Draft Report District Survey Report For (Planning & Execution of) Minor Mineral Excavation

CHAIRMAN, DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY, KODERMA,

& DISTRICT MINING OFFICER-KODERMA DIRECTORATE OF GEOLOGY & MINING.

U.P. District Survey Report-KODERMA

Content 1. Preface 2. Introduction 3. General Profile of the district  Climate Condition  Rainfall and humidity  Topography & Terrain  Water Course & Hydrology  Ground Water Development  Drainage System  Demography  Cropping Pattern  Land Form and Seismicity  Flora and Fauna 4. Physiography of the district 5. Land use pattern of the district 6. Geology  Fresh rock exposure  Overburden and weathered rock 7. Methods for Reserve estimation 8. Overview of Mining activity in the district  Inventory of minerals in Jharkhand  Reserve of Mica in and Jharkhand  Reserve of Feldspar in India and Jharkhand  Reserve of Quartz in India and Jharkhand  Detailed discussion about

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 Mica  Feldspar  Quartz  Brick clay  Detail of Production of Sand / Bajri or Minor Mineral in Last Three Years in Distt.  Details of royalty or revenue received in last three years  List of mining quarries in the district with location, area and period of validity lease wise information 9. Method for mining 10. Blasting and explosive 11. Mine rejects 12. Dumping of waste 13. Impact of Pollution from mining 14. Reclamation of mined out area 15. Remedial measures 16. Restoration 17. Disposal of mining machinery 18. Disaster And Risk Assessment 19. Occupational health hazard and remedial measures 20. Mine safety 21. Importance of mine manager 22. Facilities to labors 23. Positive aspects of mining 24. Summary 25. References

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List of Tables Table 1. Rainfall over the years in Koderma

Table 2. Soil order and their extent

Table 3. Distribution and extent of soil acidity

Table 4. Demographic details of Koderma

Table 5. Land use pattern of Koderma

Table 6. Cropping pattern of Koderma

Table 7. Mineral inventory of India and Jharkahnd

Table 8. Geological formation of Koderma

Table9. Geological sucession of the Chotanagpur Gneiss Complex (CGC) and Singhbhum craton (SC)

Table10. Geological succession of Great Mica Belt Table 11. Geological succession of Koderma mica belt Table 12. Local Geological Setting of Koderma Table 13. Inventory of minerals in Jharkhand

Table 14. Reserve of Mica in India and Jharkhand

Table 15. Reserve of Feldspar in India and Jharkhand

Table 16. Reserve of Quartz in India and Jharkhand

Table 17. Detail Of Production Of Sand / Bajri Or Minor Mineral In Last Three Years In Distt.

Table 18. Details of royalty or revenue received in last three years

Table 19. List of mining quarries in the district with location, area and period of validity lease wise information

Table 17. List of Mining leases applied.

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Table 18. List of mining lease area which renewal is pending

Table 19. Existing leases in Koderma

Table 20. Potential area of Mineral occurance in

Table 21. Detail Of Production of Sand / Bajri Or Minor Mineral In Last Three Years In District Koderma

Table 22. Details of Royalty or Revenue Received in Last Three Years

List of Figures Fig 1. Location map of Koderma

Fig 2. Geomorphological and Geohydrological map of Koderma

Fig 3. Drainage map of Koderma

Fig 4. Soil map of Koderma

Fig 5. Demography of Koderma

Fig 6. Geotechnical map of Koderma

Fig 7. Land use pattern

Fig 8. Cropping Pattern of Koderma District

Fig 9. Geological map of Jharkhand

Fig 10. Mineral map of Jharkhand Fig 11. Geological map of the Chotanagpur Gneiss Complex (CGC) and Singhbhum craton (SC) Fig 12. Soil profile Fig 13. Geology and Mineral map of

Fig 14. Mineral map of Koderma

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List of Plates Plate 1. Location of Mine Lease Areas on Google Earth.

Plate 2. Location of Mine Lease Areas on SOI Toposheet.

