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The Blowhole the Flagstaff Area Has a Number of Holes in the Ground from Which Air from Underground Chambers Blows at Speeds Approaching 30 Mph

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The Blowhole the Flagstaff Area Has a Number of Holes in the Ground from Which Air from Underground Chambers Blows at Speeds Approaching 30 Mph Rio Hondo Prep Arizona Geology Field Camp Geology Basics Let’s start off with a review of the major rock Sandstone whose layers are at different angles are classes. called cross-bedded sandstone. They are formed There are three different types of rocks, when winds change direction on sand dune deposits Sedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic. Any rock which account for the different angles of the layers. that exists can be classified in one of these three categories, which are named dependent on how the rock formed. SEDIMENTARY ROCK Sedimentary rock is formed in a one of two ways, thus there are two types of Sedimentary rock, clastic and non-clastic (organic or chemical composition). Clastic Sedimentary rock is formed from bits and pieces of pre-existing rock that has been weathered (broken apart), eroded (transported away from its original location, usually by water or wind), and deposited. The loose deposits are then buried by other deposits, which compact the tiny grains together. The grains are then ‘cemented’ together to Limestone is found throughout Northern Arizona, form new rock. and is the surface rock type in most of Flagstaff and One of the common rock types in Arizona is the Grand Canyon. Sandstone. Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock formed when sand- sized grains (mostly quartz) eroded from other rocks are deposited in a layer which is later compressed by sediments above it. Compression is only part of the process; water from the surface which contains calcium and other elements form a cement to make the rock hard. If this Limestone is commonly formed in a clear, warm, shallow sea. Creatures that die in the sea slowly sink to the bottom, forming a layer of organic material (mostly calcium from very small shelled creatures). When the sediment is thick enough, it is compressed and formed into Limestone. Anything that settles to the bottom of the ocean is fair game in Limestone, including fish bones, aquatic plants, clams and other sea creatures. Limestone can also contain layers of sand and ash from volcanic eruptions. Under normal conditions, it take 100 years to accumulate 2 inches of sediment. Compaction to process does not occur, the resulting sandstone is form rock will squeeze that 2 inches of sediment into very weak and erodes easily (like at Petrified Forest ½ -1 inch of rock. and Coalmine Canyon). Use for Assignment #1 c:\users\phil\google drive\2018 az trip\source files\01 geology basics.docx Page 1 Rio Hondo Prep Arizona Geology Field Camp Geology Basics Limestone is soluble in water, composed of Calcium Conglomerate is a mish-mash of large and small Carbonate. This rocks cemented together. The “clasts”, or bits of rock causes caves to are rounded due to erosion (usually water). If the form when clasts are jagged, the rock is called Breccia. underground water You will see conglomerate at the Petrified Forest. flows through the Limestone. The rock layers underneath Flagstaff contain an extensive cave system with an entrance yet to be discovered. Shale is also found in Arizona. Shale is formed in the same way as Limestone, but the water where the sediments are deposited was lacking oxygen (such as in a swamp or lagoon, where the water doesn’t flow or move very much), and the ‘gook’ at the bottom is dark or black. The sediments are very small in size, and squeeze into thin layers, one on top of Sedimentary rocks are deposited arranged in the other. layers called strata, and are generally laid down in level, horizontal layers. The Law of Superposition states that the layers at the bottom of a series of stratigraphic rocks were laid down first (and are older) than the layers on the top of the series. The Grand Canyon shows this very well. Rocks on the bottom of the canyon are much older than rocks at the top of canyon. As you descend down the canyon, the rocks get older and older. Use for Assignment #1 c:\users\phil\google drive\2018 az trip\source files\01 geology basics.docx Page 2 Rio Hondo Prep Arizona Geology Field Camp Geology Basics Here is a summary of sedimentary rocks you may see on this trip: Rock Description Origin Sandstone Grains of sand cemented together, usually by Can form from buried sand dunes, or Calcite. Color: tan, red (if iron is present), beige. from a coastline or other near-shore environment. Shale Grains of silt and clay (very fine particles) Formed in a stagnant, oxygen- cemented together, usually breaking in flat, thin deprived marine environment, such slabs. Can also be mudstone or siltstone. as a swamp or lagoon. Conglomerate Sand and pebbles deposited as gravel and then Forms in stream channels, and at cemented together. the mouths of canyons