reduction of cloud forest coverage and a depres- compositions including the historic UFL position. sion of the upper forest line (UFL) in the entire Biomarkers are defined as organic chemical Ecuadorian Andes (e.g. Dodson and Gentry 1991; components, or groups of components, exclusive Laegaard 1992). Publications like the one by to relevant plant species and preserved in chro- Laegaard (1992) have been used to justify nological order in suitable records such as peat replanting efforts above the current UFL as a deposits, sediments or soils. In a previous study reconstruction of natural forest destroyed by we successfully tested the occurrence of plant- humans. However, the past ‘natural’ locations of specific combinations of straight-chain lipids in the UFL in the Ecuadorian Andes are subject of plants responsible for the dominant biomass input scientific debate (e.g. Wille et al. 2002). A lower into soil and peat records in our research area, natural UFL than indicated by Laegaard (1992) and tested their preservation (Jansen et al. would mean that replanting efforts may not be 2006a). However, in the case of straight-chain reconstructing past forest vegetation, but destroy- lipids, the distinction of plant species is based on ing a natural pa´ramo ecosystem. Therefore, to the occurrence of unique combinations of other- enable sustainable and ecological management of wise ubiquitous compounds with different carbon the current Montane ecosystems in Northern chain-lengths. As a consequence, unraveling such Ecuador and possible reconstruction of degraded unique combinations from the mixed straight- areas, the question what the ‘natural’ location of chain lipid signal found in soil, peat or sediment the UFL would have been in the absence of records that contain the combined input of many human disturbance must be addressed. plants, is a challenge (Jansen et al. 2006a). In their recent attempt to reconstruct the To help overcome the limitations of straight- natural UFL position in the Ecuadorian Andes, chain lipid biomarkers it would be very helpful to Wille et al. (2002) reconstructed shifts of the UFL have a second set of biomarkers at our disposal, during the last 700 years through a combination based on unique individual components instead of of analysis of the current vegetation and fossil unique combinations of otherwise common com- pollen analysis from peat cores. While important pounds. Isoprenoids may constitute such a class of insights into past UFL positions were born from components. Like straight-chain lipids, isopre- their study, Wille et al. (2002) also recognized the noids and in particular diterpenes, phytosterols limitations of the proxies applied. For instance, and pentacyclic triterpenoids, have been consid- the spatial resolution of pollen analyses is limited ered as biomarkers in the past and have in some by the dispersal of pollen by wind prior to cases been linked to specific plants or groups of deposition, whereas a UFL reconstruction by plants (e.g. Chaffee et al. 1986; Ohsaki et al. 1999; vegetation analysis is only possible if sufficient Simoneit 1986; Volkman 2005). Diterpenes in traces of the original forest remain, which in most paleoecological records mainly originate from areas in the Ecuadorian Andes is not the case. higher plant waxes and resins, and consist of Analogous to the above-mentioned study, we amongst others the abietanes, pimaranes, kaur- are currently attempting a reconstruction of the anes, podocarpanes and labdanes as well as their vegetation history in the Northern Ecuadorian derived acids, alcohols, etc. (Simoneit 1986). Andes covering a period of time predating the Phytosterols occur in all higher plants and derive 123 Plant Soil (2007) 291:181–198 183 from the common precursor cycloartenol, as proxy in reconstructing the upper forest line in opposed to fungal and animal sterols that derive the Northern Ecuadorian Andes. Considering the from lanosterol (De Leeuw and Baas 1986). potential drawbacks mentioned, the goal was Common plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoids specifically to: (i) construct a database of diterp- include the friedelanes, taraxeranes and ursanes enes, phytosterols and pentacyclic triterpenoids as well as their derived alcohols, acids, etc. present in the plant species responsible for the (Killops and Frewin 1994; Simoneit 1986). For dominant biomass input into paleoecological all three compound classes, it is their distinct, records in our study area, (ii) identify possible predominantly plant-derived origin that makes biomarkers from the compounds found, them potential biomarkers (Killops and Frewin (iii) perform a preliminary assessment of the 1994; Ohsaki et al. 1999; Volkman 2005). In occurrence and preservation of any identified addition, potential persistence of isoprenoids in isoprenoid biomarkers in selected paleological paleological records is indicated by several records in the area. authors (e.g. Jaffe et al. 1996; Simoneit 1986). The component classes under consideration are all lipids (Dinel et al. 1990), which according to Materials and methods the most common definition are organic compo- nents soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in Description of the study sites water (Bull et al. 2000b). As a consequence, vertical mobility in the form of leaching upon Our study area consists of (i) the Guandera dissolution will be limited. At the same time in Biological Station and (ii) the combined area of soil records, leaching in the form of dispersed El Angel Ecological Reserve and Los Encinos colloids is expected to be limited as well, since Biological Station in El Carchi province, Ecua- clay translocation is normally not considered a dor. Both sites are located in an area identified by dominant process in Andosols, due to the difficult Myers (1988) as part of the ‘‘tropical Andes dispersion of amorphous clay minerals (Shoji hotspots’’, characterized by exceptionally high et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Island Biology Island Biology
    IIssllaanndd bbiioollooggyy Allan Sørensen Allan Timmermann, Ana Maria Martín González Camilla Hansen Camille Kruch Dorte Jensen Eva Grøndahl, Franziska Petra Popko, Grete Fogtmann Jensen, Gudny Asgeirsdottir, Hubertus Heinicke, Jan Nikkelborg, Janne Thirstrup, Karin T. Clausen, Karina Mikkelsen, Katrine Meisner, Kent Olsen, Kristina Boros, Linn Kathrin Øverland, Lucía de la Guardia, Marie S. Hoelgaard, Melissa Wetter Mikkel Sørensen, Morten Ravn Knudsen, Pedro Finamore, Petr Klimes, Rasmus Højer Jensen, Tenna Boye Tine Biedenweg AARHUS UNIVERSITY 2005/ESSAYS IN EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY Teachers: Bodil K. Ehlers, Tanja Ingversen, Dave Parker, MIchael Warrer Larsen, Yoko L. Dupont & Jens M. Olesen 1 C o n t e n t s Atlantic Ocean Islands Faroe Islands Kent Olsen 4 Shetland Islands Janne Thirstrup 10 Svalbard Linn Kathrin Øverland 14 Greenland Eva Grøndahl 18 Azores Tenna Boye 22 St. Helena Pedro Finamore 25 Falkland Islands Kristina Boros 29 Cape Verde Islands Allan Sørensen 32 Tristan da Cunha Rasmus Højer Jensen 36 Mediterranean Islands Corsica Camille Kruch 39 Cyprus Tine Biedenweg 42 Indian Ocean Islands Socotra Mikkel Sørensen 47 Zanzibar Karina Mikkelsen 50 Maldives Allan Timmermann 54 Krakatau Camilla Hansen 57 Bali and Lombok Grete Fogtmann Jensen 61 Pacific Islands New Guinea Lucía de la Guardia 66 2 Solomon Islands Karin T. Clausen 70 New Caledonia Franziska Petra Popko 74 Samoa Morten Ravn Knudsen 77 Tasmania Jan Nikkelborg 81 Fiji Melissa Wetter 84 New Zealand Marie S. Hoelgaard 87 Pitcairn Katrine Meisner 91 Juan Fernandéz Islands Gudny Asgeirsdottir 95 Hawaiian Islands Petr Klimes 97 Galápagos Islands Dorthe Jensen 102 Caribbean Islands Cuba Hubertus Heinicke 107 Dominica Ana Maria Martin Gonzalez 110 Essay localities 3 The Faroe Islands Kent Olsen Introduction The Faroe Islands is a treeless archipelago situated in the heart of the warm North Atlantic Current on the Wyville Thompson Ridge between 61°20’ and 62°24’ N and between 6°15’ and 7°41’ W.
