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POLLUTION 染 EDITED BY Gloria Davies, Jeremy Goldkorn AND Luigi Tomba C HINA S TORY YEARBOOK 2 0 15 © The Australian National Univeristy (as represented by the Australian Centre on China in the World) First published August 2016 by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Pollution / edited by Gloria Davies, Jeremy Goldkorn and Luigi Tomba. ISBN: 9781760460686 (paperback); 9781760460693 (ebook) Series: China story yearbook ; 2015. Subjects: Pollution--China | Economic development--Environmental aspects--China China--Environmental conditions | China--Politics and government. Other Creators/Contributors: Davies, Gloria, editor. | Goldkorn, Jeremy, editor. Tomba, Luigi, editor. Dewey Number: 363.70951 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. This publication is made available as an Open Educational Resource through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike 3.0 Australia Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/au/ Note on Visual Material All images in this publication have been fully accredited. As this is a non-commercial publication, certain images have been used under a Creative Commons licence. These images have been sourced from flickr, Wikipedia Commons and the copyright owner of each original picture is acknowledged and indicated in the source information. Design concept by Markuz Wernli; 2015 cover design and chapter openers by CRE8IVE Typesetting by Lindy Allen & Sharon Strange Printed by Union Offset Printers, Canberra, Australia The Australian Centre on China in the World is an initiative of the Commonwealth Government of Australia and The Australian National University 有全球性现实意义的和当局者对污染一词所涵盖的各类﹃污染﹄的复杂态度的探索与讨论想的影响现状也进行了探讨下 同时发展思想 相关的和中国政府如何面对和化解上述问题 ， 中国 ， 、 、 污染 坚决清除西方精神污染本年鉴在探讨环境污染对中国文化 本年鉴对当代中国在身兼诸多决策机构领袖的中共中央主席习近平的带领城市化进程历史等方面所造成的后果的同时， 。 一 仍在日益恶化中的污染问题 随着世界越来越依赖与中国的经济联系词在汉语中既指肮脏或有害物质的玷污 的严峻挑战正在面对环境污染所造成的 。 、 。 中国在亚太地区及全球姿态等问题进行了广泛的探讨 。 ， ︽中国故事年鉴2015 以宣传和思想教育工作实行文化净化与社会控制的 。 ， ， 、 以及中国公民怎样表述和应对与他们休戚 ， 还就环境污染如何影响中国经济和政治法律 包括经济及公共卫生等众多领域在内 、 社会活动 ， ， 对于中国特色的一党制亦指人们受到恶劣或异 ： 污染︾着眼于中国共产党 ， 以及互联网 ， 无疑是具 、 。 语 政体端思 与此 言 、 Contents INTRODUCTION vi . Pollution—Air, Soil, Water, Body, and Spirit · GLORIA DAVIES and LUIGI TOMBA xxvii . Acknowledgements xxviii . The Cover Image FORUM · GRANDEUR 泰 4 . The Road to Rejuvenation: The Animated Xi Jinping · NICK STEMBER 10 . Where There's Smoke · AIDEN XIA 14 . Tu Youyou Awarded Nobel Prize in Medicine · LUCILLE LIU CHAPTER 1 · WATER 水 18 . Under the Dome · JANE GOLLEY FORUM · THE WELL 井 42 . Don't Touch the Water! Pollution and the Future of Chinese Agriculture · LUIGI TOMBA 50 . The Stock Market Crash · LORAND LASKAI 56 . Li Ka-shing Moves Investments Out of China · LORAND LASKAI 60 . Internationalisation of the RMB · JIP BOUMAN CHAPTER 2 · EARTH 土 64 . The Fog of Law · SUSAN TREVASKES and ELISA NESOSSI FORUM · PULLING APART 剥 94 . Pollution Migrates to the West · WUQIRILETU CHAPTER 3 · WOOD 木 100 . Intellectual Hygiene/Mens Sana · GLORIA DAVIES FORUM · NOURISHMENT 颐 132 . Culture—Cleaning Up · LINDA JAIVIN 138 . A New Cultural Ecology? · OLIVIER KRISCHER THE CHINA STORY YEARBOOK 2015 POLLUTION CHAPTER 4 · WOOD 木 . 染 144 The Crystal-Clear Waters of the Chinese Internet · JEREMY GOLDKORN and LORAND LASKAI FORUM · ASCENT 升 166 . The Expansion of the United Front Under Xi Jinping · GERRY GROOT CHAPTER 5 · FIRE 火 178 . The City that Ate China—Restructuring & Reviving Beijing · CAROLYN CARTIER FORUM · THE ABYSS 坎 206 . Tianjin Explosions · AIDEN XIA 210 . The Yangtze River Cruise Incident · XIAONAN WANG CHAPTER 6 · METAL 金 214 . Belt Tightening · REBECCA FABRIZI FORUM · RESOLUTION 夬 244 . One Belt One Road: International Development Finance with Chinese Characteristics · DAVID MURPHY 252 . Purifying the Body Politic in Taiwan · MARK HARRISON 262 . CHRONOLOGY 276 . ONLINE MATERIAL 272 . CONTRIBUTORS 278 . LIST OF INFORMATION WINDOWS vii CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Pollution­­—Air, Soil, Water, Body, and Spirit vi 2015 Gloria Davies and Luigi Tomba INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION POLLUTION—AIR, SOIL, WATER, BODY, AND SPIRIT Gloria Davies and Luigi Tomba Xi Jinping arriving in Paris for COP21 Source: COPParis/Flickr x xi ­­ —Air, Soil, Water, Body, and Spirit —Air, Soil, Water, Pollution Gloria Davies and Luigi Tomba 2015 An Uncertain Year of the Goat CHINA STORY YEARBOOK CHINA STORY On 15 February 2015, four days before the start of the Lunar New Year, Xi Jinping met with local residents in the Yanta district 雁塔区 of Xi’an. He admired the Spring Festival papercuts they had made and selected one with a traditional ‘three goats’ 