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What You Learned from This Essential WhatYouLearnedFromThisessential I hope that this essential will give you an insight into the current possibilities of genetic engineering. Fascination and concern, possibilities and abuse, humi- lity before the living and responsibility stay close together. This essential is not intended to provide answers, but rather to motivate you to ask questions—I have some: • Reading the genetic material of living beings provides fascinating insights into the history of evolution, for example, of humans. It also makes it possible to determine genetic markers for diseases or, for example, cognitive traits that can be used in diagnostics. However, this knowledge is associated with a high level of responsibility when it comes for example to prenatal or preimplantation diagnostics or marketing. When does diagnostics become breeding through targeted selection? • Editing of genetic information, for example by means of CRISPR/Cas, can be used to specifically modify living organisms. The simplicity of the application offers opportunities, for example, in animal and plant breeding, and risks, for example, when using the gene drive. In addition, genome editing makes it possible to cure genetic diseases—for example, in the human embryo. Are we allowed to do that? • Writing unprecedented genetic information that is new to nature on a large scale is the subject of synthetic biology. This new branch of genetic engineering aims to revolutionize biology—and attracts laymen who wish to participate. How should the liberalization of biotechnology and genetic engineering be controlled? • The genetic material is part of a cell and the cell is part of an environment.The most recent extension of our understanding of heredity, i. e. epigenetics, calls © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2021 37 R. Wünschiers, Genetic Engineering, Springer essentials, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32403-2 38 What You Learned From This essential into question some centuries-old knowledge—and provides a molecular basis for Lamarck’s principle of the inheritance of traits acquired during a person’s lifetime. Do we have to learn to rethink the interaction between living beings and the environment? Literature Bygren LO, Kaati G, Edvinsson S (2001) Longevity determined by paternal ancestors’ nutri- tion during their slow growth period. 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Folio, Bozen Gibson DG, Glass JI, Lartigue C et al (2010) Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome. Science 329:52–56. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.119 0719 Graham L (2016) Lysenko’s ghost—Epigenetics and Russia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Hutchison CA, Chuang R-Y, Noskov VN et al (2016) Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome. Science 351:1414–1425. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6253 Internationales Monsanto Tribunal. https://monsantotribunal.org. Accessed: 26. June 2020 Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D et al (2013) RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol 31:233–239. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2508 Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I et al (2012) A Programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endo- nuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 337:816–821. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.1225829 Karberg S (2018) Crispr ist nicht immer Gentechnik. Der Tagesspiegel. https://www.tag esspiegel.de/wissen/europaeischer-gerichtshof-vor-der-entscheidung-crispr-ist-nicht- immer-gentechnik/20864058.html. Accessed: 26. June 2020 © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2021 39 R. Wünschiers, Genetic Engineering, Springer essentials, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32403-2 40 Literature Kegel B (2015) Epigenetik. DuMont, Köln Levy S, Sutton G, Ng PC et al (2007) The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. PLoS Biol 5:e254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050254 Liang P, Xu Y, Zhang X et al (2015) CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripro- nuclear zygotes. Protein Cell 6:363–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-015-0153-5 Lucock M, Yates Z (2005) Folic acid—vitamin and panacea or genetic time bomb? Nat Rev Genet 6:235–240. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1558 Makarova KS, Grishin NV, Shabalina SA et al (2006) A putative RNA-interference-based immune system in prokaryotes: computational analysis of the predicted enzymatic machi- nery, functional analogies with eukaryotic RNAi, and hypothetical mechanisms of action. Biol Direct 1:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6150-1-7 Nakamura T, Liu Y-J, Nakashima H et al (2012) PGC7 binds histone H3K9me2 to protect against conversion of 5mC to 5hmC in early embryos. Nature 486:415–419. https://doi. org/10.1038/nature11093 News2Share (2017) Biohacker self-administers attempt at gene-therapy HIV cure. https:// www.facebook.com/N2Sreports/videos/1557343577706859. Accessed: 26. June 2020 Open Source Seeds. https://www.opensourceseeds.org. Accessed: 26 June 2020 Pääbo S (2015) Neanderthal man: in search of lost genomes. Basic Books, New York Pedersen M, Phillips A (2009) Towards programming languages for genetic engineering of living cells. J R Soc Interface 6:S437–S450. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0516.focus Reeves RG, Voeneky S, Caetano-Anollés D et al (2018) Agricultural research, or a new bioweapon system? Science 362:35–37. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7664 Ronald PC, Adamchak RW (2018) Tomorrow’s table. Oxford University Press, New York Ishino Y,Shinagawa H, Makino K et al (1987) Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. J Bacteriol 169:5429–5433. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.169.12.5429-5433. 1987 Simon S, Otto M, Engelhard M (2018) Synthetic gene drive: between continuity and novelty: crucial differences between gene drive and genetically modified organisms require an adapted risk assessment for their use. EMBO Rep 19:e45760–e45764. https://doi.org/10. 15252/embr.201845760 Slon V, Mafessoni F, Vernot B et al (2018) The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. Nature 561:113–116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018- 0455-x Smalley E (2018) FDA warns public of dangers of DIY gene therapy. Nature 36:119–120. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0218-119 Sniekers S, Stringer S, Watanabe K et al (2017) Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 78,308 individuals identifies new loci and genes influencing human intelligence. Nat Genet 49:1107–1112. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3869 Tumpey TM (2005) Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Virus. Science 310:77–80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119392 Venter JC (2008) A life decoded: my genome: my life. Penguin Books, New York Watson JD (1968) The Double Helix. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London Literature 41 Wheeler DA, Srinivasan M, Egholm M et al (2008) The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. Nature 452:872–876. https://doi.org/10.1038/nat ure06884 Wilkinson DM, Nisbet EG, Ruxton GD (2012) Could methane produced by sauropod dino- saurs have helped drive Mesozoic climate warmth? Curr Biol 22:R292–R293. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.042 Wohlsen M (2012) Biopunk: solving biotech’s biggest problems in kitchens and garages. Penguin, New York Related Literature Carroll SB (2005) Endless forms most beautiful: the new science of evo devo and the making of the animal kingdom. Norton, New York Diekämper J, Fangerau H, Fehse B et al (eds) (2018) Vierter Gentechnologiebericht. Nomos, Baden-Baden Henderson M (2010) 50 Schlüsselideen Genetik. Spektrum Akademischer, Heidelberg Mukherjee S (2017) The gene: an intimate history. Simon & Schuster, New York Schmid RD (2016) Taschenatlas der Biotechnologie und Gentechnik. Wiley, Weinheim Relevant Fiction Bacon F (2016) The new atlantis. Createspace independent publishing platform (originally from 1624) Ishiguro K (2005) Never let me go. Faber and Faber, London Suter M (2017) Elefant. Diogenes, Zürich Related essentials Ableitner O (2014) Einführung in die Molekularbiologie. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden Gramer G, Hoffmann G, Nennstiel-Ratzel U (2015) Das erweiterte Neugeborenenscreening. Springer, Wiesbaden Heberer B (2015) Grüne Gentechnik. Springer Spektrum, Wiesbaden van der Ven K, Pohlmann M, Hößle C (2017) Social freezing. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden Recent Films and Series Biohackers (2020) created by Christian Ditter, Germany. Claussen+Putz Filmproduktion for Netflix. IMDb: tt9849210 Human Nature (2019) directed by Adam Bolt, USA. News and Guts Films. IMDb: tt9612680 Okja (2017) directed by Bong Joon-ho, South Korea/USA. Plan B Entertainment for Netflix. IMDb: tt3967856.
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