Along the seashore 8ljkiXc`X`jk_\nfic[Ëjj`ok_cXi^\jk ZflekipXe[`jjliifle[\[Ypj\X% @k_XjXmXjkZfXjkc`e\Çjfd\*.''' b`cfd\ki\j%8cfe^`kXi\dfi\k_Xe((''' Y\XZ_\jXe[XeldY\if]jklee`e^ eXkliXc]\Xkli\j#jlZ_XjM`Zkfi`XËjKn\cm\ 8gfjkc\jXe[N\jk\ie8ljkiXc`XËj E`e^XcffI\\]%Knffk_\ij#k_\>i\Xk 9Xii`\iI\\]Xe[=iXj\i@jcXe[#Xi\ Nfic[?\i`kX^\8i\Xj%  Dfjkf]8ljkiXc`XËjgfglcXk`fec`m\j Zcfj\kfk_\ZfXjkc`e\#gXik`ZlcXicp`ek_\ \XjkXe[jflk_$\Xjk%Fecp(,g\iZ\ekc`m\j dfi\k_XeXe_fliËj[i`m\]ifdk_\j\X%  K_\mXip`e^Zc`dXk`ZZfe[`k`fejXe[ \em`ifed\ekjf]8ljkiXc`XËjZfXjkc`e\Xccfn `kkfjlggfikXi`Z_[`m\ij`kpf]jg\Z`\j% @edfi\i\Z\ek[\ZX[\j#jfd\f]k_\j\# Xe[jfd\]iX^`c\ZfXjkXc\em`ifed\ekj# _Xm\Y\\e`eZi\Xj`e^cpk_i\Xk\e\[Yp gfcclk`fe#liYXe[\m\cfgd\ekXe[ kfli`jd%

( 9iX`ejkfidknfZcXjjc`jkj1 X eXkliXcZfXjkXc]\Xkli\jXe[ Y _ldXeXZk`m`k`\jfi[\m\cfgd\ekj kpg`ZXccp]fle[Xcfe^ZfXjkc`e\j% ) K_\cXi^\`dX^\fek_\c\]k`jXj\Zk`fe f]k_\Kn\cm\8gfjkc\j%  X N_p[fpflk_`ebk_`jd`^_kY\ • How coastlines are formed jlZ_XgfglcXikfli`jkXkkiXZk`fe6 • In what ways people use coastal environments  Y ?fnZflc[kfli`jdgfk\ek`Xccp and some of the effects of this use X]]\Zkk_`jeXkliXc\em`ifed\ek6 • Why pollution is causing serious problems for many * N_Xkjfikjf]gi\jjli\j[fpflk_`eb Australian coastlines _ldXeXZk`m`kpXe[[\m\cfgd\ek • How coastlines can be managed to balance competing d`^_kY\gcXZ`e^fek_\jki\kZ_f] demands in a sustainable way ZfXjkc`e\`ek_\jdXcc\i`dX^\6Australia’s population lives in coastal towns and cities (more A than 25 per cent within three kilometres of the coast). This means that beaches and other coastal landforms are familiar sights for most people. Most of the coastal features we see today were formed in the last 6000 years, after the sea reached its present level. Coastal landforms are formed by A number of different natural sediment-carrying rivers, glaciers two main processes — erosion forces act together to produce or active volcanoes can also and deposition. Some of the coastal landforms. For example, be shaped (that is, built up or landforms resulting from erosion some coastlines, such as those destroyed) by the natural processes are cliffs, rocky platforms, of western South America, lie of these features. headlands, caves, blowholes, stacks adjacent to the boundary of Most typically, though, coastal and arches. In places sheltered tectonic plates, and may be landforms are shaped by the inter- from strong winds and wave infl uenced by movement in the action of waves and wind. More attack, sediments are deposited bedrock as plates move against detail on how this happens — how to form features such as beaches, or pull away from each other. waves build and destroy coastlines spits, dunes, estuaries and lagoons. Other coastlines close to — is provided on pages 4–8. :fXjkXccXe[]fidj Waves are refracted (bent towards) a Over time, the caves Erosion between low and high headland and release energy either side of will erode on either tides undercuts rocks and a rocky Dune blowouts occur when it. Caves will be formed where weak rocks side of a headland and platform develops. This undercut high winds blow the sand long are eroded on each side of a headland. join to form an arch. section eventually becomes weak distances over the land. and collapses, creating a cliff.

Estuaries are the parts of a river that are tidal and occur at the sea. They catch mud, sand Further erosion of the and nutrients. rock supporting the arch A lagoon is formed will cause it to collapse, when a sandbar begins leaving a stack. to develop, eventually closing an estuary.

Beaches are formed when material is brought to the shore by waves. The material can be sand, stones or pebbles.

Dunes are formed when sand on a beach is stabilised by vegetation.

