DOCSLIB.ORG

Residential Radon in Finland: Sources, Variation, Modelling and Dose Comparisons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Residential Radon in Finland: Sources, Variation, Modelling and Dose Comparisons ft <?QR>JZ^ STUK-A124 SEPTEMBER 1995 Residential Radon in Finland: Sources, Variation^ Modelling and Dose Comparisons Haima Arvela STUK-A124 SEPTEMBER 1995 Residential Radon in Finland: Sources, Variation, Modelling and Dose Comparisons H. Arvela Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Technical Physics Academic dissertation Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Technology to be presented with due pennission for public examination and debate in Auditorium Fl at Helsinki University of Technology (Espoo, Finland) on the 6th of October, 1995 at 12 o'clock noon. FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY P.O. Box 14 FIN-00881 Helsinki Tel. + 358 0 759 881 ISBN 951-712-060-5 ISSN 0781-1705 Painatuskeskus Oy Helsinki 1995 Sold by: Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety P.O. Box 14 FIN-00881 Helsinki Tel. + 358 0 759 881 FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION STUK-A124 AND NUCLEAR SAFETY ARVELA H. Residential Radon in Finland: Sources, Variation, Modelling and Dose Comparisons. STUK-A124. Helsinki 1995. 87 p. + appendixes 80 p. ISBN 951-712-060-5 ISSN 0781-1705 Key words: radon, radiation, radiation dose, homes SUMMARY This study deals with sources of indoor radon in Finland, seasonal variations in radon concentration, the effect of house construction and ventilation and also with the radiation dose from indoor radon and terrestrial gamma radiation. The results are based on radon measurements in approximately 4,000 dwellings and on air exchange measurements in 250 dwellings as well as on model calculations. The results confirm that convective soil air flow is by far the most important source of indoor radon in Finnish low-rise residential housing. The average flow rate of soil gas into a typical house with slab-on-grade is about 0.5 m3 h"1. This flow of radon-bearing air produces an average convective radon entry rate of 12,000 Bq h'\ increasing the indoor radon concentration close to the target concentration for new buildings, 200 Bq m'3. Consequently, in a remarkable number of houses, the concentration limit for existing houses, 400 Bq m'3, will also be exceeded. The most important reason for such elevated concentrations are permeable soil, leaking substructures or an unfavourable ventilation system. In esker areas the subterranean air flows in the esker may still increase the effect of convective flows. This situation calls for new attitudes to house construction and mitigation of existing houses. Airtightness of the bouse substructure, especially on permeable soils, is the key question in radon-safe building. The building of ground floor flats with ground contact needs similar attention to low-rise housing. Because soil permeability and the gravel layer beneath the slab have a decisive effect on soil gas flow, attention should also be paid to studies on the effect of an impermeable layer below the slab. Modern foundation structures have increased the radon-bearing soil air flow into houses. Crawl-space, nowadays seldom used, is an advantageous substructure against radon. Slab-on-grade with foundation walls made of porous light-weight concrete blocks, being the most common construction, has increased the soil air leakage into dwellings. Hillside houses with an open stairwell between the ground floor and first floor have replaced basement houses. Basements were previously more isolated and reduced the radon-rich air flow into living spaces. 