DOCSLIB.ORG

CONFLICT RESOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT in the DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC of CONGO: a Practical Theological Perspective ______

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CONFLICT RESOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT in the DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC of CONGO: a Practical Theological Perspective ______ CONFLICT RESOLUTION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: A Practical Theological Perspective __________________________________ KASONGO WA KUMUTOMBO Didier Dissertation Presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree: DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) IN PRACTICAL THEOLOGY (Community Development) at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Promoter: Dr Nadine Bowers-Du Toit Department of Practical Theology and Missiology March 2017 i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Kasongo wa Kumutombo Didier March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is second to Algeria as the largest country in Africa in terms of size. The country and is exponentially rich in both natural resources and wild life. However, the country is classed among the poorest of the world and it also has a long history of conflicts. Conflict and development are interconnected and, in the case of the DRC, the state of the country‟s poverty may find its explanation in the long history of conflicts. This, in turn, creates potentials for conflicts. The DRC has an estimated 90 per cent of Christian followers despite being officially a secular country. Although there is a significant amount of literature on the subject of conflict resolution and development on the DRC, this study focuses on the role of the church in conflict resolution and its efforts in promoting sustainable development; this, from a theological perspective. The study, therefore, explores the history of the DRC and that of the Great Lakes Region in order to understand the Congolese crisis, which has national, regional and international connotations. Development and conflict theories are, therefore, developed for a better understanding of the subject under investigation and the interrelationship between the two is argued within the context of the DRC and the broader African continent. The theological concept of shalom is here explored in order to reflect on how the church could be involved in conflict resolution and sustainable development. An argument is made that the biblical concept of shalom is holistic. From various historical records, it is noted that the church has always been involved in the day to day life in the DRC. The research shows that the church and its leadership have not done enough to see shalom established in the DRC despite the many opportunities they have been given to do so from the colonial era up to this day. The research, ultimately, makes recommendations to the church in order to promote identified Kingdom values for the establishment of shalom, which leads to the resolution of the conflict and the implementation of sustainable development. Finally, a peace-building model that focuses on hope, healing, forgiveness and reconciliation is proposed to resolve the conflict and bring about sustainable development in the DRC. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Opsomming Die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo (DRK) is die tweede grootste land in Afrika na Algerië en is ryk in natuurlike hulpbronne. Alhoewel die land nie amptelik 'n Christelike nasie is nie, is 90 persent van die bevolking Christen. Maar, die land word geklassifiseer as een van die armste in die wêreld en dit het 'n lang geskiedenis van konflik. Konflik en ontwikkeling word verbind aan mekaar en in die geval van die DRK kan die toestand van die land se armoede toegeskryf word aan die geskiedenis van konflik, en terselfde tyd veroorsaak dit die potensiaal vir konflik. Alhoewel daar 'n gewigtige hoeveelheid literatuur oor konflik oplossing en ontwikkeling aangaande die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo (DRK) bestaan, fokus hierdie navorsing op die rol van die kerk en sy leierskap in konflik oplossing en volhoubare ontwikkeling vanaf 'n teologiese perspektief. Dit verken dus die geskiedenis van die DRK en Groot Mere Streek om die Kongolese krisisse te verstaan, aangesien dit aangeteken word dat die krisisse nasionale, streeks en internasionale konnotasies het. Ontwikkelings en konflik teoriëe is dus ontwikkel vir 'n beter begrip van die onderwerp wat ondersoek word en die verhouding tussen die twee word geredeneer in die konteks van Kongo en die wyer kontinent van Afrika. Die teologiese konsep van shalom word dan verken om na te dink oor hoe die kerk en sy leierskap moet (en kan) betrokke wees by konflik oplossing en volhoubare ontwikkeling. Shalom is alomvattend en is die werk van God, wie mense nooi na hom beide binne en buite die kerk. Vanaf verskeie opgeskrewe gebeurtenisse is dit duidelik dat die kerk nog altyd betrokke was in die daaglikse lewe in die DRK. Die navorsing wys dat die kerk en sy leierskap nie genoeg gedoen het om shalom te vestig in die DRK nie, ten spyte van vele geleenthede wat hulle gegun is vanaf koloniale tye tot vandag. Die navorsing maak op die ou end aanbevelings na die kerk en sy leierskap vir die bevordering van geïdentifiseerde Koningrykswaardes vir die vestiging van shalom, wat sal lei tot die oplossing van die konflik en die toepassing van volhoubare ontwikkeling. Laastens word 'n vredebouende model voorgestel wat fokus op hoop, genesing, vergifnis en versoening om die konflik op te los en om volhoubare ontwikkeling in werking te stel in die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo. iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements My road to the completion of this doctoral programme and the submission of this dissertation was graced with various angelic beings in human form and met with different circumstances, at times upsetting. All these provided, in