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Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138
Urban Transitions Conference, Shanghai, September 2016 The practice and exploration of Shanghai recreational trail system planning
Yimeng YANG*
Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute, Shanghai, 200011, China
Abstract
With many years of urban development, Shanghai is experiencing urban transition. During this period, the city has turned from the stage of seeking rapid economic growth to a new stage of seeking ways of urban renewal to enhance urban livability. With leisure time increasing, outdoor recreation has present popular trend and become a typical lifestyle of more and more people. Requirements for diverse outdoor recreational opportunities and pleasant urban public space is getting higher and higher. Based on online public survey, offline interview with outdoor enthusiasts, field research, and comprehensive analysis of other relative plans of Shanghai, selection criteria of existing outdoor public space suitable for recreational trail system are proposed. Five types of trails, three kinds of spaces and fifteen theme lines are carried out to provide diverse choices for the public. Meantime, suggestions on the design level, includes improving pedestrian environment, and increasing the numbers of service facilities, are discussed. The recreational trail system planning of Shanghai provides a systematic way of thinking for the enhancement of public environmental quality and livability in high-density urban area. ©© 2017 2017 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by Elsevierby Elsevier Ltd. LtdThis. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (Peerhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/-review under responsibility of the organizing). committee of the Urban Transitions Conference. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the Urban Transitions Conference Keywords: Recreational trail system; Planning; Shanghai
* Yimeng YANG. Tel.: +86-152-2113-2042. E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the Urban Transitions Conference doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.077 128 Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138
1. Research Background
1.1. Recreation is one of the key functions of city
Restricted by the level of economic and social development, people did not realize the recreational function of city until the early 20th century. Recreation is one of the four functions of the city (The Athens Charter, 1933). Accessible and favorable public spaces for daily outdoor activities are needed by more and more people for recreational purpose. The city should offer people opportunities for their recreational needs, and provide people appropriate city recreational venues and facilities to carry out those activities. Many of the city's recreation industry in developed countries has a long history, and demand-oriented urban recreation development model has gradually formed. However, in China, urban recreation services have not been paid enough attention as part of the public service. To improve the current situation, Shanghai is seeking ways to enhance the urban recreational function by planning an urban recreational trail network, in order to drive the environmental quality enhancement of urban public space, increase richness and satisfaction of people's daily lives, and finally enhance urban livability.
1.2. Urban regeneration during post-industrial period
The best city is that which provides the best experience of living (Simonds, 1998). There is a direct relationship between people’s life experience and the quality of urban open public space. With the rapid growth of urban construction land and population density, current open public space in Shanghai is unable to meet the increasing public demand for outdoor activities. One of the three detailed objectives of Shanghai urban development is pursuing cultural attractiveness: a city of happiness and humanity (Shanghai Master Plan, 2015). Here the cultural attractiveness is not confined to history and traditional culture. It is more like a kind of identity that people feel psychological attachment to cities they live in. A city of happiness and humanity means a livable city that makes people enjoy their urban lives. Meanwhile, under the resource and environment restricts, the bottom line of development is set and mixed spatial use is promoted in master plan, which means future development of Shanghai emphasizes endogenous growth instead of extension. Therefore, public happiness becomes the primary pursuit of Shanghai urban development, and the stock of land should be revitalized with humanization as well as scientization.
