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Minority Contributions to Science, Engineering, and Medicine

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Minority Contributions to Science, Engineering, and Medicine DOCUMENT RESUME ED 156 382 . RC 016 570 AUTHOR' . Punches, Peggy; And Others .' -TITLE '''Minority Contributions'to-Science Engineering, and .1411dicine. INSTITUTION Sin Diego- City Schools,. Calif. PUB DATE 78 NOTE 179p. - ENS PRICE AF-$0.83 HC- $10.03 plus postage. DESCRIPTORS *Achte'vement; American Indians; Asian Americans; *Biographical Inventories; Blacks; Cultural. Awareness; *Engineering; Ethnic Studies; Health -Personnel; Instructional Materials ;Leadership; *Medicine; *Minority Grcups;Pharmacy; *physical Sciences;. Resoureg Materials; Role Models; Sciences; Spanish Speaking ABSTRACT . Offering an historical pertpective on the development' = of science, engineering, _medicine, and technology and providing current role models for minprity students, the bulletin lists the outstanding contributions madeby: (1) Elad4s nedicine, chemistry, architecture, engineering, physics, biology, and ezploration4.- (2) Hispanos - biomedical research., botany, biologye-physicsi chemistry, space educatiolL physiology, Whematics, pharmacblogy, meteorology, Aceanography, sociology, geology,' anthropology, psychology,. engineering, electronics, and compiters; (3) Asian Americans - astronomy, engineering, technology, matbematics, medicine, health, physics, dentistry, chemistry, and space education; (4) American Indians - engineering, botany, physics, architecture, chemistry, , biology, agronomy, foregtry, environmental science, weather forecasting, science education; audiology, otolaryngology, archeology, nursing, Mathematics, anthropology, psychology, . dentistry, medicine, and pharmacology. Also listed are Hispanic Sobel Prizewinners, scientists of the 20th century, and professors; Moslem , .and Jewish scientists of Medieval Spain (circa 90Q-1400), statistici. , on the representation of Bispanos in'science; programs designed O. meet the Hispanos, health service needs; programs fdr Indian studitits and agencies to Contact for possible financial aid; groups cf special interest to Indian students; and available resources and creative ways to incorporate knowledge and appreciation of minority contributions. into the regular instructional program. (NQ) t 04 *********************** *********************************************** / * Reproductions supp ied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * f on the origindl document. * .*************************!********************************************* ?' Stock No.41-M-5695 . "f 4 MINORITY.ONTRIBUTIONS TO o SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND.MEDICINE -pJ, "KM' %/04/ *.f.,,,A * thipos VW. " PP- 440*. Os II tom** 11'...SI:14411.?"11174111PrillittgaPirti 11.00.4w! v.v..* so.:..ciama4114:#040,414,61-0.4.7 twirV,I1 ,/ 41441614, wF4' 4 .*-11!0. .6%#_46-Valt;111 AV' 0 Al.4,:,.., W 4' , At_41,7&N liriVIt 0 71 176 4,4 1i IINP 1 1 17 WI 4 io. ...I silty '414.1eti IP' 4tftri wig 17 Zig31. ,tillintZi .111460 tilsr.f .. ."- AlOhlii 114i :--.°.fl.- % ikrajeii4 I49\ 4t4:9111 'Wei:1440,,..... ,:i ..,e' : IF.4ASO ,,_,,.... ......,gAttikti $ ,.., /,,,,,N.P-4--v....i trowevAl; t.6,...,. : i 1 . 41:01 0 ' ,r VIIIIIIIIIIR&% g ! :It W'VN ,ait`sto,1011,.10 46:04,,,...09u1s10,44 011111:t!' 4404e).4 11:44114g 't-ZiattrAtitibpVAlogrel .. 4.100 u...,,,,2 ;*01.e.vak. L011422...4.411-Nigglitlinteakra._ t....f.rs..... U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH4, "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MATERIAL HAS%BEEN GRANTEDeBY EDUCATION THISDOCUMENT HAS BEEN Reelt0 OUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM .\*ti........ THE PERSONOR ORGANIZATION 0R4GIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR oprr.loNs : . STATED00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE. i TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESI1NRCES SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF .. INFORMATION CENTER (ma) AND EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY USERS OF THE ERIC SYSTEM " - San Diego City Schools San Diego, California 1978 0 ti !. O MINORITY CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE 4 ) Pr6pared by Peggy Punches Tetsuyo Kashima Mary Domb Mikkelson Compiled by Mary Domb Mikkelson p 4 San Diego City Schools San Diego, California ti 11, 1978 PREFACE Only 'about five percent of the scientists and engineers in'the UnitedStates are minority members,and, as a result, few role models for these professions', are available to our students.Moreover, until recently, little has been written or 'taught about, the valuable contributions which minorities have made to science, engineering, and medicine. Because it is estimated that not even 10 percent ofminhtycollege entrants % are adequately prepated--or motivated--to seek degrees in,these fields-- it is especially important that minority students showing interest inor aptitude for the sciences be advised, (by junior high at the'latest!)to concentrate on math- ,f,e ics, science, and the 'language arts