Training on Particiaptory 3 Dimentional Modeliing in Bale
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Nigella Sativa) at the Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 31(3): 1-12, 2019; Article no.AJAEES.47315 ISSN: 2320-7027 Assessment of Production and Utilization of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) at the Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia Wubeshet Teshome1 and Dessalegn Anshiso2* 1Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Horticulture and Crop Biodiversity Directorate, P.O.Box 30726; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2College of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P.R. China. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author WT managed the literature searches and participated in data collection. Author DA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJAEES/2019/v31i330132 Editor(s): (1) Prof. Fotios Chatzitheodoridis, Department of Agricultural Technology-Division of Agricultural Economics, Technological Education Institute of Western Macedonia, Greece. Reviewers: (1) Lawal Mohammad Anka, Development Project Samaru Gusau Zamfara State, Nigeria. (2) İsmail Ukav, Adiyaman University, Turkey. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/47315 Received 14 November 2018 Accepted 09 February 2019 Original Research Article Published 06 April 2019 ABSTRACT Background and Objective: Black cuminseed for local consumption and other importance, such as oil and oil rosin for medicinal purposes, export market, crop diversification, income generation, reducing the risk of crop failure and others made it as a best alternative crop under Ethiopian smaller land holdings. The objectives of this study were to examine factors affecting farmer perception of the Black cumin production importance, and assess the crop utilization purpose by smallholder farmers and its income potential for the farmers in two Districts of Bale zone of Oromia regional state in Ethiopia. -
Livestock and Livestock Systems in the Bale Mountains Ecoregion
LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN THE BALE MOUNTAINS ECOREGION Fiona Flintan, Worku Chibsa, Dida Wako and Andrew Ridgewell A report for the Bale EcoRegion Sustainable Management Project, SOS Sahel Ethiopia and FARM Africa June 2008 Addis Ababa Photo: A respondent mapping grazing routes in Bale Mountains EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Livestock has been an integral part of the Bale landscape for many centuries. Until relatively recently the livestock system was extensive with small numbers of people and livestock moving in a free and mobile manner. However since the time of Haile Selassie there have been numerous influencing factors that have changed the face of livestock production in Bale. This began with the introduction of land measurement and taxes which encouraged settled agricultural expansion, aggravated by the declaration of grazing lands as ‘no-man’s lands’. At the same time large scale mechanised farms were established in the lower areas, forcing livestock producers into the higher altitude regions. More recently villagisation and resettlement programmes have promoted settlement and an increased population. However, the largest single ‘loss’ of pastoral resources occurred with the establishment of the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) in 1970 encompassing an area of 2400km2. This was created without the consent or even the knowledge of local resource users. The historical development of BMNP has been aimed principally, albeit intermittently, at preserving the environment as a ‘wilderness’ area by excluding habitation and customary natural resource management practices. During the former Dergue regime (1974-1991) state authority over the Park was at its strongest resulting in the forced removal of settlements and the effective colonisation of the mountain landscape. -
