MINERALS and their LOCALITIES

MINERALS and their LOCALITIES Jan H. Bernard and Jaroslav Hyršl © 2004-2015 by Granit, s.r.o. © 2004-2015 Text by Jan H. Bernard and Jaroslav Hyršl © 2004-2015 Photos by Jaroslav Hyršl (972), Pavel Škácha (48), Lubomír Mlčoch (5), © 2004 Graphic design by Lubomír Mlčoch

ISBN 978-80-7296-098-9

Front cover photo: Uranocircite, 24 mm, Bergen, Germany Chalcedony pseudomorph after aragonite, 75 mm, Paso de Indios, Argentina Corundum ruby, 28 mm, Jegdalek, Afghanistan Quartz with rutile, 90 mm, Diamantina, Brazil Cavansite, xx 30 mm, Wagholi, India Rhodochrosite, 75 mm, Uchucchacua, Peru

Back cover photo: Realgar, 65 mm, Palomo mine, Peru

Page 1: Copper, 50 mm, Oumjrane, Morocco Page 2: Zeunerite, 135 mm, Cínovec, Czech rep. Page 3: Galena, 105 mm, Stříbro, Czech Rep. Page 4: Rhodonite, 65 mm, Chiurucu, Peru Page 5: Pyromorphite, 135 mm, Les Farges mine, France Page 11: Variscite, 75 mm, Cigana mine, Brazil

Published by Granit, s.r.o. in 2015 www.granit-publishing.cz Edited by Vandall T. King Printed in Finidr, s.r.o., Czech Republic Third edition

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission of the publisher. CONTENS

