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Desanlis.Pdf %NVUEDELOBTENTIONDU %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5² %&506-064& $ÏLIVRÏPAR Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INP Toulouse) $ISCIPLINEOUSPÏCIALITÏ Agrosystèmes, écosystèmes et environnement 0RÏSENTÏEETSOUTENUEPAR Myriam DESANLIS LE vendredi 27 septembre 2013 4ITRE Analyse et modélisation des effets de la conduite de culture sur deux maladies cryptogamiques majeures du tournesol : Phoma macdonaldii et Phomopsis helianthi %COLEDOCTORALE Sciences Ecologiques, Vétérinaires, Agronomiques et Bioingénieries (SEVAB) 5NITÏDERECHERCHE UMR INRA-ENSAT 1248 AGIR $IRECTEURS DE4HÒSE Philippe DEBAEKE Jean-Noël AUBERTOT 2APPORTEURS Didier ANDRIVON, Directeur de recherche, INRA Jacques Wery, Professeur, SupAgro MEMBRES DUJURY: Agnès CALONNEC, Chargée de recherche, Examinatrice Laurent HUBER, Directeur de recherche INRA, Examinateur Xavier PINOCHET, Directeur scientifique, CETIOM, Examinateur Philippe DEBAEKE, Directeur de recherche INRA, Directeur de thèse Jean-Noël AUBERTOT, Chargé de recherche INRA, Co-directeur de thèse All models are wrong, but some are useful (Box, 1979). Remerciements Et voici la phase des remerciements, phase qui marque la fin d'une aventure de 3 ans (avec une prolongation plus maternelle), qu'on a hâte d'écrire et qui parait tellement délicate une fois qu'on l'aborde enfin. Avant de citer toutes les personnes (ou tout au moins de tenter d'oublier le moins de personnes possible), qui ont participé de près ou de loin à l'accomplissement de ce travail de thèse, je tenais à remercier les financeurs de ce projet : le CETIOM et la région Midi-Pyrénées, ainsi qu'Agrimip Innovations pour son soutien à ma participation à la 18ème conférence internationale sur le tournesol en Argentine. Je remercie également les rapporteurs et les membres du jury qui m’ont fait l’honneur d’accepter de lire, d’évaluer et de commenter ce travail ainsi que les membres de mon comité de pilotage de thèse pour leurs remarques et commentaires avisés. Un énorme merci à Philippe Debaeke et Jean-Noël Aubertot pour avoir encadré cette thèse et m'avoir accordé votre confiance pour mener à bien ce projet. Merci JN pour ton optimisme (efficience de 0.5, c'est 50% de bon!), je ne regarderai plus jamais une équation sans me demander si elle est bien homogène. Merci Philippe pour ta disponibilité et pour m’avoir montré un verre à moitié plein quand j’avais tendance à le voir à moitié vide. Votre duo illustre bien la complémentarité entre l'agronomie et la modélisation, tout est question d’optimisation ! Je tiens tout autant à remercier Emmanuelle Mestries qui vient compléter ce duo. Merci pour ta disponibilité et ton aide à chaque instant de cette thèse. Ton entrain et ton dynamisme apportent le sourire en toute circonstance. Cette thèse a également été un énorme travail de terrain. Merci à Laure Lagarrigue d'avoir supporté mes protocoles d'expérimentations, d'avoir compté et mesuré des taches en mode commando dans les tournesols sans perdre (ou presque) de ta bonne humeur, d’avoir participé au jeu, d’un concept un peu particulier, intitulé « c’est quoi cette tache ? », ou encore, « on est sur quelle feuille, tu n’aurais pas compté les cotylédons ? » et j’en passe ! J'ai énormément apprécié travailler avec toi. i Cette masse de données n'aurait également pu être récoltées sans les petites mains de l'INRA qui viennent chaque année gonfler les effectifs : merci à Claire, Tom, Léa et Audrey. C’était un vrai plaisir de vous encadrer ! Merci également aux personnes qui m’ont aidée entre deux expérimentations : Pierre Perrin, Michel Labarrère, Didier Rafaillac. Merci Pierre Casadebaig pour avoir pris le temps de fouiller dans les données SUNFLO, répondre à mes interrogations R et j’en passe. Merci Pierre Maury pour le temps que tu m’as consacré, la mesure de la photosynthèse du tournesol n’a plus de secret pour moi ! Merci Célia Seassau pour les discussions phoma et autres. Merci à Jacques Moinard, il aura fallu un peu de patience avant de découvrir les équations d'Asphodel. La liste est loin d’être exhaustive et je n’oublie pas toutes les autres personnes que j’ai côtoyées durant ces trois années et remercie tous les membres de mon équipe d’accueil VASCO et les membres du domaine expérimental. Une thèse, c'est aussi des périodes de formations qui peuvent apporter plus que de simples connaissances et donner d'improbables amitiés ! Un grand merci à mes co-bureaux et particulièrement Marie-Hélène, Toky, Bochra, Hélène, André, Clément, Jérôme et Solenn. Chacun se retrouvera dans une ou plusieurs des catégories suivantes : pour les repas - découvertes gastronomiques, les sorties culturelles ou pas, les débugages R, le trafic de boutures, le troc de fromages-chocolat-pâtisseries, ... A