Plate 3. Location of potential areas for occurance of Black Granite in Koderma Plate 4. Location of potential areas for occurance of Quartzite with Micaceous intercalanations in Koderma Plate 5. Location of potential areas for occurance of Mica schist and mica gneiss in Koderma Plate 6. Location of potential areas for occurance of Quartzite with intercolated amphibolite and calc-silicate in Koderma Plate 7. Location of potential areas for occurance of Multicolour Granite in Koderma Plate 8. Alluvium occurring probable areas (16257.81 ha) Plate 9. Biotite granite gneiss occurring probable areas (111532.54 ha) Plate 10. Crystalline limestone calc sillicate rock occurring probable areas (50.47 ha) Plate 11. Dolerite occurring probable areas (312.76 ha) Plate 12. Epidiorite amplibolite, hornblend schist/gneiss occurring probable areas (915.25 ha) Plate 13. Fault Breccia occurring probable areas (82.84 ha) Plate 14. Intrusive granite occurring probable areas (26789.05 ha)

Plate 15. Phyllite , mica schist occurring probable areas (79094.40 ha)

Plate 16. Quartz pegmetite occurring probable areas (885.27 ha)

Plate 17. Quartzite occurring probable areas (15765.84 ha) Plate18. Brick kiln in Koderma District

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List of Annexures Annex-1 List of the minerals occurred in Koderma District. Annex-2 List of coordinates of probable areas of mineral occurance. Annex-3 List of existing Mining lease area with co-ordinates. Annex-4 List of Brick kiln with co-ordinates. Annex-5 List of Rules and policies applicable for mining activities. Annex-6 Jharkhand SEIAA guidelines for Sustainable Mining.

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Preface

On January 15th 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India issued a notification and in which Para 7(iii) (a) and Annexure X purpose and structure of District Survey Report has been discussed. District Survey report (DSR) will be prepared in every district for each minor mineral. The District Survey Report will guide systematic and scientific utilization of natural resources, so that present and future generation may be benefitted at large. The purpose of District Survey report (DSR) ―Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area‖.The District Survey report (DSR) will contain mainly data published and endorsed by various departments and websites about Geology of the area, Mineral wealth details of rivers, Details of Lease and Mining activity in the District along with mining and revenue of minerals. This report also contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture, Road, Transportation and climate etc. Disclaimer: - All precautions are being taken while typing this report but the data may vary due to misprinting or typographical mistake. Therefore, it is recommended that EAC/SEIAA/DEIAA may take into consideration all its relevant aspects / data while scrutinizing and granting EC to the concerned Authority as applicable.

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Introduction

Koderma district spreads over an area of 1500 Sq.Km. It is the gateway district of Jharkhand. Koderma is known as Mica Capital of India. The Koderma district was carved out from in April 1994. Koderma district lies in the northern part of the Jharkhand state and is bounded by the longitude 85°‘26‘01‖ and 85°‘54‘16‖ E and latitudes 24°‘15‘46‖ and 24°‘40‘18‖ N. Area is included in degree sheet 72H and survey of India toposheets (1:50,000 scale) no. 72H/6,7,10,11,13,14,15,16.

Fig. 1: Location map of Koderma The district has a total area of 1500 sq. km. consisting of six blocks, (, Koderma, Jainagar, , and ) 80 panchayats and 706 8 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA villages. It has a population of 7,16, 259 persons as per 2011 census. Nawada district of lies in the north, Gaya district of Bihar in west, district of Jharkhand in East and of Jharkhand in south bound the district. Koderma town is situated at 155 Km north of on NH-31 and is well connected by Rail. Koderma Railway station is on grand chord railway lineconnecting Calcutta and . The district has got six administrative blocks namely Satgawan, Domchanch, Koderma, Markacho, Jainagar and Chandwara. Chandwara block has been included recently by merging parts of Jainagar and parts of Chauparan blocks in 2005.

General Profile of the district

Climate Condition The calendar year may be divided into three main seasons in the district of Koderma. The winter season starts form November to February. The summer season is from March to May and the rainy season is from June to October. In winter early mornings and nights are cold. Night temperature falls down to 50C or even lower. To the contrast summer is hot and unpleasant, the temperature rising up to 440 C. The annual average rainfall is 1126 mm. Koderma region receives more rainfall and it gradually decrease in east direction. Having humid and sub humid tropical monsoon type of climate characterize the climatic zone of Koderma. In normal year 40-60 mm of rain is received as pre monsoon shower that help farmer to start land preparation. About 80% of the rain is received during mid- June to first week of October. Further, 100 mm of rain is received during October and November. Winter rain during December to February is very helpful for Rabi cultivation. 9 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Rainfall

The average rainfall (06 years) in the district is 871.182 mm.Monthly average rainfall of the district is given below-

Month Average 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total

Jan 42.85 0 22.63 12.86 18.73 0 16.1783

Feb 6.06 0 34.26 1.5 1.66 0 7.24667

Mar 1.76 0 18.06 13.75 4.8 0 6.495 April 12.00 8.30 0 38.06 0 0.4 9.91333 May 1.27 104.91 92.8 0.9 28.86 25.41 42.3583 June 125.03 102.33 102.63 136.51 101.03 60.66 104.698 July 245.71 66.71 477.76 302.11 247.36 393.73 288.897