Introductions ...... 6

Alphanumeric coding scheme ...... 10

Mineral Species ...... 11

Explanation of symbols and abbreviations ...... 11

Alphabetic list of mineral localities ...... 769

The richest type localities of the world ...... 906

Recently described minerals ...... 908

References ...... 910

Acknowledgments ...... 911

About authors...... 912 6 INTRODUCTIONS This book reviews about 9,300 mineral localities from eral species, with a list of discredited mineral names, all over the world, for all valid mineral species (almost were published by Nickel and Mandarino (1987). The 5,000), in the context of their geoenvironment. The description of valid species must contain chemical for- main purpose of the book is to describe the chemical mula, structure (crystal system, crystal group, and unit and physical properties of all mineral species with an cell dimensions), and at least some other physical data. emphasis to their localites and especially the mineral A list of valid mineral species is presented in “Fleisch- associations in which they occur. er's Glossary of Mineral Species”, most recently in the th An important progress and many changes in mineral- 11 edition by Back (2014), and at WWW.IMA-MINER- ogy during the last decade were registered. They were ALOGY.ORG/MINLIST.HTM. There is no problem with the caused by the fast progress of analytical methods, e.g. validity of at least 95 % of minerals, thanks to the pos- by establishing of new analyses of light elements by itive role of the CNMMN in limiting the number of microprobe and by mass spectroscopy, and by the pos- newly described minerals. sibility to study structures of very tiny minerals. Both The composition of most mineral specimens deviates, these facts made possible to describe numerous new however, more or less from the theoretical chemical mineral species. composition, characteristic for the “end-members” of Great attention was given to groups of structurally and mineral series. The critical species boundary between chemically related minerals. The classic summary on two minerals of identical structure and similar chemi- mineral groups is present in the book “Strunz Miner- cal formula, distinguished only by substitution of one alogical Tables” (Strunz and Nickel, 2001), and most of the components, is imposed at 50 % of atomic site recently in “Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species” occupancy. The Sb members of the tennantite group (Back, 2014). (2.G) will serve as a good example: Numerous nomenclatoric changes during last years have, naturally, some unpleasant practical consequenc- tetrahedrite Ag-rich tetrahedrite es: numerous specimens of some mineral species in the Cu12[S(SbS3)4] (Cu,Ag)12[S(SbS3)4] museums and private mineral collections will loose their correct description, unless being tested by of- Cu-rich freibergite freibergite ten complex and very expensive analyses (especially (Ag,Cu)12[S(Sb3)4] Ag12[S(SbS3)4] in the amphibole and pyrochlore supergroups, where there is often no direct correlation between the old and Remark: both minerals always contain more or less Fe, new names). In the case of light elements, e.g. for tour- Zn, and often Hg. Nearly pure freibergite is very rare. malines, it will be diffi cult to distinguish fl uor-elbaite The decision that a new mineral species is established from elbaite, fl uor-schorl from schorl etc. when one of the cations or anions is changed for an- Minerals published already with a complete descrip- other one has unfortunate consequences in groups of tion have a citation of the original article at the end. minerals with very complicated compositions, e.g. the In case of minerals approved by IMA but not yet pub- amphibole, mica, tourmaline, pyrochlore, labuntsovite, lished, we quote their IMA number. Their complete eudialyte, and several other supergroups: the number lists can be found at WWW.IMA-MINERALOGY.ORG/MIN- of new mineral species may grow as an avalanche, LIST.HTM, or printed in the Mineralogical Magazine. fl ooding the mineral population with tens or possibly hundreds of names, even when the amount of the sub- Mineral species stituting component may represent only 1–2 weight % Several defi nitions of “mineral species” have been pro- of the whole composition. mulgated but most of them were not generally accept- The most complicated situation is actually in the py- ed. According to Strunz and Nickel (2001), a mineral rochlore supergroup. For example, in the old clas- substance is “a naturally occurring solid that has been sifi cation the mineral pyrochlore had a formula formed by geochemical and geophysical processes, (Ca,Na)2Nb2(O,OH,F)7 and we had about 30 pyrochlo- either on earth or in extraterrestrial bodies”. Besides re localities in the fi rst edition of this book. However, minerals with defi nite three-dimensional atomic struc- the recent classifi cation uses naming according to in- ture, the current defi nition also permits naturally amor- dividual ions of O, OH and F and it makes uncertain, phous phases. Among minerals we fi nd mainly inor- where the pyrochlores from those 30 localities belong. ganic species – elements, alloys, carbides etc., sulfi des Complete descriptions are missing for many minerals and similar compounds, halides, oxides and similar of this redefi ned group and only 19 of them passed compounds, oxidic compounds with complex anions, for the IMA approval till summer 2015. For that rea- and a few organic species. son, we keep the old names for minerals where their By far, the largest number of minerals described in our new name is not clear, and they are marked with an book are considered valid mineral species. They have asterix *. been submitted to, and accepted by, the Commission Polytypes are, according to criteria of the CNMMN on New Minerals and Mineral Names (CNMMN) of (Nickel and Mandarino, 1987, p. 1032), not regarded as the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), or individual mineral species. Exceptions are a few poly- else existed before the CNMMN started its fruitful ex- types with different chemical formulae (e.g. baumhau- istence (1959). The principles of criteria for valid min- erite, ferronigerite, etc.). 7 INTRODUCTIONS In this book we recognize four main groups of minerals erals which contain different substituting elements in (with distinguished graphic form): one or more structural sites, e.g. jahnsite-(CaMnMg), • Valid mineral species: here we include all valid min- jahnsite-(CaMnMn), etc. Other examples are pumpel- eral species accepted by the CNMMN, they can be lyite-(Fe2+), pumpellyite-(Mn2+), or numerous zeolites, found on the IMA web page. In addition to these we e.g. gmelinite-Na, gmelinite-Ca, etc. For the formerly mention some minerals which for different reasons used prefi xes such as Greek letters, it is recommended have not yet passed through the necessary procedure of to write them as suffi xes instead (e.g. “domeykite-β” the CNMMN: they are marked by a small asterix after rather than “β-domeykite”). the name of the mineral. A new scheme for the application of prefi xes, suffi xes, • Transitional minerals: transitional members of min- hyphens, and diacritical marks for mineral names was eral series, which are very common and which have presented by the IMA Commision of New Minerals, practical usage. Here belong e.g. biotite (with end-mem- Nomenclature and Classifi cation – CNMNC (Burke, bers annite–phlogopite), lepidolite (trilithionite–polyli- 2008). The long-term used mineral names with prefi x- thionite), zinnwaldite (siderophyllite-polylithionite), es were in several groups replaced by suffi xes, e.g. fer- olivine (forsterite–fayalite), scapolite (marialite–mei- roaxinite to axinite-(Fe), manganotantalite to tantalite- onite), and wolframite (ferberite–hübnerite). The mem- (Mn) etc. Whereas the new application for hyphens and bers of the plagioclase series are also separately listed: diacritical marks is generally welcomed, the replace- oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, bytownite (series end- ment of prefi xes by suffi xes was widely critized. The members are albite and anorthite). These transitional members of the CNMNC decided fi nally to return to members largely dominate over the end-members, be- former use of prefi xes in the apatite group (Pasero et ing among the most important rock-forming minerals al., 2010), so the terminological chaos was removed. (e.g. biotite, olivine), or among the important economic The mineral names originating in English, German, ore minerals (e.g. lepidolite, wolframite). In many cas- and other Germanic languages, French, and other Latin es, minerals have an intermediate composition between languages, and in the Polish, Czech, Greek, Hungarian, theoretical end-members. Finnish, and Swahili languages are written without any • Other minerals: mainly minerals inadequately de- change, keeping the diacritical marks. Japanese and scribed and several important mineral mixtures, (e.g. Korean names are written in the English transcription, limonite and psilomelane) are included here to provide Chinese names in the Pinyin transcription to English. the reader with a comprehensive reference to the min- The transcription of names of minerals written in the eral name's usage. Cyrillic alphabet (Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgar- • Synonyms, varieties, a few rare mineral mixtures, etc.: ian) is more complicated. To make it clearer, a compar- only the synonyms and varieties in general use are men- ative table shows how to transliterate individual letters: tioned in this book. As already emphasized, valid min- eral species in our book must occur in nature. For that Russian Latin Example reason the theoretical members of some groups, not yet letter letter found in nature, the knowledge of which resulted from й, я, ю y yuksporite, belyankinite systematic studies, are not registered in this book (except of the amphibole group). For more detailed information х kh talnakhite, khibinskite see “Dana's System of Mineralogy” (1944, 1951, 1962), ц ts labuntsovite de Fourestier (1999) and Strunz and Nickel (2001). ж zh zhemchuzhnikovite ш sh shafranovskite Mineral names The internationally used mineral names are mainly ч ch charoite, chekhovichite based on names of localities (e.g. freibergite) or per- щ shch shcherbakovite sons (e.g. haüyne), they may have old Greek origins (e.g. epidote), less often Latin (e.g. lavendulan), rarely Detailed information about the origin of mineral names Arabic or other languages; they may be named accord- can be found especially in the books by Hey (1955), ing to chemical composition (e.g. fl uorite), to crystal- Clark (1993), and Blackburn and Dennen (1997). lographic terms (e.g. prismatine), to an organization (e.g., mgriite), to a journal (minrecordite), etc. Some Chemical formulae names are of very old origin, often without known The system of writing chemical formulae follows in source, e.g. quartz or cinnabar. Current practice most our book that one used by H. Strunz since 1941 (Strunz often names minerals after localities and persons, re- and Nickel 2001): Subsidiary anions (OH,F,O) are po- cently with as exact form as possible, using even un- sitioned before the complex anions, with both enclosed common diacritical letters. in square brackets, e.g. fl uorapatite Ca[F|(PO4)3] or eu- According to the principles published by Nickel and chroite Cu2[OH|AsO4]·3H2O. This procedure was ad- Mandarino (1987), the adjectival modifi er in the form opted for reasons of specifi ed bonding strength, as all of a hyphenated prefi x should be avoided, as for in- valence electrons of the subsidiary anions are used in stance “Mn-siderite” instead of the correct “mangano- bonding to the cations, whereas only a fraction of the an siderite”. On the other hand, the use of a suffi x was valency electrons of the oxygens of the complex ions introduced to indicate the dominant rare-earth element are involved in bonding to the cations. The ionic charge (REE), e.g. monazite-(Ce), monazite-(Nd), etc. In of elements is indicated in some cases, e.g. for cations a few cases a similar procedure has been used for min- by a (+), for anions by (−). INTRODUCTIONS 8 Groups and supergroups Habit In our book we applicate groups published in the most Minerals build either crystals which refl ect their inter- recent edition of the “Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral nal arrangement on the exterior, or different types of ag- Species” (Back, 2014), as well as some new ones. Re- gregates, composed of numerous incompletely devel- cently, numerous new publications of the IMA sub- oped crystals. The “habit” means the general shape of commities described supergroups with their partial crystals or aggregates. Crystals may be covered with groups: epidote supergroup (Armbruster et al., EJM one or more equivalent faces, which together compose 18, 551–567, 2006), sapphirine supergroup (Grew et a form. Many minerals display characteristic twinning, al., MM 72, 839–876, 2008), sulfosalts (Moëlo et al., an intergrowth of two or more individual crystals of the EJM 20, 7–46, 2008), alunite supergroup (Bayliss et same mineral along a certain crystallographic plane or al., MM 74, 919–927, 2010), apatite supergroup (Pa- axis. For specifying the orientation of the crystal faces sero et al., EJM 22, 163–179, 2010), pyrochlore su- in relation to the crystal axes, a set of three or four num- pergroup (Atencio et al., CM 48, 673–698, 2010 and bers called Miller indices are used. For instance, the MM 77, 13–20, 2013), tourmaline supergroup (Hen- symbol for an orthorhombic dipyramid form is {111}, ry et al., AM 96, 895–913, 2011), amphibole super- for a hexagonal prism form it is {1010}. A single face is group (Hawthorne et al., AM 97, 2031–2048, 2012), indicated by Miller indices in parentheses ( ), the form heteropolymolybdates (Kampf et al., MM 76, 1175– is in braces { }, the crystallographic zone or direction is 1207, 2012), hydrotalcite supergroup (Mills et al., in square brackets [ ]. Twins may also be precisely de- MM 76, 1289–1336, 2012), hollandite supergroup scribed using Miller indices. (Biagioni et al., EJM 25, 85–90, 2013), garnet su- pergroup (Grew et al., AM 98, 785–811, 2013), du- Cleavage mortierite supergroup (Pieczka et al., MM 77, 2825– Cleavage along crystallographically rational planes is 2839, 2013), triplite-triploidite supergroup (Chopin a property important for mineral identifi cation: it may et al., EJM 26, 553–565, 2014), lindackerite super- be perfect, good, poor, distinct, or indistinct (the last group (Plášil et al., MM 78, 1341–1353, 2014), may- two are not usually mentioned in this book). Miller in- enite supergroup (Galuskin et al., EJM 27, 99–111, dices are also used to specify the orientation of cleav- 2015) and laueite supergroup (Mills and Grey, MM age planes. 243–246, 2015). The defi nition of mineral groups and supergroups was published by Mills et al. in EJM 21, Fracture 1073–1080, 2009. Fracture is the way a mineral breaks without cleavage or parting. It may be hackly, conchoidal, irregular, etc. Crystal symmetry All minerals (except amorphous ones) belong to one of Tenacity seven crystal systems and to one of 230 space groups. We recognize many minerals which are brittle to var- Lattice constants or unit cell dimensions, expressing ious degrees, less common are malleable (e.g. gold), directions and distances or regular internal arrange- ductile (e.g. copper), sectile (e.g. chalcocite), elastic ment, are characteristic for every mineral species. They (e.g. micas), or fl exible (e.g. talc) minerals. are presented in Ågström units (Å), expressed differ- ently according to the crystal system: only a for the cu- Color, transparency, luster, streak bic system, a,c for the hexagonal, trigonal, and tetrag- Some minerals have a color as a characteristic property, onal systems, a,b,c for the orthorhombic system, a,b,c others are colored or colorless when pure, but become and β for the monoclinic system, and a,b,c and α,β,γ differently colored by trace elements, by inclusions for the triclinic system. The lattice constants may vary or when infl uenced by radiation. The mineral may be somewhat for the same mineral due to chemical com- transparent, translucent, or opaque, with all possible in- position variation, e.g. due to isomorphic replacement termediate gradations. Luster depends on light refl ec- of elements. They are expressed to two decimals in our tance from the mineral surface. The common lusters book. The number of Z is number of formula units per include: metallic, semimetallic, adamantine, vitreous, unit cell. resinous, greasy, pearly, earthy, and dull. The streak is a useful property for simple identifi cation of miner- Strongest X-ray powder diffraction lines (“d-lines”) als: the color of the powder is produced by rubbing the These lines are characteristic for each mineral spe- mineral on a fl at piece of unglazed porcelain. cies. Each line for any given mineral occurs at a spe- cifi c angle and displays a specifi c intensity. The set Hardness (H) of such lines characterizes the given mineral's struc- The Mohs' hardness, an empirical, not linear scale of ture and can be therefore used for mineral identifi - ability of a mineral to scratch another one: 1 – talc, 2 – cation, most often by the X-ray powder diffraction gypsum, 3 – calcite, 4 – fl uorite, 5 – apatite, 6 – ortho- method. clase, 7 – quartz, 8 – topaz, 9 – corundum, 10 – dia- The intensities of the “d-lines” are graded from 1 to mond. 10. For those few papers using semiquantitative “d- lines” intensities, we converted them as follows: VS Vickers microhardness (VHN) (very strong) = 10, S (strong) = 8, MS (medium strong) The VHN is a quantitative hardness measurement using = 6, etc. the shock effect on a mineral surface and its comparison with several standards, observed under a special micro- 9 INTRODUCTIONS scope. It is expressed in kg/mm2 and different weights it, otherwise we use just the term UV light. A detailed are used (the weights are not mentioned in this book). review was published by Robbins (1994).