one way or another, a sense of inner strength to remain resilient and never give up. It is, therefore, appropriate to mention some of those who constituted a pillar of strength during my doctoral journey. First of all, I thank the Almighty God for his grace that has sustained me and my family during the course of the program. To him be the glory, the honour and the power in the name of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. I thank my supervisor, Dr Nadine Bowers Du Toit, for her availability, hard work and commitment to walk with me during the entire process. Again, thank you. Also, I thank all the lecturers and staffs of the Faculty of theology for their support and contribution, which contributed to this achievement. I thank my wife Madeleine Kasongo and my son Godans Kasongo for their love, commitment and support during the ups and downs of life. Special thanks to the management of the Faculty of theology and to the Reformed church for all the financial support during the entire process. My thanks go to the whole family of the Claremont Baptist Church for the love and support. Specifically, my thanks go to pastor Peter Smallbones for his understanding and support during difficult times. Thank you to family and friends for all their support to me and to my family whenever I was facing some challenges during my studies. I specifically thank Robert James Dau and Penelope Joy Dau for the love and compassion they have shown me and my family. Finally, my thanks go to the following for their support: the family of the late Elias Kasongo Bwanga and Sela Ilunga Kasongo, Rev. Dr. Kasongo Lenge K.K. and Charlotte Mande Ilunga, Honore Kasongo Banze Muta and family, Napoleon Kasongo Mfumu Seya and family, Anatole Kasongo Nshimba and family, Jacques Mulundu and family, Juvenal Kabamba Numbi and family, Jean Jacques Mbayo Mutombo and Veronique, Helen Siebӧrger and Kafeko Ndembo C. To all, I say: God bless you. Kasongo wa Kumutombo Didier v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Dedication I dedicate this thesis to Madeleine Kasongo and Godans Kasongo For their limitless love, encouraging companionship that has sustained me through the years, As well as Robert James Dau and Penelope Joy Dau For being respectively a brother and father, a sister and mother to me, personally, and to my family in general vi Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Table of contents Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. v Dedication .............................................................................................................................................. vi Table of contents .................................................................................................................................. vii Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction .........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Burundi: the Issues at Stake
    BURUNDI: THE ISSUES AT STAKE. POLITICAL PARTIES, FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND POLITICAL PRISONERS 12 July 2000 ICG Africa Report N° 23 Nairobi/Brussels (Original Version in French) Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................i INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1 I. POLITICAL PARTIES: PURGES, SPLITS AND CRACKDOWNS.........................1 A. Beneficiaries of democratisation turned participants in the civil war (1992-1996)3 1. Opposition groups with unclear identities ................................................. 4 2. Resorting to violence to gain or regain power........................................... 7 B. Since the putsch: dangerous games of the government................................... 9 1. Purge of opponents to the peace process (1996-1998)............................ 10 2. Harassment of militant activities ............................................................ 14 C. Institutionalisation of political opportunism................................................... 17 1. Partisan putsches and alliances of convenience....................................... 18 2. Absence of fresh political attitudes......................................................... 20 D. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 23 II WHICH FREEDOM FOR WHAT MEDIA ?...................................................... 25 A. Media
    [Show full text]
  • Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS for PEACE an MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT an MRG INTERNATIONAL
    Minority Rights Group International R E P O R Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS FOR PEACE AN MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT AN MRG INTERNATIONAL BY FILIP REYNTJENS BURUNDI: Acknowledgements PROSPECTS FOR PEACE Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully acknowledges the support of Trócaire and all the orga- Internally displaced © Minority Rights Group 2000 nizations and individuals who gave financial and other people. Child looking All rights reserved assistance for this Report. after his younger Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- sibling. commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- This Report has been commissioned and is published by GIACOMO PIROZZI/PANOS PICTURES mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the For further information please contact MRG. issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. author do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in ISBN 1 897 693 53 2 all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. ISSN 0305 6252 Published November 2000 MRG is grateful to all the staff and independent expert Typeset by Texture readers who contributed to this Report, in particular Kat- Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. rina Payne (Commissioning Editor) and Sophie Rich- mond (Reports Editor). THE AUTHOR Burundi: FILIP REYNTJENS teaches African Law and Politics at A specialist on the Great Lakes Region, Professor Reynt- the universities of Antwerp and Brussels.