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REMEMBER 1 N_XkXi\k_\knfdX`egifZ\jj\j Ypn_`Z_ZfXjkXccXe[]fidjXi\ ]fid\[6spit is formed when a sandbar closes an estuary. T/F ÇXZfXjkXccXe[]fid Zi\Xk\[Yp[\gfj`k`fe Estuaries trap nutrient-rich sediments. T/F Longshore drift moves sand and other THINK material along a beach. If this drift occurs mainly in one direction, sand may extend 4 N_`Z_ZfXjkXc]\Xkli\j`ek_\ along the coastline forming a spit. `ccljkiXk`fe[fpflk_`ebXi\ Y\`e^1   X  Yl`cklg6   Y [\jkifp\[ `%\%nfie[fne fi\if[\[ 6  Aljk`]ppfliZ_f`Z\j% 5 N_p[fjkXZbjgifm`[\\m`[\eZ\ k_Xkk_\ZfXjkc`e\nXjfeZ\ ]lik_\iflkkfj\X6 6 :_ffj\knf]\Xkli\j&cXe[]fidj A spit can sometimes join two land areas. This is called a tombolo. `ek_\`ccljkiXk`fe%EXd\k_\d Xe[jb\kZ_k_\`igfk\ek`Xc]lkli\ Xgg\XiXeZ\%8eefkXk\pfli jb\kZ_#c`jk`e^i\Xjfejkfaljk`]p pfligi\[`Zk`fe% If caves develop in places exposed to the sea and INQUIRE waves, water rushes in and 7 :_ffj\fe\ZfXjkXccXe[]fid can cause pressure to build at the back of the cave. If a k_Xk`ek\i\jkjpfl%Ni`k\Ôm\ section of rock in the roof hl\jk`fejpflnflc[c`b\ of the cave is weak, part of Xejn\i\[XYflk`kk_XkXi\efk the roof may collapse and a Xci\X[pXejn\i\[`ek_`jjgi\X[% is formed. blowhole JnXgpflihl\jk`fejn`k_X gXike\i%Lj\k_\@ek\ie\kXe[ fk_\ii\]\i\eZ\jfliZ\jkfj\\ _fndXeppflZXeXejn\i% I CAN: appreciate how key parts of a coastal system are formed Headlands are formed when coastal draw and describe how coastlines rocks are very hard and resist erosion from the waves. Softer can change over time rocks either side of the headland are investigate, in more detail, a
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\ehc[Z OASTS, LIKE all natural systems, are constantly experiencing change. While some C coastal features, such as stacks, are being eroded and breaking down, others, such as beaches, may be building up. Over time, a natural balance is preserved between the processes of erosion and deposition. Erosion is the wearing away of the Destructive and When storms occur and Earth’s surface by agents such as waves are large, more material wind and water. Wind and waves constructive waves is carried away in the backwash create the energy that erodes the Waves carry sand and other to deep water. These are called rocks along coastlines. You will be material on and off the shore. destructive waves. When the aware of this energy if you have When a wave breaks, the water waves are small and contain less ever been dumped by a large wave! from it runs up the beach. This is energy, sand and other materials Waves are constantly striking called the swash. The movement are more likely to be carried up against a coastline. When the of water back down the beach to in the swash and laid down as weather is windy, the waves are the sea is called the backwash. deposits on the beach. These larger and more powerful. As the You may have observed the swash are called constructive waves. waves hit the coastline, the energy and backwash moving sand, shells, The fi rst diagram on the left on in them is used to erode rocks seaweed and other material up and the next page shows how waves and move sand, pebbles and other down a beach. bring material to a beach. material. Some rocks are more resistant to erosion than others and will not wear away as quickly. These differences can result in a variety of coastlines and coastal features.

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( :fXjkXcgifZ\jj\j worksheet 2 Longshore drift The end result of this is that material is moved along Sand and other material can be carried along a shore the beach. This movement is called longshore drift as well as up and down it. The direction of the and is shown in the middle diagram below. prevailing winds means that waves usually move Longshore drift can be seasonal. This means towards the shore at an angle. The material is washed its direction can change from season to season, up the shore in the swash at the same angle as the depending on the direction from which the wind is wave whereas the backwash moves straight down the blowing. An example of this is shown in the diagram beach (under the natural infl uence of gravity). below right.

0 250 500 m Black Wave direction Longshore Rock Point N drift

Nove Wave direction DOMINAN mber– April–October A SEA M T DRIF a Sea rc Dunes h

N T Beach N

Beach Cliff Wind and wave direction Movement of wave Rocky shore onto beach Edge of Backwash shoreline during: New sand and Direction beach Autumn rock deposits material is moved Spring QUIET CORNER

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[hei_ed DIVERSE RANGE of coastal landforms and features are formed by the action of A erosion. These include cliffs and rocky platforms, bays and headlands, caves, arches, stacks, blowholes and inlets. Cliffs and rocky platforms This photograph shows cliffs and rocky platforms on the Tasman Peninsula in Tasmania. These are formed by waves eroding the rock face between high and low tide. The erosion causes a notch to form at the base of the rock face, where the waves strike it. As the notch becomes larger, it undercuts the rock face and a rocky platform develops beneath it. This undercut section eventually becomes weak and collapses. Over time, this process is repeated many times. The cliffs gradually retreat inland while the rocky platform extends further into the sea. This process is shown in the diagram opposite.

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High tide

Low tide

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Rock debris

High tide Bays and headlands Headlands and bays result from rocks eroding in different ways. Soft rocks are worn away more readily and form bays. Harder rocks take longer to erode and Low tide form headlands. Sand eroded from the headlands may be transported into the bay. The photograph above of the Isle of Purbeck in southern England * shows an example of this type of coastline. Caves, arches and stacks The bending of waves is important in the formation Rock debris of caves, arches and stacks. As waves approach the High tide shore, they come into contact with the sea floor and headlands and begin to bend. This bending of waves is called refraction and is shown in the diagram below. Waves bend towards a headland, releasing energy on both sides. Low tide

Wave + direction

Cliff Rock debris

High tide Headland Headland

Low tide Beach

Rocky platform

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ioij[ci Caves form where weak rocks are eroded on each side of a headland.

Beach

Cave

Headland Wave direction Cave

Beach

Arch

Headland Wave direction

Over time, caves erode enough to join together, forming an arch.

Beach

Stack

Headland Wave direction Stack Further erosion of the rock supporting the arch causes it to collapse, leaving stacks.

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( :fXjkXccXe[]fidjgif[lZ\[Yp\ifj`fe worksheet 3 Blowholes and inlets Caves will sometimes develop in a position exposed to the sea and waves. When the water rushes in it can cause pressure to build at the back of the cave. If a section of rock in the roof of the cave is weak, part of the roof may collapse and a blowhole is formed, as shown in the photograph on the left. If the entire roof of the cave collapses, an inlet will be formed. Loch Ard Gorge in Port Campbell National Park is CfZ_8i[>fi^\`ec\k#Gfik:XdgY\cc NXk\ijglik`e^]ifdXYcfn_fc\ an example of an inlet. EXk`feXcGXib#M`Zkfi`X

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( Sand dunes Sand dunes are formed by the wind when dry sand is blown to the back of the beach. The sand is trapped and forms a dune. The initial dune is called the foredune. Grass such as spinifex usually grows on a foredune, trapping the sand. Behind the foredune, backdunes may develop. Over time, other forms of vegetation, such as shrubs and trees, will grow and help to stabilise the backdunes.

