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Martinus Willem Beijerinck (1851-1931)

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Martinus Willem Beijerinck (1851-1931) Features Martinus Willem Beijerinck (1851-1931) Pioneer of general microbiology KING-THOM CHUNG and DEAM HUNTER FERRIS “Fortunate are those who now start.” that use methane as their sole source of carbon and Martinus W. Beijerinck energy. Albert Jan Kluyver, who inherited the chair of Beijerinck in 1921, developed the theory of metabolic Late in 1995, microbiologist, historians, and digni- unity and diversity for microorganisms. And C. B. Van taries participated in a conference, “Beijerinck Centen- Niel, one of Kluyver’s students, migrated to the United nial-Microbial Physiology and Gene Regulation: States, where he influenced an entire generation of Emerging Principles and Application,” in The Hague, microbiologists with his enthusiasm for unusual bio- The Netherlands, to commemorate the appointment of chemistry and physiology. Together with Pasteur, Martinus Willem Beijerinck, the great microbiologist, Koch, and the Russian Sergi N. Winogradsky, who as a professor at Delft Polytechnic School. Despite his specialized in soil microorganisms, Beijerinck is re- discovering the filterability of the infectious agent garded as a founder of microbiology as a distinct responsible for tobacco mosaic disease, identifying the discipline. first microbial sulfate reducer, and conducting pioneer- ing research on nitrogen fixation, very few current Beijerinck’s Humble Family Origins students of biology are aware of Beijerinck’s fundamen- tal contributions to the development of microbiology. The family of Martinus Willem Beijerinck, who was One reason that Beijerinck is not better known is born on 16 March 1851 in Amsterdam, The Nether- that his studies of plant- and soil-associated microor- lands, came from ganisms were less dramatic than those of his contem- Twente in the prov- poraries Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. Moreover, ince of Overijsel. His their work related to familiar human and animal father, Derk Beijer- diseases. inck (1805~1879), Beije.rinck, with his keen ability for observation, and mother, Jean- was a prime mover in establishing general microbiol- nette Henriette van ogy as a major discipline. Well before most universities Slogteren (1811- recognized microbiology as a distinct discipline, he 1875), had one other established the Delft School of Microbiology, which set son and two daugh- the cornerstone for developing many such departments ters. and institutions worldwide. Soon this school attracted When Derk Bei- a steady stream of insightful researchers, including the jerinck’s tobacco _ botanist and microscopist Gijsebertus Van Iterson and business in Amster- N. L. Sohngen, the first to describe microorganisms dam failed, he and his family moved to King-Thorn Chung (corresponding author) is a pro- Naarden in 1851, fessor of microbiology at the Department of Microbiol- where he found work ogy and Molecular Cell Sciences, The University of as a clerk in the Beijerinck (from ASM Archives) Memphis, Memphis, Tenn. Deam Hunter Ferris, profes- Haarlem booking of- sor emeritus of the Department of Pathobiology, Uni- fice of the Holland versity of Illinois, Urbana, passed away on 8 December Railway Company. Although the family was too poor to 1993 during the preparation of this article. send Martinus to school, his father taught him not only VOL. 62, NO. 10, 1996 539 all the subjects of elementary Scientific Highlights of Beijerinck’s Career school but also French, English, l Demonstrated the filterability of the infectious agent of tobacco mosaic disease a little German, artwork, and and coined the term “filterable virus.” Described the intracellular reproduction some astronomy and physics. of tobacco mosaic virus in 1898, a pioneering contribution in virology. At the age of 12, Martinus l Isolated BaciZZus rudicicola and proved that it forms nodules on the roots of went on to the elementary Leguminosae species. Later isolated Rhizobium species, studied nitrogen fixa- school of Master Knoop and, tion, and demonstrated nitrogen fixation by free-living microorganisms, partic- subsequently, the Hoogere ularly Azotobacter chroococcum. Burgerschool (secondary school) * Isolated and described in detail the denitrification process of BaciZZus sphaero- at Haarlem. Despite an inferior- sporus and Bacillus nitrous. a Isolated sulfate producing ThiobaciZZus species and demonstrated their chemo- ity complex that undermined autotrophic nature. Also studied hydrogen sulfide production by Aerubacter his self-confidence, intelligence species. and hard work led him to the l Contributed to the understanding of lactic acid bacteria involved in producing top rank in his class. Moreover, kefir and yogurt. Demonstrated the significance of a catalase-negative reaction during this time, Frederik Wil- and proposed the generic name LactobaciZZus. lem van Eeden, his science l Introduced the generic name Acetobacter, described pigment-producing Aceto- teacher in botany, greatly influ- baeter melanogenum, and studied butyric acid and butyl alcohol fermentation. enced Beijerinck. The two of l Pioneered the study of luminescent bacteria and isolated Phutobacterium them spent considerable time Zuminosum (1889). Pioneered the study of yeast, isolated Schixosuccharumyces wandering the sand dunes near octoporus from raisins, and discovered the saccharolytic enzyme lactase of Saccharomyces tyrucola, Haarlem nurturing a love of * Was the first to obtain pure cultures of algae, zoochlorellae, and gunidia of plant life. In 1866, at the age of lichens. 