Policy Brief No.1
December 2007 Bale Eco-Region Sustainable Oromia State Forest Management Programme (BERSMP) Enterprises Supervising Agency BERSMP Policy Brief No.1 The Significance of the Bale Mountains, South Central Ethiopia The Significance of the Bale Mountains, South Central Ethiopia Summary The Bale Mountians is among the 34 world biodiversity hotspots. It is one of the areas in Ethiopia where lack of proper natural resources management is threatening unique resources. The Bale Mountains cover areas ranging from 1500 – 4377masl. The area harbors different ecological zones including moist tropical forest, afroalpine habitats, woodlands, grasslands, wetlands and a large percentage of Ethiopia’s endemic plants and animals. The importance of the ecological processes of the area is significant both locally and globally. About 12 million people are estimated to be dependent on the water resources originating from the Bale Mountains. However, the rate of agricultural expansion and land degradation is highly threatening the economic and ecological potentials of this unique area. Government willingness to jointly manage natural resources with local communities, and the communities enthusiasm and capacity to work towards sustianable development are the opportunites the Bale Eco-Region Sustainable Management Programme is using to mutually enhance the unique biodiverstiy and vital ecological processes of the Bale Mountians Ecosystem. Introduction terms of fauna and flora in Ethiopia. The The wide variations of geo-climatic economic, biodiversity and ecological features in Ethiopia have resulted in large significance attached to this unique area is biological diversity. The country hosts the immense. The establishment of the Bale fifth largest floral diversity in tropical Mountains National Park more than 30 Africa, is the richest in avifauna in years ago and the delineation of a mainland Africa and one of the eight number of High Priority Forest Areas is a Vavilov’s centres of crop diversity clear demonstration of its importance. -
Oromia Region Administrative Map(As of 27 March 2013)
ETHIOPIA: Oromia Region Administrative Map (as of 27 March 2013) Amhara Gundo Meskel ! Amuru Dera Kelo ! Agemsa BENISHANGUL ! Jangir Ibantu ! ! Filikilik Hidabu GUMUZ Kiremu ! ! Wara AMHARA Haro ! Obera Jarte Gosha Dire ! ! Abote ! Tsiyon Jars!o ! Ejere Limu Ayana ! Kiremu Alibo ! Jardega Hose Tulu Miki Haro ! ! Kokofe Ababo Mana Mendi ! Gebre ! Gida ! Guracha ! ! Degem AFAR ! Gelila SomHbo oro Abay ! ! Sibu Kiltu Kewo Kere ! Biriti Degem DIRE DAWA Ayana ! ! Fiche Benguwa Chomen Dobi Abuna Ali ! K! ara ! Kuyu Debre Tsige ! Toba Guduru Dedu ! Doro ! ! Achane G/Be!ret Minare Debre ! Mendida Shambu Daleti ! Libanos Weberi Abe Chulute! Jemo ! Abichuna Kombolcha West Limu Hor!o ! Meta Yaya Gota Dongoro Kombolcha Ginde Kachisi Lefo ! Muke Turi Melka Chinaksen ! Gne'a ! N!ejo Fincha!-a Kembolcha R!obi ! Adda Gulele Rafu Jarso ! ! ! Wuchale ! Nopa ! Beret Mekoda Muger ! ! Wellega Nejo ! Goro Kulubi ! ! Funyan Debeka Boji Shikute Berga Jida ! Kombolcha Kober Guto Guduru ! !Duber Water Kersa Haro Jarso ! ! Debra ! ! Bira Gudetu ! Bila Seyo Chobi Kembibit Gutu Che!lenko ! ! Welenkombi Gorfo ! ! Begi Jarso Dirmeji Gida Bila Jimma ! Ketket Mulo ! Kersa Maya Bila Gola ! ! ! Sheno ! Kobo Alem Kondole ! ! Bicho ! Deder Gursum Muklemi Hena Sibu ! Chancho Wenoda ! Mieso Doba Kurfa Maya Beg!i Deboko ! Rare Mida ! Goja Shino Inchini Sululta Aleltu Babile Jimma Mulo ! Meta Guliso Golo Sire Hunde! Deder Chele ! Tobi Lalo ! Mekenejo Bitile ! Kegn Aleltu ! Tulo ! Harawacha ! ! ! ! Rob G! obu Genete ! Ifata Jeldu Lafto Girawa ! Gawo Inango ! Sendafa Mieso Hirna -
