Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries Along the Yangzi River Rowan K

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89900-0 - Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries Along the Yangzi River Rowan K. Flad and Pochan Chen Index More information

Index

Academia Sinica, 50 Ba people and polity, 26, 27, 57, 141–142 agriculture, 112, 116, 154, 177. See also burial style, 80, 81, 260 plant exploitation conﬂicts with Chu and Shu, 142 in Middle Yangzi, 185–186 in the Three Gorges, 159–160 in the Three Gorges, 193–195, 198 Baber, Edward Colborne, 45 American Museum of Natural History, 46, Badong County, 143, 148, 192, 262 47 Bagua, 263, 267 Andersson, J. G., 58 Bai Juyi, 169 Andrews, Roy Chapman, 46 Baigudun, 250 Anhui, 118, 191 Baiheliang, 40, 41 animals. See also oracle bones Baihuatan, 104, 238 and divination, 222 Baima temple, 45 in Middle Yangzi, 183–185 Baimiao, 125 in Sichuan Basin, 172–176, 206 Baishuizhai, 81 in the Three Gorges, 192–193 bamboo, 177, 186 Anju, 136 Ban Gu, 110 Anlu County, 128 Banbianjie, 161, 271 Anning River, 81 banquets, 210 Anthony, David, 10 Bao Sanniang, 45, 46 Anyang, 72, 187, 219 Baodun Culture, 73, 106 archaeological culture, 7, 69–70 agriculture in, 177 Archaeological Studies in Sichuan, 49 architectural features and walls in, 82, archaeology in China 83–89 postwar, 50–58 Bianduishan, 79–80 pre-1949, 44–50 bronzes in, 76 recent developments, 58–64 burials in, 232–233 architectural features and walls ceramics in, 74, 78, 178 in Baodun Culture sites, 83–89 dates of, 74, 80 in Daixi Culture sites, 116 Gucheng, 78, 83, 85, 88 in Eastern Zhou sites, 134–136 Mangcheng, 76–78, 85, 88 in Panlongcheng, 126 other sites, 80 in Qujialing Culture sites, 117, 118, 119 Phase I, 80 in Shi’erqiao Culture sites, 94–96 Phase III, 78, 89 in Shijiahe Culture sites, 120–122, 123 Phase IV, 78 in the Three Gorges, 155 Shuanghe, 85 in Zhongba salt workshops, 203–204 type site, 74–76 axes, 102 Yufu, 78–79, 86 Aztec, 281–283 Baolunyuan, 104, 239

397

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89900-0 - Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries Along the Yangzi River Rowan K. Flad and Pochan Chen Index More information

398 Index

Baoshan, 184, 246, 256 burials, 98, 211 Baota, 129 and local identities, 277–278 Barter, A. J., 45 and social differentiation, 231, 243 Bashidang, 112, 113, 186 animals in, 173, 176, 184 Ba-Shu bronzes, 99, 164 at Daixi, 144 Ba-Shu Culture, 159 at Qingyanggong, 102–104, 106 Ba-Shu script, 102 at Sanxingdui, 92, 215 Ba-Shu seals, 238 at Wazhadi, 152 Ba-Shu weapons, 102, 238, 262 at Xiaotianxi, 160 Beishi, 148 at Yajiao, 161 Bell, Catherine, 15 Ba-style, 260, 263, 264, 265–266, 276 bells, 160, 220 Chu locations, 133–134, 137, 243–245, bi disks, 120, 179, 180, 214, 216, 218 247, 256–257 Bianduishan, 79 Chu-style, 260, 261–266, 267–268, 270, bianfa (hairstyle), 93 271–275, 276 Bingshubaojianxia, 261, 262 hierarchical structure of, 244–245 borderland matrices, 10, 11 Hubei area, 250–254 borderlands, 10 in Jianghan Plain, 246–250 borders, 9, 10 in Middle Yangzi, 240–243 boundaries, 9, 10, 12 in Qujialing Culture, 118 boundary sets, 10 in Sichuan Basin, 232–240 Boyushan, 132 in the Three Gorges, 30–42, 159, 164, Bronze Age. See also Chu state 166, 257–258, 259, 265–277 burials, in Middle Yangzi, 243 lacquer objects in, 186 burials, in Three Gorges, 257–258, late Bronze Age, 260–265 260–265 Neolithic and Bronze Age, 232–235 Early and Middle, in Three Gorges, patterns of, 231–232, 244 150–158, 166 secondary, 242 Late, in Three Gorges, 159–165, 166 type A, 244, 246–248, 253, 255 sites, 90, 111 type B, 244, 246, 250, 253, 255 bronzes. See also metallurgy type C, 245, 247, 250, 254, 255 as ritual objects, 219–221 type D, 245, 249, 251, 254, 255 forms found in burial sites, 251, 254, type E, 245, 249, 251, 254, 255 256 type I, 265, 266–267, 275 in Baodun Culture, 76 type II, 265, 267–271, 274 in Chu state, 133 type III, 265, 275 in Lijiaba, 164 urn, 240, 241, 242, 243 in Majiazui, 132 Warring States period, 235–240 in Panlongcheng, 128 Buzhuanghe, 148, 261 in Qingyanggong Culture, 102 in Sanxingdui ritual sites, 212–213, 214 Cai state, 133 in Shang period, 125–129 Caijiatai, 116 in Shi’erqiao Culture, 95, 100 Cangbaobao, 91, 180, 213 in the Three Gorges, 158 Caohai Lake, 38 inWesternZhouperiod,130 Caojiagang, 250 production of, 99, 120, 180, 187, Caowangzuicheng, 136, 190, 206 189–190 Caoying, 254 southern, 125 Carrasco, David, 281–283 Brown, Francis, 60 Castillo Cave, Spain, 47 Bu’ermen, 130, 136, 226 centers, political, 3, 130, 138–139