1.3. Lifestyle changing of the public
Compared to earlier times, a lot of developments, such as longer life expectancies, less working time, time-saving appliances, convenience of prepared foods and eating outside, and speedier transport, has profoundly changed people’s lives in modern society. Many developed countries have entered the "leisure era". Shanghai, as an international metropolis, also welcome the era’s coming. High level of urbanization contributes significantly to the increase in leisure time. Outdoor recreational activities for the purpose of leisure has rendered the popular trends and become a typical lifestyle of more and more people. Recent years, the number of people actively participating in outdoor recreational activities, such as walking, jogging and cycling, keeps increasing in Shanghai. Outdoor sports events arouse people's enthusiasm for leisure and fitness, and even enhance people’s attention to the urban environment. People even spontaneously selected some open public area and urban streets as running shrine, such as the Century Park (Phoenix New Media, 2014). Such public events bring more opportunities for public space quality improvement. Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138 129
2. Project description and a definition
2.1. Recreation is one of the key functions of city
The word “trail” was defined as a non-motorized channel for horse riding, walking, rollerblading, biking, off- road recreational vehicles, skiing, etc. (National Park Service, 1986). It recognizes the value of providing simple trails to meet a multitude of outdoor recreation uses. In 2014, an opportunity to conduct Recreation Development Planning Research of Shanghai established a clear goal of future urban recreational development and outdoor recreational space classification standards. The development planning research focused on spatial distribution of outdoor recreational spaces and involved analyzing the main urban greenway that gives four types of greenway in Shanghai. The recreational trail system supplements the urban greenway system. A greenway is a “linear open space established either along a natural corridor, such as a riverfront, stream valley, or ridgeline, or overland along a railroad right-of-way that has been converted to recreational use, a canal, a scenic road, or other route” (Little, 1990). Traditionally, the commonly recognized functions of greenways focus on the conservation of nature and on providing access to recreational opportunities (Li et al., 2009). While greenway trails put `recreation' on the one hand and `transportation' on the other (Shafer et al., 2000), the urban recreational trails emphasize the recreational function of greenway, and provide appropriate spaces for linear physical activities, the speed of which is under 20km/h (Shanghai Non-Motorized Traffic System Planning, 2015). Planning of urban recreational trail that encourage daily outdoor physical activities concerns accessibility, continuity and pleasantness of the trails. It emphasizes the social and cultural values, and produces a non-motorized road system that encourages urban outdoor recreational activities. The trails here are part of urban open public space, specifically referring to the linear public spaces for leisure activities. They are links to planar outdoor open spaces, providing inexpensive recreation opportunities for increasing numbers of people seeking to enjoy urban outdoor recreational activities. The recreational trail system plan forms an important part in the strategic decision-making for Shanghai 2040 Master Plan, which promotes creation of open communication spaces, construction of safe and comfortable walking spaces, and shaping green and healthy urban quality. The plan is aiming to enhance livability of Shanghai, a typical high-density urban human settlement, and raise happiness levels of the public.
3. Demand and resource analysis
3.1. Demand oriented – Activity characteristics and demand x Walking activities Walking activities can generally be divided into three categories: daily short-distance walking, brisk walking and relatively long distances hiking. Based on investigation, for most people going for daily short-distance walking or brisk walking, the acceptable distance between the place of departure, usually where they live, and walking area is within 1km, around 10 to 15 minutes’ walking. The range of activities at weekdays is usually confined to a relatively limited space around where people live, and the types of walking is mainly strolling and brisk walking. Situation at weekends is different. People have plenty of time to go hiking in farther places.
Table 1. General characteristics of walking activities Type Speed˄km/h˅ Distance˄km˅ Time Strolling 0-5 1-3 Weekday/Weekend Brisk walking 6-9 1-3 Weekday/Weekend Hiking 5-8 >15 Weekend/Holiday Walkers concern about the safety, comfort and amenity of surrounding environment during walking. Motorized traffic is the main interference on walking activities. Barrier-free facilities and landscape lighting during night are welcomed. Pavement design has been mentioned many times by different walkers. Soft pavement would provide 130 Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138
more comfortable walking experience. Plantings along a walking trail are usually welcomed by walkers especially at hot days. Reasonable canopy density is necessary to guarantee the safety of using a trail, allowing people to see each other.
Fig. 1. (a) Spatial preference of strolling; (b) Spatial preference of brisk walking; (c) Spatial preference of hiking.
Strolling and brisk walking activities usually happen around communities and working places. Waterfront area, urban park, sport stadium and school campus are all ideal walking places. Part of walkers choose walking places mentioned above as their walking destinations. They only wish to walk within these areas. They’d rather drive or ride to an ideal walking place, and then start to walk. Other may not have a fixed destination of walking. People start walk from where they live or work. The whole way from starting point to terminal point is their walking route. Both of the two kinds of walkers raise requirements for the quality of the walking spaces, with more emphasis on specific area of the first kind and on the whole walking route of the second kind. Hiking usually happen faraway from downtown area. Tourist attractions and country parks are first choices for most people.