Vcs/Ccb Bale Mountains Eco- Region Redd+ Project Monitoring & Implementation Report
MONITORING & IMPLEMENTATION REPORT VCS Version 3.5, CCB Standards Third Edition VCS/CCB BALE MOUNTAINS ECO- REGION REDD+ PROJECT MONITORING & IMPLEMENTATION REPORT PREPARED BY PROJECT PROPONENT PARTNERS OF THE PROJECT OROMIA FOREST AND WILDLIFE FARM AFRICA & SOS SAHEL ETHIOPIA ENTERPRISE (OFWE), Project Title Bale Mountains Eco-Region REDD+ project Version Version 1.4 Report ID MIR-BALE-2016-1 Date of Issue 25-05-2016 Project ID PL 1340 Monitoring Period 01-01-2012 to 31-12-2015 Prepared By OFWE with support of Farm Africa, SOS Sahel Ethiopia Contact Ararsa Regessa/Didha Diriba/Gedefa Negera Phone: +251-111-24-64-54/+251111240687; Fax: +251-111-24-64-55; E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.oromiaforest.gov.et PROJECT SUMMARY INFORMATION i. Project Name : Bale Mountains Eco-region REDD+ Project ii. Project Location: Ethiopia, Oromia Regional State, Bale and West Arsi Administrative zones iii. Project Proponent: Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia Federal Democratic Republic , through Oromia Forest and Wildlife Enterprise represented by Director general Address: OFWE P. O. Box: 6182, Arada Sub-city, Queen Elisabeth II Road, Kebena,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Phone: +251-111-24-64-54/+251111240687 Fax: +251-111-24-64-55 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.oromiaforest.gov.et iv. Auditor: TÜV SÜD South Asia Pvt. Ltd. Environmental Technology, Carbon Management Service Contact details: Solitaire, I.T.I. Road, Aundh, Pune- 411007, India Lead Auditor: Eswar Murty Phone: +91-8600003021 Email: [email protected] v. Project Start Date: January 01, 2012 and GHG accounting period and project lifetime: 20 years from project start date. -
Bale-Travel-Guidebook-Web.Pdf
Published in 2013 by the Frankfurt Zoological Society and the Bale Mountains National Park with financial assistance from the European Union. Copyright © 2013 the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority (EWCA). Reproduction of this booklet and/or any part thereof, by any means, is not allowed without prior permission from the copyright holders. Written and edited by: Eliza Richman and Biniyam Admassu Reader and contributor: Thadaigh Baggallay Photograph Credits: We would like to thank the following photographers for the generous donation of their photographs: • Brian Barbre (juniper woodlands, p. 13; giant lobelia, p. 14; olive baboon, p. 75) • Delphin Ruche (photos credited on photo) • John Mason (lion, p. 75) • Ludwig Siege (Prince Ruspoli’s turaco, p. 36; giant forest hog, p. 75) • Martin Harvey (photos credited on photo) • Hakan Pohlstrand (Abyssinian ground hornbill, p. 12; yellow-fronted parrot, Abyssinian longclaw, Abyssinian catbird and black-headed siskin, p. 25; Menelik’s bushbuck, p. 42; grey duiker, common jackal and spotted hyena, p. 74) • Rebecca Jackrel (photos credited on photo) • Thierry Grobet (Ethiopian wolf on sanetti road, p. 5; serval, p. 74) • Vincent Munier (photos credited on photo) • Will Burrard-Lucas (photos credited on photo) • Thadaigh Baggallay (Baskets, p. 4; hydrology photos, p. 19; chameleon, frog, p. 27; frog, p. 27; Sof-Omar, p. 34; honey collector, p. 43; trout fisherman, p. 49; Finch Habera waterfall, p. 50) • Eliza Richman (ambesha and gomen, buna bowetet, p. 5; Bale monkey, p. 17; Spot-breasted plover, p. 25; coffee collector, p. 44; Barre woman, p. 48; waterfall, p. 49; Gushuralle trail, p. 51; Dire Sheik Hussein shrine, Sof-Omar cave, p. -
