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Voluntary Participation, State Involvement: Indonesian Propaganda in the Struggle for Maintaining Independence, 1945-1949

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Voluntary Participation, State Involvement: Indonesian Propaganda in the Struggle for Maintaining Independence, 1945-1949 UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Voluntary participation, state involvement: Indonesian propaganda in the struggle for maintaining independence, 1945-1949 Zara, M.Y. Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Zara, M. Y. (2016). Voluntary participation, state involvement: Indonesian propaganda in the struggle for maintaining independence, 1945-1949. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:29 Sep 2021 Voluntary Participation, State Involvement: INDONESIAN PROPAGANDA IN THE STRUGGLE FOR MAINTAINING INDEPENDENCE, 1945-1949 This research was funded by the NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies. The NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies is an institution of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW). Cover design : Dian Qamajaya Layout : Ridwan © 2016 Muhammad Yuanda Zara. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means including but not limited to, electronic or mechanical transmission or storage, photocopying, or recording, without prior permission in writing from the copyright owner. VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION, STATE INVOLVEMENT: INDONESIAN PROPAGANDA IN THE STRUGGLE FOR MAINTAINING INDEPENDENCE, 1945-1949 ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op woensdag, 19 oktober 2016, te 10.00 uur door Muhammad Yuanda Zara geboren te Padang, Indonesië Promotiecomissie: Promotor(es) : prof. dr. P. Romijn Universiteit van Amsterdam Copromotor(es) : dr. P.J. Keppy NIOD-KNAW Overige leden : prof. dr. O.D. van den Muijzenberg Universiteit van Amsterdam prof. dr. E.A. Buettner Universiteit van Amsterdam prof. dr. R. Raben Universiteit van Amsterdam prof. dr. H.G.C. Schulte Nordholt Universiteit Leiden prof. dr. B. Purwanto Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen ivv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ¤ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘Setapak pantang mundur!’ (Never retreat even one inch!). Formulated by Indonesian propagandists during the Indonesian war of independence, as seen on one of propaganda posters created by Indonesian propagandists (see p. 221), this slogan reflects calls on its Indonesian audience to participate with enthusiasm in the struggle to maintain the declared independence despite the hard road ahead. This slogan, ironically, is also apropos to my struggle over the last few years to finish this dissertation. I faced many challenges and in the end, it was only with the motivation engendered by ‘setapak pantang mundur’ that I could hold fast and complete this work. More importantly, this dissertation could not have been finished without the active support of many people. I had the privilege of collaborating with numerous skilled and kind people. I am very grateful to my promoter, Prof. Dr. Peter Romijn, a prolific historian with outstanding communication skills who encourages anyone he talks with to speak confidently and demonstrate his or her full potential. He helped me develop the conceptual and theoretical issues throughout this dissertation. I must express my appreciation of his expertise in history, his international network, and his tireless encouragement during the process. My co-promoter, Dr. Peter Keppy, supervised the dissertation closely and thoroughly. Very knowledgeable regarding Indonesian history, his sharp eyes are critical with facts and attentive to details. The hours I spent talking with him have been extremely helpful in shaping this dissertation. At times I found it difficult to address his multiple meticulous criticisms, but now, looking back, I am grateful for his comments which so greatly improved my work. I wish to viivi thank both of these men for their invaluable advice, valuable support, energetic assistance, and endless inspiration. Prof. Dr. Bambang Purwato from Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) in Yogyakarta has helped me enormously right from the initial stage of this dissertation. As an experienced scholar, an enthusiastic lecturer, and a good motivator in one, he helped me to bring form to my thoughts about Indonesian historiography and related problems. My eagerness to pursue a PhD is rooted in my early student- bachelor life and my later experiences as a Masters student at Leiden University via the ENCOMPASS program. I therefore also express my deep gratitude to my ENCOMPASS lecturers: Prof. Dr. Leonard Blusse, Dr. Alicia Schrikker, Prof. Dr. K.J.P.F.M. Charles Jeurgens, Dr. Thomas Lindblad, Rene Wezel and Yolande Spaans. Being a PhD researcher at NIOD is an enjoyable post and a pleasant experience. At NIOD, I was welcomed by numerous good people, who, behind their imposing miens as researchers, have a good sense of humor and many interesting stories to share. In the midst of all the pressure, talking with Dr. Erik Somers, Dr. Eveline Buccheim, Dr. Peter Post, Jaap Cohen, Sergio Leatomu, William Thomson, Marinus van der Valk, Elderd Harder, Yassin, and Katrina Cooper always reinvigorated me. I also appreciate the assistance provided by Dr. Nanci Adler, Dineke de Visser, and Dr. Ismee Tames. I also want to thank those who helped me with various administrative matters: the late Ibu Joke de Bart Supusepa, Amber Vosveld, William Arink and William Thomson. Katrina Cooper has significantly improved the English in this dissertation, so that readers can enjoy it. Needless to say, I appreciate the innumerable instances of help provided by all NIOD employees. My research was also fully funded by the NIOD, and I am very grateful. At the Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), I joined the ‘Moving Matters: People, Goods, Power and Ideas’ program group at the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR). I would viiivii like to express my gratitude to the coordinators of the program, the late Prof. Dr. Mario Rutten and Prof. Dr. Willem van Schendel, as well as other lecturers at the Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen (FMG) of the UvA for the program activities they organized. A number of Moving Matters members shared their experience and motivation with me during my studies, especially Dr. Alpha Amirrachman, Dr. Wenty Marina Minza, Athi Sivan, Amalinda Savirani, Muhammad Shohibuddin, Retna Hanani, Sita Hidayah, Dr. Sanneke Kloppenburg, Willy Sier and a number of new PhD candidates. The AISSR housing department helped me during my stay in Amsterdam. In developing my early knowledge about communications, which then helped me to incorporate communication-related aspects into my historical research, I joined the TransAsia PhD club, from which I gleaned totally different but equally useful insights from experts outside my field as historian. They include, among others, Prof. Dr. Jeroen de Kloet, Reza Kartosen and Dr. Leonie Schmidt. Historical research could never be completed without sources, and there are dedicated people who preserve these sources in libraries and archives and make them accessible to researchers, and ensure that their reading rooms are perfect places to contemplate and write. I therefore also express my appreciation to archivists, librarians and the staff members of archives, libraries and institutions I visited during my research. Among them are those in the Netherlands; Amsterdam: NIOD, UvA (in particular, the FMG libraries and Universiteit Bibliotheek), International Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis (IISG), Koninklijk Tropen Instituut (KIT, unfortunately closed since 2013), Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam (OBA) (both the main library and the OBA Indische Buurt); Leiden: Konlinklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (KITLV); Den Haag: National Archief (NA); and Bronbeek: Museum Bronbeek. In Indonesia, I thank the lecturers and staff of libraries and universities in Padang, in viiiix particular the Regional Library of West Sumatra and the library at the Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai-nilai Tradisional (Center for Research of History and Traditional Values of West Sumatra). In addition, Dedi Asmara from Dewan Harian Daerah (DHD) ’45 of West Sumatra guided me through the exploration of precious materials concerning the war of independence in West Sumatra, and he gave me the contact information for several war veterans. Staff members at the Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI) and the Perpustakaan Nasional (National Library of the Republic of Indonesia) in Jakarta, as well as the Perpustakaan
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