August 159.05 262.61 399.3 239.48 323.23 0 230.612 sep. 120.36 138.9 81.63 43.56 310.9 0 115.892 Oct. 15.46 195.95 13.03 0 38.1 0 43.7567

Nov. 30.81 0 0 0 0 0 5.135

Dec. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 761.02 879.77 1242.7 788.73 1074.67 480.2 871.182

Table: 1 Rainfall over the years in Koderma

Topography & Terrain

Most part of the district is occupied by plateau. This area has a slope, which differentiates it from the Hazaribag plateau which lies in the south. The

10 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA northern scarps have steep slopes. Average elevation of the area ranges 300 to 500 meters above mean sea level. The plateau of the district has Dharwanian rocks like quartz and schist containing Pegmatite veins in which good quality mica is found.

Fig.2: Geomorphological and Geohydrological map of Koderma

Southern part of the district comprised with Archean granites and gneisses.The general slope of the district is from south to north. Koderma district is the part of Chotanagpur plateau. The area exhibits undulating topography comprising hills, hillocks, mounds and plains. Valley fills with low to moderate frequency of lineaments, pediplains with moderate frequency of lineaments and pediplains are major geomorphological units of the district. Concentrations of lineaments are more in Chandwara, Koderma and Jainagar blocks and less in Satgawan and

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Markacho blocks of the district. Northern part of the district is occupied by Koderma Reserve forest. The highest peak is DebourGhati (677 meter) that is the state boundary of Jharkhand and Bihar. Jainagar, Markacho blocks are covered by pediplain. Koderma block consists monthly of directed plateau (Hills / Valley). Upper part of Chandwara block consists of dissected plateau and lowest part by pediplain. Satgawan block is covered by pediplain in upper parts, ridges and valley in middle parts and erosional valley in lower parts. Water Course & Hydrology

Mainly Barakar, Sakri River and their tributaries drain the district of Koderma. The flow of Barakar is from west to east and in the southern part of the district. The riverPonchkhara, Keso, Akto, Gauri and Gukhana nadi flow from west to east and are the tributaries of the . Sakri River is the main river of northern part of the district that flows from Southea st to northwest part of the district. Ghagra and Chhotanari nadi are the tributaries of Sakri river. Geohydrology

The rock type in the area are mainly granite gneiss, schist, pegmatite and Quartzite which have undergone intensive weathering both due to structural disturbances and physical condition. Fractures and weathered mantle form the main repository for the movement of ground water. Owing to the process of weathering the following subsurface section can normally be found in the district of Koderma. Thickness as well as depth goes on varying from one place to another. ―D‖ Soil covers Sandy clay and clayey sand often with Concretion. ―C‖ Decomposed Zone altered massive clays commonly plastic (Weathered/pediment) ―B‖ Disintegrated Zone Disintegrated crystal aggregate and rock (Saprolite) fragments. ―A‖ Fresh Fracture Zone Fractured rock. The above profile has been encountered in many places in the

12 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA district. Near Domchanch thickness of section ―B‖ is very meager, however, section‘C‘ in this area is found to be of considerable thickness.There is variation in porosity and permeability of the weathered mantle in different zones. Zone‘C‘ has comparatively more porosity as compared to other three zones. Thick weathered mantle maybe considered as potential and productive aquifer. Hence, pediment & buried pediment may be proved as Ground Water worthy area. In places where there is thin weathered mantle ground water occurs in the fracture system. The thin weathered mantles absorb rainfall infiltration and transmit it to deeper fracture system.

Ground Water Development

i) Archean And Precambrian Rocks Ground water mostly occurs under water table condition in weathered residuum and semiconfirmed condition in deeper fractures. Maximum thickness of weathered mantle is attained in Granitic rocks in favorable topographic and drainage condition. These formations has got yield prospect of approximately 2-20 cu.m/hr. ii) ii) Lower Gondwana Rocks Gondwana rocks represent semi- consolidated formations, which are moderately thick but discontinuous. In the area where lower Gondwana sediments are exposed or underlain in relatively shallower depth, ground water occurs under water table condition. In relatively deeper Gondwana aquifer occurs under semi confined to confined condition. They have yield prospect approximately 3-10 cum/hr.

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iii) iii) Quaternary Thin deposits of quaternary sediments occur along the river and nala courses. Thickness of these sediments vary from 2 to 10 m. Ground Water occur under unconfined conditions.