when choosing their high school-courses. It is equally important'the they - -and their classmates -- become more aware of ,k the ro played by minorities in the development of our Scientific and techno- . logical society. This Instructional Suggestions Bulletin isplapnea as a resource to 'help science teachers and counselors assist and advise students making academic and career choices. It offers an historical perspective on the development of science, engineering, and medicine and, the outstanding contributions made by minority groups. It also provides current role models (local as well as world- wide) for minority students. ( ' \,' , Attentiois directed to the special teacher's section which lists available resources anksuggests creative ways to/Incorporate knowledge and -appreciation of minors y contributions into thereguAar instructionaPprograT. / Users of thisbullptin are encouraged; to send criticisms or suggestions for improving this putilication to the Science Specialist, Programs Division. Elise L. Sanchez AesistialSuperintendent Programs Di/isiok "o 0 o O 4 e CONTENTS a BLACK CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCEIyGINEERING, AND MEDICINE. 1 HISPANIC' CONTRIBUTIONS it, SCIENCE,' MiDICINE, AND I -(...., TECHNOLOGY '25 . ASIAN 'CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE .. 75 AMERICAN INDIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TtO SCIENCE, MEDICINE, AND TECHNOLOGY t 109. SUGGESTED WAYS TO USE MATERIALS e 167 r I I 0 to V a . B4C1( CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING., AND MEDICINE Prepared by Peggy Funchear , CP 1 - . 1 U 5. $ . CONTENTS IMPORTANCE OF RECOGNIZING THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF BLACKS. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY ROLES OF BLACKS . 5 Medicine 7 Medical Science 9 Chemistry 10. Architecture 11 ,, 1 Invention and Engineeq4 31' , Physics 14 Naturalists andhBioldgists ..t .14 % Explorers .. ice;:'4R ;:' '14 '. ...in 4 ADDITIONAL. LISTING OF BLACK, SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS .., 16 ... OTHERIltENTIONSBY BLACKS- . 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY ) 122 NO- .., ' I 4s: \3 o .1 24%. dti 5 `1 ti f 6 3 o I, 4 I k - :t>plt tkt$%'4 , P \\`: Vt. If r. 'N '-AV '41sT dsis v, :tt, IMONTANCE OF RECOGNIZING THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF BLACKS In the past, Blacks were often. told that science was too difficult for them, that ontly'a few exceptional Blacks had ever achieved,orcould achieve-- - success in this field. Science and history books made/little' mention of their' discoveries and'inventiolipland,'as a result, too few lack students learned aboutthe.conLributions that- members of their race have made to the world of science. Today's"Black students should be.given the opportunity to study about these individuals and learn about their contributions.t This can be accomplished by counselorswhb take the time to'etiphasize to Black students the, importance of the academic sciences, and byreachers who makean'extraeffort to encourage the' participation of minority students in the study of science. Science is an establishment that is truly committed to equality for all people& Failure to teach the, accomplishments of any race is a great disservice to the members of every race% Ii a ,HIST6RICAL AND CONTEMPORARY ROLES OF BLACKS Evidence of the long march of Black history can be found from the Olduvai Gorge to the Sahara D"ert. Archeological ,findings and the'dating of fossils indicate quite strongly that East Africa was the cradle of humanity, that it Was here'that the world's first people made their appearance approximately one and three-quarter million years ago. Here, too, it is'believed, was the original home of our more.remote ancestors whose origins caffobe traced back twenty-five million years to the Lower Miocene epoch. These discoveries point, also; to the likelihood that the use of tools spread from here--where stone implements for chopping and cutting were made over two and one-half million years ago--to the countries of Europe and Asia.During the three periods of the Stone Ag a Aumber'of progressively sophisticated tools- -from all - purpose hand axes. o scrapers, 'picks, cleavers, choppers, etc.-- came into use. (In the rain fore ts, for example, heavier tools were needed for chopping, as were finer ones for woodcarving.) A Other inventions dating from 30,000 to 100,000 years ago include tool handles and the use of fire. Spears for fishing probably came next, as did boat building; the use of pigments to make paint (for rock and wall drawings and to decorate the body; the-making of stone and bone knives and fishhooks; and paintings which clearly depict a mixed African - Egyptian culture. In".their paintings, the pre-dynastic Egyptians often pictured themselves as having skins of black, reddish - brown, or yellows Scholars who have examined some 800, skulls discovered that while many were a mixture of Semeticand Caucasian stock, at least one-third were Negroid. It is generally conceded that Afric'ans were the first to discover, extract,
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