Density (D) Other physical properties Density can be expressed as measured on a mineral – Among other physical properties, only those useful D, or calculated from the cell constants and chemical for mineral identifi cation are mentioned, e.g. magnetic formula – D(calc.). It equals mass per unit volume of properties or radioactivity. a mineral, given in grams per cubic centimeter. The ba- sis for density comparison is water equaling 1 g/cm3. Mineral localities A well balanced selection of mineral localities was cen- Optical constants in transmitted light tral to the authors' effort. We took into consideration fa- They are valid for non-opaque minerals and are usually mous old, often now exhausted localities, well known measured using a polarizing microscope. The techni- in literature, because in the hands of museum curators, cal defi nition of refractive index of a substance is the mineral dealers, and collectors fantastic, highly appre- ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum to the veloc- ciated specimens from such old fi nds still circulate. ity of light in a mineral, but the practical measurement However, most of our interest was focused on current is based on comparison of mineral's optical proper- localities which are promising to offer new discoveries. ties with standard liquids. Refractive index is labeled Individual localities mentioned in the text are listed as N for isotropic minerals (those with the same opti- in the enclosed List of mineral localities, which often cal properties in all directions), as No and Ne for opti- presents more detailed information than is in the en- cally uniaxial minerals, and as Np, Nm, and Ng (mini- tries of the text. We consulted especially the third edi- mal, middle, and maximal index) for optically biaxial tion of the Merriam-Webster's Geographical Diction- minerals. 2V is the angle between the two optical axes ary (1997) and various modern geographical atlases. in a biaxial mineral. Optic sign of biaxial minerals (+) The abbreviations of the most common geographical and (−) expresses a quantitative relation among refrac- terms are at the page 11. tive indices, where, e.g. the sign e < o is defi ned as Information about system of diacritical marks used for negative and vice versa. Pleochroism is a property of foreign locality names is in the paragraph on “Mineral certain minerals to absorb light of various wavelengths Names”. in different vibration directions, exhibiting variation of The sequence of description of mineral occurrences, colors. It is observed under non-crossed nicols. The op- in entries with numerous localities and varied genetic tical anisotropy is observed during rotation of the min- types, is as follows. Localities are mostly fi rst listed in eral under crossed nicols and may offer useful identifi - order of genetic types of mineralization (i.e. products cation clues due to different colors. of magmatic, pegmatitic, and contact metasomatic pro- cesses, of hydrothermal processes, of Alpine fi ssures, Optical constants in refl ected light of sedimentary, regional metamorphic, or weathering In crystal optics for refl ected light, valid for opaque processes). Within each genetic class, localities are list- minerals, the general principles are the same as for ed preferentially by continents, i.e. fi rst are described transmitted light. Here, the following properties are ob- localities of magmatic origin (in the sequence North served: the color, the birefringence, and the refl ection and South America and Greenland, then Europe, Asia, pleochroism, the optical anisotropy, the internal refl ec- Africa, Australia, and Antarctica), then those of peg- tions as well as the refl ectivity. matitic origin in the same sequence: North and South The color of most opaque minerals is white or gray America and Greenland, then Europe, etc. For some in different hues, other colors are more rare but more economically important minerals more detailed genetic useful for the mineral identifi cation. The refl ection data are presented. pleochroism corresponds to pleochroism in transmit- Note that the generalized genetic types presented may ted light, and is an important identifi cation property be a matter of discussion for some localities, for which of opaque minerals; it varies with different directions there is not enough space in this book. The fi rst author and is expressed for uniaxial minerals in two colors (J.H.B.) occupied himself with genetic problems of ore and for biaxial minerals in three colors. Optical an- deposits for some 40 years and participated in numer- isotropy for opaque minerals is commonly in pale col- ous symposia on this matter. The explanation of ma- ors, only a few minerals exhibit stronger colored an- ny genetic types of ore mineralizations changed during isotropy. Some minerals exhibit characteristic internal this period: for example, the genesis of Pb-Zr ore de- refl ections. The refl ectivity (R) is a property based on posits or fl uorite deposits of the central United States or the relative ability of an opaque mineral to refl ect the of the Upper Silesian historical region in Poland, where light beam on the polished mineral surface, expressed the importance of ore-bearing brines prevailed over the in percentage. The collected data on optics of opaque former explanation by sedimentary processes. Some minerals may be found in books by Uytenbogaardt and genetic problems still remain uncertain due to diver- Burke (1971) and Picot and Johan (1982). gent opinions among scientists. Since some mineral oc- currences of metamorphic character (e.g. skarns) may Fluorescence under ultraviolet light (UV) be formed by both contact and regional metamorphism, Fluorescence is usually given under short-wave UV their origin may be problematic. We hope that the kind light (SW, 254 nm) and long-wave UV light (LW, reader will be aware of problems with genetic classifi - 365 nm). When the wavelength is known, we include cation of some mineralizations. 10 ALPHANUMERIC CODING SCHEME The authors applied a simplifi ed alphanumeric coding scheme, used in Strunz and Nickel (2001). Two characters are used, the fi rst (numeric) represents the class, the second (alphabetic) a division. The scheme from Moëlo et al. (2008) is applied in the sulfosalt division. The names of mineral supergroups and groups are also mentioned.

