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Septiembre 140 SEPTIEMBRE 140 Bioquímica (Biochemistry) Historia de la Ciencia (History of Science) Rendimiento y capacidad antioxidante de extractos de Rosmarinus Unos bocetos atribuidos a Francisco Javier Matís (1763-1851) officinalis, Salvia officinalis y Psidium guajavaobtenidos con CO2 ¿Autenticidad o fraude? supercrítico [Sketches attributed to Francisco Javier Matís (1763-1851). [Yield and antioxidant capacity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia Authenticity or fraud?] officinalis and Psidium guajava extracts obtained with supercritical CO2] Santiago Díaz Piedrahita, José Luis Fernández Alonso .........................399 Edwin Alexander Rodríguez, Anderson Julián Árias, Eva Giselle Vásquez, Jairo René Martínez, Elena E. Stashenko .............305 Química (Chemistry) Acoplamiento inverso y mapeo de farmacóforo como herramientas Botánica (Botany) para encontrar nuevos blancos farmacológicos de compuestos naturales Las especies del género Axonopus (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paspaleae) [Reverse docking and pharmacophore mapping as tools to find new en Brasil pharmacological targets for natural compounds] [The species of the genus Axonopus (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paspaleae) Wilson Maldonado Rojas, Katia Noguera Oviedo, in Brazil] Jesús Olivero Verbel .................................................................................411 Diego Giraldo – Cañas ............................................................................317 Zoología (Zoology) Fitopatología (Plant Pathology) Studying primates in eastern Colombia: thirty five years of Etiología de la punta blanca de la cebolla (Allium fistulosum L.) a primatological life en la Granja Tesorito, Manizales-Caldas [Investigando primates en el oriente de Colombia: treinta y cinco [Etiology of onion (Allium fistulosum L.) white tip at the farm años de una vida primatológica] Tesorito, Manizales-Caldas] Thomas R. Defler .....................................................................................421 Rocío Alexandra Ortiz-Paz, Carolina González-Cardona, El contexto de las serpientes de Colombia con un análisis de Jairo Castaño-Zapata ..............................................................................365 las amenazas en contra de su conservación [The context of the snakes of Colombia with an analysis of the threats Genética (Genetic) against their conservation] Caracterización genética de la población ex situ de Crocodylus John D. Lynch .........................................................................................435 intermedius presente en Colombia [Genetic characterization of Crocodylus intermedius Colombian Vida Académica ex situ population] Informe presentado por el académico don José A. Lozano, Laura Carolina Cuervo Alarcón, Consuelo Burbano Montenegro..........373 secretario de la corporación, sobre las actividades desarrolladas durante el año académico 2011-2012 ...................................................451 Geología (Geology) Geología estructural y estratigrafía del área Majayura (Guajira) Constitución de la Academia [Structural Geology and Stratigraphy of the Majayura area, (Members of the Academy) ....................................................................460 Guajira (Colombia)] Publicaciones de la Academia Carlos A. Vargas, Luis A. Montes, Carlos Ortega ...................................385 (Publications of the Academy) ................................................................463 BIOQUÍMICA RENDIMIENTO Y CAPACIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DE EXTRACTOS DE ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS, SALVIA OFFICINALIS Y PSIDIUM GUAJAVA OBTENIDOS CON CO2 SUPERCRÍTICO Edwin Alexander Rodríguez, Anderson Julián Árias, Eva Giselle Vásquez, Jairo René Martínez, Elena E. Stashenko* RESUMEN Rodríguez, E. A., A. J. Árias, E. G. Vásquez, J. R. Martínez, E. E. Stashenko: Rendimiento y capacidad antioxidante de extractos de Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis y Psidium guajava obtenidos con CO2 supercrítico. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 36 (140): 305-316, 2012. ISSN 0370-3908. Se obtuvieron extractos de hojas y tallos de salvia (Salvia officinalis, Fam. Labiatae) y romero (Rosmarinus officinalis, Fam. Labiatae) y de hojas de guayaba (Psidium guajava Fam. Myrtaceae), empleando CO2 en estado supercrítico. Se obtuvieron modelos polinómicos para relacionar el rendimiento de extractos con las condicio- nes de su obtención. La composición de la fracción volátil de los extractos se determinó por medio de GC-MS. Se midieron la capacidad antioxidante (ORAC) de los extractos y el grado de protección que ofrecen al agre- garse a una base cosmética sometida a oxidación lipídica por acción de la radiación UV. El extracto de romero mostró el mayor porcentaje de inhibición de la oxidación lipídica (88%), seguido por el de salvia (76%) y el de hojas de guayaba (43%). Los extractos de romero y salvia exhibieron una capacidad antioxidante alta (1,9 µmol Trolox®/mg), similar a la del BHT y la vitamina E (2,8 y 3,0 µmol Trolox®/mg), mayor que la del extracto de hojas de guayaba (0,7 µmol Trolox®/mg). Palabras clave: Salvia officinalis; Rosmarinus officinalis; Psidium guajava; fluido supercrítico; antioxidante; ORAC; peroxidación lipídica; hexanal. ABSTRACT Extracts from stems and leaves of sage (Salvia officinalis, Labiatae Fam.