Table 2. Space encouraging walking activities Type Space encouraging walking activities˄5 means most likely ˅ Waterfront corridor Urban road Urban park Country park Stadium / School Strolling 5 3 5 2 5 Brisk walking 5 3 4 3 5 Hiking 5 4 2 4 0
x Running activities Running activities can be divided into jogging with speed below 10km/h, and running with speed above 10km/h. Short-distance running and long-distance running also present different characteristics and requirements in locations and facilities. Jogging is to a certain extent like brisk walking, usually happen within a limited area. Distance of jogging is around 5km. Unlike jogging, distance of running for the purpose of exercising as well as recreation is usually above 5km. Common distance of running is 5km to 10km, which is called happy running among runners, and 21km half marathon and 42.195km marathon. It is physical fitness as well as training goals that decides distance of running. Generally speaking, jogging is preferred by most people on weekdays while long-distance running on weekends or holidays.
Table 3. General characteristics of running activities Type Speed˄km/h˅ Distance˄km˅ Time Jogging 8-10 <5 Weekday/Weekend Running >10 3-5 Weekday/Weekend Long-distance running Ĭ10 >5 Weekend/Holiday Safety factor and continuity of running trail are main elements influencing runners to choose a running place. Most runner prefer not to be disturbed by others such as people walking around or bicyclists flashed by. Night Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138 131 lighting is also important for runners used to running at night. Continuity means numbers of crossroad at which runners may have to stop waiting for the crossing vehicles. Design of running trail can also indicate continuity. Unified pavement and walking-friendly design at intersections would be recommended.
Fig. 2. (a) Spatial preference of jogging; (b) Spatial preference of running; (c) Spatial preference of long-distance running.
Because of the relatively higher speed of running activities, less interference with other activities is necessary for the safety of runners. Enclosed park ways and playgrounds, and continuous forest trails and waterfront shorelines are among the most welcomed places of running.
Table 4. Space encouraging running activities Type Space encouraging walking activities˄5 means most likely ˅ Waterfront corridor Urban road Urban park Country park Stadium / School Jogging 5 4 5 0 5 Running 5 2 5 2 5 Long-distance running 5 4 4 5 5 x Cycling activities Cycling activities include commuter cycling at weekdays, recreational cycling at spare times, and sport cycling with the highest speed for professional bicyclists. Compared with walking and running, cycling activities have higher requirements on a trail, especially its continuity and length. Distance for cycling does not include journey between destination and starting point. For example, a lot of people choose to go biking on Chongming Island. The driving distance from downtown to the Island is not included in the whole cycling distance. Normally, a short- distance cycling is around 5km to 20km, while a long-distance cycling may be up to 60km or even longer.
Table 5. General characteristics of running activities Type Speed˄km/h˅ Distance˄km˅ Time Commuter cycling 10-15 <20 3-8 Leisure cycling 10-15 <40 5-20 Sport cycling 20 >50 20-100 The main factors affecting the bicyclists are the continuity, safety and interest. Number of intersections and trail design influence the continuity, while isolation from motorized lanes decides safety of cycling. Considering the relatively high speed of cycling, plantings along cycling trails does not need to be too diverse, several resting points with service facilities would be welcomed. 132 Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138
Fig. 3. (a) Spatial preference of commuter cycling; (b) Spatial preference of leisure cycling; (c) Spatial preference of sport cycling.
Continuous linear spaces are ideal choice for bicyclists. Although urban road can meet the fundamental requirement of cycling, space experience is usually not satisfactory. Most people choose to go cycling in waterfront area or parks.