1. Elements 6. Borates 1.A Metals and intermetallic alloys 6.A Monoborates 1.B Carbides etc. 6.B Diborates 1.C Metalloids and nonmetals 6.C Triborates 1.D Nonmetallic carbides and nonmetals 6.D Tetraborates 6.E Pentaborates 2. Sulfi des and Sulfosalts 6.F Hexaborates Sulfi des 6.G Heptaborates and other megaborates 2.A Metal and metalloid alloys 6.H Unclassifi ed borates 2.B Sulfi des with M : S > 1 : 1 2.C Sulfi des with M : S = 1 : 1 7. Sulfates 2.D Sulfi des with M : S = 3 : 4 and 2 : 3 7.A Sulfates without additional anions, without H2O 2.E Sulfi des with M : S < 1 : 2 7.B Sulfates with additional anions, without H2O 2.F Sulfi des of As, alkalies, with halides, oxide, 7.C Sulfates without additional anions, with H2O hydroxide, H2O 7.D Sulfates with additional anions, with H2O 7.E Uranyl sulfates Sulfosalts 7.F Chromates 2.G Sulfosalts with M : S = 1 : 1 7.G Molybdates and wolframates 2.H Lead sulfosalts with a pronounced 2D architecture 7.H Uranium and uranyl molybdates and wolframates 2.J Lead sulfosalts based on large 2D fragments of PbS/SnS archetype 8. Phosphates 2.K Sulfosalts based on 1D derivatives of PbS/SnS 8.A Phosphates without additional anions, without archetype H2O 2.L Specifi c Tl(Pb) and Hg sulfosalts 8.B Phosphates with additional anions, without H2O 2.M Sulfosalts with an excess of small cations 8.C Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O (Ag,Cu) relative to As,Sb,Bi 8.D Phosphates with additional anions, with H2O 2.N Unclassifi ed sulfosalts 8.E Uranyl phosphates 8.F Polyphosphates 3. Halides 3.A Simple halides without H2O 9. Silicates 3.B Simple halides with H2O 9.A Nesosilicates (island silicates) 3.C Complex halides 9.B Sorosilicates (groups of islands silicates) 3.D Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides, and related double 9.C Cyclosilicates (ring silicates) halides 9.D Inosilicates (chain silicates) 9.E Phyllosilicates (sheet silicates) 4. Oxides 9.F Tectosilicates (framework silicates) without 4.A Oxides with M : O = 2 : 1 and 1 : 1 zeolitic H2O 4.B Oxides with M : O = 3 : 4, etc. 9.G Tectosilicates (framework silicates) with zeolitic 4.C Oxides with M : O = 2 : 3, 3 : 5, etc. H2O 4.D Oxides with M : O = 1 : 2, etc. 9.H Uncassifi ed silicates 4.E Oxides with M : O < 1 : 2 9.J Germanates 4.F Hydroxides (without V or U) 4.G Uranyl hydroxides 10. Organic compounds 4.H Vanadates 10.A Salts of organic acids 4.J Arsenites and similar compounds 10.B Hydrocarbons 4.K Iodates 10.C Miscellaneous organic minerals

5. Carbonates and Nitrates 5.A Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O 5.B Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O 5.C Carbonates without additional anions, with H2O 5.D Carbonates with additional anions, with H2O 5.E Uranyl carbonates 5.N Nitrates 11 MINERAL SPECIES

EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Bold types – valid mineral species ● – transitional minerals * – valid mineral species in our opinion which for different reasons has not passed through necessary procedure of the CNMMN, as well as the old members of the pyrochlore group Bold italics types – minerals inadequately described Italics types – discredited, invalid or renamed minerals, synonyms, varieties, a few other mineral mixtures x, xx – crystal, crystals

Geographical Terms Rep. – Republic dist. – district Mts. – mountains prov. – province munic. – municipio R. – river pref. – prefecture St. – Saint Penin. – peninsula co. – county Ste. – Sainte Volc. – volcano dépt. – département Is. – island Plat. – platform dept. – departamento Mt. – mount, mountain

Journal Names AC – Acta Crystallographica, Sect. B, Structural MJJ – Mineralogical Journal of Japan Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry MM – Mineralogical Magazine AJM – Australian Journal of Mineralogy MP – Mineralogy and Petrology AM – American Mineralogist MR – Mineralogical Record AMG – Arkiv Mineralogi och Geologi (Stockholm) MW – Mineralien-Welt ASG – Archives de Science Geneve MZh – Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal BM – Bulletin de la Societe Francaise de Mineralogie et NJMA – Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, de Cristallographie Abhandlungen CCM – Clays and Clay Minerals NJMM – Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte ChE – Chemie der Erde (Jena) (until 2004) CM – Canadian Mineralogist PDF – Powder Diffraction File (JCPDS) CMP – Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology PM – Periodico di Mineralogia DAN SSSR, now DAN R SMPM – Schweizerische mineralogische und – Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, ser. geologiya, petrographische Mitteilungen now Doklady Akademii nauk of Russia TMPM – Tschermak's mineralogische und petrographische EJM – European Journal of Mineralogy Mitteilungen EG – Economic Geology USGSB – U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin GCA – Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta ZK – Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie JCGS – Journal of the Czech Geological Society (Prague) ZVMO – Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo JMPS – Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology Science Obshchestva (until 2004) (Japan) ZRMO – Zapiski Russkogo Mineralogicheskogo MA – Mineralogical Abstracts Obshchestva (since 2005) ABELSONITE 12