Index 399

and formation of Chinese civilization, 4 Chase-Dunn, Christopher, 9 and social complexity, 4–5 Cheng Te-k’un.SeeZheng Dekun and World Systems theory, 5–7 Chengbeixi Culture, 113, 143, 149, 165 in Middle Yangzi, 207 Chengbeixi site, 192 in the Three Gorges, 164 Chengdu, 105, 106, 139 Central Asiatic Expedition, 46 burial sites in, 238 Central China. See also Middle Yangzi; excavation sites, 97 Sichuan Basin; Three Gorges salt wells in, 182 archaeological research on, 53–57, stone object production in, 179 61–63 Chengdu City Institute of Cultural Relics as periphery, 18 and Archaeology (Chengdu ICRA), climate of, 33–41 51 defined, 1 Chengdu kaogu faxian (Archaeological environmental features of, 19–22 Discoveries in Chengdu), 61 natural resource exploitation in, 172 Chengdu Plain, 3, 24, 42, 138. See also Central Plains names of individual cultures archaeological publications on, 56 animals in, 172–176 connection to Middle Yangzi, 108, 120 archaeological research on, 51, 61 ceramics as political center, 106 at Lijiaba, 163 climate in, 34 at Maliutuo, 162 connection to Three Gorges area, 149, at Panlongcheng, 127, 128 157, 158, 159, 172 at Shaopengzui, 147 cultural chronology of, 74 at Wazhadi, 152, 153 divination in, 223–225 at Zhen’an, 150, 151 geography of, 23–25, 42 at Zhongba, 160, 201 in pre-Qin period, 71–73 at Zhongbazi, 153, 155 location of sites, 75 in Baodun Culture, 74, 78, 82 plant exploitation in, 176–178 in Daixi Culture, 116 Chengdu wenwu (Chengdu Cultural Relics), in Laoguanmiao Culture, 146, 149 61 in Middle Yangzi region, 111, 187 Chengguan, 104, 235, 238 in Qingyanggong Culture, 102, 103 Chengtoushan, 113, 117, 118, 183, 240, in Qujialing Culture, 116 241, 242 in salt production, 199–203 Chengyu Railway, 52 in Sanxingdui Culture, 90 Chengzhou Academy Museum, 52 in Shi’erqiao Culture, 94–95 Chenjiatai, 189 in Shijiahe Culture, 120 chi flutes, 252 in Sichuan Basin, 178 chiefdoms, 57 in the Three Gorges, 148, 149, 195–196 Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 50 in Xinyicun Culture, 100, 103 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Neolithic, 112 (CASS), 50, 59 Chang Qu, 72 Chongqing, 143, 147, 165 Chang, K. C., 60 Chongqing Chinese Three Gorges Changde County, 186 Museum, 64 Changjiang.SeeYa n g z i R i ve r Chongqing City Institute of Archaeology, changkou pingdi hu (flasks), 76 51, 53 changkou quanzu zun (beakers), 76 Chongqing City Museum, 53 Changsha City, 136, 255 Chongqing Municipality, 26, 51, 53 Changtuohe, 192 Chongzhou City, 84 Chaotianzui, 116, 143, 157 Chu Huangcheng, 134, 135, 187, 191

400 Index

Chu state, 3 Daba Mountains, 28 agriculture in, 198 Dabie Mountains, 27 and pottery production, 187 Dadong Cave, 61 and salt trade, 199 Dadu River, 81, 99, 181 and Three Gorges area, 159, 164, 230 Dahong Mountains, 28 animals in burials of, 184 Daihai, Inner Mongolia, 61 burial style, 260, 261–266, 267–268, Daixi Culture, 113, 115–116, 117, 144, 270, 271–275, 276 149, 165 burials, 243–245, 246–254, 255–256, animals in, 183 260 burials in, 240 conflicts with Ba, 141 stone work in, 188 gold use in, 190 Daixi site, 32, 117, 148, 200, 240, 258 historical accounts of, 108–111 Dajiu Lake, 39, 40 inEasternZhouperiod,133–137 dakou shengwen fu (large-mouthed inWesternZhouperiod,132 cauldrons), 102 interregional interactions of, Dalupu, 189 277 Dan River, 110, 132, 254 location of, 28 Dangyang County, 110, 132 merchants from, 275 Daning River, 32, 199, 263 trade in, 172, 191 Danjiang Reservoir, 133 Chu, definitions of, 108 Danjiangkou, 188 chuanxingbei (cups), 199 Danyang (Chu capital), 110, 132, 134 Chunyu huajian, 98, 234 Daping, 267, 271 chuoyinwen (punctuations), 76 Dashuidong, 81 Chuwangcheng, 136 David, Jean Pere` Armand, 44 Cili, 136 Daye, 136 climate Dayi County, 84, 238 ancient, 36–41 Delson, Eric, 60 modern, 33–36 Deng state, 109 coffin types Dengcheng, 134 boat, 103 Dengjiaping, 81 II-shape, 268 Dengjiatuo, 152, 199, 200 neiguan (inner), 238, 245 Dengjiawan, 117, 120, 121, 122, 185, 242 painted lacquer, 252 Deshan, 255 waiguan (outer), 238 dian (vessels), 133 xuandifangguan, 249 Dian state, 57 xuandihuguan, 246, 248, 253, 255 Diaolongbei, 118, 119, 183 coins, 191, 268 Diaotonghuan, 186 colonialism, 8 diasporas, 8, 275–276, 277 cong tubes, 216 ding (tripods), 102, 128, 133, 220, 221, construction processes, 117, 120 238, 248, 250, 251, 254, 256, Cook, Rev, Thomas, 45 260–265, 269–274 copper, 181, 189 Dingjiagang, 113 cores.Seecenters, political divination. See also oracle bones corporate political activities, 88 and salt production, 228–230 Couperie, Albert Etienne´ Jean Baptiste forms of, 222 Terrien de la, 44 in Chengdu Plain, 223–225 cowry shells, 175, 182 in Middle Yangzi, 225–227 cu ao xuanwen (gouging), 80 in Sichuan Basin, 230 Cultural Revolution, 53 in the Three Gorges, 227–230 Culture, 68 methods of, in Central China, 222–223

