Archaeological Assessment for 33 Lake Terrace Road, Birdlings Flat

Part of Birdlings Flat, looking westwards, showing the location of 33 Lake Terrace Road. Trees along the road frontage have been removed since this photograph was taken in 2013. Archaeological Assessment for 33 Lake Terrace Road, Birdlings Flat

Michael Trotter 9 June 2016*

Executive Summary Judith van Dijk wishes erect a dwelling and install a wastewater disposal system on her property at 33 Lake Terrace Road, in the coastal Canterbury settlement of Birdlings Flat. The property is located immediately adjacent to two recorded Archaeological sites, which are of recognized archaeological and cultural significance, and which come under the protection of the Heritage New Zealand Act 2014. Because of the likelihood of uncovering archaeological evidence on the property it is recommended that an Authority should be obtained from Heritage New Zealand before carrying out any excavations.

Michael Trotter, Archaeological Consultant 170 Tuahiwi Road, R D 1, KAIAPOI 7691 Phone: (03) 313 6454, (027) 637 6357 E-mail: [email protected]

[Illustrations in this report have been compressed to facilitate electronic transmission.]

* Original assessment 10 February 2016; revised to take in new plan 9 June 2016.

FROM NZ NZ TOPOFROM MAP Introduction Judith van Dijk wishes erect a dwelling and install a wastewater disposal system on her property at 33 Lake Terrace Road, Birdlings Flat, Canterbury. The property is located between two adjacent archaeological sites which have been recorded as M37/22 and M37/318 respectively in the site recording scheme operated by the New Zealand Archaeological Association. She has requested this archaeological assessment in order to make application to Heritage New Zealand for an Authority to carry out excavations on her property. The legal title of the property is CB15K/1257, appellation Lot 16 DP 36067, with a calculated area of 835 square metres. The location of Birdlings Flat is shown in the above topographical map,

and number 33 Lake Terrace Road is coloured yellow in the cadastral detail below.

BASE IMAGE FROM CANTERBURY CANTERBURY MAPS IMAGEBASE FROM

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 2 Statutory Requirements There are two main pieces of New Zealand legislation that control work affecting archaeological sites. These are the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 and the Resource Management Act 1991. The Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act is administered by Heritage New Zealand and there is a consent (authority) process for any work affecting archaeological sites. For the purpose of the Act an archaeological site is defined as any place in New Zealand, including any building or structure (or part of a building or structure), that— (i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is the site of the wreck of any vessel where the wreck occurred before 1900; and (ii) provides or may provide, through investigation by archaeological methods, evidence relating to the history of New Zealand, or (iii) has been declared an archaeological site under the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act by Heritage New Zealand. Anyone who intends to carry out work that may modify or destroy an archaeological site must first obtain an Archaeological Authority from Heritage New Zealand. The process applies to sites on land of all tenure including public, private, and designated land, and the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act defines penalties for unauthorised site damage or destruction. The Archaeological Authority process applies to all archaeological sites that fit the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act definition, regardless of whether: • the site is recorded in the Site Recording Scheme of the New Zealand Archaeological Association or has been included in the New Zealand Heritage List by Heritage New Zealand, • the site only becomes known about as a result of ground disturbance, and/or • the activity is permitted under a district or regional plan, or a resource or building consent has been granted. Heritage New Zealand maintains the New Zealand Heritage List of Historic Places, Historic Areas, Wāhi Tūpuna, Wāhi Tapu and Wāhi Tapu Areas, and can include archaeological sites. The purpose of the List is to inform members of the public about such places and to assist with their protection under the Resource Management Act (below).

The Resource Management Act requires City, District and Regional Councils to manage the use, development, and protection of natural and physical resources in a way that provides for the well-being of today’s communities while safeguarding the options of future generations. The protection of historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use, or development is identified as a matter of national importance. Historic heritage is defined as those natural and physical resources that contribute to an understanding and appreciation of New Zealand’s history and cultures, derived from archaeological, architectural, cultural, historic, scientific, or technological qualities. Historic heritage includes: • historic sites, structures, places, and areas, • archaeological sites, • sites of Maori significance, including wāhi tapu, • surroundings associated with natural and physical resources. The above categories are not mutually exclusive and some archaeological sites may include above-ground structures or may also be places that are of significance to Maori communities. Where resource consent is required for any activity, the assessment of effects is required to address cultural and historic heritage matters.