A A Abuite CaAl2[F2|(PO4)2] Abelsonite C31H32N4Ni (8.B). Orthorhombic, P212121, a,b,c = 11.82, 11.99, B (10.C, purine-porphyrine group), a nickel porphyrine. 4.69. d: 3.53(4), 3.14(9), 2.95(10), 2.93(8). At the Hi- Triclinic, a,b,c = 8.44, 11.12, 7.28, α,β,γ = 90°53´, nomaru-Nago mine, Kiyo, Yamaguchi pref., Japan. C 113°45´, 79°34´, Z = 1. d: 10.9(10), 7.6(5), 5.8(4), IMA 2014–084. 3.77(8), 3.14(4). Tabular crystals in aggregates to Acanthite Ag2S 3 mm. Pink, red-brown, luster submetallic to adaman- (2.B, acanthite group). Monoclinic, C2/m, a,b,c = 4.23, D tine, soft. Cleavage on {111}. H < 3. D = 1.45. With 6.93, 7.86, β = 99°37´, Z = 4. Stable by < 173 °C, all authigenic minerals in drill cores from oil shales of the argentite specimens are actually acanthite paramorphs Green River Formation on Bog Pack Mt., Uintah co., after argentite (see under argentite). Crystals of acan- E Utah, and in Rio Blanco County, Colorado. AM 63, thite formed directly below 173 °C are rare. d: 2.84(7), 930–937, 1978. 2.61(10), 2.44(8), 2.38(8), 2.09(6). In spiny colum- F Abenakiite(Ce) nar crystals, iron black, opaque, luster metallic. Sec- 4+ Na26(Ce,Nd)6[O|(CO3)6|(PO4)6|(Si6O18)]·(S O2) tile. H = 2–2.5. D = 7.22. In refl . light gray with green- (9.C), a cyclosilicate. Trigonal, R3, a,c = 16.02, 19.76, ish tint. R = 35 %. VHN = 26–61. Rare at Georgetown, G Z = 3. d: 8.0(9), 6.6(9), 3.77(9), 3.59(8), 2.67(10). Sin- Clear Creek co., and at Rice, Dolores co., both Colora- gle crystals to 2 mm, pale brown, luster vitreous. H > 4. do, at the Questa mine, Taos co., New Mexico, at Kel- H D = 3.21. Ne,o = 1.586, 1.589. With aegirine, man- logg, Shoshone co., Idaho, and at Sombrerete, Zacate- ganoneptunite, and sérandite, etc. at Mont St-Hilaire, cas, Mexico. In small crystals at Jáchymov, Bohemia, I Québec. CM 32, 843–854, 1994. Czech Rep., at Annaberg, and mainly in crystals to 5 cm Abernathyite K[(UO2)|(AsO4)]·3H2O at Freiberg, both Saxony, Germany. As a late Ag miner- (8.E, autunite group). Tetragonal, P4/ncc, a,c = 7.18, al at Imiter, southern Marocco. In the subtropical areas J 18.13, Z = 2. d: 9.1(10), 3.83(9), 3.59(8), 3.34(8). acanthite may occur on a limit zone between the oxi- Crystals to 0.5 mm in aggregates, yellow, transparent, dation and cementation zone. CM 12, 365–369, 1974. luster vitreous, streak pale yellow. Cleavage {001} K perfect. H = 2.5. D = 3.74. No,e = 1.597, 1.570. Yel- low-green fl uorescence under SW and LW UV light. L Rare with scorodite in U-bearing lignite at Caves Hill and Slim Buttes, both Harding co., South Dakota, and at the Fuemrole No.2 mine, Emery co., Utah. Also at M Menzenschwand, Schwarzwald Mts., at Sailauf, Spes- sart Mts., Bavaria, both Germany, and from the Rabe- N jac deposit, Hérault dépt., France. AM 49, 1578–1602, 1964. 2+ Abhurite Sn21 O6(OH)14Cl16 O (3.D). Trigonal, R32, a,c = 10.02, 44.01, Z = 3. d: 4.1(5), 3.40(5), 2.89(7), 2.82(5), 2.53(10). Thin tab- P ular crystals to 1.5 mm, cryptocrystalline crusts, color- less, transparent, luster adamantine. H = 2. D = 4.42. No,e = 2.06, 2.11, (+). On surface of corroded tin ingots Acanthite, 65 mm, Fresnillo, Mexico Q from a ship wrecked 100 years ago in Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. AM 78, 235–236, 1993. Acetamide CH3CONH2 R Abramovite Pb2SnInBiS7 (10.A). Trigonal, R3c, a,c = 11.44, 13.50, Z = 18. (2.H, cylindrite series). Triclinic, P1, in two sub-cells: d: 5.7(10), 3.54(9), 3.32(3), 2.86(8). Crystals to 5 mm pseudotetragonal a,b,c = 23.4, 5.77, 5.83, α,β,γ = or granular aggregates that readily evaporate when S 89°06´, 89°54´, 91°30´; pseudohexagonal a,b,c = 23.6, warmed by sunlight. Colorless or gray due to inclu- 3.6, 6.2, α,β,γ = 91°, 92°, 90°. d: 5.9(4), 3.90(10), sions. H = 1–1.5. D = 1.17. No,e = 1.495, 1.460, (–). T 3.84(7), 2.92(3). In elongated lamellar crystals to Taste strongly bitter. From burning coal dumps at 1 mm, as chaotic intergrowths, silver gray, opaque, lus- Shamokin, Northumberland co., Pennsylvania, and at ter metallic, streak black. R = 14–33 %. In a fumarole Chervonograd, Lviv-Volhynia basin, Ukraine. ZVMO U on the Kudriavy Volc., Iturup Is., Kuril volcanic Isl., 104, 3, 326–328, 1975. 2+ 3+ Russia. ZRMO 136, 5, 45–51, 2007. Achalaite (Fe ,Mn)(Ti,Fe ,Ta)(Nb,Ta)2O8 2+ 3+ V Abswurmbachite Cu Mn6 [O8|(SiO4)] (4.D, wodginite group). Monoclinic, C2/c, a,b,c = 9.42, (9.A, braunite group). Tetragonal, I41/acd, a,c = 9.41, 11.43, 5.12, β = 90°07´. d: 3.63(4), 2.96(10), 2.56(4), 18.55, Z = 8. d: 2.70(10), 2.35(2), 2.13(2), 1.651(3). Fi- 2.49(4), 1.766(4), 1.735(4), 1.711(5), 1.453(4). Cerro W brous to equant grains to 0.05 mm, black, opaque, lus- Los Mogotes, Cañada del Puerto, Córdoba prov., Ar- ter metallic, streak brownish black, brittle. D(calc.) = gentina. IMA 2013–103. X 4.96. In refl . light gray, weakly anisotropic. R(synth:) = Achavalite FeSe 621 %. VHN(synth.) = 920. With quartz, rutile, piemon- (2.C, nickeline group). Hexagonal, P63/mmc, a,c = tite, sursassite, ardennite, hollandite, and shattuckite, 3.64, 5.95, Z = 2. d(synth.): 2.78(10), 2.16(9), 1.815(7), Y etc., in brownish red metamorphic Mn-rich quartzite 1.165(4). Dark gray, opaque, luster metallic. H = 2.5. on Mt. Ochi, near Karystos, Euboia, and near Apikia, Magnetic. Rare in the Cerro de Cacheuta dist., Mendo- Z Andros Is., both Greece. NJMA 163, 117–143, 1991. za prov., Argentina. NJMM 276–280, 1972. 13 ADAMITE