and deltas. Limestone Composed mostly of calcite deposited as a light- Deposited in a marine environment, colored mud. Usually white or gray, often like a shallow inland sea with clear, containing fossils. warm water (tropical environment). Use for Assignment #1 c:\users\phil\google drive\2018 az trip\source files\01 geology basics.docx Page 3 Rio Hondo Prep Arizona Geology Field Camp Geology Basics IGNEOUS ROCK surface). Because the temperature at the surface of Igneous rock is ‘new rock’, formed from magma or the Earth is much cooler than the interior, the lava lava that cools. There are two types of igneous rock; cools and solidifies very quickly (minutes to hours Intrusive and Extrusive, which describes how the and sometimes days). rock cooled off while solidifying. Intrusive Igneous In Northern Arizona, Basalt is very common. It is a rocks are cooled slowly beneath the surface of the dark, heavy rock, formed when very fluid lava flowed Earth. The rocks surrounding the liquid magma act as from a volcano along the ground. Many basalts are an insulator, allowing the magma to cool very slowly peppered with holes. These are formed from gas (as much as thousands of years). Because the bubbles in the lava which cooled leaving holes. You magma is cooling slowly, crystals have a chance to will see a lot of this in our travels. grow. The slower the cooling process, the larger the crystals that form. Some quartz crystals in slow cooling magmas can be measured in feet. There are two main types of lava flows that form basalts, Pahoehoe which is formed from lava flowing quickly across the ground, and Aa, which is chunkier Later, these rocks can be exposed at the surface. and does not flow as well. Granite is the most common intrusive igneous rock (California’s Sierra Nevada Mountain Range is almost exclusively granite). Extrusive igneous rocks are formed when underground magma comes to the surface and can form a volcano (magma becomes lava when it reaches the Pumice and cinders are closely related; they are molten material thrown from a volcano that cool very quickly. Pumice incorporates a lot of air in its structure and is less dense than water so that it is a rock that floats. Use for Assignment #1 c:\users\phil\google drive\2018 az trip\source files\01 geology basics.docx Page 4 Rio Hondo Prep Arizona Geology Field Camp Geology Basics Here is a summary of igneous rocks you may see on this trip: Rock Class Description Origin Basalt Extrusive Igneous Very fine-grained black Fluid lava from a rock, often showing volcano that flows along small holes caused by the earth’s surface. gas bubbles while cooling. Pumice Extrusive Igneous Usually red or gray, Molten lava thrown into lightweight rock, full of the air. Incorporates air holes. High air content when falling. allows rock to float in water. Use for Assignment #1 c:\users\phil\google drive\2018 az trip\source files\01 geology basics.docx Page 5 Rio Hondo Prep Arizona Geology Field Camp Geology Basics METAMORPHIC ROCKS Metamorphic Rocks are formed when pre-existing rocks are squished or heated, causing recrystallization of the rocks to form different rocks. There are two common ways in which rocks can be metamorphosed. These are called contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism. Contact metamorphism occurs in a small area, often when magma below the surface heats up the rock next to it, causing the contact rock to recrystalize. The heat needed for recrystallization can only travel a short distance, therefore the amount of rock changed is small in comparison to.... ...regional metamorphism, where a large amount of rock is buried so deep below the surface that the pressure and heat is enough to cause recrystallization. Some common metamorphic rocks are Marble, which is formed when Limestone is metamorphosed. Quartzite is formed when Sandstone or Conglomerate is recrystallized. Other very common types of metamorphic rocks are gneiss (pronounced nice) and schist. These rocks are so altered that the parent rock is not easy to distinguish. A summary of common metamorphic rocks: Rock Description Origin Marble Light-colored rock composed Limestone that has been almost entirely of interlocking metamorphosed. crystals. Visible calcite crystals are common. Quartzite Usually light-colored Sandstone or Conglomerate composed of recrystalized that has been tightly sand grains and pebbles. compacted. Greenstone Dark gray or green rock; Created by the metamorphism massive (no visible crystals). of basalt or other dark igneous rock. Gneiss Mostly dark rock with bands of Most formed from the lighter material running metamorphism of granite or through it. sandstone. Schist Very fine layered, dark rock. Formed from very intense Weathered schist breaks heat and pressure. along fine layers. Mica common. Use for Assignment #1 c:\users\phil\google drive\2018 az trip\source files\01 geology basics.docx Page 6 Rio Hondo Prep Arizona Geology Field Camp Geology Basics HISTORICAL GEOLOGY Let’s now go back to the Law of Superposition.
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