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 3 Assessment Methods This assessment is based largely on field work carried out at Birdlings Flat, by both the present writer and others, over a number of years. Archaeological site records held on ArchSite have been consulted, and much of the historical background has come from an earlier report, Mata Hapuka – Archaeology at Birdlings Flat (Trotter 2007d). A field visit was made to the property on 25 January 2016.

Physical Environment Birdlings Flat is situated alongside Lake Forsyth at the eastern end of Kaitorete Spit, a 25 kilometre long land barrier between Lake Ellesmere and the sea. The ground is formed of a series of raised greywacke beach ridges, mostly of fine gravel but also containing larger stones. These sub- parallel ridges are clearly marked by vegetation differences on undeveloped ground – some are visible in the heading photograph on the first page of this report. Much of the area around Birdlings Flat tends to have fairly loose gravel at the surface with only scrubby natural vegetation present. An essay which summarizes observations on the formation of the Spit has been published by Jane Soons (1998), and the archaeological history of the area has been reviewed by Michael Trotter (2007d). A 2004 comment by archaeologist Matt Schmidt is worth repeating – he noted that: “Birdlings Flat presents an interesting archaeological landscape in terms of the visibility of archaeological sites. It is immediately apparent on visiting the area that archaeological sites and associated artefacts are exposed on the ground surface rather than being buried under a layer of turf and topsoil. A greywacke pebble/brown soil matrix makes up the surface geology of this location and little topsoil has formed.” (Schmidt 2004: 1). The free-flowing nature of the gravel at Birdlings Flat causes some difficulty in excavating because the ground tends not to hold a vertical face. This results in the surface dimensions of an excavation being larger than would otherwise be necessary.

Birdlings Flat Archaeology Several archaeological sites have been recorded in the vicinity of 33 Lake Terrace Road as is indicated in the map on the right, taken from ArchSite, where each star represents a central point for a site. Sites M37/22 (Mata Hapuka pa) and M37/23,1 were recorded by Tony Fomison in 1961 though he had noted both of them as early as 1957. In 1990, Chris Jacomb carried out a survey of much of this part of Birdlings Flat which led to him filing an “umbrella” site record, M37/161, including a rough sketch plan showing the archaeological evidence that was visible on the surface at that time. The previously recorded sites were not taken into account, and although it is not 2015 APRIL ARCHSITE 6 easy to interpret his diagram which was not to scale, it appears that he found archaeological evidence over a much wider area than had been known previously. He noted that there were eight pit/hollows in the vicinity of site M37/23, seven oven areas spreading from the western side of this site towards Poranui Beach Road, and several artifact find spots. (Jacomb 1994.) In 2004 Matt Schmidt made an archaeological assessment of much of the area, accurately recording a number of archaeological features along the eastern half of Clifton Street and the adjacent end of Beach Street as well as to the northeast (Schmidt 2004). This report was followed by detailed

1 Site M37/23 does not show on this ArchSite map but it on the large section east of M37/316 – see page 5.

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 4 assessments by Dan Witter (2005a, 2005b, 2005c), who recorded much the same sort of evidence as Matt Schmidt, but noted for the first time that there were three large pits of Maori origin in an area due to be subdivided (131 Poranui Beach Road) west of Mata Hapuka pa. He also found flake artifacts and oven stones in various other places. In 2007 I recorded a filled-in fire pit off Beach Street and the raised-rimmed pits near Poranui Beach Road as separate archaeological sites (M37/316 and M37/317 respectively), and later that year compiled a report on the archaeology of this part of Birdlings Flat as Mata Hapuka – Archaeology at Birdlings Flat (Trotter 2007d). The status of a large sub-rectangular pit, about 23 metres long by ten metres wide, oriented northwest, at GPS co-ordinates 1576533 by 5147933, between Beach Street and the northern extension of Lake Terrace Road is unclear. It has not been specifically mentioned by previous investigators, probably because its origin is uncertain – it may be of European age – although it is immediately adjacent to an oven area recorded by Witter (2005a). It could be part of site M37/23, for which pit locations were not specified, but it is not included in Jacomb’s 1990 plan. In 2008-2010 investigations and monitoring of excavations for a subdivision at 131 Poranui Beach Road were carried out, and cultural deposits to the east and southeast of M37/317 that have been recorded as site M37/318 were uncovered (Trotter 2008a, 2010b). This site is directly west and southwest of 33 Lake Terrace Road and it was occupied some time between AD1300 and AD1430, considerably earlier that the earliest likely occupation of Mata Hapuka pa. It is probable that the three pits of the adjacent site M37/317 were constructed at the

same time and represent dwellings or shelters of this earlier occupation (Trotter 2010b).