Index 401

Dongbei commune, 238 ﬂoods, 138 Dongge cave, 39 ﬂutes, 252 Dongtianbao, 274 fou (vessels), 251, 254, 256, 263 Dongting Basin, 30 Frachetti, Michael, 12 Dongting Lake, 27, 30, 35, 40, 42, 112, Freeman, Leslie, 60 113, 116, 129, 130, 132, 136 Freeman, Thomas, 45 Chu state burials near, 255–256 frontiers, 10, 12 Donnithorne, V. H., 48 fu (axes), 102 dou (food stands), 76, 90, 100, 102, 116, fu (cauldrons), 102 146, 151, 152, 153, 156, 158, 164, fu (rectangular covered vessels), 133, 250, 166, 214, 238, 248, 256, 257, 261, 251, 254, 256 263–274 Fu River, 26 dui (vessels), 133, 238, 250, 251, 254, 256, Fu Sinian, 58 260–265, 269–273 fujianitiao chuoyinwen (applique´ strips), 76 Duijintai, 246 Fuling County, 31, 141, 147, 160, 199 Duimenshan, 129 Fuqin xiaoqu, 96 Dujiangyan, 25, 72, 76 Furongyuan, 98 Dujiayuanzi, 145 Fuxikou, 147 Dye, Daniel S., 45 fuxing ding (tripods), 102

EasternZhouperiod,110, 133–137 gaigongmao (umbrella pin covers), 263 Echeng, 136 Gamio, Manuel, 47 Edgar, James Huston, 45 Gangchang, 250 Edong, 189, 190, 206 Ganjing River, 161, 200 Ejun, 191 Ganjing River mouth site cluster, 145, 150–153 Ejun Qi tallies, 191 Ganjinggou Culture, 159 elephants, 173–174, 175, 182, 215, 217 Gao’an Township, 143 elites, 106, 124, 133, 166, 232, 252, 256, gaobing dou (bowls), 90 267 gaobing douxingqi (food stands), 95, 151 ercengtai (ledges), 233, 234, 243, 261, 268 gaolinghu (flasks), 150 Erligang Culture, 108, 125, 126, 129, 130, Gaomiao Culture, 113 187, 189, 190, 219, 225 Gaoshaji, 129, 132 Erlitou Culture, 125, 126, 129, 180 Gaoshan, 84 ethnic groups, 140 Gaoweizi, 263 Ewangcheng, 136, 190, 206 Gaoxin west district, 80, 96, 99, 100 ge (halberds), 102, 188, 243, 263, 268 Fangchijie, 93, 95, 96, 100, 102, 105, 218, Ge Weihan.SeeGraham, David C. 223, 224 Gewei yaoye, 80 Fangyingtai, 123, 136, 240, 242 gold, 182, 190 Fangyuan zhongke, 80 Gong’an County, 40 Fantang, 191 Graham, David C., (Ge Weihan), 48, 49 Feijiahe Culture, 129 Granger, Walter, 46 Feijiahe site, 129, 187 gu (chalices), 90, 154 Feng Hanji, 48, 49, 73, 143 Guangdong, 277 Fengdu County, 143 Guanghan, 48 fengjian system, 109 Guangxi, 277 Fengjie, 140 Guangyuan County, 81, 239 Fenshanbao, 113 Guanmiaoshan, 116, 117, 118, 240, 242 field archaeology manuals, 59 Guanzhuangping, 132, 148, 156, 192, figurines, 180, 183, 185 261, 262 fish and fishing, 193, 195, 205, 226 Guanzi, 198

402 Index

Gucheng, 78, 79, 83, 85, 88, 89 Huai River, 21, 109, 122, 191 gui (tripod vessels), 133, 154 Huaiyang County, 121 Guihuashu Culture, 119 Huamiaodi, 113 Guihuashu site, 116, 188 Huan River, 191 Guilin, 30 huandibo (bowls), 161 Guilinxiang, 92, 95 huandiguan (jars), 161 Guiyuanqiao, 81 huang pendants, 120 Guizhou, 38, 61, 237 Huangcai River, 220 Guling Chumu, 264 Huanggang County, 250 Gulougang, 134 Huangjiayuan, 113 Guoji huayuan, 235 Huanglianshu, 117, 118, 242 Guojiagang, 134 Huangpi County, 117, 126, 131 Gushan, 188 Huangtugang, 251 Huangtushan, 255 Haibingcun, 239 Huangzhongcun, 80, 92, 95, 96, 98, 234 hairstyles, 93, 218 huawen (incisions), 76 Hall, Thomas, 9 Huaxia people, 124 Han River, 27, 28, 109, 117, 134, 142, Huayangguo zhi, 72, 141, 182 158, 188 Hubei, 40, 61, 109, 111, 126, 132, 254 Hangkonggang, 80 Hubei Longshan, 119 hangtu (rammed-earth technique), 77, 86, HubeiProvincialCulturalRelics 87, 126, 129, 135, 213 Management Committee, 52 Hanyuan County, 81 Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Hanzhou, 48 Relics and Archaeology, 52 Harappan seal, 44 HubeiProvincialMuseum,52 he (covered vessels), 248, 250, 251, 254, Hunan kaogu jikan (Hunan Archaeological 256, 261, 274 Reports), 61 Hechuan City, 26 Hunan Museum of Education, 52 Hejiadagou, 261 Hunan Provincial Cultural Relics Hemudu, 177 Administration Committee, 52 Henan, 59, 61, 109, 110, 111, 117, 118, Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural 121, 123, 126, 130, 132, 180, 254 Relics and Archaeology, 52 Hetaocun, 92 Hunan Provincial Museum, 52 historiography, 18 Hunan wenwu (Hunan Cultural Relics), 61 Holocene hunting, 176, 205 climate, 36–41 Huobaoxi, 240 sites, 69, 112–113 Holocene event 2, 37, 39, 40 identity, construction of, 257 Honghuatao, 116 Ingold, Timothy, 280 Hongmiaoling, 148, 156, 262 Inner Mongolia, 61 Houhan shu, 141 Institute for History and Philology (IHP), Houma, 104 50 Howell, F. Clark, 60 Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology and Howells, W. W., 60 Paleoanthropology (IVPP), 50 hu (ﬂask-shaped vessels), 76, 104, 238, Institute of Archaeology (IOA), 50, 53 248, 250, 251, 254, 256, 260–261, Institute of Chinese Medicine 263–265, 267, 269–274 (Zhongxixueyan), 239 huabian kouyan guan (jars), 161 interactions, interregional, 4, 6–10, 116, Huachengcun, 80 119, 124–125, 128, 139, 154, 157, Huachenggang, 113, 123, 242 158, 165, 277–278