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Foredune Backdune Sea Beach

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Direction of wave advance Starting position of surfer

1 2 3 4 5

Surface One wave length

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( When standing in the breakers, you can feel the • a coastline that is affected more often by large sea force of the water as an undercurrent as it returns swells to the sea. Sometimes the water is channelled into • a seabed shape that assists waves to break; for currents that fl ow strongly out to sea. These are example, steep seabeds and deep water will called rips and can be dangerous to swimmers. produce tube waves, and a reef or a ridge of Experienced surfers, however, use rips to take them sand a short way offshore will cause waves out to deeper water where they can catch a suddenly to spill. larger wave. Good surfi ng beaches Popular surfi ng beaches have certain features that result in a high percentage of good surfi ng waves. Typical features include: • the particular direction in which waves reach the shore, which enables them to break in a roll along the beach. THINK 1

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On 26 December 2004, a tsunami This fi gure may increase further The Asian survivors face an spread out over thousands of with deaths from hunger, injuries and uncertain future. Many have lost kilometres across the Indian Ocean, diseases such as tetanus and typhoid. family (including both parents), hitting coastal communities in 11 Many of the people who died, or who homes, businesses and their means of countries. It destroyed lives, towns, are still missing, were tourists from transport. Public infrastructure, such farms and infrastructure. It was countries such as Sweden, Germany as roads, hospitals and communi- triggered by the largest earthquake and Australia. cations facilities, has been completely for 40 years. Measuring 9.0 on the destroyed in some areas, and there is a Richter scale, the earthquake was lack of fresh water and food. Close to centred on the ocean fl oor, some 200 THAILAND 400 000 people have been forced into kilometres off the west coast of refugee camps. Banda Aceh The tsunami’s epicentre was northern Sumatra in Indonesia. Meulaboh At least 164 752 people are known MALAYSIA 250 kilometres south-south-east of the to have died, although the death toll Sumatra Sumatran city of Banda Aceh. The is likely to have been much higher earthquake hit Banda Aceh at 6.58 am than this fi gure. At least 122 232 local time. Within 15 minutes, a 20- INDONESIA metre-high tsunami had reached are known to have died in Indonesia 0 250 500 km (mainly in northern Sumatra) alone. Banda Aceh, pushing a three-metre- high wall of water, mud and debris up to ten kilometres inland. After the The surge of water westwards The pressure water receded, the streets were fi lled pulled water away from of tectonic with cars, boats, rubbish and dead coastlines to the east (e.g. plates Thailand), before they pushing bodies. returned as massive waves. against each other forced :flekip ;\X[ D`jj`e^ one to slip under the @e[fe\j`X ()))*) ((*0*. other. The Ji`CXebX *'0.+ +-0/ resultant 10 m-high @e[`X ('..- ,-+' bulge in the K_X`cXe[ *0, )00* sea fl oor was 1200 km JfdXc`X (,' Ç long. DXc[`m\j /) )- DXcXpj`X -/ Ç DpXedXi ,0 Ç KXeqXe`X (' Ç Movement of plate J\pZ_\cc\j * Ç The slippage 9Xe^cX[\j_ ) Ç propelled a B\epX ( Ç wave of water The earthquake occurred westwards about 7 km beneath the KFK8C (-+.,) ().)0+ Aljk`eI`Z_Xi[jfe towards fl oor of the ocean. JfliZ\1 Waves travelled as far Sri Lanka Le`k\[EXk`fej (reaching it west as Somalia and as 8eXkfdpf]k_\9fo`e^;Xp)''+kjleXd`% far south as Rockingham about two (Western Australia). hours later). K_\\Xik_hlXb\Xe[jlYj\hl\ekkjleXd`fZZlii\[Xcfe^ Xj\Zk`fef]k_\Yfle[XipY\kn\\ek\Zkfe`ZgcXk\j% X

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YeWiji5 OASTS are used by people in many ways, making them an important resource. C Coastal use has also changed over time, as new ways have been found to use parts of the coast. Aboriginal people have long used the natural coastal environment as a source of food. The photograph below shows a shoreline modifi ed to act as a fi sh trap. Sand, however, would have been of little use for the people in these communities. Today, the silicon component of sand is important for glass making. Individuals and groups of people make different uses of the coast and, therefore, have different views about it. At times these uses and opinions may be in confl ict; at other times they co-exist. The photograph on the right of this page presents examples of how the coast may be used by some people. There may also be environmental consequences of the uses made of coastlines. Mining a beach for sand has obvious environmental effects. Environmental G\fgc\\eafpk_\ZfXjkc`e\]fidXep[`]]\i\eki\Xjfej% impact may also be different depending on the time of year. For example, the large numbers of beach- However, sea walls often cause the beach in goers in summer will have a different impact on the front of them to erode. When storm waves hit beach compared with fewer visitors in winter. a sea wall, they bounce off and wash the sand In many coastal areas, sea walls have been built back into the sea. In time, the beach disappears to protect housing threatened by coastal erosion. and the sea wall is undercut and crumbles.

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jhekXb[ EOPLE FLOCK to beach environments for recreational 0 15 30 km P activities, modifying them to better serve their N needs. Unfortunately, the effects of these changes are Melbourne Urban area often dramatic and harmful to the natural environment. x Hampton Beach The solutions are generally costly and they impact further on the region. Hampton Beach, in Victoria, Port Phillip Bay provides an insight into the natural coastal processes and ways in which human interference can both degrade a coastal region and reverse coastal degradation.