    [Show full text]
  • Ficha Catalográfica Online
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA – IB SUZANA MARIA DOS SANTOS COSTA SYSTEMATIC STUDIES IN CRYPTANGIEAE (CYPERACEAE) ESTUDOS FILOGENÉTICOS E SISTEMÁTICOS EM CRYPTANGIEAE CAMPINAS, SÃO PAULO 2018 SUZANA MARIA DOS SANTOS COSTA SYSTEMATIC STUDIES IN CRYPTANGIEAE (CYPERACEAE) ESTUDOS FILOGENÉTICOS E SISTEMÁTICOS EM CRYPTANGIEAE Thesis presented to the Institute of Biology of the University of Campinas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Plant Biology Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do Título de Doutora em Biologia Vegetal ESTE ARQUIVO DIGITAL CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELA ALUNA Suzana Maria dos Santos Costa E ORIENTADA PELA Profa. Maria do Carmo Estanislau do Amaral (UNICAMP) E CO- ORIENTADA pelo Prof. William Wayt Thomas (NYBG). Orientadora: Maria do Carmo Estanislau do Amaral Co-Orientador: William Wayt Thomas CAMPINAS, SÃO PAULO 2018 Agência(s) de fomento e nº(s) de processo(s): CNPq, 142322/2015-6; CAPES Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Biologia Mara Janaina de Oliveira - CRB 8/6972 Costa, Suzana Maria dos Santos, 1987- C823s CosSystematic studies in Cryptangieae (Cyperaceae) / Suzana Maria dos Santos Costa. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2018. CosOrientador: Maria do Carmo Estanislau do Amaral. CosCoorientador: William Wayt Thomas. CosTese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia. Cos1. Savanas. 2. Campinarana. 3. Campos rupestres. 4. Filogenia - Aspectos moleculares. 5. Cyperaceae. I. Amaral, Maria do Carmo Estanislau do, 1958-. II. Thomas, William Wayt, 1951-. III. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia. IV. Título.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversidad De Plantas Y Vegetación Del Páramo Andino
    Plant diversity and vegetation of the Andean Páramo Diversidad de plantas y vegetación del Páramo Andino By Gwendolyn Peyre A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor from the University of Barcelona and Aarhus University University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, PhD Program Biodiversity Aarhus University, Institute of Bioscience, PhD Program Bioscience Supervisors: Dr. Xavier Font, Dr. Henrik Balslev Tutor: Dr. Xavier Font March, 2015 Aux peuples andins Summary The páramo is a high mountain ecosystem that includes all natural habitats located between the montane treeline and the permanent snowline in the humid northern Andes. Given its recent origin and continental insularity among tropical lowlands, the páramo evolved as a biodiversity hotspot, with a vascular flora of more than 3400 species and high endemism. Moreover, the páramo provides many ecosystem services for human populations, essentially water supply and carbon storage. Anthropogenic activities, mostly agriculture and burning- grazing practices, as well as climate change are major threats for the páramo’s integrity. Consequently, further scientific research and conservation strategies must be oriented towards this unique region. Botanical and ecological knowledge on the páramo is extensive but geographically heterogeneous. Moreover, most research studies and management strategies are carried out at local to national scale and given the vast extension of the páramo, regional studies are also needed. The principal limitation for regional páramo studies is the lack of a substantial source of good quality botanical data covering the entire region and freely accessible. To meet the needs for a regional data source, we created VegPáramo, a floristic and vegetation database containing 3000 vegetation plots sampled with the phytosociological method throughout the páramo region and proceeding from the existing literature and our fieldwork (Chapter 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation of Andean Wetlands (Bofedales) in Huascarán National Park, Peru
    Vegetation of Andean wetlands (bofedales) in Huascarán National Park, Peru M.H. Polk1, K.R. Young1, A. Cano2 and B. León1,2 1Department of Geography & the Environment, The University of Texas at Austin, USA 2Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú _______________________________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY Hybrid terrestrial-aquatic ecosystems in the Andes, commonly known as bofedales, consist of both peatlands and wet meadows and line valley floors at elevations > 3800 m. Compared with similar ecosystems at lower altitudes and higher latitudes, the ecosystem processes and spatial patterns of bofedales are only just beginning to be understood. The research presented here provides the first exploratory and descriptive analysis of the biodiversity and place-to-place variation of vegetation in bofedales in three valleys inside Peru’s Huascarán National Park. Through