Achroite → colorless variety of elbaite or rossmanite. beach pebbles in Placer and Monterey Counties, Cal- A Acmite → synonym of aegirine. ifornia, etc. At Jordanów Ślaski, Lower Silesia, Po- 2+ Acmonidesite (NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe4 [Cl8|(SO4)5] land. The oldest known deposits of white nephrite are B (7.B). Orthorhombic, C2221, a,b,c = 9.84, 19.45, 17.85. in Kunlun Mts., near Hotan, Xinjiang Uygur auton. re- d: 9.0(4), 8.8(10), 5.2(5), 4.25(4), 2.93(4), 1.805(8). gion, China, also at Fengtien, Taiwan. Green at Ospin- From fumarole in the La Fossa crater, Vulcano Is., Li- skoye and Botogolskoye, both eastern Sayan Mts., and C pari Islands, Italy. IMA 2013–068. at Kartashubinskoye, western Sayan Mts., white at 2+ Actinolite □Ca2(Mg<4.5Fe>0.5 )[(OH)|Si4O11]2 Burumskoye, Vitim River Valley, all Siberia, Russia. D 2+ to □Ca2(Mg2.5Fe2.5 ) [(OH)|Si4O11]2 In many localities in New Zealand. Deer et al., v. 2B, (9.D, Ca clinoamphibole). Varieties: manganoan ac- 137–231, 1997. AM 97, 2031–2049, 2012. E tinolite, chromian actinolite smaragdite, massive ac- Acuminite Sr[AlF4(OH)]·H2O tinolite nephrite, asbestiform actinolite byssolite, pseu- (3.C). Monoclinic, C2/c or Cc, a,b,c = 13.22, 5.17, domorphs after diopside uralite. Monoclinic, C2/m, 14.25, β = 111°36´, Z = 8. d: 4.8(10), 4.7(10), 3.50(10), F a,b,c = 9.89, 18.20, 5.31, β = 104°36´, Z = 2. d: 8.4(10), 3.35(10), 2.07(9). Spear-like crystals in aggregates to 3.13(8), 2.71(10), 1.564(6), 1.084(7), 1.052(9). Long- 1 mm. Colorless, transparent, luster vitreous. Cleav- bladed, sometimes short-columnar crystals, usually age {001} perfect. H = 3.5. D = 3.30. Np,m,g = 1.450, G in granular, radiated, thin columnar, or fi brous aggre- 1.452, 1.463, 2V(calc.) = 49°, (+). Rare in cavities with gates, also massive. Green to blackish green, luster vit- celestine, fl uorite, and jarlite in cryolite pegmatite at H reous or dull. Twinning on {100} common. Cleavage Ivigtut, Greenland. NJMM 502–514, 1987. 2+ {110} perfect, parting on {010} and {100}. H = 56. Adachiite CaFe3 Al6[(OH)|(OH)3|(BO3)3|Si5AlO18] D = 3.053.25. Np,m,g = 1.615, 1.643, 1.625, 1.650, (9.C, tourmaline supergroup). Trigonal, R3m, a,c = I 1.635, 1.665, 2V = 40–50°. Pleochroic: pale yellow, 15.93, 7.18, Z = 3. d: 4.2(4), 4.0(6), 2.58(10), 2.04(5). pale green, green. In aggregates of prismatic crystals to 2 cm. Brownish J Actinolite sometimes originates during secondary ural- purple to bluish purple or black, transparent. H = 7. itization of augite, vivid green Cr-variety smaragdite D(calc.) = 3.23. No,e = 1.674, 1.644, (–), strongly pleo- often accompanies chromite in ultrabasic rocks and chroic: dark green to dark blue, brownish yellow. With K chromite deposits, e.g. at the Soridağ mine, Guleman schorl in a hydrothermal vein composed of margarite, dist., Elâziğ vilayet, Turkey. In dark green crystals and chlorite and diaspore, cutting emery at the Kiura mine, L as byssolite in dolerite on Monte Redondo, 160 km N Saiki City, Oita pref., Japan. JMPS 109, 74–78, 2014. of Lisbon, Portugal. Columnar aggregates in ultraba- Adamite Zn2[(OH)|(AsO4)] sic rocks at Smrčina, near Sobotín, Moravia, Czech (8.B, olivenite group), also in Al, Co, Ni and Cu variet- M Rep., in skarn at the Sankt Christoph mine, near Breit- ies. Orthorhombic, Pnnm, a,b,c = 8.30, 8.51, 6.04, Z = enbrunn, Saxony, Germany, and many localities in the 4. d: 4.9(9), 2.97(9), 2.70(8), 2.45(10), 1.608(8). Co- N Alps, e.g. on Grossgreiner Mt., overlooking Zillertal lumnar, elongated along [010] or [001] or equant crys- Valley, Tirol, Austria, and at Passo di Vizze, Trentino- tals, often joined together in crusts of radial aggregates. Alto Adige, Italy. Actinolite asbestos occurs mainly in Yellow-green or light yellow, colorless, bright green O the Alps between Monte Cenis and Mont Blanc, as well (Cu variety), pink (Mn variety), sky blue (Al variety) as in Val Malenco, Lombardy, Italy. or purple violet (Co variety), transparent to translucent, P A component of some skarns and eclogites. As uralite luster vitreous, streak white. Cleavage {101} good. in skarn at the Calumet mine, Salida, Chaffee co., Col- H = 3.5. D = 4.324.48. Np,m,g = 1.722, 1.742, 1.763 orado. With anthophyllite, talc, chromean spinel, and (Mapimi), 2V = 88°, (+ or ), visibly pleochroic. Some Q magnetite in desilicifi ed pegmatites, mainly at the exo- varieties (yellow from Mapimi) fl uoresce yellow-green contact, e.g. at Drahonín, Smrček, and on Žďár hill, all under SW and LW UV light. R Moravia, Czech Rep. Adamite formed by oxidation of sphalerite in presence The most important occurrences are in metamorphic of As. At Franklin, Sussex co., New Jersey, in the Gold conditions: in basic rocks of the regional-metamor- Hill dist., Tooele co., at the Iron Blossom mine, Juab co., S phic facies, in greenschists, or in contact metamorphic hornfelses, with epidote, chlorite, albite, titanite, etc. In T rich masses at Pelham, Hampshire co., Massachusetts, in very broad blades with talc at Chester, Windsor co., Vermont, at Wrightwood, San Bernardino co., Califor- U nia, in fi ne crystals in talc near Wenatchee Lake, Chel- an co., Washington, also on Green Monster Mt., Prince V of Wales Is., Alaska. A Zn-Mn-rich variety at Frank- lin, Sussex co., New Jersey. In groups of large crystals from Santa Margarita Is., munic. Mulehgé, Baja Cali- W fornia, Mexico. Nephrite is a massive actinolite variety, usually white X or green. The biggest commercial deposits, both pri- mary and alluvial, are in a long belt along the western coast of North America: Kobuk River Valley, Alaska, at Y Cassiar, 300 km E of Skagway, at Ogden Mt., on Fraser R., all British Columbia, in Granite Mts., Wyoming, as Adamite, 40 mm, Ojuela mine, Mexico Z ADAMSITE-(Y) 14