Table 6. Space encouraging cycling activities Type Space encouraging walking activities˄5 means most likely ˅ Waterfront corridor Urban road Urban park Country park Stadium / School Commuter cycling 1 5 0 0 0 Leisure cycling 5 2 3 2 0 Sport cycling 5 5 0 4 0
3.2. Resource oriented – Open space analysis and screening
The recreational trail system does not create new spaces. Instead, it is based on the existing urban outdoor public space, transforming and renovating its appropriate part to form the outdoor recreation system. In a study of greenway-based trails in and around Chicago Gobster (1995) found that, more than anything else, people liked the trail for its scenic beauty (Shafer et al., 2000). When deciding where to build the recreational trails in Shanghai, scenic beauty plays a very important role. Scenic attractions would be nodes connected by the trails. The trails will lead people to different kinds of natural and cultural attractions. Through planning and design, the trail itself is both the connecting corridors and the destinations. x Planar Space 1) Tourist attractions and scenic spots Tourist attractions are space or area with main function of tourism and its related activities. Three main categories of tourist attractions in Shanghai would be considered. There are four 5A tourist attractions such as Disneyland; forty-six 4A tourist attractions such as Sheshan National Forest Park and Yu Garden; forty-two 3A tourist attractions such as Xinchang Ancient Town and Tianzifang. Distribution of tourist attractions and scenic spots in Shanghai presents an overall denseness in north and sparseness in south, while denseness in downtown and sparseness in suburbs. Since the number of the tourist attractions and scenic spots is large and their distribution is uneven, establishment of recreational trail system mainly considers connecting 4A and 5A tourist attractions. 2) Regional parks Regional park includes country park, forest park and riverside and coastal wetland park. Among them, forest parks are parks with large areas of plantation or natural forest, such as Yangpu Forest Park. Regional parks are usually large parks located in outskirts of the city with good natural conditions and convenient public transport from downtown. They play a role of optimization of suburban life, production and ecological pattern of rural areas, and gradually form metropolitan recreation spaces compatible with urban development. Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138 133
Because of its excellent landscape environment in the city, regional park is the key of consideration connected by recreational trails. 3) Large urban parks and green spaces Large urban parks and green space in Shanghai, where is the ideal place to carry out the public outdoor leisure activities, such as Century Park, mainly distributed within the outer ring. In principle, all large urban parks and green spaces are going to be connected by the recreational trail system. However, part of them are not able to open free to the public. For those parks not free to entry, at least a trail around would be an alternative. Parks close to commercial buildings or residential areas, such as Changfeng Park and Zhongshan Park, the length of closed sections should be controlled under 20% percent of the whole loop road. Besides, the length of closed section should be compensated by opening part of the park or building another trail outside the park in order to ensure the continuity of the recreational trail network. 4) Historic and cultural area, historic townships and historic villages Historic and cultural area refers an area where historical buildings concentrate, and the architectural style, spatial pattern and street landscape reflects geographical and cultural characteristics of a particular historical period of Shanghai. There are 12 historic and cultural areas in Shanghai, including the Bund, People Square, Hongqiao Road, etc. Historic townships and historic villages are those preserving particularly rich cultural heritage of great historic or commemorative value, and completely reflecting the traditional style or local ethnic characteristics in particular historical periods, such as Fengjing historic town, Zhujiajiao, etc. Besides, there are 5 traditional villages and 40 villages with traditional characteristic features not included in historic villages. Because of their long history and unique cultural landscape, the historic and cultural areas together with historic and traditional townships and villages would be connected by the recreational trails. 5) Large squares, stadiums and campus A large square mainly refers to the an open public space which can be seen as a city landmark, such as People Square in Shanghai. City-level and district-level stadiums usually have large outdoor public spaces opening to the public, such as Shanghai Grand Theatre, Oriental Sports Center, etc. Campus with 400-meters standard runway can also be opened to the public after the school hours or during holidays. 6) Downtown and new town Core built-up areas of Shanghai includes downtown and sub-center, the total number of which is 10. These areas are where people concentrate, living and working. Therefore, the recreational trail system should pay special attention to these areas and provide enough trails to meet the needs of people exercising near where they live.
134 Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138
Fig. 4. (a) Distribution of tourist attractions and scenic spots; (b) Distribution of regional parks; (c) Distribution of large urban parks and green spaces; (d) Distribution of historic and cultural area, historic townships and historic villages; (e) Distribution of cultural and sports facilities; (f) Distribution of downtown and new town.