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus offici- nalis, Labiatae Fam.) and from guava leaves (Psidium guajava, Myrtaceae Fam.), were obtained using super- critical CO2. Polynomic models were formulated to relate yield with extraction conditions. The compositions of the volatile fractions of these extracts were determined using GC-MS. Their antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and the protection resultant from their addition to a cosmetic base subjected to lipid peroxidation as a result of its exposure to UV radiation were also measured. The extract from rosemary imparted the highest lipid pe- roxidation inhibition (88%), followed by those obtained from sage (76%) and guava leaves (43%). Rosemary and sage extracts exhibited a high antioxidant capacity (1,9 µmol Trolox®/mg), similar to those of BHT and vitamin E (2,8 and 3,0 µmol Trolox®/mg), respectively, and higher than that of the guava leaves extract (0,7 µmol Trolox®/mg). Key words: Salvia officinalis; Rosmarinus officinalis; Psidium guajava; supercritical; antioxidant; ORAC; lipid peroxidation; hexanal * Centro de Cromatografía y Espectrometría de Masas, CROM-MASS, CIBIMOL, CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander. Carrera 27, Calle 9, Bucaramanga, Colombia. [email protected] 306 REV. ACAD. COLOMB. CIENC.: VOLUMEN XXXVI, NÚMERO 140 - SEPTIEMBRE 2012 1. Introducción te es un tema de creciente interés (Sebastián et al., 1998; Martínez, 2008). La búsqueda de productos de origen natural que permitan sustituir compuestos sintéticos, que actualmente se usan en El objetivo de este trabajo fue encontrar modelos matemá- las industrias alimenticia, de cosméticos, farmacológica y ticos para la predicción del rendimiento de la extracción de muchas otras, ha adquirido gran importancia. Esto se debe salvia, romero y guayaba (hojas) con CO2 en estado super- a los posibles efectos adversos y toxicidad reportada de los crítico. Para cada uno de los 3 extractos se determinaron la compuestos sintéticos. El butilhidroxianisol (BHA) y el bu- composición de su fracción volátil, la actividad antioxidante tilhidroxitolueno (BHT) se han usado ampliamente como según el método ORAC, y su comportamiento como inhibi- agentes antioxidantes, para conservar productos alimenticios dor de la peroxidación de una base cosmética. (JECFA, 1996). El BHT ha extendido su uso en productos farmacéuticos, vitaminas liposolubles y cosméticos, puesto 2. Materiales y métodos que les aumenta su estabilidad y tiempo de vida útil (FDA, 1981). La Agencia Internacional para la Investigación del 2.1. Extracción con CO supercrítico Cáncer (IARC) evaluó el modo de acción del BHA, y en- 2 contró evidencia suficiente de acción carcinogénica de este Las hojas y tallos de romero y salvia, con un contenido de compuesto en animales (IARC, 1986). humedad entre 20 y 30%, fueron suministradas por la Aso- ciación Municipal de Usuarios Campesinos el Retiro Vere- Las plantas romero (Rosmarinus officinalis, Fam. Labiatae), salvia (Salvia officinalis, Fam. Labiatae) y guayaba (Psidium das Aledañas Sucre Santander (ACRESS) en enero de 2011. guajava, Fam. Myrtaceae) se presentan como una fuente La empresa Fharmavicola S.A. proporcionó las hojas de alternativa de compuestos que pueden ser sucedáneos de guayaba en condiciones de humedad similares. Antes de la los antioxidantes de origen sintético. El romero y la salvia, extracción con CO2 se realizó un pretratamiento de reducción poseen metabolitos secundarios con efectos medicinales re- de tamaño de partícula y de secado. La reducción de tamaño portados (Aim et al., 2005). La actividad antioxidante que se efectuó en un picador/triturador forrajero TRF 300 (Me- se les atribuye, se debe principalmente a la presencia de los talúrgica TRAPP Ltda. Jaraguá do sul, Brasil) acondicio- ácidos carnósico y rosmarínico (Ibañez et al., 2003; Bisio nado con un tamiz de 0,8 mm. Posteriormente, el material et al., 1997). Sin embargo, esta actividad biológica depende vegetal picado de cada especie se introdujo por lotes de 0,6 también de la presencia de compuestos activos, que incluyen kg en un horno eléctrico de bandejas (INDUMEGAS, Buca- terpenoides, flavonoides y ácidos fenólicos (Masaki et al., ramanga, Colombia) durante 18 horas, para lograr un con- 1995). La guayaba, especie originaria de América tropical, tenido de humedad menor de 10%. Todas las extracciones
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