BASE IMAGE FROM CANTERBURY CANTERBURY MAPS IMAGEBASE FROM Locations of recorded archaeological sites at Birdlings Flat. The yellow dots at M37/23, M37/316 and M37/317 represent pits. The arrow points to 33 Lake Terrace Road.

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 5 Mata Hapuka Pa Contemporaneous observations2 of Maori occupation at the Birdlings Flat locality were made by Bishop Selwyn in January 1844, (Selwyn 1851: 9) and by Edward Shortland a little later that same month (Shortland 1851: 245).

One of Walter Mantell’s three 1848 sketches of Birdlings Flat (looking westward) [E-281-q-021 courtesy Alexander Turnbull Library] In 1848 Walter Mantell made three sketches of the locality which showed a small settlement on the western side of the lake near its mouth (on the right in the above illustration). The details in the sketches vary, but the settlement appears to have consisted of at least two or three whare, two or three whata, and one of the drawings shows three canoes hauled up on the beach front (Mantell 1840-1872). Less than a decade later, there seems to have been no sign of any settlement when Henry Sewell crossed over the closed-in mouth of Lake Forsyth on a journey from Akaroa to Christchurch in 1855 (McIntyre 1980: 134). In 1871 Native Commissioner Alexander Mackay recommended that an area “to include the site of an old pah at the bottom of Lake Forsyth” be set aside as a Native Reserve, noting that “it would serve very well as a fishery encampment, for which purpose the Natives have long been desirous of acquiring it, independent of their attachment to it from other causes.” (Mackay 1872: 343). It would appear, however, from research undertaken by the Office of Crown Lands, that this was not done (Ombudsman 1992). In his 1944 publication, Waihora, and later in Lore and History of the South Island Maori, historian W. A. Taylor provided the first published reference – albeit unsourced – to the name of the pa as “Mata hapuka”3 (Taylor 1944: 10, 1950: 86). During the 1930s a number of people dug for Maori artifacts in the general area of the pa. These included amateur collectors such as Coates, Hornsey, Sorrenson and Collett, but also David Teviotdale, who worked for the Otago Museum, and Roger Duff, who at that time was an ethnologist at Canterbury Museum. In his diary entry for 6 December 1935, Teviotdale included a sketch with measurements (shown here on the left, re-oriented with north to the top) and described his visit to the pa as follows: “We dug all afternoon for nothing in a shallow deposit on shingle getting some rough tools. Late in the day Mr H [Arthur Hornsey] got one half of a tetere.4 He broke it badly but got most of the

2 Possibly the earliest European reference to the locality is in the Hempleman log for 31 October 1839 where it is referred to as “Mowry Harbour” (Anson 1910: 103, 162 and frontispiece map). 3 “Te Mata Hapuka” is marked on Canon Stack’s map of Banks Peninsula Maori place names but it is clearly a late addition to the original 1894 document (Stack 1894). 4 This half of a wooden trumpet was later given to the Canterbury Museum and has been described by Roger Fyfe (2003).

