*All WINDS* THE BUREAU OF NAVAL PERSONNEL CAREER PUBLICATION I SEPTEMBER 1967 Nav-Pers-0 NUMBER 608 VICEADMIRAL BENEDICT J. SEMMES,Jr., USN TheChief ofNaval Personnel REARADM1RP.L BERNARD M. STREAN, USN TheDeputy Chief of Naval Personnel CAPTAINJAMES G. ANDREWS, USN AssistantChief for Morale Services TABLEOF CONTENTS Features TheHeroes of USS Forresfal: A Pictorial Report .................. 2 Trying Out a New Technique-Fighting FlareFires ................ 4 SpecialRoundup-Saga of theSubmarine Origin ofthe Undersea Navy ................................ 8 Subroc: A Fish Out of Water ................................. 13 Why TheyWear the Dolphins ................................ 14 No TwoSubs Are Alike ...................................... 17 In the Nuclear Age-The World’s FirstTrue Submarines ........... 18 SSBN PlusPolaris: Sentinels of the Free Seas .................... 24 TheBlue andGold-The Two-Crew Ships ....................... 28 Making of aPolarisman ..................................... 36 Centerspread Feature Developmentof the Submarile: A PictorialHistory ............... 32 Bulletin Board Bonny Life in the Land of Kilts and Bagpipes .................... 38 Changes to Quals Manual ................................... 40 Directives inBrief .......................................... 41 Another Path ofOpportunity to the Naval Academy .............. 42 Pass the Word:NROTC Offers a Lot ........................... 43 Trouble Is What Is Found At End of LSD Rainbows ................ 44 Latest Editionof NEC Manual Is On the Stands .................. 45 Departments Today’s Navy ............................................. 46 NavySports ............................................... 50 Letters to the Editor ......................................... 52 Heroes and Leaders: Decorations and Citations ................... 57 Taffrail Talk ................................................ 64 John A. Oudine, Editor As soc iate EditorsAssociate G. Varn Blasdell,News DonAddor, layout 8 Art Ann Hanobury, Research GeraldWolff, Reserve FRONTCOVER: SILENT SERVICE--Artist‘s sketch portraysFleet ballistic missile submarine USS George C. Marshall(SSBN 654) 3n patrolbeneath the ocean’s surface. USS Marshallis symbolicof the FBM fleetthat stands guard with 16 Polaris missiles at theready. Drawing by PeteSasgen, one of his last assignments while on thestaff of ALL HANDS Magazine. ATLEFT: SUPER SERVICE-Sea King helicopterfrom antisubmarine aircraft carrier USS Hornef (CVS 12) deliversmail to crewmembers of surfacedsubmarine during ASW operotions on thehigh seas. Crewmembers ofUSS FORRESTAL close in on burningaircraft. BELOW: Foamand debris cover (light deck as crewmemberssearch for armedordnance. Inside thecardboard tube is a The usual way to douse a fire with the Mark 24 flare continued burning. pyrotechnic consisting of magnesium water removes the heat element from When the tests involvedmultiple powder, oxidizer and binder in com- the triangle. The water cools the ma- flare fires, the experts found that the pressed form, which provides the il- terial to a temperature whichwill not same basic method couldbe used, ex- lumination. It burns rapidly. It pro- support a fire. cept that the seve duces an extremely brilliant light. It In the case of the Mark 24 para- separated with the applicatoror other is exceedingly flammable. chute flare, during the burningof the implement (an axe is handy),and When the school began its tests, it flare pyrotechnic, the “pre-reaction theneach flare v visualized any numberof conceivable zone” andthe “primaryreaction vidually. This sou shipboard accidents. The tests zone” combined are very thin. Here’s process, butwhen the pile of six simulated: an explanation from the experts: flareswas lit off, they Accidental ignition of a single “Since all chemicalreaction prod- in 12 seconds. flare from within: ucts of burning are solids, except nitro- Best results came when the stand- Ignition of a flare by an outside gen and its oxides (at usual non-ele- ard one and one-half-inch 110: source, such as a smallfire in the vated temperatures), the flare flame used with the Navy all-purpose noz- flare locker; is relatively small or of medium size. zle and four-foot applicator. With Ignition of one flare by another; The flame however burns at approxi- this equipment,the firefighter was and matel! 