A both Utah, on Cedar Mt., Mineral co., Nevada, and at the (–). In the Schildmauer deposit, near Admont, Styria, Grandview mine, Grand Canyon, Coconino co., Arizo- Austria, together with gypsum, anhydrite, etc. TMPM B na. The best known locality is the Ojuela mine at Mapi- 26, 69–77, 1979. mi, Durango, Mexico, where it occurs as yellow colum- Adolfpateraite K[(UO2)|(OH)|(SO4)]·H2O nar crystals to 4 cm (exceptionally to 12 cm) in druses, (7.E). Monoclinic, P2l/c, a,b,c = 8.05, 7.93, 11.32, C also in green to blue-green crystals to 2.5 cm and purple β = 107°44´, Z = 4. d: 7.7(8), 5.4(10), 5.2(9), 3.72(5), crystals to 6 cm, on rusty and earthy limonite with hemi- 3.70(4). In semi-globular crystalline aggregates to D morphite, less common as splendid purple violet crystals 3 mm, yellow to greenish yellow, translucent to trans- to 6 cm and green to sky blue crystals to 2.5. Its type lo- parent, luster vitreous, streak pale yellow. H ~ 2. cality is Chañarcillo, Atacama region, Chile. In Europe D(calc.) = 4.24. Np,g = 1.597, 1.659, pleochroic: color- E at Lavrion in blue or pale green globules and blue or less to yellow. Green fl uorescence under LW UV light. yellow-green crystals, also on Thasos Is., both Greece, Found with gypsum, schoepite, čejkaite, etc., at Jáchy- F and at the Cap Garonne mine, Var dépt., France, here mov, Bohemia, Czech Rep. AM 97, 447–454, 2012. also as Cu and Co varieties. Found at Aïn Achour, near Guelma, Constantine prov., Algeria, fi ne green crystals G at Tsumeb, Namibia. At Broken Hill, New South Wales, and at the Beltana mine, Puttapa, S of Leigh Creek, H South Australia. AM 61, 979–988, 1976. Adamsite-(Y) NaY[CO3]2·6H2O (5.C). Triclinic, P1, a,b,c = 6.26, 13.05, 13.22, α,β,γ = I 91°10´, 103°42´, 89°59´, Z = 4. d: 12.8(10), 6.5(7), 4.4(6), 4.3(6), 2.57(6). In fl at, acicular to fi brous crys- J tals to 2.5 cm, and spherical growths of crystals, color- less to white, also pale purple, transparent to translu- cent, luster vitreous to pearly. Cleavage {001} perfect, K {100} and {010} good. H = 3. D = 2.27. Np,m,g = 1.480, 1.498, 1.571, 2V = 53°, (+). It is a late-stage L mineral in cavities of alkaline pegmatite dike at Mont St-Hilaire, Québec. CM 38, 1457–1466, 2000. Adolfpateraite, 5 mm, Jáchymov, Czech Rep., PŠ Adelite CaMg[(OH)|(AsO )] M 4 (8.D, adelite-descloizite group). Orthorhombic, P212121, Adranosite-(Al) (NH4)4NaAl2[(OH)2Cl|(SO4)4] a,b,c = 7.52, 8.85, 5.85, Z = 4. d: 4.1(7), 3.16(10), (7.B). Tetragonal, I41/acd, a,c = 18.12, 11.32, Z = 8. N 2.59(7), 2.33(7). Massive, rarely in crystals, colorless, d: 6.4(8), 4.5(9), 3.02(7), 2.98(10), 2.27(9). In sprays gray, blue-gray, yellow, pale green, translucent, lus- of prismatic crystals to 0.3 mm, colorless to white, ter resinous, streak white. H = 5. D = 3.73. Np,m,g = transparent, luster vitreous, streak white. Cleavage O 1.712, 1.721, 1.730, 2V = 70–90°, (+). In Mn skarn at {001} perfect. D = 2.15. No,e = 1.55, 1.54, (–). With Långban, at Nordmark, and at Jakobsberg, all Värm- aiolosite, alunite, anhydrite, bismuthinite, demiche- P land prov., Sweden, at Franklin, Sussex co., New Jer- leite-(Br), etc., in a medium-temperature fumarole in sey, at the Mercur mine, Tooele co., Utah, also at Sankt the La Fossa crater, Vulcano Is., Lipari Islands, Italy. Q Andreasberg, Harz Mts., Germany. CM 18, 191–195, CM 48, 315–321, 2010. 1980. Adranosite-(Fe) (NH4)4NaFe2[(OH)2Cl|(SO4)4] (7.B). Tetragonal, I41/acd, a,c = 18.26, 11.56, Z = 8. R d: 9.1(10), 6.5(4), 4.6(8), 3.23(3), 3.05(8). In acicular crystals to 1 mm, pale yellow, transparent, luster vitre- ous, streak white. Cleavage {001} perfect. D = 2.18. S No,e = 1.58, 1.57, (–). In a fumarole in the La Fossa crater, Vulcano Is., Lipari Islands, Italy. Anthropogenic T on burning coal dumps of the Anna mine, near Aachen, Germany. CM 51, 57–66, 2013. Adrianite Ca12(Al4Mg3Si7)O32Cl6 U (9.A, wadalite group). Cubic, I43d, a = 11.98. d: 2.99(3), 2.68(10), 2.45(4), 1.661(3), 1.601(3). From V the Allende chondrite meteorite, Chihuahua, Mexico. IMA 2014–028. Adularia → a variety of orthoclase. W 3+ 2+ Aegirine (Na,Ca)(Fe ,Mg,Fe )[Si2O6] Adelite, 50 mm, Jakobsberg, Sweden (9.D, pyroxene group), an end NaFe3+member also X named acmite. Monoclinic, C2/c, a,b,c = 9.619.69, Admontite MgB6O10·7H2O 8.788.84, 5.265.29, β = 105°107°24´, Z = 4. d: 6.4(10), (6.F). Monoclinic, P2l/c, a,b,c = 12.66, 10.09, 11.32, 4.4(2), 2.98(3), 2.91(6). Long prismatic to pointed, ver- Y β = 109°36´, Z = 4. d: 12.1(9), 7.6(10B), 5.3(7), tically striated crystals with blunt or acute termination, 3.93(8B). Imperfect tabular crystals. Colorless, translu- also radiating fi brous aggregates or grains. Common- Z cent. H = 2.5. D = 1.82. Np,g = 1.442, 1.504, 2V ~ 30°, ly twinned on {100}. Green to black, browngreen or 15 AESCHYNITE-(CE) 3+ 2+ A reddish brown, translucent to opaque, luster vitreous. Aerinite (Ca,Na)6(Fe ,Fe ,Mg,Al)4(Al,Mg)6- Cleavage {110} perfect, parting on {100}. H = 66.5. -[(OH)12|(CO3)|Si12O36]·12H2O D = 3.503.60. Np,m,g = 1.750–1.776, 1.780–1.820, (9.D). Trigonal, P3c1 or P3, a,b,c = 16.87, 5.23, Z = 1. B 1.795–1.836, 2V = 60–70°, (–), strongly pleochroic: d: 14.7(10), 4.1(8), 3.80(4), 3.65(4), 2.81(5), 2.72(7). green tints. In acicular aggregates or cryptocrystalline, bright blue, A typical mineral of alkaline igneous rocks and extru- sometimes pale green or pale violet. H ~ 3. D = 2.48. C sive equivalents associated with Na amphiboles, astro- Np,m,g = 1.510, 1.560, 1.580, 2V(calc.) = 63°, (–), phyllite, aenigmatite, analcime, etc. An accessory min- pleochroic: blue and beige tints. Originally described D eral of some phonolites or basalts, e.g. in Kaiserstuhl from Estopinan, Huesca prov., also at Caserras, Ara- hills, Baden, Germany. Most common occurrences in gon, and in Antequera and Olvera, both near Mála- alkaline rocks, e.g. in alkaline syenites, their pegma- ga, Andalusia, where inclusions of aerinite cause blue E tites, and carbonatites. At Quincy, Norfolk co., Mas- color of quartz crystals, all Spain. With scolecite and sachussetts, in very long crystals at Magnet Cove, prehnite in tholeitic dolerite at St.-Pandelon, near Dax, F Hot Spring co., Arkansas, in the Point of Rock quar- Landes dépt., France, also at Karakat, Karamazar Mts., ry, Colfax co., New Mexico, and at Mont St-Hilaire, Tajikistan. BM 111, 39–41, 1988. AM 84, 1464–1468, Québec. In numerous localities in the Khibiny mas- 1999. EJM 21, 233–240, 2009. G sif and Lovozero massif, both Kola Penin., Russia, at Narssârssuk, Greenland, in the Sierra de Monchique, H Faro, Portugal. In crystals to 10 cm from alkaline peg- matites at Langesundsfjord, e.g. on Låven Is., Vestfold, and at Eker, near Kongsberg, Buskerud, both Norway, I abundant at Norra Kärr, Jönköping prov., Sweden. In splendid lustrous columns over 20 cm long growing J on orthoclase and quartz on the Malosa Plateau, Zom- ba dist., Malawi. Dark brown Mn-rich aegirine in Mn skarn at Långban, Värmland prov., Sweden. Also in K Na2CO3-rich sediments in the Green River Formation in Uintah County, Utah. Deer et al., v. 2A, 483, 1997. L