vegetation surveys, we recorded 112 plant species in 29 families. Over a short geographical distance, a valley-to-valley comparison showed high dissimilarity in terms of species composition. Based on dominant life form and species composition, vegetation in bofedales can be grouped into five assemblages. Our preliminary analysis suggests that several abiotic factors could influence the floristic composition of bofedales: elevation, bulk density, percent organic matter, and cation exchange capacity. The findings of high valley-to-valley variation in species, soil and elevation influences may be useful to land managers of high mountain landscapes that are undergoing transformation related to glacier recession. While our findings advance research on tropical Andean bofedales, they also highlight the need for additional comprehensive investigations to fill gaps in knowledge about the tropical mountains of Latin America.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity in the Andes
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Genetic diversity in the Andes Citation for published version: Gómez-Gutiérrez, MC, Pennington, RT, Neaves, LE, Milne, RI, Madriñán, S & Richardson, JE 2017, 'Genetic diversity in the Andes: variation within and between the South American species of Oreobolus R. Br. (Cyperaceae)', Alpine Botany, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-017-0192-z Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1007/s00035-017-0192-z Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Alpine Botany Publisher Rights Statement: © Swiss Botanical Society 2017 The final publication is available at link.springer.com via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00035-017-0192-z General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript Gomez-Gutierrez et al Genetic diversity in Oreobolus R2.docx Click here to view linked References 1 2 3 4 1 GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE ANDES: 5 6 2 VARIATION WITHIN AND BETWEEN THE 7 8 3 SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF OREOBOLUS 9 10 4 R.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstruction of Late Quaternary Landscape Dynamics in the Podocarpus National Park Region Southern Andes of Ecuador
    RECONSTRUCTION OF LATE QUATERNARY LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS IN THE PODOCARPUS NATIONAL PARK REGION SOUTHERN ANDES OF ECUADOR Dissertation submitted at the Georg August University Göttingen, Faculty of Biology for the degree “Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)” in the Georg-August-University School of Science (GAUSS) Program by Master in Science Luis Fernando Rodríguez Rosero from Ecuador Göttingen 2012 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Michael Kessler Date of examination: 14 – May - 2012 Dedicada a: Anaí y Patty Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... ………1 Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………….2 Resúmen…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Zusammenfassung……………………………………………………………………………………………….….…………………………6 Chapter I 1. General context ........................................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Previous research in palaeoecology in the northern Andean region ..................................... 9 1.2. Research goals and chapter structure................................................................................. 13 1.3. Overview of the study region ............................................................................................. 15 1.4. References ......................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter II 2. General aspects
    [Show full text]
  • Falkland Islands Species List
    Falkland Islands Species List Day Common Name Scientific Name x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 BIRDS* 2 DUCKS, GEESE, & WATERFOWL Anseriformes - Anatidae 3 Black-necked Swan Cygnus melancoryphus 4 Coscoroba Swan Coscoroba coscoroba 5 Upland Goose Chloephaga picta 6 Kelp Goose Chloephaga hybrida 7 Ruddy-headed Goose Chloephaga rubidiceps 8 Flying Steamer-Duck Tachyeres patachonicus 9 Falkland Steamer-Duck Tachyeres brachypterus 10 Crested Duck Lophonetta specularioides 11 Chiloe Wigeon Anas sibilatrix 12 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 13 Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera 14 Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica 15 Silver Teal Anas versicolor 16 Yellow-billed Teal Anas flavirostris 17 GREBES Podicipediformes - Podicipedidae 18 White-tufted Grebe Rollandia rolland 19 Silvery Grebe Podiceps occipitalis 20 PENGUINS Sphenisciformes - Spheniscidae 21 King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus 22 Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua Cheesemans' Ecology Safaris Species List Updated: April 2017 Page 1 of 11 Day Common Name Scientific Name x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 23 Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus 24 Macaroni Penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus 25 Southern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome 26 ALBATROSSES Procellariiformes - Diomedeidae 27 Gray-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma 28 Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris 29 Royal Albatross (Southern) Diomedea epomophora epomophora 30 Royal Albatross (Northern) Diomedea epomophora sanfordi 31 Wandering Albatross (Snowy) Diomedea exulans exulans 32 Wandering
