(Ventral Root) LCST M1 Pyramids (Medulla) Lateral Intermedi
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MR Imaging of Ventral Thalamic Nuclei
ORIGINAL RESEARCH MR Imaging of Ventral Thalamic Nuclei K. Yamada BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Vim and VPL are important target regions of the thalamus for DBS. K. Akazawa Our aim was to clarify the anatomic locations of the ventral thalamic nuclei, including the Vim and VPL, on MR imaging. S. Yuen M. Goto MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten healthy adult volunteers underwent MR imaging by using a 1.5T S. Matsushima whole-body scanner. The subjects included 5 men and 5 women, ranging in age from 23 to 38 years, with a mean age of 28 years. The subjects were imaged with STIR sequences (TR/TE/TI ϭ 3200 ms/15 A. Takahata ms/120 ms) and DTI with a single-shot echo-planar imaging technique (TR/TE ϭ 6000 ms/88 ms, M. Nakagawa b-value ϭ 2000 s/mm2). Tractography of the CTC and spinothalamic pathway was used to identify the K. Mineura thalamic nuclei. Tractography of the PT was used as a reference, and the results were superimposed T. Nishimura on the STIR image, FA map, and color-coded vector map. RESULTS: The Vim, VPL, and PT were all in close contact at the level through the ventral thalamus. The Vim was bounded laterally by the PT and medially by the IML. The VPL was bounded anteriorly by the Vim, laterally by the internal capsule, and medially by the IML. The posterior boundary of the VPL was defined by a band of low FA that divided the VPL from the pulvinar. CONCLUSIONS: The ventral thalamic nuclei can be identified on MR imaging by using reference structures such as the PT and the IML. -
NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems
NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems 25th January 2017 Peter Ohara Department of Anatomy [email protected] The Subdivisions and Components of the Central Nervous System Axes and Anatomical Planes of Sections of the Human and Rat Brain Development of the neural tube 1 Dorsal and ventral cell groups Dermatomes and myotomes Neural crest derivatives: 1 Neural crest derivatives: 2 Development of the neural tube 2 Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Gestational Crown-rump Structure(s) age (Weeks) length (mm) 3 3 cerebral vesicles 4 4 Optic cup, otic placode (future internal ear) 5 6 cerebral vesicles, cranial nerve nuclei 6 12 Cranial and cervical flexures, rhombic lips (future cerebellum) 7 17 Thalamus, hypothalamus, internal capsule, basal ganglia Hippocampus, fornix, olfactory bulb, longitudinal fissure that 8 30 separates the hemispheres 10 53 First callosal fibers cross the midline, early cerebellum 12 80 Major expansion of the cerebral cortex 16 134 Olfactory connections established 20 185 Gyral and sulcul patterns of the cerebral cortex established Clinical case A 68 year old woman with hypertension and diabetes develops abrupt onset numbness and tingling on the right half of the face and head and the entire right hemitrunk, right arm and right leg. She does not experience any weakness or incoordination. Physical Examination: Vitals: T 37.0° C; BP 168/87; P 86; RR 16 Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and abdominal exam are within normal limits. Neurological Examination: Mental Status: Alert and oriented x 3, 3/3 recall in 3 minutes, language fluent. -
FUS-Mediated Functional Neuromodulation for Neurophysiologic Assessment in a Large Animal Model Wonhye Lee1*, Hyungmin Kim2, Stephanie D
Lee et al. Journal of Therapeutic Ultrasound 2015, 3(Suppl 1):O23 http://www.jtultrasound.com/content/3/S1/O23 ORALPRESENTATION Open Access FUS-mediated functional neuromodulation for neurophysiologic assessment in a large animal model Wonhye Lee1*, Hyungmin Kim2, Stephanie D. Lee1, Michael Y. Park1, Seung-Schik Yoo1 From Current and Future Applications of Focused Ultrasound 2014. 