Destination China Cathay, the Middle Kingdom, the Celestial Empire, a Superpower-In- Waiting, a Nation of 1.3 Billion Souls: China Is the Nation on Everyone’S Lips
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© Lonely Planet Publications 22 Destination China Cathay, the Middle Kingdom, the Celestial Empire, a superpower-in- waiting, a nation of 1.3 billion souls: China is the nation on everyone’s lips. Descriptions of China ‘taking centre stage’ and assuming its mantle as the ‘powerhouse of the East’ litter the global media, and the nation hit the headlines again when it grabbed the largest number of gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games. Indeed, China has made the news again and again in recent years. Pressured into honouring its commitments to unfettered internet access during the Games, Běijīng allowed the ‘great firewall’ to partially come down in August 2008, with the Chinese-language BBC World Service website and other previously forbidden content becoming accessible for the first time. At the time of writing, it was still uncertain whether Běijīng’s 30,000-strong force of cybercensors were out of a job or just enjoying a long tea break. The worst violence for almost 10 years flared in restive Xīnjiāng when Han Chinese policemen were killed in various attacks in the immediate run-up to the Olympics. Similarly, Tibet was out of bounds to foreign travellers for several months in 2008 after the violent riots in Lhasa. Běijīng immediately sought to accentuate its achievements in Tibet while simultaneously clos- ing the doors, sending in troops and complaining bitterly of bias in the Western media. On the other side of China, a rapprochement with Taiwan was becoming FAST FACTS perceptible with the exit of Taiwanese president Chen Shuibian and the return Population: 1.3 billion of the Nationalist Party to power. Direct flights from Taipei to Běijīng and GDP per capita: $5870 Shànghǎi were the first fruits of the thawing in relations. China was badly rocked in May 2008 by the Sìchuān earthquake, which Adult literacy: 91% killed an estimated 70,000 people and flattened entire towns. Běijīng came in Number of mobile for considerable praise for its rapidly mobilised earthquake-relief efforts. phones: 500 million China has also made news with some notable statistics – after all, when the Major exports: textiles, nation runs out of superlatives, it simply generates a few more. The world’s clothing, footwear, toys fastest intercity train started running in 2008 between Běijīng and Tiānjīn, but and machinery even that will be eclipsed in speed within a few years by the Běijīng–Shànghǎi high-speed rail link. China sits on the world’s largest foreign-exchange Religions: Buddhism, reserves, and it recently overtook the US as the world’s largest broadband Taoism, Islam, Christianity market. Despite downsizing, the country also has the world’s largest stand- Number of Chinese ing army (which helps sponge up the world’s largest number of permanent characters: more than bachelors, a by-product of the one-child policy). Eventually finished in 2008, 56,000 the stratospheric Shanghai World Financial Centre was originally planned Most strokes in a Chinese to be the world’s tallest building. It had to settle for third place behind the character: 57 Burj Dubai and Taipei 101 but, rising from the Pudong New Area like a vast bottle opener, it remains a striking and monumental edifice. But, although these achievements are impressive, any seasoned China traveller will tell you that they’re not particularly useful yardsticks for quan- tifying today’s China. If you want your China experience to be all Christian Dior boutiques, Bentley showrooms and glistening skyscrapers, by all means make your choice and be suitably wowed. But this is only a small part of the picture. A purely random trawl through China turns up something very differ- ent, but considerably more fascinating. Běijīng and Shànghǎi are brimming with self-confidence, but if you wander a few miles from either city you’ll be reminded that China remains a largely agricultural nation, with its economy – measured by per-capita wealth – roughly in the same league as © Lonely Planet Publications lonelyplanet.com DESTINATION CHINA 23 Namibia. As many as 500 million rural Chinese do not have access to clean drinking water, while Guìzhōu province – with a population of almost 40 million – has a per-capita GDP that’s one-tenth of Shànghǎi’s. Even short trips around the nation reveal China as a gigantic work in progress, caught somewhere between the 1950s and the early 21st cen- tury. The fruits of the economic boom are tangible and easy to assess, but on other development indicators – take democracy, human rights, education, health care, the rule of law, intellectual-property rights and the environment, to name a few – China is either making negligible progress or moving backwards. Railways to Tibet, Bird’s Nest Stadiums and huge dams are all momen- tous