Drainage System

Mainly Barakar, Sakri River and their tributaries drain the district of Koderma. The Flow of Barakar is from west to east and in the southern part of the district. The river Ponchkhara, Keso, Akto, Guro and Gukhana nadi flow from west to east and are the tributaries of Barakar River. Sakri River is the main river of northern part of the district that flows from Southeast to northwest part of the district. Ghagra and Chhotanari nadi are the tributaries of Sakri River. Salient features of important rivers and streams. Rivers The Barakar River flows in the southern part of the district and supports the multipurpose Dam. Poanchkhara, Keso, Akto, Gauri, Gukhana Nadi are the main tributaries of the Barakar in the district. The Sakri River is the main river in the northern part of the district. Ghagra nadi, Chhotanari nadi and Tamoriya are the tributaries of Sakri River. The Barakar River is the main tributary of the in eastern India. Originating near Padma in Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand it flows for 225 kilometres across the northern part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, mostly in a west to east direction, before joining the Damodar near Dishergarh in Asansol, Bardhaman district of West Bengal. It has a catchment area of 6,159 Sqkm. Apart from the two main tributaries some fifteen medium or small streams join it. The huge volume of monsoon water was carried down the valley and formerly created havoc with floods in the lower Damodar basin. Annual rainfall

14 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA over the basin varies between 765 and 1,607 millimetres with an average of 1,200 millimetres of which 80 percent occurs during the monsoon season from June to September. In order to harness the river (along with the Damodar), the

Fig 3: Drainage map of Koderma

Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) planned and implemented independent India's first multipurpose river valley project. The first dam of the project was constructed across the Barakar at Tilayiain Koderma district of Jharkhand. The dam is 366

15 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA meters long and is 30.18 meters high from the river bed level. Tilaiya hydel power station is located on the left bank of the river Barakar. After the construction of the four dams at Tilayia, Konar, Maithon and Panchet by DVC, it was observed that the rate of silt inflow into the reservoirs was much higher than what was anticipated earlier. It threatened the longevity of the reservoirs. The catchment area of these reservoirs spread over the undulating terrain of the Chota Nagpur plateau is seriously affected by soil erosion. Large volumes of silt in the form of coarse and fine sediment are removed from the area by erosion under the impact of the water flow caused by torrential rain, which runs down the numerous stream channels during the monsoon. Thus the problem of reservoir siltation assumed great importance in the case of DVC. In order to prolong the life of the reservoirs, there was need for soil conservation and silt control. DVC set up a Soil Conservation Department at Hazaribagh to tackle the twin problems of reservoir siltation and soil deterioration in 1949.

Flora and Fauna Mahua, Banyan, Sakhua, Palas, Pipal, Neem, Khajoor, Bamboo are the flora of the area and Cow, Bull, Buffalo and Goat are fauna. Though leopard, bear, pig, hiran and hares are found in the area of Koderma Reserve forest. Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary in an area of 150.62 ha is situated in district. Just about 2 kms away from the district HQ Koderma this sanctuary in the Bihar border has a rich reserve of flora and fauna. Important Mammals: Sloth Bear, Sambhar Cheetal, Barking Deer, Nilgai, Leopard, Hyaena, Jackal, Wild Boar, Porcupine etc. Important Reptiles: Cobra, Karait, Ajgar, etc. Important Birds : Crested Serpent Eagle, Bulbul, Indian Grey Hornbill, Rose Ringed Parakeet, Golden Oriole, Small Green Bee-eater, Grey Tit, Magpie Robin. Important Rivers: Phutlahiya Nala, Rajwa

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Nala. Important Tourist places: Dhwajadhari Pahar, located within 2 km. from Koderma town inside the sanctuary area is an important place to visit. One can have a thrilling bird‘s eye view of whole of the sanctuary area from the hill.

Fig. 4: Soil map of Koderma

Soil

The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterised during soil resource mapping of the state on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in Kodarma district. Alfisols covers 41.4 percent of TGA followed by Inceptisols (34.6 %) and

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Entisols (22.9 %). The whole Koderma district is divided into the following four types of soils depending upon lithology and physiography of the area.