Jérôme et Solenn, je souhaite que vos projets plus animaliers que recherche réussissent. Une pensée également aux bureaux plus éloignés : Julie, Magalie, du côté titulaire de la ligne, mais ça ne vous empêche pas d’entrer dans une des catégories précédentes ! Merci aux amis qui m’ont permis de décompresser et de changer d’air entre deux tournesols. Je ne les citerai pas tous ici mais je pense très fort à vous : pour les escapades montagnardes ou pas, pour les sessions danses endiablées, pour les bons repas, discussions et petits moments passés ensemble… Merci à ma famille pour avoir toujours cru en moi. La distance est grande et les nouvelles ont parfois été rares dans le feu de l’action mais j’ai toujours une pensée pour vous. Enfin, merci Nico pour ton soutien et ta compréhension, supporter une thésarde n’est pas toujours chose très facile surtout quand la fin approche mais comme l’a dit Clapié et al., 2012 : « 1+1 = mini-nous », à notre source de bonheur, à Yanaël. ii Table des matières Table des matières ................................................................................................................... iii Table des illustrations ............................................................................................................ vii Table des tableaux .................................................................................................................... x Glossaire ................................................................................................................................... xi Chapitre I. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1 Contexte........................................................................................................................... 3 2 Positionnement du travail ................................................................................................ 7 Chapitre II. Synthèse bibliographique ................................................................................. 11 1 La plante de tournesol ................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Le cycle de développement du tournesol .................................................................. 13 1.2 Mise en place de la surface foliaire ........................................................................... 15 1.3 Facteurs influençant le développement foliaire du tournesol .................................... 15 1.3.1 Surface foliaire et alimentation hydrique ....................................................... 15 1.3.2 Surface foliaire et nutrition azotée .................................................................. 16 1.3.3 Surface foliaire et rayonnement ...................................................................... 17 1.3.4 Surface foliaire et densité de peuplement ....................................................... 17 1.4 SUNFLO, modèle de culture du tournesol ................................................................ 18 2 Le complexe parasitaire du tournesol ............................................................................ 21 2.1 Caractéristiques des maladies .................................................................................... 21 2.1.1 Principales maladies du tournesol en fréquence et sévérité ........................... 22 2.1.2 Maladies secondaires ou en émergence .......................................................... 23 2.2 Epidémiologie comparée du phoma et du phomopsis ............................................... 25 2.2.1 Historique des champignons ........................................................................... 25 2.2.2 Classification des champignons ...................................................................... 27 2.2.3 Cycle biologique des champignons ................................................................ 29 2.2.4 Interaction entre les deux champignons ......................................................... 33 2.2.5 Symptômes et dommages ............................................................................... 35 2.3 Les modèles épidémiologiques existants ................................................................... 39 2.3.1 Asphodel, modèle de prévision du risque phomopsis .................................... 39 2.3.2 SimMat, modèle du phoma du colza .............................................................. 41 3 Les pratiques culturales et leur influence sur les maladies du tournesol ....................... 41 3.1 Choix variétal ............................................................................................................ 41 3.2 Implantation du tournesol : choix des rotations ......................................................... 42 3.3 Travail du
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