Index 403

and ritual contexts, 211 sacrificial zone at, 216–219 and salt trade, 171, 203, 206 Jinsha River, 19 of Chu state, 277 Jinshaxiang, 238, 239 iron, 190 Jinyucun, 238 iron pans, 203, 205 Jinzishan, 113 irrigation facilities, 105 Jiudian, 246, 247, 249 isolationism, 58 Jiuli, 255 Jiuliandun, 253 jade, 179, 181, 187–188, 214 journals, archaeological, 53–56, 61 Jarrestad,¨ Scania, 283–284 Junpingjie, 96 Jialing River, 23, 25, 27, 35, 39, 81, 107, 142 Kai County, 270 jiandibei (cups), 94, 100, 150, 152, 156, Kaiming clan, 105, 106, 236 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206 Kangjia, 118 jiandiguan (jars), 94 Kaogu (journal), 53–56 jiandizhan (dishes), 90, 94, 100, 102, 150, Kaogu xuebao (journal), 53 153, 156, 161, 238, 268 Karlbeck, Orvar, 45 Jiangdongzui, 148 Keightley, David, 60 Jianghan kaogu (Jianghan Archaeology), 56, Keriya Valley, Xinjiang, 61 61 Kidder, Alfred V., 47 Jianghan Plain, 28–30, 35, 40, 116, 117, kilns, 152, 162, 178, 187, 195, 197 118, 122, 130, 132, 137, 183, Kohl, Philip L., 208 246–248, 249 kuanyan pen (basins), 76 Jiangjin County, 147 kuanyan pingdi zun (beakers), 76 Jiangling County, 28, 130, 132, 134, 135, Kuboshu, 122 190, 226, 247 Kui (people), 140 Jiao state, 109 Kuimen Gate, 32, 33 jiaozhuang jiandibei (cups), 151, 152, 153 Kuizhou, 27 jifa (hairstyle), 93 Jijiahu Culture, 119 labakou gaolingguan (jars), 76 Jijiahu site, 132, 134, 187 labor mobilization, 84, 92, 121 Jijiaocheng, 121 lacquer, 104, 133, 177, 178, 186, 187, 256 Jimingcheng, 121 lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum), Jinancheng, 110, 134, 135, 187, 190 177 Jing-Chu, 109 Lake Tai, 69 Jingchuan fandian, 238 landscapes, 280–281 Jingjiacheng, 123 ancient, 10 Jingnansi, 116, 125, 130, 134, 184, 226 ceremonial, 281–283 Jingpinfang, 80, 92 components of, 12–13 Jingshan County, 116 defined, 1 Jingzhou, 115 descriptions of, 2 Jinjigang, 113 discontinuities between, 10 Jinjing commune, 238 political, 68 Jinniu district, 238 social and cultural, 283–284 Jinpen, 131 Lanyuan, 98, 234 Jinsha, 96, 100, 101, 175, 177, 178, 179, Laoguachong, 266, 267 180, 182, 206 Laoguanmiao Culture, 146, 149 burials at, 234, 235 Laoguanmiao site, 149, 156, 165, 257 elephants at, 217 Laohekou City, 254 oracle bones at, 225 Laoyazhou, 189