4th International Symposium Washington, D.C, USA. 12-16 October 2014 Background/introduction element FUS transducer with radius-of-curvature of Focused ultrasound (FUS) is gaining momentum as a 7 cm) was transcranially delivered to the unilateral sen- new modality of non-invasive neuromodulation of regio- sorimotor cortex, the optic radiation (WM tract) as well as nal brain activity, with both stimulatory and suppressive the visual cortex. An acoustic intensity of 1.4–15.5 W/cm2 potentials. The utilization of the method has largely Isppa, tone-burst-duration of 1 ms, pulse-repetition fre- been demonstrated in small animals. Considering the quency of 500 Hz (i.e. duty cycle of 50%), sonication dura- small size of the acoustic focus, having a diameter of tion of 300 ms, were used for the stimulation. A batch of only a few millimeters, FUS insonification to a larger continuous sonication ranging from 50 to 150 ms in dura- animal’s brain is conducive to examining the region- tion were also given. Evoked electromyogram responses specific neuromodulatory effects on discrete anatomical from the hind legs and electroencephalogram from the Fz areas, including the white matter (WM) tracts. The and Oz-equivalent sites were measured. The histology of study involving large animals would also establish preli- the extracted brain tissue (within one week and 2 months minary safety data prior to its translational research in post-sonication) was obtained. -
Neuromodulation of Whisking Related Neural Activity in Superior Colliculus
The Journal of Neuroscience, May 28, 2014 • 34(22):7683–7695 • 7683 Systems/Circuits Neuromodulation of Whisking Related Neural Activity in Superior Colliculus Tatiana Bezdudnaya and Manuel A. Castro-Alamancos Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129 The superior colliculus is part of a broader neural network that can decode whisker movements in air and on objects, which is a strategy used by behaving rats to sense the environment. The intermediate layers of the superior colliculus receive whisker-related excitatory afferents from the trigeminal complex and barrel cortex, inhibitory afferents from extrinsic and intrinsic sources, and neuromodulatory afferents from cholinergic and monoaminergic nuclei. However, it is not well known how these inputs regulate whisker-related activity in the superior colliculus. We found that barrel cortex afferents drive the superior colliculus during the middle portion of the rising phase of the whisker movement protraction elicited by artificial (fictive) whisking in anesthetized rats. In addition, both spontaneous and whisker-related neural activities in the superior colliculus are under strong inhibitory and neuromodulator control. Cholinergic stimu- lation activates the superior colliculus by increasing spontaneous firing and, in some cells, whisker-evoked responses. Monoaminergic stimulation has the opposite effects. The actions of neuromodulator and inhibitory afferents may be the basis of the different firing rates and sensory responsiveness observed in the superior colliculus of behaving animals during distinct behavioral states. Key words: acetylcholine; neuromodulation; norepinephrine; superior colliculus; whisker Introduction ment and active touch (i.e., whisking on objects; Bezdudnaya and The superior colliculus is a well known hub for sensorimotor Castro-Alamancos, 2011). -
A Network of Genetic Repression and Derepression Specifies Projection
A network of genetic repression and derepression INAUGURAL ARTICLE specifies projection fates in the developing neocortex Karpagam Srinivasana,1, Dino P. Leonea, Rosalie K. Batesona, Gergana Dobrevab, Yoshinori Kohwic, Terumi Kohwi-Shigematsuc, Rudolf Grosschedlb, and Susan K. McConnella,2 aDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; bMax-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; and cLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 This contribution is part of the special series of Inaugural Articles by members of the National Academy of Sciences elected in 2011. Contributed by Susan K. McConnell, September 28, 2012 (sent for review August 24, 2012) Neurons within each layer in the mammalian cortex have stereotypic which results in a suppression of corticothalamic and callosal projections. Four genes—Fezf2, Ctip2, Tbr1, and Satb2—regulate fates, respectively, and axon extension along the corticospinal these projection identities. These genes also interact with each tract (CST). Fezf2 mutant neurons fail to repress Satb2 and Tbr1, other, and it is unclear how these interactions shape the final pro- thus their axons cross the CC and/or innervate the thalamus jection identity. Here we show, by generating double mutants of inappropriately. Fezf2, Ctip2, and Satb2, that cortical neurons deploy a complex In callosal projection neurons, Satb2 represses the expression Ctip2 Bhlhb5 genetic switch that uses mutual repression to produce subcortical of and , leading to a repression of subcerebral fates. Satb2 Tbr1 or callosal projections. We discovered that Tbr1, EphA4, and Unc5H3 Interestingly, we found that promotes expression in fi upper layer callosal neurons, and Tbr1 expression in these neu- are critical downstream targets of Satb2 in callosal fate speci ca- fi tion. -