Aerinite, 50 mm, Estopinan, Spain M

Aerugite Ni8.5As[O8|(AsO4)2] N (8.B). Trigonal, R3m, a,c = 5.95, 27.57, Z = 3. d: 5.1(8), 3.76(9), 2.86(8), 2.49(8), 2.33(8), 2.06(10), 1.485(8). Fine crystalline to massive aggregates, blue-green, O sometimes brown, luster dull, streak light green. H = 4. D = 5.77. At Johanngeorgenstadt, Saxony, Germany, P with xanthiosite as a furnace product at the South Ter- Aegirine, 90 mm, Malosa, Malawi ras mine, St. Stephen-in-Brannel, Cornwall, England. AC B45 201–205, 1989. Q Aenigmatite Aeschynite-(Ce) (Ce,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)2(O,OH)6 2+ 3+ Na4(Fe9 Ti2Mg0.46Fe0.40 Mn0.40)[O4|(Si12O36)] (4.D, aeschynite group). Mostly X-ray amorphous R (9.D, sapphirine supergroup, aenigmatite group), an and metamict, also orthorhombic, Pbnm, a,b,c = 5.37, inosilicate with chains of Si12O36 tetrahedrons. Tri- 11.08, 7.56, Z = 4. d(after heating at 1000 °C): 3.02(8), clinic, P1, a,b,c = 10.42, 10.84, 8.93, α,β,γ = 105°06´, 2.98(10), 1.596(9), 1.548(8). Prismatic crystals parallel S 96°37´, 125°24´, Z = 2. d: 8.1(10), 3.3(10), 2.9(6), to [001], tabular or acicular crystals to 10 cm, elongat- 2.71(8), 2.55(8). Long prismatic crystals, polysyn- ed grains, or massive. Brown to black, also red-brown T thetic twins on {010}, or granular. Black to deep red- or brown-yellow, luster adamantine to submetallic, al- dish black, nearly opaque, luster submetallic. Cleav- so dull, streak dark brown to black. H = 5.5. D = 5.20. age {010} and {100} perfect. H = 5.56. D = 3.743.86. Np,g = 2.28, 2.34, 2V = 75°, (+). Weak brown-yellow to U Np,m,g = 1.790–1.810, 1.805–1.826, 1.870–1.900, reddish brown internal refl ections. R = 16 %. Radioac- 2V = 27–55°, (+), strongly pleochroic: brown tints. An tive, weakly magnetic. Rare in granite pegmatites, e.g. V uncommon accessory mineral of alkaline rocks in the at Quadeville, Renfrew co., Ontario, at Urstad, Hitterö Point of Rocks quarry, Colfax co., New Mexico, with Is., Vest-Agder, Norway, and in some greisens and car- aegirine and arfvedsonite on Vesle Arøya Is., at Stav- bonatites. At the Henderson molybdenum mine, Clear W ern, at Tvedalen, all Langesundsfjord, Vestfold, Nor- Creek co., Colorado, and at the Dark Storm mine, Rav- way, at Narssârssuk and at Naujakasik, Ilímaussaq alli co., Montana. Uncommon accessory mineral in al- X complex, and at Tunugdliarfi k, all Greenland. Often in kaline syenites and their pegmatites at Miass, Il'meny small phenocrystals in trachytes, phonolites, rhyolites, Mts., southern Ural Mts., Russia, and at Bayan Obo, and their lavas in Sonoma County, California, in the near Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China. In yellow radial Y Picture Gorge basalt, Wheeler co., Oregon, on Pantel- aggregates from talc in the Trimouns open pit, Luzenac, leria Is., Italy. EJM 20, 983–991, 2008. Ariège dépt., France. Dokl. Earth Sci. 142, 107, 1962. Z