404 Index

lead, 181, 182 Luohanshan, 251 Leigudun, 184, 252, 253 Luoji Mountain, 38 Leiguzhai, 81 Luojiaboling, 122, 187 Leijiaping, 148, 156, 263 Luojianian, 238 leixing, 70 Luojiaqiao, 145, 147, 274 Leopold, Estrella, 60 Luoping, 192 Li Bai, 169 Luopogang, 246 Li Bing, 72, 182 Lurong state, 109 Li Ji (Li Chi), 58 Lutaishan, 130, 131 Li River, 30, 113, 116, 129 Luwangcheng,¨ 131 Li state, 111 li tripods, 128, 161, 164, 263, 264, 268, Maddox, Patrick, 60 274 Maipingcun, 81 Liangzhu, 61 Maituo, 264 liankou jiandizhan (dishes), 152 Majia commune, 238 Lianyushan, 227 Majiahuan, 121 liaoguan (beads), 272 Majiayao Culture, 81, 177 liaozhu (beads), 272 Malde, Harold, 60 Libo, 39 Maliutuo, 159, 161, 162, 164, 227 Liguaibao, 255 Mangcheng, 76, 77, 85, 88, 177 Lijiaba, 153, 154, 157, 159, 162, 163, mantou kilns, 178 164, 196, 258, 267, 268–270, 274 Maogoudong, 226 Lijiazui, 243 Maoheling, 264, 265 Lingnan, 191, 277 Maojiashan, 116, 117 Linli County, 255 Maojiazui, 131, 220 Linshi, 147, 267 Maoxitao, 157 Linyi, 136 Maozhaiziwan, 148 Lishuwo, 113 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no, 1, 282 Liu Yao, 58 Marquis Yi of Zeng, 186, 188, 252 Liubutai, 115 Marxist archaeology, 56, 59 Liuchengqiao, 255 Mashan, 256 Liuhe, 123, 187, 242 Matuo, 265 Liulinxi, 143, 192 Mayang, 136 Liyang Plain, 186 Meihuaiqiao, 132, 226 Liyuan, 152, 200 Meixi River, 264 Lizhou, 27 Meiyuan, 98, 180, 216–219 Loehr, Max, 60 Menbanwan, 117, 118, 121 Longgupo, 143 metallurgy. See also bronzes Longquan Lake, 39 in Middle Yangzi, 188–190 Longquan Mountains, 24 in Sichuan Basin, 180–182 Longshan, 61 Mexi River, 264 Longshan interaction sphere, 119 Mianyang City, 79, 81 Longwan, 134, 135, 137, 186 Mianyang, Hubei, 40 Louziwan, 243 Mianzhu, 239 Lower Zaoshi Culture, 113 Miaoping, 192, 261 Lu¨ state, 111 Miaotaizi, 132 Luhe, 190 Middle Yangzi, 3, 29. See also Chu state; Lujiahe, 226 names of individual cultures Luo state, 109 agriculture in, 185–186 Luogang, 253 ancient climate in, 39–41

Index 405

animals in, 183–185 Nan Man Xinan Yi liezhuan, 141 archaeological chronology of, 112 Nan River, 96 archaeological research on, 44, 52, 56, Nanmuyuan, 143, 192 62, 111 Nanxi County, 50 burial locations, 240–243 Nanyang Basin, 28, 35, 110, 113, 115, ceramics in, 187 134, 137, 183 Chu state burials in, 256–257 nao bells, 220 climate in, 35 National Bureau of Cultural Relics, 50, 63 connection to Central Plains, 108, 120 National Committee for the Three Gorges connection to Three Gorges, 149, 156, Dam Construction Project, 62 172, 199 National Cultural Relics Research copper in, 181 Institute, 63 cultural collapse in, 124 National Museum of China, 50, 61 divination in, 225–227 National Museum of History, 61, 63 EasternZhouperiod,133–137 Nelson, Nels C., 32, 46, 47, 115 in early to middle Bronze Age, 125–130 Neolithic period metallurgy in, 188–190 in Middle Yangzi, 111–118, 240–243 Neolithic sites, 111–118 in the Three Gorges, 30–42, 143–150, physical geography of, 27–30, 42 165–166 plant exploitation in, 185–187 nephrite, 188 political centers in, 207 networks of interaction, 6, 130, 139 political topography of, 139 Niejiazhai, 128 sacriﬁcial rituals in, 219–221 Nihewan Basin, 61 sites of, 114 Ningchang, 199 stone work in, 187–188 Ningxia, 61 trade networks in, 191 Ningxiang County, 129, 220, 221 use of raw materials in, 191–195 niuzhong bells, 160 Western Zhou period, 130–133 Mid-Yangzi Longshan Culture, 119 Okamura Hidenori, 122 militarization, 257 Olwig, Kenneth, 280 Mi-Luo River, 129 oracle bones 109, 158, 216. See also Min River, 24, 25, 27, 50, 81 divination Mingyueba, 227 and salt production, 228–230 mining, 189 at Zhongba, 227–229 Minjiang xiaoqu, 96 in Chengdu area, 223–225 Minshan Fandian, 96 in Middle Yangzi, 225–227 Modi River, 175, 212, 216 in Shang period, 222–223 Mofu, 80 monsoons, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40 paixiao ﬂutes, 252 Mopanshan, 134 palatial structures, 135 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 57 Pan County, 61 Mortimore, Mrs. W. J., 45 pankou quanzu zun (beakers), 76 Moutuo, 99, 239 Panlongcheng, 125, 127, 129, 130, 131, Moyes, Holley, 223 138, 139, 186, 188, 206 Mufu Mountains, 27 bronzes at, 189, 219 musical instruments, 220, 252 burials at, 243 Muxingshan, 255 oracle bones at, 225 Muye, Battle of, 72 trading in, 190 Parker, Bradley, 10 Nakamura Shinichi, 122 Pearl River, 69