Spinal Tracts.Pdf
Spinal Tracts Andreas Talgø Lie Illustrations by: Peder Olai Skjeflo Holman Previous material: Maja Solbakken Definitions to bring home Nerve Ganglion Neuron Nucleus Tract Collection neurons Collection of nerve A single cell Collection of Collection of axons that transmits cell bodies in the transmitting nerve cell bodies in traveling up or sensation or motor PNS, typically linked electrical impluses. the CNS, typically down the spinal impulses depending by synapses. linked by synapses. cord, depending on the function and Location: both on function destination. Location: PNS Location: CNS and destination. Location: PNS Location: CNS - does it matter? Tract - highway to pass anatomy exam? • Highway = Tract • Lane = Neuron • Car = Signal Slow... Fast!! Just to make sure... • Ipsilateral or contralateral • Ventral = anterior • Dorsal = posterior High yield points to understand • What does the tract transmit - Motor or sensory? If sensory: which sensation? • Where does the neurones synapse - 1.st, 2nd and 3rd order neron? Which ganglion/nuclei? • Where there are decussations - If there are any decussations at all? ASCENDING / SENSORY TRACTS Sensations * Temperature NOT transmitted by the tracts: * Pressure * Visualization * Pain * Audition * Fine touch * Olfaction * Crude touch * Gustation * Proprioception * Vibration Sensations Precise sensation Primitive sensation Fine touch Crude touch Pressure Pain Vibration Temperature Proprioception Other: sexual, itching, tickling Ascending tracts / Sensory tracts Dorsal coulmn Lat. Spinothalamic Ant. -
The Superior Colliculus–Pretectum Mediates the Direct Effects of Light on Sleep
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 8957–8962, July 1998 Neurobiology The superior colliculus–pretectum mediates the direct effects of light on sleep ANN M. MILLER*, WILLIAM H. OBERMEYER†,MARY BEHAN‡, AND RUTH M. BENCA†§ *Neuroscience Training Program and †Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719; and ‡Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Room 3466, Veterinary Medicine Building, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706 Communicated by James M. Sprague, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, May 27, 1998 (received for review August 26, 1997) ABSTRACT Light and dark have immediate effects on greater REM sleep expression occurring in light rather than sleep and wakefulness in mammals, but the neural mecha- dark periods (8, 9). nisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. Lesions Another behavioral response of nocturnal rodents to of the visual cortex or the superior colliculus–pretectal area changes in lighting conditions consists of increased amounts of were performed in albino rats to determine retinorecipient non-REM (NREM) sleep and total sleep after lights-on and areas that mediate the effects of light on behavior, including increased wakefulness following lights-off (4). None of the rapid eye movement sleep triggering by lights-off and redis- light-induced behaviors (i.e., REM sleep, NREM sleep, or tribution of non-rapid eye movement sleep in short light–dark waking responses to lighting changes) appears to be under cycles. Acute responses to changes in light conditions were primary circadian control: the behaviors are not eliminated by virtually eliminated by superior colliculus-pretectal area le- destruction of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (24) and can be sions but not by visual cortex lesions. -
The Superior and Inferior Colliculi of the Mole (Scalopus Aquaticus Machxinus)
THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR COLLICULI OF THE MOLE (SCALOPUS AQUATICUS MACHXINUS) THOMAS N. JOHNSON' Laboratory of Comparative Neurology, Departmmt of Amtomy, Un&versity of hfiehigan, Ann Arbor INTRODUCTION This investigation is a study of the afferent and efferent connections of the tectum of the midbrain in the mole (Scalo- pus aquaticus machrinus). An attempt is made to correlate these findings with the known habits of the animal. A subterranean animal of the middle western portion of the United States, Scalopus aquaticus machrinus is the largest of the genus Scalopus and its habits have been more thor- oughly studied than those of others of this genus according to Jackson ('15) and Hamilton ('43). This animal prefers a well-drained, loose soil. It usually frequents open fields and pastures but also is found in thin woods and meadows. Following a rain, new superficial burrows just below the surface of the ground are pushed in all directions to facili- tate the capture of worms and other soil life. Ten inches or more below the surface the regular permanent highway is constructed; the mole retreats here during long periods of dry weather or when frost is in the ground. The principal food is earthworms although, under some circumstances, larvae and adult insects are the more usual fare. It has been demonstrated conclusively that, under normal conditions, moles will eat vegetable matter. It seems not improbable that they may take considerable quantities of it at times. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Michigan. -
Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum
1/2/2019 This power point is made available as an educational resource or study aid for your use only. This presentation may not be duplicated for others and should not be redistributed or posted anywhere on the internet or on any personal websites. Your use of this resource is with the acknowledgment and acceptance of those restrictions. Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum – a quick overview MHD-Neuroanatomy – Neuroscience Block Gregory Gruener, MD, MBA, MHPE Vice Dean for Education, SSOM Professor, Department of Neurology LUHS a member of Trinity Health Outcomes you want to accomplish Basal ganglia review Define and identify the major divisions of the basal ganglia List the major basal ganglia functional loops and roles List the components of the basal ganglia functional “circuitry” and associated neurotransmitters Describe the direct and indirect motor pathways and relevance/role of the substantia nigra compacta 1 1/2/2019 Basal Ganglia Terminology Striatum Caudate nucleus Nucleus accumbens Putamen Globus pallidus (pallidum) internal segment (GPi) external segment (GPe) Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra compact part (SNc) reticular part (SNr) Basal ganglia “circuitry” • BG have no major outputs to LMNs – Influence LMNs via the cerebral cortex • Input to striatum from cortex is excitatory – Glutamate is the neurotransmitter • Principal output from BG is via GPi + SNr – Output to thalamus, GABA is the neurotransmitter • Thalamocortical projections are excitatory – Concerned with motor “intention” • Balance of excitatory & inhibitory inputs to striatum, determine whether thalamus is suppressed BG circuits are parallel loops • Motor loop – Concerned with learned movements • Cognitive loop – Concerned with motor “intention” • Limbic loop – Emotional aspects of movements • Oculomotor loop – Concerned with voluntary saccades (fast eye-movements) 2 1/2/2019 Basal ganglia “circuitry” Cortex Striatum Thalamus GPi + SNr Nolte. -
Brainstem Exclusive of the Pyramids Themselves, Which Were Blood-Supplied Through the Intact Basilar Artery
NOTE ON CONVERGENCE OF PYRAMIDAL AND PRIMARY AFFERENT IMPULSES IN THE SPINAL CORD OF THE CAT BY DAVID P. C. LLOYD THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY Communicated December 20, 1967 The burden of this note is to present an example of observations long since made but not previously published. The immediate stimulus for presenting them now was provided by the paper by R. Porter' in which a combination of im- pulses of cortical and of lingual nerve origin was shown by convergence to facilitate the response of interneurons in or near the spinal trigeminal nucleus to a level of activity greater than that of the sum of responses elicited by lingual nerve stimu- lation and corticospinal stimulation, respectively, in isolation. Experiments of the sort now to be described concern the convergence upon interneurons in the lumbar spinal enlargement of pyramidal tract impulses and primary afferent im- pulses engendered by stimulation of the seventh lumbar dorsal root. To an ex- tent these experiments are confirmatory, with respect to another location in the neuraxis, of the observations of Porter,' but they demonstrate, in addition, how one pathway by occlusion may pre-empt the interneuron from service to the other pathway. In a prior paper2 convergence at the internuncial level was im- plied by virtue of pyramidal tract facilitatory influence upon disynaptic (three- neuron-arc) reflexes in the absence of any influence upon monosynaptic (two- neuron-arc) reflexes (ref. 2, Figs. 9 and 10). Preparation and procedure were discussed in the previous publication2 and need not be restated here, except to note that the pyramidal tract impulses were "pure" because the bulbar pyramid was stimulated rostral to a lesion that sev- ered the entire brainstem exclusive of the pyramids themselves, which were blood-supplied through the intact basilar artery. -
Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G
Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G. Jamieson, M.D. Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY The patient who presents with either acute or subacute confusion, in the absence of a clearly defined speech disorder and focality on neurological examination that would indicate an underlying mass lesion, needs to be evaluated for a multitude of neurological conditions. Many of the conditions that produce the recent onset of alteration in mental status, that ranges from mild confusion to florid delirium, may be due to infectious or inflammatory conditions that warrant acute intervention such as antimicrobial drugs, steroids or plasma exchange. However, some patients with recent onset of confusion have an underlying toxic-metabolic disorders indicating a specific diagnosis with need for appropriate treatment. The clinical presentations of some patients may indicate the diagnosis (e.g. hypoglycemia, chronic alcoholism) while the imaging patterns must be recognized to make the diagnosis in other patients. Toxic-metabolic disorders constitute a group of diseases and syndromes with diverse causes and clinical presentations. Many toxic-metabolic disorders have no specific neuroimaging correlates, either at early clinical stages or when florid symptoms develop. However, some toxic-metabolic disorders have characteristic abnormalities on neuroimaging, as certain areas of the central nervous system appear particularly vulnerable to specific toxins and metabolic perturbations. Areas of particular vulnerability in the brain include: 1) areas of high-oxygen demand (e.g. basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus), 2) the cerebral white matter and 3) the mid-brain. Brain areas of high-oxygen demand are particularly vulnerable to toxins that interfere with cellular respiratory metabolism. -
An EM Study of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus: Inhibitory, Commissural, Synaptic Connections Between Ascending Auditory Pathways
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1989, g(3): 987-982 An EM Study of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus: Inhibitory, Commissural, Synaptic Connections Between Ascending Auditory Pathways Douglas L. Oliver and Amiram Shneiderman Department of Anatomy, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032 The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and its tions between the nuclei. Crossed inhibitory connections in connections constitute one of the ascending auditory path- the DNLL pathway may be important in regulating the flow ways to the inferior colliculus. One notable feature of this of ascending auditory information. nucleus is the heavy commissural connections between DNLL on opposite sides of the midbrain. These commissural con- The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) holds a nections may have a significant impact on the ascending unique position in the auditory system. Astride the fibers of the pathway. In this study, the fine structure of DNLL in the cat lateral lemniscus,DNLL receives most of the sameprojections and its commissural connections were examined. Both an- that ascendto the inferior colliculus (Glendenning et al., 1981; terograde and retrograde transport methods were used si- Shneiderman et al., 1988); and DNLL also projects bilaterally multaneously at the EM level. Injections of 3H-leucine mixed to the inferior colliculus. Thus, the combined inputs and outputs with WGA-HRP were made in one DNLL. After axonal trans- of DNLL form a multisynaptic pathway, parallel to the other port, EM autoradiographic methods were used to identify the ascending pathways to the inferior colliculus (Goldberg and anterogradely labeled axonal endings from the opposite Moore, 1967; van Noort, 1969; Roth et al., 1978; Adams, 1979; DNLL.