    [Show full text]
  • The Congo War and the Prospects of State Formation Rwanda and Uganda Compared
    [675] Paper The Congo war and the prospects of state formation Rwanda and Uganda compared Stein Sundstøl Eriksen No. 675 – 2005 Norwegian Institute Norsk of International Utenrikspolitisk Affairs Institutt Utgiver: NUPI Copyright: © Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt 2005 ISSN: 0800 - 0018 Alle synspunkter står for forfatternes regning. De må ikke tolkes som uttrykk for oppfatninger som kan tillegges Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt. Artiklene kan ikke reproduseres - helt eller delvis - ved trykking, fotokopiering eller på annen måte uten tillatelse fra forfatterne. Any views expressed in this publication are those of the author. They should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. The text may not be printed in part or in full without the permission of the author. Besøksadresse: C.J. Hambrosplass 2d Addresse: Postboks 8159 Dep. 0033 Oslo Internett: www.nupi.no E-post: [email protected] Fax: [+ 47] 22 36 21 82 Tel: [+ 47] 22 99 40 00 The Congo war and the prospects of state formation Rwanda and Uganda compared Stein Sundstøl Eriksen [Summary] This paper analyses the effect of the Congo war on state power in Rwanda and Uganda. Drawing on theories of European state formation, it asks whether the Congo war has led to a strengthening of the state in the two countries. It is argued that this has not been the case. Neither the Rwandan nor the Ugandan state has been strengthened as a result of the war. I argue that this must be explained by changes in the state system, which have altered the links between war and state formation.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Prime Ministers of Burundi
    SNo Phase Name Took office Left office Duration Political party 1 Kingdom of Burundi (part of Ruanda-Urundi) Joseph Cimpaye 26-01 1961 28-09 1961 245 days Union of People's Parties 2 Kingdom of Burundi (part of Ruanda-Urundi) Prince Louis Rwagasore 28-09 1961 13-10 1961 15 days Union for National Progress 3 Kingdom of Burundi (part of Ruanda-Urundi) André Muhirwa 20-10 1961 01-07 1962 254 days Union for National Progress 4 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) André Muhirwa 01-07 1962 10-06 1963 344 days Union for National Progress 5 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Pierre Ngendandumwe 18-06 1963 06-04 1964 293 days Union for National Progress 6 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Albin Nyamoya 06-04 1964 07-01 1965 276 days Union for National Progress 7 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Pierre Ngendandumwe 07-01 1965 15-01 1965 10 days Union for National Progress 8 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Pié Masumbuko 15-01 1965 26-01 1965 11 days Union for National Progress 9 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Joseph Bamina 26-01 1965 30-09 1965 247 days Union for National Progress 10 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Prince Léopold Biha 13-10 1965 08-07 1966 268 days Union for National Progress 11 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Michel Micombero 11-07 1966 28-11 1966 140 days Union for National Progress 12 Republic of Burundi Albin Nyamoya 15-07 1972 05-06 1973 326 days Union for National Progress 13 Republic of Burundi Édouard Nzambimana 12-11 1976 13-10 1978 1 year, 335 days Union for
    [Show full text]
  • Assassinat Du Président Élu Melchior Ndadaye -Vingt Ans Après Le
    Assassinat du Président élu Melchior Ndadaye 1 2 -Vingt ans après le Carnage ignoré des cadres dè la démocratie naissante - Dossier de Perpétue Nshimirimana, le 1er novembre 2013. Contribution à la Commission Vérité-Réconciliation et au Mécanisme de Justice Transitionnelle A partir d'octobre 1993, à la suite du meurtre le 21 octobre 1993 3 du premier Président démocratiquement élu de !'Histoire du Burundi, Melchior Ndadaye, des assassinats en masse ont visé avec acharnement un grand nombre de personnes d'origine Hutu, en particulier, les cadres de ce groupe. Au minimum cent quarante Hauts-cadres et cadres de la société politique, civile, économique, militaire et religieuse, ont été assassinés. Quarante et un autres ont survécu à des attentats et des dizaines4 de milliers ont dû s'exiler. Parmi les personnes assassinées, en plus des deux présidents de la République, il faut se rendre compte que : - Quinze parlementaires ont été tués et dix autres ont échappé à un ou plusieurs attentats, soit plus d'un tiers des députés du Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) et plus d'un quart des quatre-vingt-un députés du Parlement ! - Quatre ministres abattus sur les vingt-deux nommés par décret présidentiel le 12 juillet 1993. - Treize gouverneurs et conseillers de gouverneurs sur les seize provinces du Burundi, -Dix-huit administrateurs communaux, - Quarante-six autres hauts-cadres, - Sept officiers de l' Armée, - Vingt-huit étudiants tués en une seule nuit, - Vingt-deux religieux, prêtres. - Trente et une autres personnes ont réchappé, blessées ou pas, à un ou plusieurs attentats contre leur vie. Les exécutants de ces crimes sont les tristement célèbres milices Tutsi, dénommées «Sans-Echecs» 5 et «Sans-Défaites » • Leurs membres étaient de jeunes Tutsi burundais et Tutsi rwandais de tout horizon, mais aussi, des militaires et des policiers en retraite.