1. Reddish yellow, yellow, grayish and yellow deep catenary soil.

2. Hill and forest soil of steep slopes and high-dissected regions.

3. Red yellow and light grey catenary soil

4. Pale yellow, Yellow and pinkish catenary soil on high micaceous schist.

Table 2: Soil order and their extent

% Total Geographical Area

District Alfisol Inceptisol Entisol Vertisol Miscellaneous

Koderma 41.4 34.6 22.9 1.1

Table 3: Distribution and extent of soil acidity

District Very strongly to Moderately acidic to Neutral strongly acidic (pH slightly acidic (pH (pH 6.6-7.3) <5.5) 5.5 – 6.5) Area 00‘ % TGA Area 00‘ % TGA Area 00‘ % TGA ha ha ha Koderma 623.0 25.9 1328.0 55.1 333.0 13.8

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Demography

An official Census 2011 detail of Kodarma (Koderma), a district of Jharkhand has been released by Directorate of Census Operations in Jharkhand. Enumeration of key persons was also done by census officials in Kodarma District of Jharkhand. In 2011, Kodarma had population of 716,259 of which male and female were 367,222 and 349,037 respectively. In 2001 census, Kodarma had a population of 499,403 of which males were 249,549 and remaining 249,854 were females. There was change of 43.42 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001. In the previous census of India 2001, Kodarma District recorded increase of 26.48 percent to its population compared to 1991.

Table 4: Demographic details of Koderma

Description 2011 2001

Actual Population 716,259 499,403

Male 367,222 249,549

Female 349,037 249,854

Population Growth 43.42% 26.48%

Area Sq. Km 2,540 2,540

Density/km2 282 297

Proportion to Jharkhand Population 2.17% 1.85%

Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 950 1001

Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age) 949 975

Average Literacy 66.84 52.20 19 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Description 2011 2001

Male Literacy 79.78 70.94

Female Literacy 53.23 33.61

Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 132,375 101,912

Male Population (0-6 Age) 67,916 51,611

Female Population (0-6 Age) 64,459 50,301

Literates 390,249 207,495

Male Literates 238,780 140,424

Female Literates 151,469 67,071

Child Proportion (0-6 Age) 18.48% 20.41%

Boys Proportion (0-6 Age) 18.49% 20.68%

Girls Proportion (0-6 Age) 18.47% 20.13% The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density of Kodarma district for 2011 is 282 people per sq. km. In 2001, Kodarma district density was at 297 people per sq. km. Kodarma district administers 2,540 square kilometers of areas. Average literacy rate of Kodarma in 2011 were 66.84 compared to 52.20 of 2001. If things are looked out at gender wise, male and female literacy were 79.78 and 53.23 respectively. For 2001 census, same figures stood at 70.94 and 33.61 in Kodarma District. Total literate in Kodarma District were 390,249 of which male and female were 238,780 and 151,469 respectively. In 2001, Kodarma District had 207,495 in its district. With regards to Sex Ratio in Kodarma, it stood at 950 per 1000 male compared to 2001 census figure of 1001. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per latest reports of Census 2011 20 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Directorate. In 2011 census, child sex ratio is 949 girls per 1000 boys compared to figure of 975 girls per 1000 boys of 2001 census data. In census enumeration, data regarding child under 0-6 age were also collected for all districts including Kodarma. There were total 132,375 children under age of 0-6 against 101,912 of 2001 census. Of total 132,375 male and female were 67,916 and 64,459 respectively. Child Sex Ratio as per census 2011 was 949 compared to 975 of census 2001. In 2011, Children under 0-6 formed 18.48 percent of Kodarma District compared to 20.41 percent of 2001. There was net change of -1.93 percent in this compared to previous census of India. In 2011, total 64 families live on footpath or without any roof cover in Kodarma district of Jharkhand.

Population Distribution Rural Urban Distribution

Fig. 5: Demography of Koderma

Total Population of all who lived without roof at the time of Census 2011 numbers is 283 and this is approx 0.04% of total population of Kodarma district. Out of the total Kodarma population for 2011 census, 19.72 percent lives in urban regions of district. In total 141,246 people lives in urban areas of which males are 73,627 and 21 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA females are 67,619. Sex Ratio in urban region of Kodarma district is 918 as per 2011 census data. Similarly child sex ratio in Kodarma district was 923 in 2011 census. Child population (0-6) in urban region was 22,350 of which males and females were 11,622 and 10,728. This child population figure of Kodarma district is 15.78 % of total urban population. Average literacy rate in Kodarma district as per census 2011 is 79.15 % of which males and females are 87.52 % and 70.02 % literates respectively. In actual number 94,102 people are literate in urban region of which males and females are 54,269 and 39,833 respectively. As per 2011 census, 80.28 % population of Kodarma districts lives in rural areas of villages. The total Kodarma district population living in rural areas is 575,013 of which males and females are 293,595 and 281,418 respectively. In rural areas of Kodarma district, sex ratio is 959 females per 1000 males. If child sex ratio data of Kodarma district is considered, figure is 954 girls per 1000 boys. Child population in the age 0-6 is 110,025 in rural areas of which males were 56,294 and females were 53,731. The child population comprises 19.17 % of total rural population of Kodarma district. Literacy rate in rural areas of Kodarma district is 63.69 % as per census data 2011. Gender wise, male and female literacy stood at 77.75 and 49.03 percent respectively. In total, 296,147 people were literate of which males and females were 184,511 and 111,636 respectively.