    [Show full text]
  • Parque Nacional Tierra Del Fuego Flora
    Parque Nacional Tierra del Fuego Flora • Common English Name (Nombre Español o Local)Order Family Genus species) Monocotyledons (Monocotyledones) • Arrowgrass, Marsh (??) (Najadales Juncaginaceae Triglochin palustris) • Arrowgrass, Seaside (??) (Najadales Juncaginaceae Triglochin maritima) • Bentgrass, Common (Pasto Quila) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Agrostis capillaris) • Bentgrass, Upland (??) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Agrostis perennans) • Bluegrass (??) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Poa alopecurus) • Bluegrass (??) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Poa breviculmis) • Bluegrass (??) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Poa rigidifolia) • Bluegrass (??) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Poa scaberula) • Bluegrass (Möra-Shúka) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Poa yaganica) • Bluegrass, Annual (Pastito de Invierno) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Poa annua) • Bluegrass, Canada (??) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Poa compressa) • Bluegrass, Kentucky (Pasto de Mallin) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Poa pratensis) • Bluegrass, Northern (??) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Poa stenantha) • Bulrush, California (Junco) (Cyperales Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus californicus) • Bulrush, Nevada (Scirpus) (Cyperales Cyperaceae Amphiscirpus nevadensis) • Foxtail, Meadow (Alopecuro de los Prados-cola de Zorro) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Alopecurus pratensis) • Grass, Black (??) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Alopecurus magellanicus) • Grass, Fiber Optic (??) (Cyperales Cyperaceae Isolepis cernua) • Grass, Small Tussock (??) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae Festuca magellanica) • Grass, Sweet Holy (Ratonera) (Poales Gramineae/Poaceae
    [Show full text]
  • Late Holocene Environmental Change and Human Impact Inferred from Three Soil Monoliths and the Laguna Zurita Multi-Proxi Record in the Southeastern Ecuadorian Andes
    Veget Hist Archaeobot (2010) 19:1–15 DOI 10.1007/s00334-009-0226-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Late Holocene environmental change and human impact inferred from three soil monoliths and the Laguna Zurita multi-proxi record in the southeastern Ecuadorian Andes Holger Niemann Æ Hermann Behling Received: 5 May 2009 / Accepted: 7 July 2009 / Published online: 4 September 2009 Ó The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Late Holocene vegetation, climate and fire Keywords Human impact Á Vegetation development Á dynamics of mountain forest and paramo ecosystems, as Climate change Á Pollen analysis Á XRF-scanning Á well as human impact, are presented from the upper Rio GIS San Francisco valley, southeastern Ecuadorian Andes. Palaeoenvironmental changes, inferred from three soil monoliths, spanning an altitudinal gradient between 1,990 Introduction and 3,200 m and the high resolution multi-proxy sediment record from Laguna Zurita (2,590 m), were investigated by The Ecuadorian Andes harbour the most species-rich eco- pollen, spore and charcoal analyses, in combination with systems on earth (Barthlott et al. 2005). Despite their high XRF- and magnetic susceptibility-scanning. Three of the biodiversity, huge areas have suffered from human distur- four pollen records show a marked change in the floristic bance, in particular during the last decades. Natural vege- composition between ca. 900 and 350 cal B.P. (interpolated tation regeneration and sustainable management is urgently age). Past fires have strongly influenced the floristic com- needed, as well as conservation of less degraded areas. position of the mountain rainforest ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny Reconstruction of the Schoeneae (Cyperaceae) with a Focus on Southern-African Genera