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 6 fragments. It was on a hut site perhaps a foot below the surface and had been burnt and turned to charcoal. The pa site is on the edge of the lake with a steep high shingle bank next the water. On the land side is a shallow ditch and low bank. Inside this area are several hollows resembling sunk huts. The deposit is very shallow and is mostly ashes on shingle with very little bone or shell. I found a small piece of greenstone that had been missed by other diggers and dug up a small piece of crockery about 6" from the surface. Mr H got a small fragment of greenstone and we saw some fragments of tobacco pipes. It was a sunny windy day.” (Teviotdale 1935, courtesy Hocken Library.) Tony Fomison made a plane table plan of the pa in 1958 – a slightly modified version of this is shown on the left at a reduced size and re-oriented to approximate the alignment of the lake edge. No scale was given, but assuming it have been drawn at one inch to one chain, the size of the pa would scale out at 186 metres long (north-south) by 80 to 44 metres deep – this is different in both size and proportions from the measurements given by David Teviotdale in 1935 but does fit approximately with the evidence of earthworks still present on the ground today. During the 1970s it was possible to see fragments of greenstone on the freshly disturbed side of Lake Terrace Road where it ran through Mata Hapuka pa, but within a year or two these had disappeared. In 1988 the owners of number 20 Lake Terrace Road at the southern end of the pa uncovered a human burial while working on their property.5 This was of a relatively short young man who had been buried with a pendant, a cloak around his body, and with red ochre applied to his face. He had not enjoyed good health and his right leg was misshapen through injury. There was another burial nearby and there were burnt human bones in the surrounding soil immediately adjacent near the northern boundary of the property. (Trotter 1988.) A few years later, in 2008, a septic tank was installed in the adjacent property, number 22 Lake Terrace Road, a few metres north of the recorded burials. The hole for it appears to have been dug through an extension of this same burial area, as pieces of burnt and unburnt human bone, red ochre and probable shell containers could be seen on the surface of the heap of material removed from the tank excavation and dumped on the edge of the bank (Trotter 2008b). In the next property to the north, 24 Lake Terrace Road, there were firestones, artifacts, shells and small filled-in pits in charcoal-blackened soil (Trotter 2008b). At 26 Lake Terrace Road the ground was much disturbed (probably by early fossickers) but did contain firestones, artifacts and shell midden (Trotter 2016). A concentration of firestones in the northwest corner of number 32 Lake Terrace Road is said to be where a number of greenstone artifacts were found about fifty years ago (John Boyles, personal communication, 21 April 2008). Over the years, Mata Hapuka pa has been much disturbed – it has been built on and Lake Terrace Road has been constructed along the western side. The main identifiable surface features to be seen today are remains of the western defensive wall (photograph at left), and charcoal-blackened soil and burnt, broken greywacke firestones which are exposed in a number of places. Small patches of shell midden can occasionally be seen in recently disturbed ground but soon weather away.

5 Fomison noted that another human burial had been found on site M37/23 some distance north of the pa during excavations made by R. Duff, E. Sorrenson and R. Coates in 1938.

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 7 West-to-east cross sections of the western wall of the pa are shown on the left – vertical exaggeration is times two. These profiles were taken six metres apart at a place where the wall shows most clearly, almost opposite number 26 Lake Terrace Road (Trotter 2008a). The effect of Lake Terrace Road in masking the inner side of the wall profile is apparent The diagram on the right shows the probable extent of Mata Hapuka pa (shaded) in relation to properties in the area.

This has been estimated from the visible signs of the western defensive wall, with the northern and southern ends of the site drawn in on the basis of what is appropriate for

the topography. It is MAGE FROM CANTERBURY CANTERBURY MAPS MAGE FROM likely that the lakeside edge has eroded con- I BASE siderably since occupation. As can be seen in the above plan, the western side of the pa (which is defined by the defensive wall) coincides with the eastern boundary of 33 Lake Terrace Road.

Site Evaluation The following tables summarize the archaeological values for the adjacent sites of M37/22 and M37/318. It should be noted that this evaluation does not include cultural values.

Site Value Assessment M37/22 Condition Much disturbed through deliberate digging for artifacts, (Mata Hapuka road construction, house building, service trenching, pa – burials, wastewater disposal (septic tanks) and gardening. It is artifacts, likely that pockets of undisturbed deposits including midden, burials may remain. firestones) Rarity/ Mata Hapuka is the only flatland pa with defensive uniqueness earthworks in the immediate Birdlings Flat area. Contextual value Very important in understanding the history of the Birdlings Flat locality; moderately important in the region.

Information Probably fairly high in any remaining undisturbed areas. potential Amenity value Low because of damage to the earthworks. Cultural Ngāi Tahu. associations

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 8 Site Value Assessment M37/318 Condition A considerable amount of disturbance has been caused by (artifacts, subdivision since 2008. In only one instance have the midden, earthworks for a new dwelling and wastewater disposal firestones) system been monitored under an Authority.