Physiography of the district

Most part of the district is occupied by Kodarma plateau. This area has a slope, which differentiates it from the Hazaribag plateau which lies in the south. The northern scarps have steep slopes. Average elevation of the area ranges 300 to 500 meters above mean sea level. The plateau of the district has Dharwanian rocks like quartz and schist containing Pegmatite veins in which good quality mica is found.

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Southern part of the district comprised with Archean granites and gneisses.The general slope of the district is from south to north. Koderma district is the part of Chotanagpur plateau. The area exhibits undulating topography comprising hills, hillocks, mounds and plains. Valley fills with low to moderate frequency of lineaments and pediplains are major geomorphological units of the district. Concentrations of lineaments are more in Chandwara, Koderma and Jainagar blocks and less in Satgawan and Markacho blocks of the district. Northern part of the district is occupied by Koderma Reserve forest. The highest peak is Debour Ghati (677 meter) that is the state boundary of Jharkhand and Bihar.Jainagar, Markacho blocks are covered by pediplain. Koderma block consists monthly of directed plateau (Hills / Valley). Upper part of Chandwara block consists of dissected plateau and lowest part by

Fig.6: Geotechnical map of Koderma

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Pediplain. Satgawan block is covered by pediplain in upper parts, ridges and valley in middle parts and erosional valley in lower parts.

The north-central part of the Chhotanagpur plateau, marks the northern parts of Bihar Mica Belt. Topography of the area is of a highly dissected country and characterised by high hills and ridges, along with river and rivulets. The general slope of the investigated area is highly variable ranging from northerly slope at North western corner to southerly slope at east of Jagadishpur, easterly slope at north of Bhuladih and westerly slope at north of Manjhne. Physiographically, the area can be subdivided into four distinct sectors. These are – (a) Northeastern Hill ranges, (b) Western Hill ranges, (c) Undulatory central sector and (d) NNW-SSE tending large alluvial valley of Sakri River and its tributaries. Each of these physiographic units is characetrised by distinct geomorphic features and drainage pattern. The north-eastern hill ranges comprise the northeastern continuation of Dhawaiya Hill falling within the Birne Protected Forest. The linearity of the hills shows typical NW-SE trend, which shows easterly turn at northwestern end. These are strike parallel hills. Drainage pattern of this area is partly trellis and partly dendritic type. The western hill ranges comprise the Mahavar Pahar and its southern continuation, falling within the Khab Protected Forest. The hills of this sector show typical conical / domal features. Drainage pattern of this area is typically dendritic type. The undulatory central sector of the investigated area comprises the Andhariya Pahar and its southeastern continuation, forming a part of Protected Forest. The hills of this sector shows typical elliptical feature. Drainage pattern of this area is typically dendritic type. Large alluvial valley form parts of the catchments area of NW-SE trending Sakri River - the major river in the area,

24 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA having a straight course towards NW from Gawan for distance of about 20 km up to Satgawan indicating a prominent NW-SE lineament and its tributaries shows an over all NNW-SSE trend, which is quite narrow at middle sector near Manjhne and becomes broader at further northwest near Satgawan and also at further southeast at the near north of Gawan. The Chalki Nadi, Chhootnar Nala and Tamoria Nala are major tributaries to Sakri River, flows northeasterly and contribute their load into the Sakri River. Most of these tributaries are seasonal and fed by monsoon rains. They remain dry, with little amount of underflow, for greater part of the year. The Mahavar pahar marks the highest altitude (673.30 m) in the area, located 5 km NW of Bhuladih, while the altitude of Bhuladih and Pihra, located in the flat valley area, are 167.64m and 182.88m respectively. Land utilization pattern of the district Due to lateritic condition of the soil, deficiency in the rainfall and no major rivers, the land use pattern is different from the genetic plain. Some irrigated area takes into account of Rabi, Kharif and oilseeds crops. But generally the area is best suited for vegetables, medicinal plants and floriculture due to natural drainage of water. Forest area covers about 41%of the total area, Barren and Uncultivable land is 11%, Land put to non-agricultural use is 7 %, and current fallow is 15 % and 6% area comes under land other than current fallow. Net area sown is 13 %. The agricultural production is mainly from pulses and corn. Total irrigated Area in the district is 3186 ha. Irrigation is done mostly through dug wells, ponds, Bore wells, minor irrigation and other sources. Irrigation done by dug well is 829.55 hectares. Irrigation by minor irrigation sources is 226.27 ha. Irrigation done by Ponds in the district is 612.39 ha. Irrigation done by bore wells in the district comes out to be 931.52 ha. Other sources of Irrigation contribute about 586.12 ha in the district. Hilly and more scarp areas have more land under forest, while the flat plateau areas