3 FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY STUK-A124 In a notable oroportion of the dwellings the air exchange rates are lower than the recommended air exchange of 0.5 h'. Improving the air exchange rates provides great potential for decreasing indoor radon concentrations. However, improving the air infiltration has a reductive effect on indoor radon concentrations only in cases where the remedy does not increase the underpressure in the dwelling. Air exchange rates in new houses with mechanical ventilation are higher than in houses with similar structures and with natural ventilation. However, radon concentrations are higher in houses with a mechanical exhaust or a supply/exhaust ventilation system. The underpressure created by both the exhaust air flow and the elevated airtightness of houses contribute to this increase in radon concentration. Mechanical exhaust ventilation is not recommended when building on permeable sand or gravel areas, unless soil air leakages are prevented. Comparison between predicted and measured winter/summer radon concentration ratios, in houses with slab-on-grade, suggests an average diffusive radon entry rate of 6 Bq m'3 h"1 and a convective entry rate of 50 Bq m*3 h"' at an average indoor- outdoor temperature difference of 17 °C. The estimates in this study imply that both diffusive radon entry from soil through slab and floor coverings play an important role in diffusive radon entry in Finnish low-rise houses, more important than previously realized. In unfavourable conditions diffusive entry alone can elevate radon concentration above the target limit for new buildings, 200 Bq m'3. Therefore, attention should be paid to the quality of floor slabs in low-rise houses. The physics of diffusive radon entry into buildings, of air-flow from soil, ariven by the pressure difference, and of air infiltration, combined in the model of this study, explain to a considerable extent the observed seasonal variations in indoor radon concentration. Radon concentrations are higher in winter than in summer, because of the strong convective air flow from soil into houses in winter. Cold climatic conditions in Lapland increase indoor radon concentrations in low-rise houses, 25 % compared with the metropolitan area in Southern Finland. Correction factors for annual average radon concentration are needed to adjust measurements taken over periods other than twelve months. Indoor radon measurements in Finland are taken in the heating season, over a period of two - months. For these measurements, typical correction factors vary in the range of 0.9 - 0.6. Discrepancy between the single compartment model and the real occurrence of radon in dwellings affects the difference between measured and predicted results. 4 FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION STUK-A124 AND NUCLEAR SAFETY On steep sided eskers subterranean air-flows in the esker strongly affect indoor radon concentration. Variation in both outdoor temperature and wind induce these flows which result in winter/summer radon concentration ratios of 3 - 30, in esker top areas, whereas in slope areas with amplified summer concentrations, the ratio is typically 0.1-0.5. Typical values in flat ar*as are 1.5 - 2. The estimates of the effective dose due to indoor radon and terrestrial gamma radiation are based on nationwide surveys of indoor radon, gamma radiation indoors and outdoors, including a survey of environmental dose rates after the Chernobyl accident. The annual average effective dose to Finns due to indoor radon is estimated at about 2 mSv, the range of the dose being as wide as 0.2 - 350 mSv. The annual average dose due to natural gamma radiation and external gamma radiation due to Chernobyl fallout in 1994 were 0.45 mSv and 0.03 mSv, the ranges being 0.2 -1.0 mSv and 0.001 - 0.3 mSv respectively. Special attention should be paid to prevention of the highest doses, to repairing the houses with the most elevated indoor radon concentrations and to radon-safe construction of new houses. 5 FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY STUK-A124 ARVELA H. Sisäilman radon suomalaisissa asunnoissa: Lähteet, vaihtelu, mallintaminen ja annosvertailu. STUK-A124. Helsinki 1995. 