4500 degree C. \Vater enter- able to stand off some distance from Multiple flare ignition, in which ing this flame is initially flashed into the burning flare, yet reach it with no a pile of six flares was lit off. steamwhich has a cooling effect. trouble. Continuousapplication of water Thus,he could see whathe was THE EQUIPMENT and dress of the breaks through the flame and cools doing, and still be a safe distance school’s firefighters were not extra- thepvrotechnic’s heated surface to from the burning magnesium. ordinary. The hoses werestandard Navy issue, although the size varied from oneand one-half-inch totwo and one-half-inch. The Navy all-purpose nozzle was attachedto the end of afour-foot applicator. Themen wore dunga- FIRES rees, antiflash gloves, and welder’s goggles equipped withnumber six shade lenses. The first tests involved single flares, with no other flammable mate- rial close at hand. A firefighter equippedwith one and one-half-inch hose, four-foot ap- plicator, ahd all-purposenozzle, approachedthe burning flare with HOT STUFF-Instructor equipped with protective gear picks up burning flare. his applicatorhead in the lowve- locity waterstream position. He below its ignition temperature. Thus TEST PERSONNEL foundthat the placed the applicatorhead directly the fire can no longer be sustained heat from a flaming flareis not a into the burning magnesium end of and goes out.” particularly greatproblem. The ex- the flare. Withinseconds, the flare sputtered out. The same result came when low-velocity fog was used. F”TER EXTENSIV Low velocity in both cases, you’ll A method of snu note. 24 flare, Lieutenant John J. Donnelly, the welder’s goggles with number six At this point, itis appropriateto USN, who supervised the tests, was shade lenses explain how the firewas extin- ready to report the Training Center’s Equipped with these goggles and guished. As youknow, a fire must findings. antiflash gloves, the firefighters were have three elementsfor it to be a fire: The firefighters foundthat, when repeatedlyable to approach an ig- combustible material (fuel), heat of nited flare and grab the parachute or using the foregoing technique in put- ” combustion, and oxygen. These three ting out the flares, it is necessary to its shrouds, or even pick elements are usually thought of as a keep the stream of water or fog at a by the non-burning end, and take it fire triangle. If one of the sides, or low velocity. Whena high velocity to a safe area. ’- ---L elements, is removed, the triangle is stream was used, it tended to roll the If the proper only an angle, and thefire has fizzled. flare away from the firefighter, and available, it is PO: SEPTEMBER 7967 GOING STRONG-USS Haddock (SS 32) shownhere in 1914 used diesel andbatteries for her power. 7 todestroy any submarine defenses the city mightundertake to build. While in none of these records does it actuallysay he had anykind of submersible vehicle, legendhas it that he descended in a device which kept its occupants dry and admitted light. N OT UNTIL 1578did any record appear of a craftdesigned for underwaternavigation. William Bourne, a British naval officer, de- signed a completelyenclosed boat whichcould besubmerged and rowedbeneath thesurface. His f ih U creation was awooden framework bound in waterproofedleather. It was to be submerged by using hand vises to contract the sides and lower the volume. Although Bourne’s idea never got beyond the drawing board, a similar apparatus was launched in 1605. But it didn’t getmuch farther, because the designers had neglected to con- sider the tenacity of underwater mud. The craft was buried at the bottom of a river during its first underwater trial. What might be called the first “practical” submarine was a rowboat covered with greased leather. It was the idea of Cornelius Van Drebbel, a Dutch doctor living inEngland, in 1620. Van Drebbel’s submarine was poweredby oarsmen, the oars pro- truding through flexible leather seals. Snorkel air tubeswere held above the surface by floats, thus permitting a submergence time of several hours. VanDrebbel successfully maneu- vered at depths of 12 to 15 feet be- low the surface of the Thames River. Van Drebbel followedhis first boat withtwo others. Thelater models were larger but they relied upon the same principles. It is reportedthat after repeated tests, King James I of Englandrode in one of his later modelstodemonstrate its safety, But even royal favor failed to arouse the interest of the British Navy. It SEPTEMBER 1967 knots anhour by a hand-driven screw, but sank repeatedly in trials at NewOrleans,at Mobile, and Charleston. Since David had no peri- scope,direction was determined by surfacing andpeering out the con- ninghatch. Consequently, a small wave would swamp the boat. Hunley himselfwas drownedwith eight othercrewmembers in Charleston Harbor. His submarine was raised andrenamed Hunby. Armedwith a 90-pound charge of powder on a long pole, Hunley attacked and sank a new Union ship, the Housatonic, in Charleston Harbor, in 1864. The concussion waveswamped Hunley and it sank with Housatonic, butit had proven thatthe subma- rine could be a valuable weapon in time of war. From 1864 to 1872 the U. S. Navy tinkered