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Table 5: Land use pattern of Koderma

Sl.No Land Use Pattern Area(%) 1. Forest 42.42 % 2. Net sown area 13.56 % 3. Barren and uncultivable waste 11.36 % 4. Non agricultural use 82 % 5. Orchards 2.01 % 6. Pasture 1.11 % 7. Cultivable wasteland 1.52 % 8. Current and other fallow 21.20 % are used for cultivation. Paddy is the main crop, while maize, pulses and vegetables are grown in some part of the district.

Forest

Net sown area

Barren and uncultivable waste Non agricultural use

Orchards

Pasture

Fig 7: Land use pattern

Land use pattern is largely influenced by the available irrigation facilities, which ultimately affect the economy of the area. Irrigation facilitates the intensive

26 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA use of land resources and results in the increase of Gross Cropped Area and also improves the intensity.

Cropping Pattern

The three main cropping seasons in the district are Kharif and Rabi.Wheat is the main crop and is grown in large parts of the district. The other crops raised in the district include Juar, gram, pea, masoor and sesame. The production and productivity of the major crops in the district are summarized below in Table:

Table 6 : Cropping pattern of Koderma

Name of crop Producti on ('000 t) Productivity (kg/ha) Rice 6.6 1380 Maize 5.3 1520

Pigeonpea 1.5 600 Black gram 0.4 350 Green Gram 6.6 1380 Wheat 4.9 1650 Chickpea 0.9 1000 Pea 0.8 700 Lentil 0.4 350

27 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Crop Pattern

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

Producti on ( t) Productivity (kg/ha)

Fig 8 : Cropping Pattern of Koderma District

Minerals

As in other districts of Chhotanagpur, Koderma district too is endowed with mineral resources. In the district, minerals such as Mica, Limestone, Fire Clay, Feldspar, Metallic stone and other precious stone are found in good quantity, China Clay, Quartz are found. International Mica has been found in the district.

Table. 7: Mineral inventory of India and Jharkahnd National Jharkhand's Jharkhand's S.No. Mineral Reserve/ Reserve/ Share w.r.t. Resources Resources India (in %) 1. Garnet 56.96 0.110 0.19% 2. Vermiculite 2.50 0.030 1.23% 3. Mica 0.55 0.002 0.30% 4. Coloured 42649661.00 8875340.000 19.36 Granite

28 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

GEOLOGY

The entire district is underlain by the rocks of wide variety of geological formation ranging in age from Archean to Recent and main being Archeanproterozoic, pemocarboniferous and recent. Phyllite, Mica Schist, Granite gneiss and intrusive granite are the main geological formation of the district. Sporadic occurrence of Dolerite, Quartz pegmatite veins and Quartzite are also found. Few portion of Gondwana sediments are found in the block of Markacho and Jainagar. Thin deposits of alluvium are found along the course of rivers.

District Koderma

Micaschist, Phyllite, Quartzite / Metamorphic of Chhotanagpur Mica belt

Chotanagpur Gnesis and Granophyre 29 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Fig 9 : Geological map of Jharkhand

The district is underlain by wide range of geological formations ranging in age from Archeans to Recent. Table. 8: Geological formation of Koderma

Geological Time Major Formation Sub-divison Gen eral Lithology Palaeo to Meso Metamorphics of Koderma Group Metasedimentary, arenacious and Proterozoic Chhotanagpur/ Bihar politic rocks, mica, beryl, Mica Belt Kolhan dolerite Sandstone, shale, Group limestone Paleao Proterozoic Chotanagpur Gneissic Bihar Mica Belt Granite / Granite gneiss, Complex (CGC) (BMB) pegmatite, columbite- tantalite Magmatism Anorthosite, magnetite, gabbro, Older amphibolite Chlorite schist, Metasediments Khondalite, Charnockite, nephelene syanite

30 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Fig 10 : Mineral map of Jharkhand