87 s. + liitteet 80 s. ISBN 951-712-060-5 ISSN 0781-1705 Avainsanat: radon, säteily, säteilyannos, kodit YHTEENVETO Tässä tutkimuksessa käsitellään sisäilman radonpitoisuuksia suomalaisissa asunnoissa; radonpitoisuuden lähteitä ja vuodenaikavaihtelua sekä talon perustuksien ja ilmanvaihdon vaikutusta. Radonin aiheuttamaa säteilyannosta verrataan ulkona ja sisätiloissa saatavaan gammasäteilyannokseen. Tulokset perustuvat radonmittauksiin noin 4000 asunnossa, ilmanvaihtomittauksiin 250 asunnossa sekä laskentamallin antamiin tuloksiin. Tulokset vahvistavat sen, että maaperän radonpitoisen ilman virtaus asuntoihin on kaikkein tärkein radonpitoisuuden lähde suomalaisissa pientaloasunnoissa. Tyypillisessä pientalossa, joka on rakennettu maanvaraiselle laatalle, keskimääräinen maaperän ilman virtausnopeus asuntoon on noin puoli kuutiometriä tunnissa. Tämä radonpitoisen ilman virtaus vastaa konvektiivista lähdenopeutta 12 000 Bq h"1 ja nostaa sisäilman radonpitoisuuden lähelle uusille asunnoille annettua enimmäisarvoa 200 Bq m'3. Maaperän radonpitoisen ilman vuodon seurauksena myös vanhoille asunnoille annettu radonpitoisuuden enimmäisarvo 400 Bq nr3 ylittyy merkittävässä osassa pientaloja. Tärkeimmät syyt asuntojen radonpitoisuuden kohoamiseen ovat maaperän ilmanläpäisevyys, perustusrakenteiden ilmavuodot, ilmanvaihdon riittämättömyys tai asunnon alipaineisuus. Harjualueilla harjun sisällä tapahtuvat ilmavirtaukset voivat edelleen kasvattaa radonvuotoa asuntoihin. Tilanteen korjaamiseksi tarvitaan asenteiden muutosta sekä uudisrakentamisessa että suhtautumisessa radonkorjauksiin. Perustusten ilmatiiveys, erityisesti rakennettaessa läpäisevälle maaperälle, on avainkysymys radonturvallisen asunnon rakentamiseksi. Kerrostalojen rakentamisessa tulee myös ottaa huomioon maaperästä tulevat radonvuodot, jotka vaikuttavat erityisesti alimman kerroksen maakontaktiasuntojen radonpitoisuuteen. Maaperän ilmanläpäisevyys
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Population Structure 2009
    Population 2010 Population Structure 2009 Number of persons aged under 15 in Finland’s population lowest in over 100 years According to Statistics Finland’s statistics on the population structure there were 888,323 persons aged under 15 in Finland’s population at the end of 2009. The number is the lowest since 1895. The size of the population under the age of 15 has been decreasing continuously since 1994. At the end of 1977, there were still one million persons aged under 15 in the Finnish population. The size of the population under the age of 15 was at its largest in 1959 when it was 1.35 million. Number of persons aged under 15 in Finland’s population in 1875–2009 On 31 December 2009, the total population of Finland was 5,351,427 in which 2,625,067 were men and 2,726,360 women. In the course of 2009, Finland’s population grew by 25,113 persons. For the third successive year migration gain from abroad contributed more to the increase of population than natural growth. During 2009, the number of persons aged 65 and over in the population increased by good 18,000 and totalled 910,441 at the end of 2009. The largest age cohort in Finland’s population was persons born in 1948. At the end of 2009, they numbered 82,738. Persons over 100 years of age numbered 566, of whom 82 were men and 484 women. Demographic dependency ratio highest in Etelä-Savo and lowest in Uusimaa The demographic dependency ratio, that is the number of under 15 and over 65-year-olds per 100 working age persons was 50.6 at the end of 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Labour Market Areas Final Technical Report of the Finnish Project September 2017
    Eurostat – Labour Market Areas – Final Technical report – Finland 1(37) Labour Market Areas Final Technical report of the Finnish project September 2017 Data collection for sub-national statistics (Labour Market Areas) Grant Agreement No. 08141.2015.001-2015.499 Yrjö Palttila, Statistics Finland, 22 September 2017 Postal address: 3rd floor, FI-00022 Statistics Finland E-mail: [email protected] Yrjö Palttila, Statistics Finland, 22 September 2017 Eurostat – Labour Market Areas – Final Technical report – Finland 2(37) Contents: 1. Overview 1.1 Objective of the work 1.2 Finland’s national travel-to-work areas 1.3 Tasks of the project 2. Results of the Finnish project 2.1 Improving IT tools to facilitate the implementation of the method (Task 2) 2.2 The finished SAS IML module (Task 2) 2.3 Define Finland’s LMAs based on the EU method (Task 4) 3. Assessing the feasibility of