15, he won a contest on the basis l Studied urea decomposition, microbial variations (mutations), and oxygen of his collection of 150 species of relationships among bacteria. plants. * Observed Sarcina uentriculi in media of high acidicity and under anaerobic With the help of his brother conditions. and uncle, Beijerinck entered a Studied plant galls and did extensive morphological work on adventitious the Delft Polytechnical School, structures and regeneration phenomena in plants. where chemistry became his l Studied phyllotaxis, the arrangement of leaves on plant stems, major subject but plants re- l Investigated the fungus CZasterusporium carpophilum (later named C. belijer- mained his major nick), the potent cause of gummosis. interest. While a student, he met J. H. Van’t Hoff, who later won the first Nobel Prize in chemistry. They undertook many experiments together, and Van’t The Delft School of Microbiology Hoff later became Beijerinck’s lifelong adviser. When- Family Tree Project - - ~ ever a new opportunity arose for Beijerinck, he con- On a freezing evening outside the former Microbi- sulted with Van’t Hoff before taking action. ology Laboratory in Delft late in 1995, the son of Albert Beijerinck graduated in 1872 and enrolled in the Jan Kluyver unveiled a plague commemurating the building, which is now an apartment complex. In that laboratory Beijerinck and Kluyver founded the D M. W. Beijerinck School of Microbiology a century ago. This year as we Delft University of Technology celebrate the Beijerinck centennial, we alsu recognize I the five generations of microbiologists who descended A.J. Kluyver Delft University B.J.D. Meeuse- University of Washington becoming a pkfessor, we D.R. Kreger 117 J.E. van Amstel tree” of microbiolotists who- can traj Agricultural University of Wageningen J.P. Pfeiffer A. van Rossem many others H.C. Jacobsen Unilever aspects is its international spread. E A.H.van Delden school are found on every major land block and in many countries, Ledey A. Robertsun LesZey A. Robertson of the KZuyuer Laboratorlv fur Agricultural University of Wageningen Biotechnology at DeZft University uf Technoloiy - in wj j1 ’ DeZft, Xhe Netherlands, began the FamiZy Tree Pro*ject. I I I ASM News Features ued research and in 1877 published his [See Mini-tree 3. ] first paper on plant galls. In the same year he received his doctorate from the Univer- sity of Leiden. His dissertation was dedi- cated to his father. He remained in Wage- C.B. van Niel y J. W.M. la Riviere; IHE Stanford University E.S. Idziak; McGill University ningen, teaching and studying plant galls. T. WikCn N. Kreger-van Rij; CBS In 1883, one of his papers was accepted by Delft University of Technology A.J. van der Eb; University of Leiden H. Veldkamp R.I. Mateles; Candida Corporation the Amsterdam Academy, a great honor for University of Groningen A. Fuchs; Agricultural University of J. Lodder Wageningen him. Gist brocades G.D. Vogels; Catholic University of According to L. E. den Dooren de Jong, J.P. van der Walt Nijmegen University of the Orange Free State C.J.E. Bulder; Agricultural University of one of his students during this period, D.M.J. Westendijk Wageningen CBS and many, many others Beijerinck was a demanding and unpopu- J.C. Hoogerheide lar teacher who shouted his demands and Gist brocades R.L.Starkey often berated students for their mistakes. Rutgers University C.E.Clifton Their attitudes disappointed Beijerinck, J.G. Kuenen; Delft University of Technology Stanford University W. Harder; University of Groningen who did not seem to understand the outlook C.J.E.A.Bulder W. Konings; University of Groningen Agricultural University of Wageningen on life of these “normal” students. J.C. Gottschal; University of Groningen A. Kaars Sijpesteijn and many others To Beijerinck, there was nothing more T.N.O. I- H.A. Barker interesting than science. Botanical re- University of California ’ +, B.E. Volcani The next Delft Generation search was the love of his life. His work Scripps Institute of Oceanography was increasingly recognized by the scien- S. Soriano University of Buenos Aires tific establishment in The Netherlands, J. De Ley University of Gent. which in May 1884 elected him to the H.J. Phaff Royal Academy of Sciences in Amsterdam. University of California, Davis N.J. Palleroni; Rutgers University W. Verhoeven R.E. Halbinger; University of Buenos Aires During this period he also came into regu- Nutricia and many others P.A.Roelofsen lar contact with many influential scholars, Delft University of Technology such as the botanist Hugo Marie De Vries N.M.Stelling-Decker CBS (1848 -1935), who rediscovered Mendel’s B. Elema rules of inheritance; the astronomer A. C. Gist brocades T.Y. Kingma-Boltjes H.J.J.
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