    [Show full text]
  • Kitona Operations: Rwanda's Gamble to Capture Kinshasa and The
    Courtesy of Author Courtesy of Author of Courtesy Rwandan Patriotic Army soldiers during 1998 Congo war and insurgency Rwandan Patriotic Army soldiers guard refugees streaming toward collection point near Rwerere during Rwanda insurgency, 1998 The Kitona Operation RWANDA’S GAMBLE TO CAPTURE KINSHASA AND THE MIsrEADING OF An “ALLY” By JAMES STEJSKAL One who is not acquainted with the designs of his neighbors should not enter into alliances with them. —SUN TZU James Stejskal is a Consultant on International Political and Security Affairs and a Military Historian. He was present at the U.S. Embassy in Kigali, Rwanda, from 1997 to 2000, and witnessed the events of the Second Congo War. He is a retired Foreign Service Officer (Political Officer) and retired from the U.S. Army as a Special Forces Warrant Officer in 1996. He is currently working as a Consulting Historian for the Namib Battlefield Heritage Project. ndupress.ndu.edu issue 68, 1 st quarter 2013 / JFQ 99 RECALL | The Kitona Operation n early August 1998, a white Boeing remain hurdles that must be confronted by Uganda, DRC in 1998 remained a safe haven 727 commercial airliner touched down U.S. planners and decisionmakers when for rebels who represented a threat to their unannounced and without warning considering military operations in today’s respective nations. Angola had shared this at the Kitona military airbase in Africa. Rwanda’s foray into DRC in 1998 also concern in 1996, and its dominant security I illustrates the consequences of a failure to imperative remained an ongoing civil war the southwestern Bas Congo region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda Assessment
    BURUNDI COUNTRY ASSESSMENT October 2002 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Burundi October 2002 CONTENTS 1 Scope of the document 1.1 - 1.4 2 Geography 2.1 3 Economy 3.1 - 3.3 4 History Summery of events since independence 4.1 - 4.5 Outbreak of Civil War 4.6 - 4.8 Coup of 25 July 1996 4.9 - 4.10 Peace Talks 4.11 - 4.19 Failed Coup attempts of 18 April 2001 and 22 July 2001 4.20 - 4.21 Developments prior to term of Transitional Government 4.22 - 4.25 The Transitional Government 4.26 - 4.42 5. State Structures The Constitution 5.1 - 5.3 Citizenship and Nationality 5.4 Political System 5.5 - 5.10 Judiciary 5.11 - 5.15 Legal Rights/Detention 5.16 - 5.23 Death Penalty 5.24 Internal Security 5.25 Armed Forces 5.26 - 5.30 "Gardiens de la Paix" 5.31 - 5.33 Self defence programmes 5.34 - 5.36 "Self Defence in Solidarity" 5.37 Weapons training for civilians 5.38 - 5.39 South African Protection Support Detachment 5.40 - 5.41 Prisons and prison conditions 5.42 - 5.47 Military Service 5.48 - 5.50 Conscientious Objectors and Deserters 5.51 - 5.52 Medical Services 5.53 - 5.54 HIV/AIDS 5.55 - 5.56 People with disabilities 5.57 - 5.58 Educational System 5.59 - 5.64 6 Human Rights Burundi October 2002 6.A Human Rights issues Overview 6.1 - 6.5 Torture 6.6 - 6.10 Extrajudicial Killings 6.11 - 6.16 Disappearances 6.17 Abuses by Rebel groups 6.18 - 6.23 Human Rights Organisations 6.24 Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.25 - 6.27 Media Institutions 6.28 - 6.30 Journalists 6.31 - 6.37 Freedom of
    [Show full text]
  • Community-Driven Civilian Protection in the DRC: Preventing Violence and Mitigating Harm