implementation of the EU method 3.1 Feasibility of implementation of the EU method (Task 3) 3.2 Assessing the feasibility of the adaptation of the current method of Finland’s national travel-to-work areas to the proposed method (Task 3) 4. The use and the future of the LMAs Appendix 1. Visualization of the test results (November 2016) Appendix 2. The lists of the LAU2s (test 12) (November 2016) Appendix 3. The finished SAS IML module LMAwSAS.1409 (September 2017) 1. Overview 1.1 Objective of the work In the background of the action was the need for comparable functional areas in EU-wide territorial policy analyses. The NUTS cross-national regions cover the whole EU territory, but they are usually regional administrative areas, which are the re- sult of historical circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dispersal and Acclimatization of the Muskrat, Ondatra Zibethicus (L.), in Finland
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center Other Publications in Wildlife Management for 1960 The dispersal and acclimatization of the muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (L.), in Finland Atso Artimo Suomen Riistanhoito-Saatio (Finnish Game Foundation) Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Artimo, Atso, "The dispersal and acclimatization of the muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (L.), in Finland" (1960). Other Publications in Wildlife Management. 65. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/65 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Wildlife Management by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. R I 1ST A TIE T L .~1 U ( K A I S U J A ,>""'liSt I " e'e 'I >~ ~··21' \. • ; I .. '. .' . .,~., . <)/ ." , ., Thedi$perscdQnd.a~C:li"'dti~otlin. of ,the , , :n~skret, Ond~trq ~ib.t~i~',{(.h in. Firtland , 8y: ATSO ARTIMO . RllSTATIETEELLISljX JULKAISUJA PAPERS ON GAME RESEARCH 21 The dispersal and acclimatization of the muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (l.), in Finland By ATSO ARTIMO Helsinki 1960 SUOMEN FIN LANDS R I 1ST A N HOI T O-S A A T I b ] AK TV ARDSSTI FTELSE Riistantutkimuslaitos Viltforskningsinstitutet Helsinki, Unionink. 45 B Helsingfors, Unionsg. 45 B FINNISH GAME FOUNDATION Game Research Institute Helsinki, Unionink. 45 B Helsinki 1960 . K. F. Puromichen Kirjapaino O.-Y. The dispersal and acclimatization of the muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (L.), in Finland By Atso Artimo CONTENTS I.
    [Show full text]
  • Helsinki-Uusimaa Region Competence and Creativity
    HELSINKI-UUSIMAA REGION COMPETENCE AND CREATIVITY. SECURITY AND URBAN RENEWAL. WELCOME TO THE MODERN METROPOLIS BY THE SEA. HELSINKI-UUSIMAA REGIONAL COUNCIL HELSINKI-UUSIMAA REGION AT THE HEART OF NORTHERN EUROPE • CAPITAL REGION of Finland • 26 MUNICIPALITIES, the largest demographic and consumption centre in Finland • EXCELLENT environmental conditions - 300 km of coastline - two national parks • QUALIFIED HUMAN CAPITAL and scientific resources • INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT • four large INTERNATIONAL PORTS • concentration of CENTRAL FUNCTIONS: economy, administration, leisure, culture • privileged GEO-STRATEGIC LOCATION Helsinki-Uusimaa Region AT THE HEART OF POPULATION • 1,6 MILLION inhabitants • 30 % of the population of Finland • POPULATION GROWTH 18,000 inhabitants in 2016 • OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: Finnish mother tongue 80.5 %, Swedish mother tongue 8.2 % • other WIDELY SPOKEN LANGUAGES: Russian, Estonian, Somali, English, Arabic, Chinese • share of total FINNISH LABOUR FORCE: 32 % • 110,000 business establishments • share of Finland’s GDP: 38.2 % • DISTRIBUTION OF LABOUR: services 82.5 %, processing 15.9 %, primary production 0.6 % FINLAND • republic with 5,5 MILLION inhabitants • member of the EUROPEAN UNION • 1,8 MILLION SAUNAS, 500 of them traditional smoke saunas • 188 000 LAKES (10 % of the total area) • 180 000 ISLANDS • 475 000 SUMMER HOUSES • 203 000 REINDEER • 39 NATIONAL PARKS HELSINKI-UUSIMAA SECURITY AND URBAN RENEWAL. WELCOME TO THE MODERN METROPOLIS BY THE SEA. ISBN 978-952-448-370-4 (publication) ISBN 978-952-448-369-8 (pdf)