x Linear Space 1) Waterfront Waterfront space includes riverside public spaces and coast area, which are linear spaces along a natural river or the sea. The waterfront area of the city’s main water system are important open public spaces. Creating a pleasant waterfront public environment has great significance to meet the continuity requirement of the recreational trail system and enhance the livability of the city. Main city rivers such as Huangpu River and Suzhou River and other rivers and lakes would be considered while the trail line selection. Among all the waterfront areas, the hinterland with minimum width of 20m would be a priority building the recreational trail. For the closed waterfront area at present, control the whole length of closed section under 20% of the whole waterfront area. A parallel trail next to city roads or on the water would be an alternative for the closed section. Moreover, municipal facilities, such as heavy chemical industry, storage land, large-scale sewage treatment plant, transformer substation and landfill, that may have great negative influence on waterfront areas, generating noises and causing air and water pollution, should be moved away. 2) Ecological corridor Ecological corridor refers to linear landscape elements different from the landscape matrix. Ecological corridors of Shanghai have a radial pattern with 9 branches covering the surrounding area of downtown, including Jiading- Baoshan ecological corridor, Jiading-Qingpu ecological corridor, Qingpu-Songjiang ecological corridor, Huangpu River, Jinshan-Fengxian ecological corridor, Jinhui Harbor ecological corridor, Pudong-Fengxian ecological corridor, Dazhi River and Chongming Island ecological corridor. In recent years of urban development, many suburban and large green wedges surrounding the outer ring are replaced by construction land, causing the ecological corridors not meet the original expectations of ecological functions. Recreational trails would be built inside those ecological corridors mentioned above, choosing appropriate areas with existing pedestrians or planned walking space. Country roads in good condition as well as parkway in country parks are among the areas suitable for trail line selection. 3) Urban road For security and amenity considerations, rapid mobile traffic lines such as national roads, provincial roads and highways are not suitable overlapping with the recreational trails. Under special circumstances, for example, limited spaces not allowing building a new trail and therefore borrowing the city roads, warning signs and other necessary marks and barriers should be added to the existing roads. Urban one-way street and T-shaped urban roads are ideal city roads to be added recreational trails because of its relatively low speed traffic. Boulevard with wide enough street greening can be embedded with recreational trails as well. Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138 135
When planning the urban cycling trails, existing cycling trails are major components. City roads with green belt separation are also ideal choice of building new cycling trails. Continuous part of a cycling trail should not be less than 1km to ensure the continuity of cycling experience. When a cycling trail borrows ways of provincial roads, national roads or city roads without independent non-motorized lanes, the continuous part would be better not over 2km, and the cumulative length of the borrowing roads should not exceed 20% of the whole length of the cycling trail.
In general, the number of urban open public spaces in Shanghai is large and the types are diverse. The core issue of building a recreational trail system in Shanghai can be described in both planning level and design level. In the planning level, different open space elements are relatively independent and forming no interconnected system. In the design level, existing fitness trails usually distribute among city parks and communities, the number of which is not enough while the type is not diverse. The form of existing fitness trails is not under unified design and maintenance situation varies randomly. In order to ensure the safety and comfort of the trail, an unified design standards and guidelines would be needed.
4. Planning and design guide of Shanghai recreational trail system
4.1. Planning layout
The recreational trail system consists of three different types of subsystems including walking trail system, running trail system and cycle trail. Each of the subsystems has its own characteristics and density of distribution. That the moderate convergence and integration among the subsystems will enhance the vitality of the entire trail system. The recreational trail connects all the places where outdoor recreational activities relatively concentrate in Shanghai, including the planar spaces and linear spaces mentioned in last chapter. These outdoor public space are potential spaces to be destinations, serving as nodes of the recreational trail system.
Fig. 5. Layout mode of recreational trail system 136 Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138
x Classified by type of activities According to the three types of activities, walking, running and cycling, for the purpose of leisure, recreational trails can be divided into running trail for runners, cycling trail for bicyclists, and shared trail for all types of activities. Among all the three types of trails, running trail mainly concentrates in downtown area within the outer ring and in new towns where the city’s sub-centres locate. Cycling trail distributes in suburban area, connecting the running trails smoothly. Shared trail is more like linear outdoor public space with running trail and cycling trail combining, allowing more people coming together and sharing the recreational space. Usually, shared trail locates at area with spacious public space and pleasant landscape, such as bund of a main river. x Classified by space experience Referring to the Shanghai Greenway Special Plan that established four types of greenway, and considering the locations and space experiences of the trails, the recreational trails are classified into five types: Sports lines usually locates at the outskirts of the city, allowing people to go hiking or cycling. These trails connect most large tourist attractions in Shanghai, and most of them are shared trails. They are like the backbone network of the trail system. Waterfront lines are trails along the main rivers of the city, aiming to enhance space quality of waterfront area attract more people. Likewise, shared trails are recommended for these lines. Ecological recreation lines are trails through the city structural ecological corridors, mostly borrowing country roads and park roads, to achieve interoperability between downtown and suburbs. Countryside exploration lines covers most regional parks faraway from downtown, and part of historic towns and villages. They are lines aiming to meet people’s needs of using at weekends or holidays. Historic and cultural lines concentrates in Huangpu, Xuhui and Jingan District where historic and cultural areas locate. Trails of this type may be a simple running track or cycling track combining with existing municipal non- motorized lanes, considering their locations are high-density urban areas. Shared trails are not recommended in such areas. x Classified by featured themes On the basis of recreational trail system layout, considering the features and landscape resources of different districts in Shanghai, fifteen theme lines are provided to give common people suggestions of using the trails in certain area. Each theme line represents characteristics of a particular area and encouraging people to explore.