Longshore drift is the term used to describe the way DXgf]GfikG_`cc`g9Xp#j_fn`e^ in which beach sediment moves along a shore. (See ?Xdgkfe9\XZ_ page 5 for diagrams.) Longshore drift occurs when the waves approach a shoreline at an oblique angle, foreshore had previously been a vital source of thus forcing sediment up the beach at the same angle sand for the beach. The interruption of longshore (the swash). The backwash flows back directly down drift meant that any material deposited by wave the beach. The overall effect of this action is to move action would move into the harbour during winter sediment along the shore. Sometimes the direction of but could not then move in the reverse direction longshore drift is seasonal, as is the case, for example, in summer. at Hampton Beach. By the 1970s, the beach had completely In summer, sand is moved north-west towards disappeared. The sea wall was also suffering extreme Green Point and in the winter south-east towards damage, requiring frequent and costly repair. In Picnic Point (see the diagram on page 19). The addition, constant maintenance was needed to construction of Sandringham Harbour interfered prevent the harbour from being choked with this natural process, causing sand to build by sand. up in the harbour during winter, posing a threat to boats moored in the marina. The construction Technology holds the key works also prevented sand being redistributed The local community was becoming alarmed at during the summer, making the beach less attractive the increasing range of problems associated with to beach-goers. Hampton Beach. Those with vision realised that Severe storm activity in 1934 resulted in careful planning could see the return of this once considerable erosion of the beach area of Hampton popular beach. Several studies were undertaken to Beach, as well as severe damage to yachts and fishing ensure that the best possible results were achieved. vessels. At the time, it was feared that nearby Beach Every effort was made to ensure that decisions were Road and adjacent homes would be damaged. A carefully thought through and that all possible stone wall (see page 20) was built to protect the cliffs environmental impacts were thoroughly considered. and residential developments from further threats. The mistakes caused by quick decision making and In the 1950s, a stone breakwater (see page 21) was insufficient attention to long-term environmental added to ensure that Sandringham would be a safe effects were recognised. The aim was to restore harbour and that vessels within it would be protected Hampton Beach as a sustainable beach, while from storm activity. taking full account of aspects such as access, These actions, though well-meaning, were traffic, the marine ecosystem, water quality and disastrous for the beach environment. The eroding stormwater management. '. >kcWd_j_[i
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Sandringham Ham Marina Harbour Sea wall Timber groyne Rock anchor groyne Breakwater Sandringham Beach sand Pier ?Xdgkfe9\XZ_cffb`e^efik_Y\]fi\Y\XZ_i\efli`j_d\ek Sand build-up in summer Picnic Sand build-up Point The fi nal solution was to construct two rock in winter anchor groynes (page 20) to anchor the beach and protect it from the seasonal variations in longshore J\XjfeXccfe^j_fi\[i`]kXk?Xdgkfe9\XZ_#GfikG_`cc`g9Xp drift. These groynes would also house stormwater drains (housed within the groynes, but hidden from has confi rmed there is no evidence that the delicate public view). Two smaller timber groynes (page 20) marine environment has suffered any adverse effects as a result of the works. With careful planning, people were also built to provide extra stability to the beach can region. live in harmony with nature, enjoying all its The fi nal stage in the re-creation of the beach was benefi ts and beauty. People can also do a great deal to to dredge sand from a site 350 metres south-west of solve environmental problems created by past actions. the Sandringham breakwater. This site was chosen because of its coarse sand, which was more likely to remain in place and not be washed or blown away. To complete the renourishment of Hampton Beach, suction dredges were used to pump approximately 160 000 cubic metres of sand into specially constructed compartments of the beach. This meant sand could be directed to the right area. The process began on 15 September 1997 and continued around the clock for ten days. The end result Today Hampton Beach has been restored, although its appearance is somewhat different to that of 100 years ago. The shoreline has been protected and massive revegetation programs (page 21) have been carried out. Ongoing environmental monitoring ?Xdgkfe9\XZ_cffb`e^efik_X]k\iY\XZ_i\efli`j_d\ek '/ 9eWijWb
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Sheltered area Wave breaks on protected breakwater reducing from erosion much of its energy Advantages/disadvantages  Waves break in the deeper water, reducing their energy at the shore.  It destroys the surfi ng amenity of the coast.  It requires large boulders in large quantities.  The cost is extremely high.

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Advantages/disadvantages  House threatened It allows easier management of the dune area. by erosion  It allows natural beach processes to continue.  It increases public access to the beach. Sea level  There is a loss of revenue to the local council.  There may be possible social problems with residents who must move.  It exposes the backdune area, which will need protection.  There is an extremely high cost.  It does not solve sand loss.