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Midge Telmatogeton Japonicus Tokunaga (Diptera: Chironomidae) Exploiting Brackish Water in Finland
    Aquatic Invasions (2009) Volume 4, Issue 2: 405-408 DOI 10.3391/ai.2009.4.2.20 © 2009 The Author(s) Journal compilation © 2009 REABIC (http://www.reabic.net) This is an Open Access article Short communication Marine midge Telmatogeton japonicus Tokunaga (Diptera: Chironomidae) exploiting brackish water in Finland Janne Raunio1*, Lauri Paasivirta2 and Yngve Brodin3 1Janne Raunio, Water and Environment Association for the River Kymi, Tapiontie 2 C, FIN-45160 Kouvola, Finland E-mail: [email protected] 2Lauri Paasivirta, Ruuhikoskenkatu 17 B 5, FIN-24240 Salo, Finland E-mail: [email protected] 3Yngve Brodin, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author Received 20 March 2009; accepted in revised form 26 May 2009; published online 3 June 2009 Abstract Pupal exuviae of marine intertidal midge Telmatogeton japonicus Tokunaga (Diptera: Chironomidae) were found in September 2008 from the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Previous records of the species in the Baltic Sea were from Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Poland. Telmatogeton japonicus is an alien species introduced to Europe from the Pacific Ocean. It probably uses shipping as the vector, since in north-western Europe it has first been detected near large seaports. This was also the case in the Gulf of Finland. Our findings suggests that the species’ distribution extends further northeast in the Baltic Sea than understood before, and that the species is able to establish viable populations into fresh-brackish (salinity < 4 ‰) coastal habitats. Key words: Telmatogeton japonicus, Chironomidae, pupal exuviae, Gulf of Finland Benthic macroinvertabrate communities in the 2005; Raunio 2008) to assess chironomid littoral and sub-littoral zones in the Gulf of community composition in three areas in the Finland (Baltic Sea) are rather poorly known, as Gulf of Finland (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • SUOMEN SALIBANDYLIITTO R.Y. 6.11.2019
    SUOMEN SALIBANDYLIITTO r.y. 6.11.2019 JUNIOREIDEN OTTELUOHJELMA KAUDELLA 2019-20 C2-POJAT KESKIMMÄINEN HAASTAJAJATKOSARJA, D-LOHKO Tennari, lukionsali Rantapuisto 45 08100 Lohja 1.turnaus,kierrokset 1-2 Erotuomariasettelija Tero Merenheimo Pvm Kello Sarja Kotijoukkue Vierasjoukkue Pelipaikka Kenttä Paikkakunta Vastuujoukkue 01.12.2019 10:00 PC2-D ES LoSB Loviisan Tor Tennari 1 Lohja LoSB 01.12.2019 11:00 PC2-D ES EräViikingit Blue FC Tuusula Black Tennari 1 Lohja LoSB 01.12.2019 12:00 PC2-D ES Loviisan Tor FBC Raseborg Tennari 1 Lohja LoSB 01.12.2019 13:00 PC2-D ES FC Tuusula Black SB Vantaa Mörkö Tennari 1 Lohja LoSB 01.12.2019 14:00 PC2-D ES ÅIF EräViikingit Blue Tennari 1 Lohja LoSB 01.12.2019 15:00 PC2-D ES SB Vantaa Mörkö SCH Tennari 1 Lohja LoSB 01.12.2019 16:00 PC2-D ES FBC Raseborg ÅIF Tennari 1 Lohja LoSB 01.12.2019 17:00 PC2-D ES SCH LoSB Tennari 1 Lohja LoSB Lisätietoja: Suomen Salibandyliitto/Terho Laaksonen, puh. 0400-529 011 SUOMEN SALIBANDYLIITTO r.y. 6.11.2019 JUNIOREIDEN OTTELUOHJELMA KAUDELLA 2019-20 C2-POJAT KESKIMMÄINEN HAASTAJAJATKOSARJA, D-LOHKO Loviisan Liikuntahalli Brandensteininkatu 29 07900 Loviisa 2.turnaus,kierrokset 3-4 Erotuomariasettelija Tero Merenheimo Pvm Kello Sarja Kotijoukkue Vierasjoukkue Pelipaikka Kenttä Paikkakunta Vastuujoukkue 15.12.2019 09:00 PC2-D ES EräViikingit Blue Loviisan Tor Loviisan LH 1 Loviisa Loviisan Tor 15.12.2019 10:00 PC2-D ES LoSB FC Tuusula Black Loviisan LH 1 Loviisa Loviisan Tor 15.12.2019 11:00 PC2-D ES SCH EräViikingit Blue Loviisan LH 1 Loviisa Loviisan Tor 15.12.2019 12:00 PC2-D ES ÅIF LoSB Loviisan LH 1 Loviisa Loviisan Tor 15.12.2019 13:00 PC2-D ES FC Tuusula Black FBC Raseborg Loviisan LH 1 Loviisa Loviisan Tor 15.12.2019 14:00 PC2-D ES SB Vantaa Mörkö ÅIF Loviisan LH 1 Loviisa Loviisan Tor 15.12.2019 15:00 PC2-D ES FBC Raseborg SCH Loviisan LH 1 Loviisa Loviisan Tor 15.12.2019 16:00 PC2-D ES Loviisan Tor SB Vantaa Mörkö Loviisan LH 1 Loviisa Loviisan Tor Lisätietoja: Suomen Salibandyliitto/Terho Laaksonen, puh.