Fig. 6. (a) Recreational trail network of Shanghai; (b) Recreational trail theme of Shanghai; (c) 15 recommended tour line of Shanghai
4.2. Design guide
Considering all the recreational trails are forming an overall system, separately designing one kind of trails is not suggested. Especially where the shared trails appear, different trails should be designed comprehensively. As a result, the design guide is provided to give general information. Width of shared trails is recommended between 1 to Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138 137
3 meters, while isolated running trail is between 1.5 to 2 meters and isolated cycling trail is between 2.5 to 3 meters. The width guarantees two-way travels. Places that not allow enough width can choose one-way trail as an alternative, but another parallel one-way trail should be added close to it. The width of one-way running trail should not be less than 1 meter, and the width of one-way cycling trail should not be less than 1.5 meters. Considering their speed characteristics and the degree of interference, activities with speed under 8km/h belong to low-speed space, where encouraging walking and social activities. Activities with speed between 8km/h and 12km/h belong to medium-speed space, allowing people running and cycling in a relatively low speed. Activities between 12km/h and 20km/h belong to high-speed space for cycling as well as some professional running. That spaces divided by speed is aiming to enhance the degree of mixing usage, and communicating between different people. For parks and waterfront areas that not open free to the public, the proposed height of the fence is below 1.2 meters, encouraging people to see through the fence. Vegetation along the trail should be compatible with the surrounding environment such as waterfront landscape, urban road landscape, farmland landscape and so on, creating a harmonious atmosphere. Making full use of existing facilities and appropriate construction to avoid duplication. Minimizing the scale of construction and limiting the development intensity and building volumes. Facilities should be set mostly at entrances of the recreational trails, next to transit points and landscape nodes to facilitate people’s using and improve efficiency. Unified identification system will be added along the whole trail. All kinds of signage should be clear and concise, and types of signage should not be more than four. The identification system can be divided into three categories: instruction guides, security alerts, and service navigation.
Table 7. Design guidelines Item Low-speed space Medium-speed space High-speed space Leisure path Type Walking trail Running trail Running trail Running trail Cycle trail Cycle trail Width The width of running trail is no less than 0.8m. / The width of running trail is no less than 2.5m. Length The length of running trail is no less than 1km. / The length of running trail is no less than 5km. Material Hard pavement with Soft pavement for running trail; bright colour for Asphalt pavement for cycle trail. running trail. Landscape Sight control Diversity Unity environment Vegetation selection Diversity Unity
Space experience Open Linear corridor
Facilities Security facilities Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Fire facilities Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ambulance facilities Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Health facilities Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Lighting facilities Landscape lighting Landscape lighting Functional lighting Functional lighting Functional lighting Service facilities Toilet, water-drinking facility, deposit, dressing room, vending machine, Stretching apparatus, parking lot, bicycle parking spot 138 Yimeng Yang / Procedia Engineering 198 ( 2017 ) 127 – 138
Recreational Bench, pergola, pavilion Bench Bench facilities Commercial Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ facilities
5. Summary
Tourism, culture, sports, and historic resources are important components of the recreational trail system. Through the planning and construction of urban recreational trail system, the essences and characteristics of the city are excavated. The urban recreational trail will lead the public a tour to show the beauty and diversity of cityscape, stimulate local citizens a sense of belonging and pride, and provides an effective way for foreign visitors to understand the city. The urban recreational trail system is aiming to enhance the urban livability. It encourages the public to use. Therefore, the planning of Shanghai recreational trail system, based on the consideration of both users’ needs and the present resource conditions, will connect most attracting urban scenic spots and therefore drive the update of urban open public spaces. It does not overturn the former pattern of urban human settlements. Instead, it adds an important layer of information in urban living – recreation, and shows the humanistic care of the city.
Acknowledgements
The proposal of this paper could not have been possible without the participation and assistance of many people whose names may not all be enumerated. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. I would like to express my appreciation and indebtedness to the following: Ms. XI Wenqin and Mr. QIAN Xin for their guidance and support; Ms. HE Ying, Ms. GUI Yunfei, and Ms. HU Haiyang for their kind and understanding spirit during working time. Thank you all.
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