THINK 1 N_p[fpflk_`ebi\j`[\ek`XcZfXjkXcjki`gjd`^_kY\ dfi\Zfdgc\okfdXeX^\k_Xe#jXp#`ecXe[jlYliYj6 EffjXËj]Xdflj >`m\\oXdgc\jkfjlggfikpflim`\n% ?Xjk`e^jJki\\k 2 F]k_\ZfXjkXcdXeX^\d\ekfgk`fejgi\j\ek\[`ek_`j jgi\X[1 EffjX9\XZ_   X n_`Z_knfnflc[`emfcm\_`^_ZXg`kXcZfjkj6   Y n_`Z_knfXi\c`b\cpkfY\Êm`jlXc\p\jfi\jË6 TEAMWORK   Z n_`Z_knfn`cc`emfcm\fe^f`e^dX`ek\eXeZ\6 3 Fe\f]k_\Z_Xcc\e^\jZfXjkXcdXeX^\ij]XZ\`j 6 Nfib`ejdXcc^iflgj%:_ffj\X YXcXeZ`e^k_\Zfdg\k`e^`ek\i\jkjf]k_fj\n_f_Xm\ ZfXjkXci\j`[\ek`Xc\em`ifed\ekn`k_ jfd\k_`e^kf^X`eficfj\YpXgXik`ZlcXi[\Z`j`fe% n_`Z_pflXi\]Xd`c`Xi%   X N_fd`^_kY\ ` [`jX[mXekX^\[Xe[   X @[\ek`]pZlii\ekfigfk\ek`Xc `` X[mXekX^\[Ypk_\ÊgliZ_Xj\gifg\ikpËfgk`fe6 dXeX^\d\ekgifYc\dj]fik_`j   Y N_fnflc[Y\e\Ôk]ifdk_\ÊY\XZ_efli`j_d\ekË Xi\X \%^%Y\XZ_jkXY`c`kp#kiX]ÔZ fgk`fe#Xe[n_p6 Zfekifc#ef`j\el`jXeZ\#gXib`e^ %   Z N_fd`^_kY\c`b\cpkfjkife^cpfggfj\k_\   Y :fd\lgn`k_XÔm\$gf`ek Êf]]j_fi\Yi\XbnXk\iËfgk`fe6 dXeX^\d\ekjkiXk\^pkfY\jk   [ N_`Z_fgk`fe&jd`^_kY\c`b\cpkfdfjkZfeZ\ie X[[i\jjk_\j\%@]Y\XZ_i\jkfiXk`fe \em`ifed\ekXc`jkj6 figifk\Zk`fe`je\\[\[#aljk`]p 4 @en_XknXpjd`^_k\XZ_f]k_\j\fgk`fej#`] n_`Z_f]k_\fgk`fejflkc`e\[ `dgc\d\ek\[#Z_Xe^\k_\ÊZ_XiXZk\iË \%^%g\fgc\ _\i\n`ccY\dfjk\]]\Zk`m\% n_fZ_ffj\kfc`m\&m`j`k#c`b\cpXZk`m`k`\j f]XZfXjkXc i\j`[\ek`XcXi\X6 I CAN: 5 N_Xkjfikf]ZfXjkXcdXeX^\d\ek`jjl\j[fpfl appreciate why coastal residential areas may pose management challenges k_`ebXi`j\]fik_\_`^_cpgfglcXiXi\Xf]EffjX#fe think about the different viewpoints people might have to Hl\\ejcXe[ËjJlej_`e\:fXjk#j_fneXYfm\i`^_k6 coastal management solutions suggest solutions to best address current/potential
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fWha \Xjk\ieZfXjk RASER ISLAND, the largest sand island Fin the world, lies off the coast of Queensland. It is around 123 kilometres in length, 15 kilometres at its widest point and 165 280 hectares in area. The island is recognised worldwide for its geographical uniqueness, natural beauty, unpolluted landscape and its diversity of fl ora and fauna. Keeping it that way is a management challenge. More than 98 per cent of Fraser Island is part of the Great Sandy National Park. The island as a whole was given World Heritage listing in 1992, one of 16 sites in Australia to be awarded this status. It is largely untouched by the negative aspects of human settlement and activity. The management challenge for Fraser Island is to balance the protection of its World Heritage-listed environment with fostering tourism. A special environment The island’s special features include: • long surf beaches and rocky headlands • about 40 crystal-clear freshwater lakes. Some of these are perched lakes (that is, they sit, or perch, on an impermeable layer of rock or hardened organic matter lying above the watertable). There are also ‘window’ and barrage lakes. Window lakes appear when depressions in the land surface dip below the watertable, thus exposing part of it. Barrage lakes form when shifting sand dunes block running water and cause it to pool. • many streams and creeks • coloured sand cliffs, some 35 kilometres in length • salt pans, lagoons, mangrove forests and wetlands kcWd_j_[i
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Moodoora Rooney Point Lagoon

Fe\f]k_\`jcXe[ËjdXepjXe[Ycfnj2k_\j_Xg\f]k_\ [le\j`e[`ZXk\jk_\[`i\Zk`fef]k_\gi\mX`c`e^n`e[% • offshore seagrass beds to support colonies of dugong Platypus Bay Waddy Point • over 25 species of mammals, including Wathumba dingoes thought to be the purest strain of Swamp

the species in Australia Yeerall Creek Indian Head

• over 350 species of birds. One of Australia’s B o w a l rarest birds, the endangered ground parrot, HERVEY C ND r e e is found on the island. BAY k

• vast sandblows (that is, tracts of sand ISLA B ow Lake moved by the wind) and lofty sand dunes. a rr Bowarrady ad y W C o re r e a k l Past land uses ie C r Dundubara ee Fraser Island once had a sand-mining industry Boomerang k (mining its tracts of mineral-rich black sand). Lakes This was stopped in 1976 following a federal Coomboo Moon Point Y id Lakes n e government inquiry. There was also a timber y C E li re C e re industry, disbanded in December 1991 by k e Woody k the Queensland Government after a separate Island B og imb inquiry. ah Creek Management challenges Happy Valley B o ch o Kingfisher Bay n SER a

Hundreds of thousands of tourists now visit Be B

o Rainbow Gorge o

n the Fraser coast region every year, injecting FRA C r some $366 million into the region in 1999. River Heads ee e k l

Mi It is estimated that 32 per cent of this visitor Lake Wan g g McKenzie Eurong oolba C expenditure was contributed by tourists to reek Fraser Island itself. The most obvious risks Key Lake Five that tourism brings to the national park have Birrabeen Dilli Village Kingfisher Bay Key locations World Heritage Area y to do with land-clearing, waste, increased Lake t Boomanjin traffic and disturbance of the island’s flora en Fraser Island coast Sev and fauna. Lake Mangrove

Ecotourism facilities Swamp

The island’s Kingfisher Bay Resort and k Creeks

G Village has the highest level of accreditation Cree r Main road

e v a as an ecotourism facility. An environmental t Go Minor road S a impact statement was prepared before n Tracks d y

S the proposed facility was approved for t r a construction. it Jabiru Dingo management Swamp N In the past, many tourists fed the dingoes Hook Point Inskip 0 5 10 15 km that roam the island. In April 2001, however, Point a young boy was tragically killed by dingoes. =iXj\i@jcXe[ (- 9eWijWb
ioij[ci M`j`kfieldY\ijkf=iXj\i@jcXe[ Tourists are now provided with a ‘Dingo Smart’ 340 000 brochure, and are heavily fi ned if caught feeding 320 000 a dingo or trying to encourage its attention. Any 300 000 dingoes known to be a problem are culled. 280 000 Managing camping facilities 260 000