    [Show full text]
  • The Population Finland at the Beginning of the 1930'S
    ¿HA World Populath*Year THE POPULATION FINLAND CI.CR.E.D. Seríes The Population of Finland A World Population Year Monograph Central Statistical Office ISBN 951-46-1697-9 Valtion. Painatuskeskus/Arvi A. Karisto Osakeyhtiön kirjapaino Hämeenlinna 1975 PREFACE »The Population of Finland» is Finland's introduction on the development of Fin- contribution to the population research land's population beginning from the eigh- series to be made in different countries at teenth century. In addition, the publication the request of the United Nations. The includes surveys on the development of the Committee for International Coordination labor force, on the demographic, labor of National Research in Demography (CIC- force and education projections made, and RED) has been in charge of the international on the effect of the economic and social coordination of the publication. The publi- policy pursued on the population devel- cation is part of the program for the World opment. Population Year 1974 declared by the United Nations. The monograph of Finland has been prepa- red by the Central Statistical Office of In this publication, attention has been Finland in cooperation with the Population focused on the examination of the recent Research Institute. population development with a historical CONTENTS I POPULATION GROWTH Page V LABOR FORCE Page 1. Historical development 7 1. Labor force by age and sex 39 2. Population development during 2. Labor reserves 42 pre-industrial period 7 3. Labor force by industry 43 3. Development of birth rate during 4. Change in occupational structure pre-industrial period 7 by region 45 4. Development of mortality rate 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Basidiomycota) in Finland
    Mycosphere 7 (3): 333–357(2016) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/7/3/7 Copyright © Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Extensions of known geographic distribution of aphyllophoroid fungi (Basidiomycota) in Finland Kunttu P1, Kulju M2, Kekki T3, Pennanen J4, Savola K5, Helo T6 and Kotiranta H7 1University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland 2Biodiversity Unit P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland 3Jyväskylä University Museum, Natural History Section, P.O. BOX 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland 4Pentbyntie 1 A 2, FI-10300 Karjaa, Finland 5The Finnish Association for Nature Conservation, Itälahdenkatu 22 b A, FI-00210 Helsinki, Finland 6Erätie 13 C 19, FI-87200 Kajaani, Finland 7Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland Kunttu P, Kulju M, Kekki T, Pennanen J, Savola K, Helo T, Kotiranta H 2016 – Extensions of known geographic distribution of aphyllophoroid fungi (Basidiomycota) in Finland. Mycosphere 7(3), 333–357, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/7/3/7 Abstract This article contributes the knowledge of Finnish aphyllophoroid funga with nationally or regionally new species, and records of rare species. Ceriporia bresadolae, Clavaria tenuipes and Renatobasidium notabile are presented as new aphyllophoroid species to Finland. Ceriporia bresadolae and R. notabile are globally rare species. The records of Ceriporia aurantiocarnescens, Crustomyces subabruptus, Sistotrema autumnale, Trechispora elongata, and Trechispora silvae- ryae are the second in Finland. New records (or localities) are provided for 33 species with no more than 10 records in Finland. In addition, 76 records of aphyllophoroid species are reported as new to some subzones of the boreal vegetation zone in Finland.