Biomass Fuel-Briquettes and Improved Stoves in Dinsho, Ethiopia
BIOMASS FUEL-BRIQUETTES AND IMPROVED STOVES IN DINSHO, ETHIOPIA By Brian W. Barbre A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Forest Ecology And Management MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2013 ©2013 Brian W. Barbre 1 This report has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTERS OF SCIENCE in Forest Ecology and Management. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Report Advisor: Dr.Blair Orr Committee Member: Dr. Audrey Mayer Committee Member: Dr. Susan Martin Committee Member: Dr. John Gershenson School Dean: Dr. Terry Sharik 2 Table of Contents List of Figures………………………………………………………………. 6 List of Tables………………………………………………………………... 7 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………….. 8 List of Acronyms…………………………………………………………… 9 Abstract……………………………………………………………………….. 10 1. Introduction….................................................................. 11 2. General Background………………………………………………….. 13 Overview and History…………………………………………………………………. 13 Climate and Topography…………………………………………………………….. 15 Agriculture and Pastoralism……………………………………………………….. 19 Water Resources………………………………………………………………………… 20 Forests and Ecosystems……………………………………………………………… 21 3. Study Site………………………………………………………………….. 27 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 27 Geophysical Characteristics…………………………………………………………. 28 Biodiversity and Bale Mountains National Park…………………………….. 30 Pastoral History…………………………………………………………………………. 32 Population Pressure……………………………………………………………………. -
Administrative Region, Zone and Woreda Map of Oromia a M Tigray a Afar M H U Amhara a Uz N M
35°0'0"E 40°0'0"E Administrative Region, Zone and Woreda Map of Oromia A m Tigray A Afar m h u Amhara a uz N m Dera u N u u G " / m r B u l t Dire Dawa " r a e 0 g G n Hareri 0 ' r u u Addis Ababa ' n i H a 0 Gambela m s Somali 0 ° b a K Oromia Ü a I ° o A Hidabu 0 u Wara o r a n SNNPR 0 h a b s o a 1 u r Abote r z 1 d Jarte a Jarso a b s a b i m J i i L i b K Jardega e r L S u G i g n o G A a e m e r b r a u / K e t m uyu D b e n i u l u o Abay B M G i Ginde e a r n L e o e D l o Chomen e M K Beret a a Abe r s Chinaksen B H e t h Yaya Abichuna Gne'a r a c Nejo Dongoro t u Kombolcha a o Gulele R W Gudetu Kondole b Jimma Genete ru J u Adda a a Boji Dirmeji a d o Jida Goro Gutu i Jarso t Gu J o Kembibit b a g B d e Berga l Kersa Bila Seyo e i l t S d D e a i l u u r b Gursum G i e M Haro Maya B b u B o Boji Chekorsa a l d Lalo Asabi g Jimma Rare Mida M Aleltu a D G e e i o u e u Kurfa Chele t r i r Mieso m s Kegn r Gobu Seyo Ifata A f o F a S Ayira Guliso e Tulo b u S e G j a e i S n Gawo Kebe h i a r a Bako F o d G a l e i r y E l i Ambo i Chiro Zuria r Wayu e e e i l d Gaji Tibe d lm a a s Diga e Toke n Jimma Horo Zuria s e Dale Wabera n a w Tuka B Haru h e N Gimbichu t Kutaye e Yubdo W B Chwaka C a Goba Koricha a Leka a Gidami Boneya Boshe D M A Dale Sadi l Gemechis J I e Sayo Nole Dulecha lu k Nole Kaba i Tikur Alem o l D Lalo Kile Wama Hagalo o b r Yama Logi Welel Akaki a a a Enchini i Dawo ' b Meko n Gena e U Anchar a Midega Tola h a G Dabo a t t M Babile o Jimma Nunu c W e H l d m i K S i s a Kersana o f Hana Arjo D n Becho A o t -
Ethiopia: Administrative Map (August 2017)