406 Index

Peking University, 59, 64 Qingshuitan, 116, 117 Peng County, 239 qingtingyan (beads), 272 Penggang, 252, 254 Qingyanggong Culture, 74, 106, 159, 165, Pengtoushan, 112, 186 274 pericentric approach, 169 affinities to other cultures, 104 peripheries, 279–280 burials, 102–104 and interpolity interaction, 4 ceramics of, 102, 103 as analytical focus, 7–13 political topography of, 105–106 cultural, 12 seals of, 105 defined, 2–3, 10 Shangyejie, 103, 104, 106 physical geography Ya n g z i s h a n , 105, 106 of Middle Yangzi, 27–30 Yingjing, 104 of Sichuan, 22–27 Qingyanggong site, 99, 238 of Three Gorges area, 30–33 Qingyi River, 99 Pi County, 239 Qingzhencun, 238 Pingjiang, 136 Qinling Mountains, 181 Pingliangtai, 121 Qionglai County, 182 PlainofZhou,220 Qionglai Mountains, 24 plant exploitation Qu River, 26 in Middle Yangzi, 185–187 Qujialing Culture, 116–118, 120, 121, in Sichuan Basin, 176–178 149 in the Three Gorges, 193–195 agriculture in, 186 political centralization.Seecenters, animals in, 183, 192 political architectural features, 119 pollen studies, 38–39 burials in, 241–242 population, 87, 157, 165 Qujialing site, 242 Post-Shijiahe Culture, 125 Qutang Gorge, 32, 146, 261, 264 Poyang Lake, 27, 40 Qutangguan, 264 Proto-Qujialing Culture, 116 quxi leixing (regional systems and local Pujiang County, 182, 238 cultural series), 69 Pumpelly, Raphael, 45 pyramid, 105, 219 radial core-periphery model, 7 pyro-osteomancy, 222, 230. See also oracle Ranmang state, 57 bones raw materials. See also salt and salt production Qianjiang County, 134 use of, in Middle Yangzi, 191–195 qianpan dou (stemmed platters), 76 use of, in Sichuan Basin, 178–182 Qianwei County, 238 use of, in Three Gorges, 195–196 Qichun County, 131 Renfang, 95, 239 Qilihe, 123 Renjiaping, 263 Qin state, 110, 142 Renshengcun, 92, 173, 233, 234 Qing dynasty, 44 Richthofen, Ferdinand Freiherr von, Qing River, 183, 184, 192 45 Qingguanshan, 92 ritual density, 223, 228 Qingjiang County, 157 rituals and ritual pits, 15, 90–91, 98, 105, Qingjiangcun, 92 121, 157, 176. See also divination; Qinglongquan Culture, 119 sacrifices Qinglongquan site, 117, 123, 242, 253 in Middle Yangzi, 219–221 Qinglongshan, 113 in the Three Gorges, 208 Qingshui River, 113 locations of, 210–211

Index 407

musical instuments in, 252 Shabaoling, 261 topographies of, 209–211 Shaishutai, 128 Rudolph, Richard C., 60 Shamaoshan, 123 Ruxi River, 152, 200 Shandong, 56, 61, 69, 198 Shang period, 109, 125–130 sacrifices, 90, 98, 234. See also rituals and Shangguan, 264 ritual pits Shangqiu, 61 and ritual topographies, 211–212 Shangwangjiaguai, 101, 104 at Jinsha, 216–219 Shangyejie Culture, 176 at Sanxingdui, 181, 212–215 Shangyejie site, 103, 104, 106, 178, 235, human, 218, 258, 268 236, 237 in Middle Yangzi, 219–221 Shanwan, 253, 254 of animals, 173, 175 Shao Tuo, 246 social importance of, 211–212 Shaopengzui Culture, 145, 165, 257 Sage, Steven, 141, 142 Shaopengzui site, 145–146, 147, 148, 149, Sagelen,´ Victor, 46 150, 165, 196, 199, 200, 258 salt and salt production, 146, 152, 167, Shaxi, 92, 98, 99 182 Shayema Lake, 38 and interregional interaction, 172 Shazhong, 246 at Zhongba, 200–205 She River, 191 ceramics used in, 200–203 Shen state, 111 importance of, 196–198 shengding (tripods), 133 oracle bones in, 228–230 shengwen changfu guan (jars), 100 organization of, 202–204 Shi’erqiao Culture, 73, 90, 94–100, 106, sources of, 198–199 151, 156, 165 Sanbao Cave, 39 agriculture in, 177 Sandongqiao, 239 animal remains in, 94–107 Sanfangwan, 120 bronzes in, 95 Sanhe huayuan, 96, 98 burials in, 234 Sanxingcun, 92 ritual objects in, 216 Sanxingdui Culture, 73, 106, 151, 156, stone work in, 180 165 Shi’erqiao site, 93, 96, 102, 176 burials in, 173–208 Shiben, 141 stone work in, 180 Shidiba, 196, 199, 200, 258 Sanxingdui site, 25, 48, 49, 61, 84, 89–92, shiding (tripods), 133 138, 158, 174, 181 Shifang, 81 animals at, 173–175, 206 Shiji, 72 bronzes at, 215 Shijiahe Culture, 118–122, 124, 138, figurines at, 180 149 gold at, 182 agriculture in, 186, 198 jade at, 179 animals in, 183, 192 metallurgy at, 180–181 burials in, 242 sacrificial pits at, 212–215, 218 ceramics in, 187 Sanyuangong, 115 metallurgy in, 188 Saxe, Arthur, 231 settlement size in, 122 School of Electronics, 239 sites of, 122–123 seals, 104, 105, 238 stone work in, 187, 188 Segalen,´ Victor, 45 wall plans in, 123 Service, Elman, 57 Shijiefang, 80 Shaanxi, 59, 118 Shijing, 109