    [Show full text]
  • Julkaisusarjan Nimi
    Working papers of the Finnish Game and Fisheries Institute 25/2013 Genetic structure of Finnish and Russian sea trout populations in the Gulf of Finland area Marja-Liisa Koljonen, Aki Janatuinen, Ari Saura and Jarmo Koskiniemi M A S U R O - S A O U Finnish-Russian border rivers N R I o A r u F i p an i l k ka Bay of Vyborg k k O o o A j u o K S j RU o 32 ki a r jo l i Ino i 29 25 Rakkolanjoki FIN-RUS AO V V 1 4 The Karelian Isthmus 23 Santajoki FIN-RUS AO 2 2 27 Kilpeenjoki FIN-RUS AO 28 Notkopuro RUS AO 26 Mustajoki Kananoja 2006 FIN-RUS AO 30 Pikkuvammeljoki RUS AO 26 Mustajoki FIN-RUS AO 22 Urpalanjoki FIN-RUS AO 31 Vammeljoki RUS AO 11 Siuntionjoki AO 33 Rajajoki RUS AO 9 Karjaanjoki Mustionjoki AO 34 Luga RUS AO O njoki A 3 Purila i AO lanjok Uske 5 oki AO Uskelanjoki mionj O 10 Ingarskilanjoki AO 2 Pai oki A rniönj group oki Pe skonj 18 Koskenkylanjoki AI 7 Ki joki AI skarsin 8 Fi 15 Sipoonjoki AO M koski A 12 Mankinjoki AO rtanon Latoka AI 14 Vantaanjoki Lower reaches AI njoki joki Kisko ura 7 1 A 14 Vantaanjoki Middle reaches AI AM oki 1 Aurajoki onj 2 9 K po 0 S ym Es u ijo hatchery group 13 mm ki A an I Ingarskilanjoki jok i M Isojoki ai group n s tre hatchery group am AI The content of the publication reflects the authors views and the Managing Authority cannot be held liable for the information published by the project partners.
    [Show full text]
  • Nominations for President
    ISSN 0002-9920 (print) ISSN 1088-9477 (online) of the American Mathematical Society September 2013 Volume 60, Number 8 The Calculus Concept Inventory— Measurement of the Effect of Teaching Methodology in Mathematics page 1018 DML-CZ: The Experience of a Medium- Sized Digital Mathematics Library page 1028 Fingerprint Databases for Theorems page 1034 A History of the Arf-Kervaire Invariant Problem page 1040 About the cover: 63 years since ENIAC broke the ice (see page 1113) Solve the differential equation. Solve the differential equation. t ln t dr + r = 7tet dt t ln t dr + r = 7tet dt 7et + C r = 7et + C ln t ✓r = ln t ✓ WHO HAS THE #1 HOMEWORK SYSTEM FOR CALCULUS? THE ANSWER IS IN THE QUESTIONS. When it comes to online calculus, you need a solution that can grade the toughest open-ended questions. And for that there is one answer: WebAssign. WebAssign’s patent pending grading engine can recognize multiple correct answers to the same complex question. Competitive systems, on the other hand, are forced to use multiple choice answers because, well they have no choice. And speaking of choice, only WebAssign supports every major textbook from every major publisher. With new interactive tutorials and videos offered to every student, it’s not hard to see why WebAssign is the perfect answer to your online homework needs. It’s all part of the WebAssign commitment to excellence in education. Learn all about it now at webassign.net/math. 800.955.8275 webassign.net/math WA Calculus Question ad Notices.indd 1 11/29/12 1:06 PM Notices 1051 of the American Mathematical Society September 2013 Communications 1048 WHAT IS…the p-adic Mandelbrot Set? Joseph H.