Rarity/ Possibly unique in the Birdlings Flat area. uniqueness Contextual value Very important in understanding the history of the Birdlings Flat locality; moderately important in the region. Information Probably high though this will depend on the extent of potential unauthorized disturbance. Amenity value Low. Cultural Early Maori. associations

Proposed Works It is proposed to erect a dwelling made of three shipping containers on ten concrete piles, each 50 centimetres square and set into the ground 60 centimetres deep. A wastewater system will be installed near the front of the property, requiring excavation for a septic tank about three by two metres in size and two metres deep (though the free flowing nature of the ground may make the hole larger on the surface) with an adjacent disposal area of 20 square metres and one metre deep. The positions of these, as well as service trenches up to 60 centimetres deep for power, telephone, sewer and water supply are indicated on the sketch plan on the following page as supplied by the owner. It is noted that short section of the power supply trench will be dug on road reserve to the northeast of the property. More details are given in a separate document. There is already a relocatable container on the property, visible in the photograph below (looking westward), but it is set on blocks and does not require foundation excavations.

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 9 Sketch plan of proposals at 33 Lake Terrace Road – note that the plan is oriented with west as the top.

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 10 Effects of Works on Archaeological Values Part of the western defensive wall of Mata Hapuka pa, now much deflated and degraded, runs along the roadside (eastern) boundary of the property. Immediately west of this wall, between the boundary and where it is proposed to put the septic tank and dispersal area, there is a hollow which may possibly be where material was taken for the construction of the defensive wall at the time the pa was being fortified. Elsewhere on the property, blackened soil and occasional firestones (water-worn greywacke stones that have been stained and broken by heat from a fire such as in a hāngi) can be seen in some places on the surface, as in the photograph on the right. These probably relate to the occupation of site M37/318. The proposed excavations will slightly modify the values for the sites given in the table on pages 8-9, but any deleterious effects will to some extent be offset by the provision of more information relating to past occupation if any archaeological evidence uncovered is fully recorded and investigated. The property owner has taken steps to keep excavations to a minimum, but there is no practicable alternative to the excavations outlined here if the current proposals are to proceed.

Recommendation Because the proposed excavations at 33 Lake Terrace Road are likely to affect archaeological evidence associated with either or both archaeological sites, M37/22 and M37/318, it will be necessary to obtain an Authority from Heritage New Zealand in order to comply with the requirements of the Heritage New Zealand Act 2014. Application form A for this Authority and a guide to its completion can be downloaded from the Heritage New Zealand website at http://www.heritage.org.nz/protecting-heritage/archaeology/ archaeological-authorities and when completed it should be submitted to Heritage New Zealand along with relevant documents, including a copy of this assessment, available plans, and comment on the proposal from the Wairewa rūnanga. Contractors involved in any excavation work should be briefed as to what might be found in the ground and their responsibilities under the Heritage New Zealand Act 2014. It is recommended that the hollow west of the pa’s defensive wall should be fully recorded before it is modified with intended planting and that all proposed excavations are monitored by an archaeologist approved by Heritage New Zealand. Any archaeological evidence uncovered should be investigated in accordance with current archaeological practice. If any human remains are encountered, all work should cease in the vicinity of the discovery, and the Police, the Wairewa rūnanga and Heritage New Zealand are to be notified. Work should not recommence until they have responded. Maori human remains may be subject to cultural protocols which could inhibit them being submitted for laboratory examination. In such a case, they should be photographed and measured sufficiently in the field to obtain and record fundamental information on the individual(s) represented. The Wairewa rūnanga may wish to have a cultural monitor present while excavations are being undertaken.