There are six government-owned camps — at Central Number 240 000 Station, Lake Boomanjin (the largest perched lake in the world), Lake McKenzie, Dundubara, Waddy 220 000 Point and Wathumba — and two that are privately 200 000 owned. People can also camp on a restricted number 1991–921992–931993–941994–951995–961996–971997–981998–991999–002000–012001–02 of beach areas, but not within 50 metres of a creek, Year

Rangers to to allow Ensure Tents quickly check Agencies compatible with camp sites to keep track of sustainable people who might development do the wrong thing Severely damage

environment to managed allows Using a mind map on to be displayed Further Obtain develop island’s to benefit Other as a thinking tool permits recreational tourists Mind maps are useful facilities used to used which could Own People tools to help you collect to prevent cooking facilities bring must Pay to discourage visiting for Bushfires and organise your (gas or fuel fees the wrong stoves) reasons thoughts. They are also Remove all must useful devices to help you rubbish from the to Own think laterally, or creatively, to avoid island To keep island firewood (sawmill clean and and to make logical links timber only) as Introducing minimise between elements that might There are scavenging foreign no rubbish bins not otherwise be immediately organisms as in any All island to obvious. Bury fish introduced bush timber is Island’s remains at least This mind map lists some bush protected must natural balance half a metre lower of the initiatives being taken timber than hightide mark to manage camping on Fraser Island, and some of upset must not Bring dogs which could Kill their implications. This and cats wildlife map could be further Managing extended as you think in camping

more detail about the issue. Campers can Issue is listed in central hub. Lines extend out from hub to to prevent Gas barbecues provided at separate points about the issue; some grounds use these points are set in oval shapes.

Key linking words are written on to prevent Fires only in light connecting lines. communal rings

Further lines and other oval shapes which must be (with extra points) are added progressively as thinking extends. Some points have links (connecting lines) to more than one point. Points in the mind map can be to prevent Extinguished extended indefi nitely, depending on with water, not relevance. sand

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( stream or lake. Beach camping It is the most attractive parts of environmentally friendly amenities areas are temporarily closed the island that are often the most and better direct pedestrian sometimes to allow vegetation to vulnerable. movement around Fraser Island. regrow or to halt erosion. All vehicles travelling on the Barriers along the sides of the Some of the ways in which island have to display a purchased island’s roads and better planning camping facilities are being permit and, more recently, driving have reduced the degree of erosion managed, and the implications of and parking on sand dunes from run-off. The idea was these requirements, are shown in have been made illegal. The partly to make pedestrian travel a the Skillbooster on page 28. Environmental Protection Agency more attractive option, as well as draw pedestrians away from the has started a campaign to educate Managing four-wheel drive island’s vulnerable dunes. To do four-wheel drivers about the vehicles this, boardwalks were built along Four-wheel drive vehicles are impacts their vehicles have on the the banks of Eli Creek (see the needed to travel around the island. island’s environment. photograph on page 26). Stretches Left unmanaged, these large of dunes are also regularly closed vehicles could have a signifi cant Other initiatives for rehabilitation. Although the impact on the island’s fl ora and In 2004, the Australian potential threat from tourism- fauna and on levels of erosion, government’s Natural Heritage related erosion remains, the especially because touring parties Trust granted $300 000 to reduce stability of the island’s sand dunes tend to drive in the same areas. road-related erosion, provide is improving.