    BOLUS LIBRAR Y C31 0000 0687 Phylogeny reconstruction of the Schoeneae (Cyperaceae) with a focus on southern-African genera By: Jessica Henning Supervisors: Dr A.M. Muasya Dr G.A. Verboom University of Cape Town A dissertation submitted to the University of Cape Town, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of an Honours degree in Botany. OCTOBER 2008 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town Plagiarism declaration I know that plagiarism is a serious form of academic dishonesty. I have read the document about avoiding plagiarism, I am familiar with its contents and I have avoided all forms of plagiarism mentioned there. Where I have used the words of others, I have indicated this by the use of quotation marks. I have referenced all quotations and other ideas borrowed from others. I have not and shall not allow others to plagiarise my work. Signed: Date: 2.9J \0 { �� Abstract In this study both plastid and nuclear DNA sequences (rbcL, trnL-trnF, rps16, ITS and ETS) were analysed. New sequences were added to the matrix from Verboom (2006). Parsimony method was used for phylogeny reconstruction. Morphological characters were then optimised on the parsimony tree using both maximum likelihood and parsimony reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • FILOGENIA MOLECULAR Y BIOGEOGRAFÍA HISTÓRICA DE Oreobolus (CYPERACEAE)
    FILOGENIA MOLECULAR Y BIOGEOGRAFÍA HISTÓRICA DE Oreobolus (CYPERACEAE) JULIANA CHACON PINILLA UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS BOGOTA D. C. 2003 FILOGENIA MOLECULAR Y BIOGEOGRAFÍA HISTÓRICA DE Oreobolus (CYPERACEAE) JULIANA CHACON PINILLA Trabajo de Grado para optar al título de Biólogo Director Santiago Madriñán, Ph. D. Profesor Asistente del Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de los Andes Codirector Favio González, Ph. D. Profesor del Departamento de Biología Universidad Nacional de Colombia ii AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiera agradecer al profesor Santiago Madriñán, director de esta tesis, por hacer posible la realización de esta investigación y por su continuo interés y dedicación hacia la misma. Gracias por transmitirme el interés por el estudio de las plantas y la evolución, y por la energía, la paciencia y el apoyo incondicional que me brindó desde la difícil etapa de laboratorio hasta la ejecución del manuscrito final. Al profesor Favio González, codirector de esta tesis, por sus valiosos comentarios y sugerencias. También quisiera agradecer a Julio Betancur por las muestras de Oreobolus que amablemente cedió para ser utilizadas en este trabajo. A Mark W. Chase y a mis compañeros en Kew Gardens, por abrirme las puertas del laboratorio Jodrell y por su constante interés y sugerencias. A mis compañeros del Laboratorio de Botánica & Sistemática de la Universidad de los Andes; Rafa, Alfredo, Jorge y Adriana, por sus sonrisas y su amistad. A Andrés por estar siempre ahí y ser un apoyo incondicional en todos los momentos. Finalmente quisiera dar las gracias por todo a mis padres, mis hermanos y a mi grandiosa familia…a ellos les dedico este trabajo.
    [Show full text]
  • En Investigación Para La Conservación De Los Páramos Andinos © 2014, CONDESAN
    © Priscilla Muriel Avances en investigación para la conservación de los AvApáramos andinos Avances en investigación para la conservación de los páramos andinos © 2014, CONDESAN Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina (CONDESAN) Oficina en Lima-Perú: Oficina en Quito-Ecuador: Mayorazgo 217, San Borja Lima 41 Germán Alemán E 12-28 y Juan Ramírez Tel. +511 6189 400 Tel. +593 2 2469073/072 [email protected] www.condesan.org Editores Francisco Cuesta1 Jan Sevink2 Luis Daniel Llambí3 Bert De Bièvre1 Joshua Posner4 † 1 Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina, CONDESAN, Quito, Ecuador, y Lima, Perú 2 Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Países Bajos 3 Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Ecológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela 4 University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA Asistencia Técnica: Gabriela Maldonado Edición Técnica: Jaime Camacho Diseño y diagramación Verónica Ávila Diseño Editorial ISBN: 978-612-45881-5-0 Esta obra cuenta con Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional Citas sugeridas: Cita de libro: Cuesta F, Sevink J, Llambí LD, De Bièvre B, Posner J, Editores, 2014. Avances en investigación para la conservación de los páramos andinos, CONDESAN. Cita de artículo: Autores del artículo, 2014. Título del artículo. En: Cuesta F, Sevink J, Llambí LD, De Bièvre B, Posner J, Editores. Avances en investigación para la conservación de los páramos andinos, CONDESAN. Este libro está dedicado a la memoria de Joshua L. Posner. Contenidos 1 Presentación 5 Biodiversidad 7 La diversidad de los páramos andinos en el espacio y en el tiempo Luis Daniel Llambí y Francisco Cuesta Los páramos andinos: diversos a todas las escalas .
    [Show full text]