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 11 References and Reports ANDERSON, Johannes C., 1927. Place Names of Banks Peninsula. New Zealand Board of Science and Art. Reprinted 2001 by Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch, 2001. Pages 70-71, 232 ANSON, F. A., 1910. The Piraki Log. Oxford University Press, London. ARCHSITE. https://nzaa.eaglegis.co.nz/NZAA/Site/Search. New Zealand Archaeological Association site record database. FOMISON, Tony, 1961. Site Record Forms S94/7 and S94/8. New Zealand Archaeological Association regional files, Christchurch. FYFE, Roger, 2003. A Wooden Trumpet, Pūkāea, from Te Mata Hapuku Pa, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 23 (2001): 151-159. JACOMB, Chris, 1994. Site Record Form M37/161. ArchSite. MACKAY, Alexander, 1872. A Compendium of Official Documents Relative to Native Affairs in the South Island. Volume 2, Wellington. http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei- Mac02Comp-t1-g1-t16-g1-t54.html#n372 [Letter from Alexander Mackay to C. Davie, Chief Surveyor, Christchurch, 2 March 1871, page 343.] MALING, Peter B., 1996. Historic Charts and Maps of New Zealand. Reed Books, Auckland. [Pages 230-231, 234-235, 238-239.] MANTELL, Walter B. D., 1840-1872. Scrapbook, C-103. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington. MANTELL, Walter B. D., 1848-49. Outline Journal Kaiapoi to Otago 1848-9. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington. MCINTYRE, W, David, 1980. The Journal of Henry Sewell 1853-8. Volume II, Whitcoulls Publishers, Christchurch. [Page 134: walked past the mouth of Lake Forsyth, February 1855.] OMBUDSMAN, 1992. Letter from the Office of the Ombudsman, Wellington, to Mr & Mrs P. Clark [occupiers of 20 Lake Terrace Road], Birdlings Flat, 27 October 1992. SCHMIDT, M. D., 2004. Archaeological Assessment of Banks Peninsula District Council Roads, land forming Stage 3 of Gerald Rhodes Proposed Subdivision and 3 Coates Road at Birdlings Flat, Banks Peninsula. Prepared for the Banks Peninsula District Council and Gerald Rhodes. SELWYN, Bishop, 1851. Journal of the Bishop’s Visitation Tour. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London. (Third edition.) SHORTLAND, Edward, 1851. Southern Districts of New Zealand. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, London. Also facsimile reprint by Capper Press 1974. SOONS, Jane M., 1998. Recent Coastal Change in Canterbury – the case of Lake Forsyth/Wairewa. New Zealand Geographer, 54(1):7-14. STACK, Canon, 1894. Maori Place Names of Banks Peninsula. MS Map. Copies held at Canterbury Museum and Christchurch Public Library TAYLOR, W. A., 1944. Waihora – Maori Association with Lake Ellesmere. Reprinted from the Ellesmere Guardian, Leeston, Canterbury. [Reprinted 2001] TAYLOR, W. A., 1950. Lore and History of the South Island Maori. Bascands Limited, Christchurch. TEVIOTDALE, David, 1935. Diary. MS 0500/015. Hocken Collections, University of Otago, Dunedin. TROTTER, Michael, 1988. Maori Burial at Birdlings Flat. Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. TROTTER, Michael, 2007a. An Archaeological Investigation Strategy for Lot 20, Poranui Beach Road, Birdlings Flat. Submission to the New Zealand Historic Places Trust and Gerald Rhodes. TROTTER, Michael, 2007b. Report on Archaeological Monitoring of Work at 43 Lake Terrace Road, Birdlings Flat. Report for David Gilbert and the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. TROTTER, Michael, 2007c. Monitoring Foundation Preparation at 41 Lake Terrace Road, Birdlings Flat. Report for Peter Gear and the New Zealand Historic Places Trust.