COMMUNICATE 6 Lj\pfliXkcXjkf1 REMEMBER   X \jk`dXk\Xggifo`dXk\cp_fn]Xiefik_f]9i`jYXe\ k_\jflk_\iek`gf]=iXj\i@jcXe[`j 1 C`jkk_i\\i\Xjfejn_pk_\>i\XkJXe[pEXk`feXc   Y [\k\id`e\`en_`Z_[`i\Zk`feJXe[p:Xg\c`\j]ifd GXib n_`Z_Zfdgi`j\je\XicpXccf]=iXj\i@jcXe[ `jXe DXZbXp% \em`ifed\ekk_Xke\\[jkfY\dXeX^\[ZXi\]lccp`]`kj jg\Z`Xc\em`ifed\ekXc]\Xkli\jXi\kfY\gi\j\im\[% Use a mind map as a thinking tool 2 i\XkJXe[p YXiiX^\cXb\jlj`e^j`dgc\cXY\cc\[jb\kZ_\j% EXk`feXcGXib\em`ifed\ek`jnfik_gifk\Zk`e^% THINK I\]\ikfk_\Jb`ccYffjk\i`]pfle\\[_\cg^\kk`e^ 3 @[\ek`]pfek_\dXgf]=iXj\i@jcXe[n_\i\k_i\\f]k_\ jkXik\[%PfliZ\ekiXc_lYZflc[jkXk\1ÊK_\>i\Xk ^fm\ied\ek$ileZXdgj`k\jXi\cfZXk\[%Jl^^\jkn_p JXe[pEXk`feXcGXib`jnfik_gifk\Zk`e^Y\ZXlj\%%%Ë k_\pd`^_kY\j`klXk\[`ek_\j\gcXZ\j% SELF-DISCOVERY 4 N_Xk[fpflk_`ebk_\k\idÊjljkX`eXYc\[\m\cfgd\ekË 8 @dX^`e\k_XkpflXe[pfli]Xd`cpjkXp\[XkX d\Xej`ei\jg\Zkkf=iXj\i@jcXe[6 ^fm\ied\ek$ileZXdg`e^j`k\fe=iXj\i@jcXe[%Pfl   X Ni`k\XgXiX^iXg_kfjkXk\n_\k_\i#`epfli kiXm\cc\[k_\i\`eX]fli$n_\\c[i`m\m\_`Zc\%Ni`k\X m`\n#k_\kfli`jd`e[ljkipn`k_`ek_\>i\Xk [`Xip\ekip`epfliefk\Yffbkfi\Zfi[n_Xk_Xgg\ej# JXe[pEXk`feXcGXib`jZlii\ekcpY\`e^[\m\cfg\[ Xe[k_\nXppfl]\\cXYflk`k% jljkX`eXYcp%   Y >`m\ek_Xkkfli`jkeldY\ijm`j`k`e^k_\eXk`feXc INQUIRE gXibXi\`eZi\Xj`e^YpXYflk,g\iZ\ek\XZ_p\Xi# 9 Lj\k_\@ek\ie\kXe[fk_\ijfliZ\jkfÔe[flkdfi\ [fpflk_`eb\efl^_`jY\`e^[fe\6Jl^^\jkn_Xk XYflkk_\Zfekifm\ijpjliifle[`e^k_\Zcfjli\f] fk_\idXeX^\d\ekZfekifcjd`^_kY\e\Z\jjXip =iXj\i@jcXe[Ëjd`e`e^`e[ljkip%J_Xi\pfliÔe[`e^j`e kf\ejli\k_Xkkfli`jd[\m\cfgjjljkX`eXYcp`ek_\ jdXcc^iflgj#\ogcfi`e^n_\k_\ipflX^i\\k_Xkk_`j ]lkli\% XZk`fenXje\Z\jjXip#n_fd`kd`^_k_Xm\Y\e\Ôk\[ 5 X  @]^fm\ied\ekXlk_fi`k`\jXe[nfic[_\i`kX^\ Xe[[`jX[mXekX^\[#Xe[n_Xkd`^_kY\k_\cfe^$k\id gifk\Zk`feX^\eZ`\jXi\jfZfdd`kk\[kf Zfej\hl\eZ\jf]k_`jdXeX^\d\ek[\Z`j`fe% gi\j\im`e^=iXj\i@jcXe[Ëj\em`ifed\ek#n_p [fpflk_`ebkfli`jdf]Xepjfik`j g\id`kk\[6 I CAN:   Y N_XkY\e\ÔkjÇ\Zfefd`ZXe[fk_\in`j\Çd`^_k appreciate some of the issues involved in managing a Õfn]ifdkfli`jkj \jg\Z`Xccp`ek\ieXk`feXckfli`jkj  protected coastal environment m`j`k`e^k_\`jcXe[6 demonstrate my understanding of sustainable use of resources in respect to tourism on Fraser Island investigate and discuss the management decision to end
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Explain why effectively managing the Great features formed by (a) erosion and (b) deposition. Sandy National Park is (a) so important and Explain the processes involved. (b) so challenging.
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Describe a situation in which there are (b) constructive and destructive waves affect the two or more competing users of a coastal shape of beaches? environment or coastal feature. Suggest ways
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How does a tsunami form, and why can it cause in which these competing demands can be such damage? met.
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Explain how sand dunes form and stabilise.
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Number the following illustrations
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Use a diagram to explain why a surfer waiting sequentially to show the natural processes beyond the breaking surf to catch a wave stays that occur. Then describe in a paragraph more or less in the same spot. what is happening.

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What are the major forms of coastal pollution?
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Use ICT software such as Inspiration to prepare a Give examples. Select one form for which you digital version of the mind map you prepared for will design a public awareness poster. Before activity 7 on page 29. you start, agree as a class on fi ve points against
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Look carefully at the topographical map opposite. which the ‘success’ of the poster will be measured. (a) Name the coastal features located at the Display the completed posters in the classroom, following grid references: GR710360, rating each (by a show of hands) against the GR776327, GR727174. predetermined criteria. (b) Give grid references for these coastal
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Describe the different interactions (both positive landforms: Devils Kitchen, Surveyors Cove, and negative) that have occurred since 1934 Isle of the Dead. between humans and the natural environment of (c) Suggest what coastal process might have Hampton Beach in Victoria. What has been the occurred to join the Tasman Peninsula with ultimate outcome? the mainland.
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148°50’E 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 43°00’S Gravel Mackerel A9 pits Islets 20 Gully 252 38 Tinpot Island Hawks Hill 100 Susan BOXALLS BAY FORESTIER PENINSULA Tessellated Clydes Island 60 Pavement Heather 40 37 Point JETTY ROAD Eaglehawk EAGLEHAWK BAY Neck N O R F O L K B A Y Mason PIRATES BAY Point 36 Eaglehawk Egg Dart BLOWHOLE 100 Neck Mason Island Cashs Rock Lookout Sympathy Beach Fossil Island 35 Point GARFISH Norfolk BAY Point Arthurs Pk Penzance Tasman Blowhole LITTLE NORFOLK BAY Norfolk ROAD ROAD Tasman Arch State Reserve 100 Quarrells 34

Point Hills Sympathy Creek WATERFALL Tasmans Arch Glenila Eli Point Parkinsons Premaydena Point Devils Kitchen Point Point 256 Creek Parkers 33 Beach

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CASCADES BAY ROAD ROAD PLATEAU BAY Patersons Arch NUBEENA Koonya 40 Blowhole PremaydenaLockes Beach Tatnells Taranna Creek NewmansBeach Fortescue 32 ROAD WATERFALL BAY MACDONALDS

Creek 100 ROAD Koonya ROAD 200 Camp Radio Tower ROAD 500 Falls Waterfall Bluff 157 100 31 ROAD Allans Creek CLEMES BACK 100 A9 CAMP 438 Creek PEAK

Gravel Pit CREEK ROAD NUBEENA TATNELLS Tasman 30 ROAD Cacades TOWER

200 Creek Signal Hill HILL 420

Grooms NEWMANS BALTS ROAD Forest Hill Newmans O’Hara Bluff 29 140 Trail Creek Newmans 240 FIRE The Pinnacle CORONATION 300 McManus 500 Hill 28 Creek T A S M A N 20 P E N I N S U L A Mt Clark HIGHWAY Bay 351 Fire Tower 477 27

338 Long 200 200 Clarke Cliffs FORTESCUE Oakwood Creek Mimosa Reserve Mt Koonya Oakwood Hill 300 Falls Bivouac Creek 300 200 200 26 Simmonds 400 LONG Marsh Creek Walkers Plummers 200 ROAD ARTHUR