Ethiopia: Administrative map (August 2017) ERITREA National capital P Erob Tahtay Adiyabo Regional capital Gulomekeda Laelay Adiyabo Mereb Leke Ahferom Red Sea Humera Adigrat ! ! Dalul ! Adwa Ganta Afeshum Aksum Saesie Tsaedaemba Shire Indasilase ! Zonal Capital ! North West TigrayTahtay KoraroTahtay Maychew Eastern Tigray Kafta Humera Laelay Maychew Werei Leke TIGRAY Asgede Tsimbila Central Tigray Hawzen Medebay Zana Koneba Naeder Adet Berahile Region boundary Atsbi Wenberta Western Tigray Kelete Awelallo Welkait Kola Temben Tselemti Degua Temben Mekele Zone boundary Tanqua Abergele P Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Tsegede Tselemt Mekele Town Special Enderta Afdera Addi Arekay South East Ab Ala Tsegede Mirab Armacho Beyeda Woreda boundary Debark Erebti SUDAN Hintalo Wejirat Saharti Samre Tach Armacho Abergele Sanja ! Dabat Janamora Megale Bidu Alaje Sahla Addis Ababa Ziquala Maychew ! Wegera Metema Lay Armacho Wag Himra Endamehoni Raya Azebo North Gondar Gonder ! Sekota Teru Afar Chilga Southern Tigray Gonder City Adm. Yalo East Belesa Ofla West Belesa Kurri Dehana Dembia Gonder Zuria Alamata Gaz Gibla Zone 4 (Fantana Rasu ) Elidar Amhara Gelegu Quara ! Takusa Ebenat Gulina Bugna Awra Libo Kemkem Kobo Gidan Lasta Benishangul Gumuz North Wello AFAR Alfa Zone 1(Awsi Rasu) Debre Tabor Ewa ! Fogera Farta Lay Gayint Semera Meket Guba Lafto DPubti DJIBOUTI Jawi South Gondar Dire Dawa Semen Achefer East Esite Chifra Bahir Dar Wadla Delanta Habru Asayita P Tach Gayint ! Bahir Dar City Adm. Aysaita Guba AMHARA Dera Ambasel Debub Achefer Bahirdar Zuria Dawunt Worebabu Gambela Dangura West Esite Gulf of Aden Mecha Adaa'r Mile Pawe Special Simada Thehulederie Kutaber Dangila Yilmana Densa Afambo Mekdela Tenta Awi Dessie Bati Hulet Ej Enese ! Hareri Sayint Dessie City Adm. -
Ethiopia: 3W - Health Cluster Ongoing Activities Map (December 2016)
Ethiopia: 3W - Health Cluster Ongoing Activities map (December 2016) ERITREA 8 Total Number of Partners Ahferom CCM CCM GOAL GOAL Erob CCM Adwa GOAL Red Sea GOAL Werei CCM Leke GOAL Koneba GOAL Hawzen GOAL CCM SUDAN TIGRAY GOAL Ab Ala GOAL AMHARA Megale Gulf of GOAL Aden DCA IMC Kobo AFAR Lay DCA Meket DCA Gayint IMC IMC Tach Gayint DCA Guba Lafto GOAL BENESHANGUL Dera IMC Worebabu Simada GOAL GOAL GOAL GOAL GUMU IMC Thehulederie Sirba DJIBOUTI Abay Telalak Afambo GOAL GOAL IRC Tenta GOAL Sayint GOAL GOAL IRC GOAL GOAL Were Ilu Ayisha IRC IRC GOAL Dewa Sherkole Legehida Harewa Kurmuk GOAL IMC Menge Kelela Artuma IRC Yaso Fursi IMC Erer IRC IRC IRC Jille Menz IMC Timuga Dembel Wara Afdem Bilidigilu IRC Mama Assosa IRC Jarso IMC Tarema IMC Midir Ber IRC IRC Agalometi Gerar IMC Jarso Kamashi IMC Bambasi GOAL DIRE Chinaksen IMC IMC IRC IMC DAWA IMC Bio Jiganifado Ankober Meta IRC GOAL IRC IMC IMC Aleltu Deder HARERI GOAL GOAL Gursum IRC IRC IRC GOAL Midega SOMALIA IRC IMC Goba SOUTH SUDAN Tola ACF Koricha Anfilo IMC Gashamo Anchar GOAL Daro Lebu Boke Golo Oda IRC Wantawo GOAL Meyu IMC IRC IRC IRC GOAL GOAL IMC Aware SCI IMC Fik IRC IRC Kokir Sire Jikawo IRC Gedbano Adami IMC GOAL Tulu Jido Degehabur GOAL SCI GOAL Sude Akobo Selti Kombolcha IRC IRC Lanfero Hamero Gunagado Mena Dalocha IMC GAMBELA GOAL Arsi IMC Shekosh GOAL Gololcha GOAL Negele Bale IMC Soro GOAL IMC IRC GOAL IMC Agarfa IRC Tembaro IRC IRC GOAL SCI GOAL GOAL IMC IMC Ginir CCM GOAL GOAL IRC IMC IMC GOAL GOAL IRC GOAL Sinana IMC IRC IRC Dinsho GOAL Goba IRC IMC GOAL IRC GOAL IRC Adaba CCM GOAL Berbere IMC Humbo GOAL SOMALI IMC Hulla IRC GOAL CCM GOAL GOAL GOAL PIN IRC Zala IMC IRC IRC Abaya PIN IRC Wenago Ubadebretsehay Mirab Gelana Abaya IRC GOAL GOAL SCI IRC IRC SCI Amaro OROMIA SNNPR IRC SCI CCM Bonke GOAL IRC Meda CCM SCI Welabu Legend SCI Konso IMC SCI International boundary Filtu Hudet INDIAN Agencies' locOaCtiEoAnNs and Regional boundary SCI Arero Dolobay Dolo Odo area of interventions are IMC No. -