    Community-Driven Civilian Protection in the DRC: Preventing Violence and Mitigating Harm Mike Jobbins October 2010 Summary The series of conflicts and wars that followed the breakdown of the Zairian state, and which continue to plague the Democratic Republic of Congo, have been among the deadliest since World War II. Civilians have suffered from both the direct consequences of violence as well as the war’s destruction of lifesaving infrastructure. While the political causes of conflict stem from national and international forces, the patterns of violence and level of civilian suffering have been profoundly shaped by local factors. This paper analyzes local efforts to protect civilians in two Congolese trading cities: Butembo, North Kivu and Dongo, Equateur which represent polar opposites in civilian response to conflict. Elite-driven, civilian-led collective action by close-knit leadership in Butembo played a key role in minimizing the suffering of civilians in the city throughout the 1996-2003 war. The strong influence of the Catholic Church and other civil society groups led to effective advocacy on several occasions to reduce or prevent violence and accommodation of rebel financial demands by business leaders ensured a degree of internal security and influence of the local community over rebel actions. Reinvestment in social services, local security and support networks reduced mortality. Accommodation of armed groups and the patron-driven elite networks may have aggravated the conflict in other ways, but benefited the communities they served. In Dongo, ethnic divisions and bureaucratic leadership left the city paralyzed and prevented collective action prior to the city’s sacking by rebels in late 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • A Microcosm of Militarization Conflict, Governance and Armed Mobilization in Uvira, South Kivu Rift Valley Institute | Usalama Project
    rift valley institute | usalama project governance in conflict political settlements research programme A MICROCOSM OF MILITARIZATION CONFLICT, GOVERNANCE AND ARMED MOBILIZATION IN UVIRA, SOUTH KIVU RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE | USALAMA PROJECT A Microcosm of Militarization Conflict, governance and armed mobilization in Uvira, South Kivu JUDITH VERWEIJEN Published in 2016 by the Rift Valley Institute 26 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1DF, United Kingdom PO Box 52771 GPO, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya THE USALAMA PROJECT The RVI Usalama Project is a field-based, partner-driven research initiative examining armed groups and their influence on society in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. THE RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in eastern and central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political and economic development. THE AUTHOR Judith Verweijen is a Researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, Sweden and the Conflict Research Group at Ghent University, Belgium. She is the Lead Researcher of the ‘Usalama Project: Governance in Conflict’. RESEARCH ASSISTANTS: Juvénal Twaibu and Oscar Dunia Abedi. Neither bears any responsibility for the contents of the report. DISCLAIMER This report is an output from the Political Settlements Research Programme (PSRP), funded by the UK Aid from the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. However, the views expressed and information contained in it are not necessarily those of or endorsed by DFID, which can accept no responsibility for such views or information or for any reliance placed on them. CREDITS RVI ACTING EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Philip Winter RVI GREAT LAKES PROGRAMME MANAGER: Michel Thill RVI PROGRAMME MANAGER, PUblications: Tymon Kiepe EDITOR: Kate McGuinness DESIGN: Lindsay Nash MAPS: Jillian Luff,MAPgrafix ISbN 978-1-907431-40-1 COVER: Members of the Local Defence group of ‘colonel’ Jean Nalube in Munanira, Moyens Plateaux, Uvira (2013).