    [Show full text]
  • Vuosaaren Toimitilaselvitys
    Vuosaaren toimitilaselvitys 8-11/2018 Markku Hietala, Paju Asikainen, Liisa Kovanen, Laura Narvo Sisällysluettelo 1. Johdanto ja työn tavoitteet 5. Liike- ja toimistotilojen suunnittelu ja sijoittaminen 2. Sijainti ja suunnittelun lähtökohdat • Kaupallisen kehityksen yleisiä suunnitteluperiaatteita • Uuden yleiskaavan mukaiset suunnitteluhankkeet väestönkasvuennusteineen • Vuosaaren keskustan tavoiteltava kaupallinen rooli ja suunnittelussa • Saavutettavuus huomioitavat seikat 3. Vuosaaren kaupallinen nykytilanne • Lähipalvelukeskusten ja Kallvikintien sisältö, mitoitus ja joustovara • Vuosaarta ympäröivä kaupan palveluverkko • Toimitilojen tavoitesijoittelu • Kaupan ja palvelujen sijoittuminen 6. Kaupallisten vaikutusten arviointi 4. Vuosaaren vaikutusalue • Kaupallisten muutosten vaikutus alue- ja yhdyskuntarakenteeseen sekä kaupan palveluverkkoon • Aluemääritys • Arvio asioinnin muutoksesta & vaikutukset asiakkaisiin ja asukkaisiin • Väestönkasvu • Vaikutukset suhteessa kaupungin tavoitteisiin • Väestöennusteet • Yhteenveto • Ostovoima ja liiketilatarve • Kulutuksen siirtymät • Liiketilatarve ja ennakoitu lisäystarve eri asukasmääräennusteilla RAPORTIN TOIMEKSIANTAJA • Vuosaaren työpaikka-alueet nykytilanteessa Helsingin Kaupunki/Kaupunkiympäristö, • Rakennustuotanto Helsingin Kaupunki Yleiskaavoitus, selvitykset ja vaikutusten arvioinnit Anne Karlsson • Toimistotilakanta Vuosaaressa • Työpaikat toimialoittain Vuosaaressa TOIMEKSISAAJA • Työllisen päiväväestön lukumääräkehitys ajassa toimialoittain Colliers International Finland Oy
    [Show full text]
  • SIUNTION KUNTA • SJUNDEÅ KOMMUN Elinkeinopoliittisen
    SIUNTION KUNTA • SJUNDEÅ KOMMUN Elinkeinopoliittisen ohjelman liite 3 Toimintaympäristö Tavoitteiden, päämäärien ja toimenpiteiden muodostamiseksi on tunnettava kunnan nykyinen toimintaympäristö. Toimintaympäristössä elinkeinojen kannalta keskeisiä ovat väestörakenne, väestön koulutustaso, työpaikkojen jakautuminen toimialoittain, työpaikkaomavaraisuusaste, kuntaan ja kunnasta muutto, verorakenne sekä nykyinen palvelurakenne. Väestö- ja elinkeinorakenne 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 Työvoima 2296 2271 2601 2876 3143 Työlliset 2123 2006 2416 2742 2997 Työttömät 173 265 185 134 146 Työvoiman ulkopuolella olevat 2047 2207 2317 2702 3005 0-14 -vuotiaat 945 961 1039 1266 1327 Opiskelijat, koululaiset 279 327 275 339 398 Varusmiehet, siviilipalvelusmiehet 10 15 18 10 8 Eläkeläiset 643 756 813 912 1079 Muut työvoiman ulkopuolella olevat 170 148 172 175 193 Koko väestö 4343 4478 4918 5578 6148 Taulukko 1. Siuntion väestö pääasiallisen toiminnan mukaan vuosina 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006 ja 2011 (Lähde: Tilastokeskus) Koulutustaso Lukumäärä Prosenttiosuus Ei perusasteen jälkeistä tutkintoa 1553 32,2 Tutkinnon suorittaneita yhteensä 3268 67,8 15 vuotta täyttänyt väestö yhteensä 4821 100,0 Tutkinnon taso Lukumäärä Prosenttiosuus Keskiaste 1658 34,4 Alin korkea-aste 613 12,7 Alempi korkeakouluaste 454 9,4 Ylempi korkeakouluaste 493 10,2 Tutkijakoulutusaste 50 1,0 Yhteensä tutkinnon suorittaneita 3268 67,8 Taulukko 2. 15 vuotta täyttänyt väestö koulutusasteen mukaan vuonna 2011 (Lähde: Tilastokeskus) Liite 3, Elinkeinopoliittinen ohjelma 1/8 Siuntion kunta SIUNTION KUNTA • SJUNDEÅ KOMMUN Tulo- ja lähtömuutto 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2035* Koko väestö 4343 4478 4918 5578 6148 8 368 Määrällinen kasvu - 135 440 660 570 2 220 Väestön kasvu (%) - 3,1 9,8 13,4 10,2 36,1 Taulukko 3. Väestön kasvu verrattuna edelliseen ajankohtaan vuosina 1991 - 2011.
    [Show full text]