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 12 TROTTER, Michael, 2007d. Mata Hapuka – Archaeology at Birdlings Flat. Summer Wine Initiatives. TROTTER, Michael, 2008a. Report on Archaeological Investigation at Lot 20, Poranui Beach Road, Birdlings Flat. Report for Gerald Rhodes and the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. TROTTER, Michael, 2008b. Report on Monitoring Earthworks at 24 Lake Terrace Road, Birdlings Flat. Report for Sylvia Lim and the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. TROTTER, Michael, 2010a. A Monitoring Strategy for Lot 20, Poranui Beach Road, Birdlings Flat. Report for Gerald Rhodes and the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. TROTTER, Michael, 2010b. Monitoring Earthworks at Lot 20, Poranui Beach Road, Birdlings Flat. Report for Gerald Rhodes and the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. TROTTER, Michael, 2015. Archaeological Report on Excavations at 131 Poranui Beach Road, Birdlings Flat, in 2014 Report for Carla Thompson, J. P. Paul, and Heritage New Zealand. TROTTER, Michael, 2016. Archaeological Report on 26 Lake Terrace Road, Birdlings Flat. [In preparation] Report for Matt Daffin and Heritage New Zealand. WITTER, Dan, 2005a. An Archaeological Assessment of the Lot 20 Sub-division and Lots 46 & 47 Birdlings Flat, Canterbury. Report for Gerald Rhodes. [131 Poranui Beach Road, 26 Forest View Road, and 43 Lake Terrace Road.] WITTER, Dan, 2005b. An Archaeological Assessment of Lots 42, 43 and 44, Birdlings Flat, Canterbury. [Numbers 14 and 16 Clifton Street, and 41 Lake Terrace Road] Report for Barbara Dolemore and David Patterson. WITTER, Dan, 2005c. An Archaeological Assessment of Lots 44 and 45, Birdlings Flat, Canterbury. [Numbers 18 Clifton Street and 41 Lake Terrace Road] Report for Peter Geer.

[The following pages from ArchSite are appended as a requirement of Heritage New Zealand.]

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 13 M37/22

Typescript version of Tony Fomison’s original site record.

NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION SITE RECORD M37/22

SITE TYPE: Pa NZAA Site Update: SITE NAME: Mata Hapuka

M37/22 RECORD DATE: 7 April 2015

SITE COORDINATES (NZTM): Easting: 1576536 Northing: 5147688 Source of location data: Canterbury Maps GIS.

Field visit date: 22 February 2010 Visited by: Michael Trotter

Finding aids to the location of the site: On both sides of Lake Terrace Road (the road runs through the western side of the site) and extending to the bank of Lake Forsyth on property numbers 20-36 Lake Terrace Road.

Site description: A small flatland sub-rectangular pa site, nearly one hectare in area, with defensive walls on at least two sides and the bank to the edge of Lake Forsyth forming its eastern boundary. Its location is shown on the adjacent plan. Artifacts and burials have been found on the site. More details are given on the following page.

List of visible archaeological features: The greater part of the pa has been built over by domestic dwellings and lake Terrace Road, but the remains of the western defensive wall can be seen along the western side of the road and extending into private property at the northern end. Scattered firestones are visible on some properties and occasionally shell midden is exposed in fresh earthworks. Firestones and sometimes midden remains are visible in the eroding lakeside bank.

Condition of site: Much damaged by digging for artifacts, by the construction of Lake Terrace Road, by excavations for house foundations, service trenches and for wastewater disposal. The lakeside edge has been eroded.

Record submitted by: Michael Trotter, Tuahiwi, North Canterbury.

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 15 NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION SITE RECORD M37/22 During the 1930s a number of people dug for Maori artifacts in the general area of the pa. These included amateur collectors such as Coates, Hornsey, Sorrenson and Collett, but also David Teviotdale, who worked for the Otago Museum, and Roger Duff, who at that time was an ethnologist at Canterbury Museum. In his diary entry for 6 December 1935, Teviotdale described the pa and included a sketch (at left) with measurements: “We dug all afternoon for nothing in a shallow deposit on shingle getting some rough tools. Late in the day Mr H [Arthur Hornsey] got one half of a tetere.6 He broke it badly but got most of the fragments. It was on a hut site perhaps a foot below the surface and had been burnt and turned to charcoal. The pa site is on the edge of the lake with a steep high shingle bank next the water. On the land side is a shallow ditch and low bank. Inside this area are several hollows resembling sunk huts. The deposit is very shallow and is mostly ashes on shingle with very little bone or shell. I found a small piece of greenstone that had been missed by other diggers and dug up a small piece of crockery about 6" from the surface. Mr H got a small fragment of greenstone and we saw some fragments of tobacco pipes. It was a sunny windy day.” (Teviotdale’s 1935 diary, courtesy Hocken Library.) Tony Fomison made a plane table plan of the pa in 1958 – a slightly modified version of this is shown on the left at a reduced size and re-oriented to approximate the alignment of the lake edge. No scale was given, but assuming it have been drawn at one inch to one chain, the size of the pa would scale out at 186 metres long (north-south) by 80 to 44 metres deep – this is different in both size and proportions from the measurements given by David Teviotdale in 1935 but does fit approximately with the evidence of earthworks still present on the ground today. In 1988 the owners of number 20 Lake Terrace Road at the southern end of the pa uncovered a human burial while working on their property. These bones were part of a folded burial and there was also evidence of secondary cremation and at least one other burial, immediately adjacent near the northern boundary of the property. (Michael Trotter Maori Burial at Birdlings Flat. Canterbury Museum report, 1988.) A few years later, in 2008, a septic tank was installed in the adjacent property, number 22 Lake Terrace Road, a few metres north of the recorded burials. The hole for it appears to have been dug through an extension of this same burial area, as pieces of burnt and unburnt human bone, red ochre and probable shell containers could be seen on the surface of the heap of material removed and dumped on the edge of the bank (Report on Monitoring Earthworks at 24 Lake Terrace Road, Birdlings Flat by Michael Trotter, 2008). West-to-east cross sections of the western wall of the pa are shown below left – vertical exaggeration is times two. These profiles were taken six metres apart at a place where the wall shows most clearly, and the wall itself is shown in the photograph on the right.