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of an Armed Movement in Eastern Congo Rift Valley Institute | Usalama Project
    RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE | USALAMA PROJECT UNDERSTANDING CONGOLESE ARMED GROUPS FROM CNDP TO M23 THE EVOLUTION OF AN ARMED MOVEMENT IN EASTERN CONGO rift valley institute | usalama project From CNDP to M23 The evolution of an armed movement in eastern Congo jason stearns Published in 2012 by the Rift Valley Institute 1 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1Df, United Kingdom. PO Box 30710 GPO, 0100 Nairobi, Kenya. tHe usalama project The Rift Valley Institute’s Usalama Project documents armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The project is supported by Humanity United and Open Square and undertaken in collaboration with the Catholic University of Bukavu. tHe rift VALLEY institute (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in Eastern and Central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political and economic development. tHe AUTHor Jason Stearns, author of Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa, was formerly the Coordinator of the UN Group of Experts on the DRC. He is Director of the RVI Usalama Project. RVI executive Director: John Ryle RVI programme Director: Christopher Kidner RVI usalama project Director: Jason Stearns RVI usalama Deputy project Director: Willy Mikenye RVI great lakes project officer: Michel Thill RVI report eDitor: Fergus Nicoll report Design: Lindsay Nash maps: Jillian Luff printing: Intype Libra Ltd., 3 /4 Elm Grove Industrial Estate, London sW19 4He isBn 978-1-907431-05-0 cover: M23 soldiers on patrol near Mabenga, North Kivu (2012). Photograph by Phil Moore. rigHts: Copyright © The Rift Valley Institute 2012 Cover image © Phil Moore 2012 Text and maps published under Creative Commons license Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/nc-nd/3.0.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr
    UNITED NATIONS S Security Council Distr. GENERAL S/1995/157 24 February 1995 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH LETTER DATED 23 FEBRUARY 1995 FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL In response to the request by the Council, I have the honour to forward herewith the report of the preparatory fact-finding mission to Burundi by Ambassador Martin Huslid (Norway) and Ambassador Simeon Aké (Côte d’Ivoire), dated 20 May 1994. (Signed) Boutros BOUTROS-GHALI 95-05359 (E) 020395 /... S/1995/157 English Page 2 Annex [Original: French] REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY FACT-FINDING MISSION TO BURUNDI TO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 - 30 4 II. THE COUP D’ETAT OF 21 OCTOBER 1993 ................... 31 - 102 10 A. Historical background to the coup d’état ......... 31 - 45 10 B. Events of the coup d’état ........................ 46 - 77 13 C. The perpetrators of the failed coup d’etat ....... 78 - 83 17 D. The management of the crisis ..................... 84 - 102 17 III. THE MASSACRES ........................................ 103 - 133 19 A. The massacres .................................... 103 - 114 19 B. The causes of the massacres ...................... 115 - 130 21 C. The role of provincial administrators and the army 131 - 133 23 IV. EVENTS AFTER THE COUP D’ETAT AND THE MASSACRES - PRESENT SITUATION .................................... 134 - 148 23 V. CHALLENGES AND STEPS TO BE TAKEN ..................... 149 - 151 25 VI. ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY .............................. 152 - 179 27 A. Presence of United Nations bodies in Burundi ..... 152 - 154 27 B. The Special Representative of the Secretary- General for Burundi .............................. 155 - 163 28 C.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Conflict and Forced Migration in the Democratic Republic of Congo Credit: Adrian Arbib
    Dynamics of conflict and forced migration in the Democratic Republic of Congo Credit: Adrian Arbib Experts workshop: report 30 November – 1 December 2010, Oxford Workshop rapporteurs Henning Tamm, University of Oxford Claire Lauterbach, RSC January 2011 Refugee Studies Centre Oxford Department of International Development University of Oxford Dynamics of conflict and forced migration in the Democratic Republic of Congo This report1 provides a summary of the main points raised in both presentations and participant discussions, organised along five inter-related themes that emerged during the workshop. Each section in the report presents some avenues for consideration in developing innovative solutions to the issues raised. The workshop brought together practitioners, academics, and policymakers from the DRC and beyond with the following goals: • To consider the relation between forced population displacements both within and outside the DRC, the prolonged presence of armed groups, the return of the displaced, and the continuation of conflict; • To explore the effects of international intervention on the protection of civilians and whether humanitarian responses encompass a thorough analysis of displacement patterns; and • To find innovative durable solutions to displacement and conflict that can be developed and supported through local, national, regional, and international approaches. Day One focused on conflict, displacement, the return of populations, and the interaction between armed actors and civilians. Day Two explored various solutions to end the vicious cycle of violence, including sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and displacement. The workshop was held under the Chatham House Rule of non-attribution, as the objective was to provide a forum in which participants could freely share their views and experience.
    [Show full text]