三羊 design. Photographs of Xi holding the papercut in both hands, and other photographs of him chatting or shaking hands with different groups of people in Xi’an, soon appeared in print and online. Xi has often called Xi’an, the site of China’s famous ancient capital Chang’an, his hometown—he was born in Fuping county 富平县, only an hour’s drive away. These images, which projected an aura of harmonious cordiality between a beaming General Secretary of China’s Communist Party and people who appeared visibly excited to be in close physical prox- imity to him, marked an auspicious start to the Year of the Goat for China’s one-party state. As the first day of the Year of the Goat approached in 2015, Chinese cities and towns were awash with advertisements, festive banners, and papercuts featuring ‘three-goat’ designs. Luxury Swiss watch companies keen to capitalise on the appetite for goat symbolism among wealthy Chinese customers produced limited edition watches featuring single A beaming Xi Jinping with his papercut goats Source: politics.people.com.cn and triple goat designs. ‘Three goats’ is a visual pun for hexagram eleven in the early Chinese classic, the Book of Changes. The hexagram, which symbolises ‘grandeur’ 泰, consists at its base of ‘three yang lines’ 三阳 (that is, unbroken lines). The hexagram’s top three lines are yin (broken) lines. This symmetrical arrangement of The 'Grandeur' hexagram three yang lines and three yin lines is regarded Source: commons.wikimedia.org as highly auspicious. For divinatory purposes, the hexagram augurs greatness: ‘the three yang lines pave the way to grandeur’ 三阳开泰. This saying has long served as a New Year greeting and is especially popular during goat years because ‘three goats’ and ‘three yang lines’ are both pronounced san yang in Chinese. Hence the saying is also often written as: ‘May the three goats bring grandeur your way’ 三羊开泰. However, the festive euphoria of the week-long Spring Festival celebrations (18–24 February) was overshadowed by ongoing, widespread anxieties about pollution and financial volatility. The 2015 Yearbook is titled Pollution but environment and economy are interlinked in complex ways that preoccupied both Party and people throughout 2015. Goat symbolism: Jaquet Droz Ateliers d’Art watches cele- brating the Year of the Goat Source: timetransformed.com xii The state-imposed presence of a ‘collective vision’ has enabled us to xiii organise each of our Yearbooks around a theme that illuminates a key feature of life and society in the People’s Republic during that year. For 2012, it was the rise of China’s ‘red boomers’ (or ‘revolutionary successors’, the ‘princeling’ children of the first generation of Chinese Communist leaders). Xi Jinping and Bo Xilai had emerged in the late 2000s as the two most prominent of these ‘red boomers’. That year saw the political ­­ —Air, Soil, Water, Body, and Spirit —Air, Soil, Water, demise of Bo and the rise of Xi to the leadership of both Party and state as Pollution Gloria Davies and Luigi Tomba chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and President of the People’s 2015 Republic of China. In 2013, we considered the prominence accorded to ‘civilisation’ in China’s official and public culture and discourse that year, with state-led ‘civilising’ projects in fields as varied as economics, CHINA STORY YEARBOOK CHINA STORY education, politics, and social and urban planning. In 2014, Xi Jinping’s vision of China as leading a regional ‘community of shared destiny’ led us to explore how, as the world became increasingly dependent on China’s economic prosperity, the Chinese government and Chinese citizens were also finding a place for themselves in the world. As with the themes of previous years, we have chosen a Chinese character, 染 ran, to express the idea of the 2015’s theme of pollution. The basic meaning of the verb 染 is ‘to dye’ and it appears in the range of compound words that are used to describe different forms of dyeing, including the ‘dyeing’ (painting) of fingernails and toenails染指甲 ran zhi jia. By extension, 染 has also come to mean pollution in the sense of an agent or force that produces a negative change in an object, person or substance. Accordingly, 染 is part of the Chinese word for pollution 污染 wuran. The word meant ‘contamination’ or ‘defilement’ in its premodern usage, of which a well-known instance appears in a statement attributed to the seer Guan Lu 管辂 (209–256) in the third century work, Records of the Three Kingdoms 三国志: ‘The bleeding bodies of dead soldiers defile the hills and mountains’ 军尸流血，污染丘山. As a modern word wuran refers mainly
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