6 This half of a wooden trumpet was later given to the Canterbury Museum and has been described by Roger Fyfe (A Wooden Trumpet, Pūkāea, from Te Mata Hapuku Pa, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 23 (2001): 151-159). 33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 16 NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION SITE RECORD M37/318

SITE TYPE: Midden/Ovens/Artifacts

NZAA Site Record SITE NAME: Poranui Lot 20 Number: M37/318 DATE RECORDED: July 2008 DATE OF THIS UPDATE: 18 July 2010

SITE COORDINATES (NZTM): Easting: 1576432 Northing: 5147735

Source of location data: NZTM co-ordinates from hand-held Garmin eTrex H GPS unit

Field visit date: March-April 2008, February-July 2010 Visited by: Michael Trotter

Finding aids to the location of the site: Subdivision at number 131 Poranui Beach Road, Birdlings Flat, Canterbury, which is situated between Poranui Beach Road and Lake Terrace Road. Legal description is Lot 20, DP 36067.

Site description: Areas of blackened soil with firestones and some artifacts occur on the surface and have been revealed by investigational trench, and earthworks for access roading, a walkway, and service trenches. Some small lenses of broken shell occur and some portable artifacts have been found beneath the surface. See plan on next page. A radiocarbon date indicates occupation between AD1300 and AD1430 (95.4% probability). The following reports, particularly Trotter 2008 and Trotter 2010c, and the illustrations on the next page, give details of the site. TROTTER, Michael, 2007b. Mata Hapuka – Archaeology at Birdlings Flat. Summer Wine Initiatives. TROTTER, Michael, 2008. Report on Archaeological Investigation at Lot 20, Poranui Beach Road, Birdlings Flat. Report for the New Zealand Historic Places Trust and Gerald Rhodes. TROTTER, Michael, 2010a. A Monitoring Strategy for Lot 20, Poranui Beach Road, Birdlings Flat. Report for the New Zealand Historic Places Trust and Gerald Rhodes. TROTTER, Michael, 2010b. Archaeological Assessment of 137a-139a Poranui Beach Road, Birdlings Flat. Report for the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. TROTTER, Michael, 2010c. Monitoring Earthworks at Lot 20, Poranui Beach Road, Birdlings Flat. Report for the New Zealand Historic Places Trust and Gerald Rhodes.

List of visible archaeological features: Some scattered firestones, blackened soil and occasional flake tools on the surface.

Associated sites: Pits M37/317 to the west, and pa M37/22 to the east. See also M37/161.

Condition of site: Partially destroyed by access road and walkway.

Update submitted by: Michael Trotter.

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 17 NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION SITE RECORD M37/318

Archaeological features noted on and immediately adjacent to the Lot 20 subdivision. The shading indicates areas of charcoal-blackened gravel. (From Trotter 2010c.)

Stratigraphy in a twenty-metre section on the western side of the 73 metre long trench, from a point 37 metres from its southern end. (From Trotter 2008.)

Artifacts from site M37/318 (Canterbury Museum OR1836).

33 LAKE TERRACE ROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – PAGE 18