80 Simmonds Simmonds STINGAREE BAY Fortescue 25 Hill Creek 100 Mt Tonga BIVOUAC BAY CANOE STINKING CANOE BAY Landing A9 200 BAY NUBEENA Ground BAY TRACK BAY Alberry Stewarts Bay Plains MARSH 24 Benjafields State Reserve Evendens Point FORTESCUE BAY Marsh ROAD Creek FORTESCUE 100 Garden Point Denmans SCALE 1 : 100 000 ROAD 100 STEWARTS Denmans 23 BAY Cove kilometres 0 1 2 3 4 kilometres ROAD Fryingpan Point Creek Fortescue Lagoon 180 Gravel Radnor Mill Creek Pit PORT Masons sealed unsealed ROAD Ruins Cove Isle of the Dead Fortescue 22 Point Puer A9 140 Principal road; Route markerForest 180 447 Port Arthur Reserve Mt Arthur Agnes N Surveyors RADNOR Creek ROAD Secondary road; Built-up area CARNAVON Cove Tunah 300 21 Carnavon BAY Golf 100 Plains Course MinorSnake road Creek LOOKOUT Bay Palmers Hill 205 Lookout Restricted road 43°10’S Redcliffe Cape 20 MOUNT ROAD Walking track FORTESCUE Thompsons 400 Hill Cape Pillar AdministrativePillar boundary COVE ARTHUR 19 Safety THORNTONS Black Mountain CRESCENT Cove MOUNTAIN Airport; Tower 420 Briggs Point SAFETY Ellarway Valley Track State Reserve Building/s; Ruins 18 ROAD Remarkable Cave Budget Rock 649 665 Horizontal control300 point; Spot height BASKET 200 Mansfield Standup Budget (metres) BAY Plain 450 Tornado Ridge Point Head Tornado 17 Maingon Contour with value;Flat Swamp CRESCENT Blowhole Point Puer Haines Creek 300 BAY Crescent Bay Watercourse;Bight Lake State Reserve Mt Brown Lunchtime 16 462 Dauntless 173 West Arthur Vegetation: medium, dense,Corruption plantation Mt Raoul Point Gully Mount Brown Head 300 State Reserve DXgjlggc`\[YpK8JD8G% )' 9eWijWb
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j[hci rip: water flowing out to sea in a strong current arch: a feature that occurs when caves environment and which is managed in rocky platform: formed by wave action on either side of a headland are eroded a way that is ecologically sustainable eroding a cliff, leaving a platform of further and join up to form one environmental impact statement: a rock behind opening report prepared on the findings of sand dune: a coastal feature that occurs backdune: dune that sometimes develops investigations into the likely impacts when dry sand is blown to the back of a behind the foredunes. These may be (positive and negative) of a proposed beach and trapped there stabilised by small shrubs and trees. development on the environment seasonal: the variation of wind backwash: the movement of water back enterococci: a form of bacteria directions and ocean currents according down the beach to the sea erosion: wearing away of the Earth’s to the seasons bay: a sheltered part of a sea or lake surface by agents such as wind, water sediment: something that does not formed by a curve in its shoreline and human activity dissolve in a liquid such as water, and settles on the bottom (e.g. mud) beach: a feature that is formed by faecal coliforms: bacteria that live in the seep: to soak slowly through a porous materials brought to the shore by waves digestive tracts of humans and animals, substance in the swash or in water contaminated by human or simulate: to reproduce a real-life bedrock: the solid layer of rock that lies animal waste products situation in an artificial environment under the Earth’s looser soil cover (e.g. fetch: the distance over which the wind gravel, dirt, clay) spit: a narrow deposit of sand and other has blown waves material which extends into a body of berm: a ridge of sand on a beach foredune: sand dune closest to the biodegrade: to naturally break down water beach stack: a feature that is formed when and decompose groyne: a structure built at right angles blowhole: an opening in the roof of a erosion causes the rock supporting an to the coastline and designed to stop arch to collapse cave through which water is forced by sand from being washed away from the the action of waves suction dredge: a dredge that obtains beach material (e.g. sand) by sucking it up breakwater: a protective barrier built out headland: land jutting out into the sea, surf: the movement of the ocean where from the coastline to reduce the effect usually at the end of a bay the waves break of waves on the water of a harbour impermeable: doesn’t allow any fluid to sustainable: describes a use of a cave: a feature that is formed when weak pass through it natural environment in a way that rocks on a headland are eroded enables commercial viability without cliff: a steep, rocky slope formed by inlet: a long, narrow stretch of water reaching into the land from the shore permanent damage to it, and without waves eroding the rock face endangering the ability of future coast: the part of the land that borders line intertidal (beach): part of a beach generations to meet their own needs the sea and is affected by waves swash: the movement of water up the constructive wave: wave that carries and submerged at high tide longshore drift: the movement of sand beach after a wave breaks deposits sand and other materials swell: the movement of the waves deposition: the process by which sand and other materials along a beach marina: a coastal shelter for small boats tectonic plates: the large pieces of the and other materials are laid down on a Earth’s crust that float on the Earth’s near the shore beach mantle and are moved by convection orbital/oscillatory motion: the orbital deposits: sand and other materials laid currents within the mantle down on the beach movement of water particles under a tombolo: a spit joining two land areas destructive wave: large wave that wave tsunami: a powerful ocean wave carries sand and other material away in organic matter: remains of dead plants triggered by an earthquake the backwash and animals undercurrent: water flowing under the dune blowout: the blowing of sand long refraction: the bending of waves caused surface and returning to the sea distances over the land by high winds by their contact with the sea floor and variable: a factor that is subject to ecosystem: a community of plants, headlands change animals and other living things that renourishment: the process of putting watertable: a level under the land interact within the environment back something natural that has been surface below which the earth is ecotourism: nature-based tourism lost saturated that involves interpretation of, resource: something that can be used by wave crest: the highest point of a wave and education about, the natural people wave trough: the lowest point of a wave

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