408 Index

Shimen, 136 Sima Qian, 110 Shimenzui, 226, 227 slave society, 57 Shixiazi, 274 Smith, Adam T., 68 Shiyan, 252 So, Jenny, 256 Shizishan, 81, 255 social status, 102, 218, 242, 243, 244–245, Shou County, 45, 191 256, 267 Shu seals, 44 Song dynasty, 44, 153 Shu state, 57, 71–73, 105, 141, 230 songjian xiaopingdi pen (basins), 95, 151 Shu wang benji, 72 Southwest Museum, 52 Shuanghe, 84, 85 Southwest Silk Road, 175 Shuangyantang, 156 sovereignty, 9 Shufeng huayuancheng, 234, 235 spatial boundaries of World Systems, 9, Shuifumiao, 261 11 Shuiguanyin, 92, 98, 234, 235 specialized production, 91, 166, 202, 203 shuiyu (vessels), 133 stone work, 187–188 Sichuan Basin, 20, 24. See also Chengdu Su Bingqi, 69 Plain Suheping, 148 ancient climate in, 39 Sui County, 128, 136 animals in, 172–176, 206 Sui state, 109, 111 archaeological research on, 53 Suizhou, 252 brine resources in, 199 sukouguan (jars), 161 burial locations, 233 Sun Hua, 93 climate of, 34 Sunjiahe, 113 divination in, 230 superposition, 47 metallurgy in, 180–182 physical geography of, 22–27, 42 Taiping commune, 239 plant exploitation in, 176–178 tallies, 191 political topography of, 138–139 Ta ng s t at e, 111 salt production in, 182 Tangfangping, 156 trade networks in, 207 Tangjiagang Culture, 113 use of raw materials in, 178–182 Tanheli, 129, 130, 220 Sichuan Medical University, 51 Tanjialing, 122 Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics Taojiahu, 121 Management Committee, 51 Taoyuan, 136 Sichuan Provincial Institute of Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco, 282 Archaeology, 64 terraces, 30 Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural textile industry, 196 Relics and Archaeology (Sichuan Three Gorges, 23, 31 ICRA), 51 agriculture in, 193–195, 198 Sichuan Provincial Museum, 51 and Chu state, 159, 230 Sichuan University, 51 and Shu state, 230 Sichuan wenwu (Sichuan Cultural Relics), animals in, 192–193 56, 61 archaeological chronology of, 145 Sichuan wenwu kaogu wenxian mulu archaeological research on, 52, 62, 1921–1986, 56 63–64, 143 Sichuan-Xikang Antiquity Research as peripheral region, 2, 3, 279 Group, 50 Bronze Age sites, 150–158, 159–165, Sifangcheng, 255 166 Silibao, 200 burials in, 259, 260–277 silk, 133, 256 ceramics in, 195–196

Index 409

climate in, 35 and salt, 206 connection to Chengdu Plain, 149, 157, in Middle Yangzi, 190, 191, 207 158, 159, 172 in Sichuan Basin, 207 connection to Middle Yangzi, 149, 156, in the Three Gorges, 207 172, 199 transportation networks, 182, 191 Daixi Culture in, 115 tremolite, 188 divination in, 227–230 Tucheng, 132 early archaeological excavations in, Tuchengpo, 264, 265 46–48 Tujiatai, 113 historical accounts of, 140–142 Tujing Township, 152 Neolithic sites in, 30–42, 165–166 Tuo River, 24, 27 physical geography of, 30–33, 42 turquoise, 180, 188 plant exploitation in, 193–195 turtles, 222, 226, 227 salt production in, 196–206 sites in, 144 unilinear model of cultural evolution, 57 trade networks in, 207 use of raw materials in, 196 vats, 100, 120, 121, 146, 149, 201, 202 Three Gorges Dam, 36, 62, 63 Thurston, Tina, 13, 283–284 Wagangcao, 264 Tianmen County, 120, 123, 138 Waibiangou, 253 Tianxingguan, 184, 186, 246, 248, 249, walls. See also architectural features and 256 walls Tiaoshi, 148, 258 in Baodun Culture sites, 83–87 tiger iconography, 102, 218 in Sanxingdui Culture sites, 90, 92 time–space systematics, 69 Wan County, 31 tin, 181, 182 Wan’an Medicine Packaging Plant, 95 To ng E nz h e ng , 56–57, 59 Wanbo, 98 Tongbai Mountains, 27, 28, 122 Wang Jun, 64 Tonggushan, 129, 189, 220 Wang Mingke, 72 Tongling, 189 Wangcheng County, 132 To ng l ushan,¨ 136, 189, 190 Wangjiachong, 250, 251 Tongmulong, 255 Wangjiagang, 116, 240, 242 tools, 161 Wangjiawan, 263 at Sanxingdui, 178–179 Wangshan, 246, 256 for mining, 189 Wangyemiao, 147 in the Three Gorges, 196 Wanzhou County, 31 stone, 76, 78, 80, 82, 99, 112, 116, 178, Wanzhou region, 31, 36, 142, 143, 199, 180, 240, 258 227, 265–277 topographies, 2, 280, 281 Wanzhou Salt Bed, 31 characteristics of, 7 Warring States period, 104, 136 conceptual, 12, 13 burials, 102, 235–240 cultural, 68–70 coins and tallies in, 191 economic, 171–172 lacquer in, 186 environmental, 17 militarization in, 257 historiographical, 18, 43 water diversion system, 25 political, 3, 68, 105–106, 139, 180, 256 Wazhadi Culture, 151, 156, 165 ritual, 209–212, 231–232, 244, 256, Wazhadi site, 134–139, 145, 150, 151, 277 153, 157, 200, 227 To r i i R yuz¯ o,¯ 58 weapons, 91, 99, 102, 104, 142, 166, 190, trade networks, 8, 275–276 196, 234, 257, 262