Living Documents Tropical Forest Portfolio ‘Land Is Given by God’ Conserving the Roof of Africa Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia
EthiopiaDef 20-11-2000 11:29 Pagina 1 DGIS-WWF Living Documents Tropical Forest Portfolio ‘Land is Given by God’ Conserving the Roof of Africa Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia • A frozen wilderness • Save the wild Arabica! • The lonely Ethiopian Wolf • A situation rapidly getting out of control • 'It's this thing they call democracy' More than three-quarters of all African land above 3,000m is to be found in Ethiopia.The Bale Mountains lie at the heart of this unique Afro-alpine landscape.The home of wild coffee plants and of the endangered Ethiopian Wolf, it is also an area of ever-increasing settlements, cultivation and large- scale cattle grazing.Winning the hearts of local people is the challenge for the Bale Mountains conservation project. EthiopiaDef 20-11-2000 11:29 Pagina 2 LIVING DOCUMENTS DGIS-WWF Tropical Forest Portfolio ‘What we actually do is crisis management’ Asked whether Ethiopia’s protected areas will ever suffers from inadequate and demoralised staff, but become exclusion zones, where only tourists and scientists also the continued lack of road and buildings can go, Tesfaye Hundessa’s answer is maintenance. As yet, the Park has not even been gazetted. resolutely negative: ‘Forget it.’ ‘What we actually do is crisis management’, admits Hundessa without hesitation. ‘That’s really all n the eyes of Hundessa, who is the General we can do for the moment. The lack of funding I Manager of the Federal Ethiopian Wildlife means there is no way we can work towards a Conservation Organisation (EWCO), the whole idea structural build-up of capacity in parks like Bale of recreating a kind of pristine situation is nothing Mountains. -
Periodic Monitoring Report Working 2016 Humanitarian Requirements Document – Ethiopia Group
DRMTechnical Periodic Monitoring Report Working 2016 Humanitarian Requirements Document – Ethiopia Group Covering 1 Jan to 31 Dec 2016 Prepared by Clusters and NDRMC Introduction The El Niño global climactic event significantly affected the 2015 meher/summer rains on the heels of failed belg/ spring rains in 2015, driving food insecurity, malnutrition and serious water shortages in many parts of the country. The Government and humanitarian partners issued a joint 2016 Humanitarian Requirements Document (HRD) in December 2015 requesting US$1.4 billion to assist 10.2 million people with food, health and nutrition, water, agriculture, shelter and non-food items, protection and emergency education responses. Following the delay and erratic performance of the belg/spring rains in 2016, a Prioritization Statement was issued in May 2016 with updated humanitarian requirements in nutrition (MAM), agriculture, shelter and non-food items and education.The Mid-Year Review of the HRD identified 9.7 million beneficiaries and updated the funding requirements to $1.2 billion. The 2016 HRD is 69 per cent funded, with contributions of $1.08 billion from international donors and the Government of Ethiopia (including carry-over resources from 2015). Under the leadership of the Government of Ethiopia delivery of life-saving and life- sustaining humanitarian assistance continues across the sectors. However, effective humanitarian response was challenged by shortage of resources, limited logistical capacities and associated delays, and weak real-time information management. This Periodic Monitoring Report (PMR) provides a summary of the cluster financial inputs against outputs and achievements against cluster objectives using secured funding since the launch of the 2016 HRD.