achievements, but they give a disjointed and misleading impression of modern China. By encouraging Chinese immigration to Lhasa, the Tibet railway – an admirable work of engineering purpose, for sure – may have contributed to the anti-Han riots that killed more than 20 people in 2008. The Bird’s Nest Stadium – a magnificent piece of architecture and the set- ting for China’s greatest sporting triumphs – was designed by Ai Weiwei, an artist who is an outspoken critic of China’s government. The Three ‘There are Gorges Dam ( p812 ), for so long trumpeted as a triumph, is equally a sym- bol of Běijīng’s ability to impose itself on its population, regardless of dis- two sides to senting voices. In a nutshell, there are two sides to each story in China. each story in China’s heritage has also been battered by the paroxysms of change. China’ Linguists are wringing their hands at the inevitable demise of the once glorious Manchu language, now spoken natively by fewer than 20 old- timers huddled away in China’s slow-moving northeast. But in Shànghǎi, heritage aficionados were elated when Waibaidu Bridge was whisked away for a clean-up, part of a massive spruce-up for the Bund. On another nostalgic note, the Hénán village of Nánjiē – China’s last surviving bastion of collectivisation – succumbed to bankruptcy in 2008 after accumulating debts of over one billion yuán. It emerged that the Maoist collective had been less motivated by Marxist-Leninist goals than bankrolled by the Agricultural Bank of China. It would be hard to find a more fitting symbol for the contradictions of contemporary communist China. At the heart of this momentous transformation – the most dramatic in China’s history – are the Chinese people. Despite the rebellious paroxysms of the 20th century, they are deeply pragmatic. They are respectful and fear- ful of authority, so you won’t see any antigovernment graffiti. You won’t see speakers standing on soap boxes to vent their political views (unless they chime with government opinion). Instead, most Chinese keep their heads down and work hard for a living. This continues to create a country that is increasingly wealthy, for sure, but one that is widely considered intellectually stifled. © Lonely Planet Publications 24 Getting Started China – a country catering to each and every budget – could be the journey of your lifetime, and hitting the ground running with a bit of homework and preparation can save you much hassle. But first things first: take a long, hard look at the map of China and envisage what kind of experience you want your China trip to be. The world’s third-largest country, China has a daunting topographical diversity, so turn to p6 and p28 for inspiration. In terms of restraints, the only part of China you should need to care- fully plan is Tibet, as bureaucratic obstacles, travel restrictions and health issues will require consideration, although in 2008 parts of other provinces adjoining Tibet (eg west Sìchuān, north Yúnnán and Qīnghǎi) were also periodically inaccessible. WHEN TO GO Travel to China is possible year-round, as long as you’re prepared for what the season can throw at you. Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to early November) can be the best times to be on the road, as you avoid the blistering heat of summer (June to August) and stinging chill of winter (November to February/March). Autumn in Běijīng, for example, is par- ticularly pleasant, as are early spring and autumn in Hong Kong. Summer is the busiest tourist season, and getting around and finding accommodation during the peak summer crush can be draining. Northern China is hot and often dry in summer, with occasional dramatic See Climate Charts ( p943 ) downpours in northern cities such as Běijīng. The Yangzi River (Cháng Jiāng) for more information. region is very hot and humid, and southern China, with a coastline harassed by typhoons, also swelters. Rain rarely falls in quantities that can disrupt travel plans, except on the southern coastline during the typhoon season. Shànghǎi sees some epic summer rainstorms that transform roads to rivers within minutes. Winter is the low season (except for Hǎinán) and can be the quietest time of year, but while Hong Kong in winter is comfortably nippy, northern China is a frozen expanse, especially in the northeast, northwest and Inner Mongolia; precipitation is generally low. Wintering in clement central and southern Yúnnán province is enjoyable, but the higher altitude in the north of the province is frigid. Winter is inadvisable (and often dangerous) for travel to high-altitude areas in China such as west Sìchuān, although summer visits to high-lying areas such as Qīnghǎi and parts of Tibet can be recommended. The major public holiday periods can make travel stressful, with crowded- out sights. Travelling China’s transport network during the Chinese New Year ( p948 ) can be overwhelming, but you also get to see the country at its most colourful and entertaining.