410 Index

Wei Juxian, 73 xiaokou shengwen fu (small-mouthed Wei River, 227 cauldrons), 102 Weiganping, 192 xiaopingdi guan (jars), 90 Weijialiangzi, 148 Xiaotianxi, 27, 141, 159, 160, 164, 266, Weining, 38 267 Weishui River, 129 Xiasi, 132, 254 Wenchuan County, 180 Xiawanggang, 117, 118 weng (vats), 100 Xichang, 38, 181 wenhua, 69–70 Xicheng tianxia, 98, 100 Wenmiao xijie, 75, 97, 102, 233, 238, Xichuan, 118, 132, 254 239 Xihuayuan, 123 We n w u (journal), 53 Xiling Gorge, 32 West China Border Research Society, 45, Xinan Jiaotong College, 100 48 Xindu, 104 West China Union University, 51 Xinfan County, 92 WesternZhouperiod,130–133 Xinhaotai, 199 Wheatley, Paul, 282 Xinjiang, 61 World Systems theory, 5–7, 169, 208 Xinjin County, 74 Wormington, H. M., 60 Xinpu, 156, 196 writing, 102, 142 Xinqiang River, 129 Wu Gorge, 32 Xinyicun, 224, 238, 239 Wu Jinding, 50 Xinyicun Culture, 73, 100–101, 156, 165, Wu Mountains, 28, 36 235 Wu River, 26, 27 burials in, 234 Wuhan University, 52 ceramics of, 103 Wujiagang, 250, 251 ritual objects in, 216 Wulian commune, 238 Xinzhou County, 128 Wulijie, 136, 190, 206 Xiong Yi, 109, 110 Wulong, 238 Xiongjialing, 250, 251 Wushan, 140 Xirangkou, 263, 265 Wushan County, 148 Xisiping, 192 Wuxi County, 199 Xiufengyizhong, 263, 265 Wuxiangmiao, 116 xuandifangguan (cofﬁn type), 249 xuandihuguan (cofﬁn type), 246, 248, 249, Xia Nai, 58, 60 253, 255 Xiaji, 117 Xiang River, 30, 132, 133, 137 Ya j i a o, 145, 159, 160, 161, 164, 271–272, Xiangfan, 28, 226, 252 273, 275 Xiangfan City, 254 Yandian, 84 Xianglushan, 128, 132 Yanduizi, 92 Xianglushi, 157, 184, 226, 227 Ya n g j i awa n , 243 Xiangtan, 130 Yangjiazui, 243 Xiangxi River, 261 Yangmugang, 116, 134 Xiangyang, 134, 254 Yangshao Culture, 113 Xiangyin County, 136 Yangxin County, 189 Xianrendong, 61, 186 Yangzhuang, 123 Xiaogan County, 44, 130 Yangzi Basin, 21 Xiaojialing, 226, 228 Yangzi River, 19–22, 31, 133, 153, 157, Xiaojiawuji, 122, 187, 242 158. See also Middle Yangzi

Index 411

Ya n g z i s h a n , 92, 105, 106, 178, 207, Zaolingang, 242, 246 219 Zaoshi, 129, 189 Yaojialin, 123 Zaoyang City, 253 yarrow sticks, 222 zeng, 238 yi, 248, 256, 264, 265 Zeng state, 133, 252 Yi Zhoushu, 73 zhan (vessels), 254 Yibi coin, 268 zhang (forked blades), 214, 215, 216, 217 Yichang, 128 Zhangjiapo, 81 Yichang County, 157 Zhangjiashan, 132, 134 Yidu County, 157 Zhangjiawan, 39 Yin Da, 58 Zhangshutan, 129, 187, 189 Ying (Chu capital), 110, 134, 135 Zhangshutan Culture, 129 Yingjing, 104, 239 Zhaojiahu, 246 Yingpanshan, 81, 177 Zhaoxiang, 250 Yinxiangcheng, 121, 134 Zhen’an, 150, 151, 158, 164, 199, 200, Yinxu, 223, 227 263, 267 Yishengsi, 123 Zheng Dekun (Cheng Te-k’un), 48, 71 Yizhou, 27 Zhengyin xiaoqu, 95 Yong (people), 140 Zhengzhou, 126 Yongjinwan, 234 zhenmushou (tomb-protecting beasts), 133 Yongshun County, 130 Zhenwushan, 226 Youziling Culture, 115, 117 Zhichengbei, 113 Yu (people), 140 Zhihuijie, 96, 100, 224, 228 Yu Weichao, 61 Zhijiang County, 118 Yuan River, 113, 255 Zhixin jinshayuan, 80 Yuchanyan, 62, 111, 186, 187 Zhong County, 64, 145, 147, 150, 159, Yuchisi, 118 160, 193, 199, 200, 227, 275 Yue ethnic bronzes, 111 Zhongba, 64, 65, 146, 148, 149, 152, 158, Yue ethnic group, 111, 136 160, 165, 166, 172, 192–193, 196 Yueliangwan, 89, 91, 213, 234 animals at, 194 Yueyang , 129, 189 burials at, 257 Yufu, 78, 86 ceramics at, 201 Yufupu, 143 divination at, 227–230 Yujiaba, 267, 270 ﬁshing tools at, 195 Yujiazhai, 123 kilns at, 197 Yun River, 28 oracle bones at, 229 Yun state, 109 Phase I, 202, 204 Yundong Chuangshang Yanjiusuo, 238 Phase II, 202, 228 Yunling, 20 Phase III, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, Yunmeng, 136 228–230 Yunmeng Marsh, 28, 40, 124, 191 pits at, 205 Yunnan, 181 salt production at, 200–205 Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, 23, 28, 35, 36, Zhongbaodao, 116, 130, 157 38, 39, 181 Zhongbazi, 153, 155, 158, 258, 263, 267 Yunyang County, 154, 200, 265, 272 Zhonghai guojishequ, 80 Yusishan, 129, 189 Zhongyixueyuan, 238 Yutaishan, 186, 190, 246, 256 Zhongzipu, 81 Yuxi, 143, 149, 165, 192, 199 Zhoukoudian, 61 Yuxiping, 143, 199 Zhouliangyuqiao, 130, 184, 226

412 Index

Zhujiatai, 116, 117, 123 Zilinggang, 246 Zhumadian, 123 Zizhou, 27 Zhushu jinian, 73 Zizhu, 84 Zhuwajie, 98 Zoumaling, 117, 121 Zigong, 182 zun (vessels), 90, 175, 181, 214, 220, 221 Zigui County, 110, 132, 148, 157, 192, Zuojiagongshan, 255, 257 227 Zuozhong, 246