Phyllite, Mica Schist‘s, Granite gneiss and intrusive granites are the main geological formations of the district. Sporadic occurrence of Dolerite, Quartz, quartz pegmatite veins and quartzite are also found. Thin venner of thin alluvium are found near the course of rivers. In koderma district most of the areas are covered by biotite-granite gneiss, phyllite mica-schist, Intrusive granite, pegmatite veins, Amphibolite hornblende schist, Quartzite and alluvium.In Chandwara block three- fourth areas are covered by biotite granite gneiss and one-fourth area is covered by Phyllite mica-schist and Quartzite. In Jainagar block eighty percent area is covered by Biotie granite gneiss and twenty percent area is covered by quartzite and phyllite mica –schist.Markacho block has fortyfive percent area covered by Phyllite mica schist, forty-five percent area by biotite granite gneiss 31 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA and ten percent by Quartzite.In koderma block Phyllite-mica schist and Intrusive granite are the main rock types.InSatgawan block, central portion of the block and adjacent to Sakri river alluvium is the main formation. And quartzite while the northern portion of the block has Quartzite, Amphibolite hornblende schist and gneisses are observed. A vast tract (covering more than 1, 00,000 sq.km.) in Eastern Indian Shield is occupied by gneisses and granulitic rocks commonly referred as ―Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex‖ (CGC). In the northern part of CGC, there is a long linear East-West trending belt comprised of thick pile of psammo-pelitic metasedimentary sequences, which is referred as Bihar Mica Belt (BMB). This BMB is profusely intruded by granite plutons, mica pegmatite and quartz veins. The lithoassemblage of CGC and that of BMB had been grouped together by all the earlier workers, viz, Dunn (1929), Iyer (1932), Rode (1948), Prasad (1976) and several others. In contrast, Bhaumik (1986), for the first time assigned a distinct stratigraphic status to BMB as supracrustal, however without citing any supporting evidences. The presence of basal conglomerate at southwestern and southeastern margin of BMB (Mukherjee and Ghose, 1998; Singh, 2001) confirms suchsupracrustal status of BMB. The Great Mica Belt, previously known as Bihar Mica Belt, extends to a distance of 160 km having an average width of 25 kms. It extends from Gurpa in Gaya district in the west through Nawada, Koderma, and Hazaribag, Giridih in Jharkhand and Jamui as well as Bhagalpur district of the Bihar state in the east. Its maximum width is about 40 km at Koderma-Hazaribagh-Nawada area. The whole belt encompasses roughly around 4,000 sq. km. area. It runs in an east-northeast to west-southwest direction. The major part of the Great Mica Belt is located in Jharkhand state. The Koderma area is the biggest mica track in the country and occupies an area of about 145.74 square kilometers. Jharkhand‘s other sizable mica deposits are found around the

32 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA towns of Dharokhola, Manodih, , Gawan, and Tisri. With the advent of built- up mica or micanite (laminated insulating material manufactured by manual or mechanical pasting of mica with glyptal, silicone, gluing varnish and other materials), Jharkhand confirmed its position as the national and global leader in the manufacturing and export of mica. The mica from the Great Mica Belt is also famous for its thermal properties (highly infusible and extremely heat resistant, and even at red heat temperatures doesn‘t undergo any typical or chemical changes) and perfect dielectric property. The Singhbhum crustal province and Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC) are the two major crustal provinces of the eastern Indian shield. The Singhbhum Proterozoic basin has a tectonic boundary with the northern high-grade metamorphic-migmatite belt of the CGC, trending parallel to the basinal axis. Great Mica Belt (GMB) is a major distinctive geological unit in the Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC), occurring north of Singh bhum mobile belt. The CGC is slightly arcuate east-west trending linear belt which has a strike extension of 500 km and a width of 200 km (approximately). The entire Chhotanagpur Plateau north of Tamar-Porapahar Khatra Fault is classified as CGC and major part of it is exposed in south Bihar and Jharkhand. The Chotanagpur Gneiss Complex is bounded by Tamar-Porapahar Khatra Fault (TPKF) zone towards southern side and Quaternary Gangetic Alluvium toward north, Bengal Basin in east and by Mahanadi-Gondwana Basin in west. CGC is characterized by complex assemblages of diversified rocks of gneiss-grannulite-granite association with several periods of magmatic, metamorphic, tectonic and sedimentation. The East-West trending rift zone represented by the Gondwana Sediments divides the CGC into two parts. The southern part of CGC is characterized by the dominant gneissic rocks with number of pockets of granulites and high grade supracrustal rocks while the northern part is mostly having presence of younger meta-sediments

33 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA and Rajmahal volcanic rocks. The CGC is classified into a number of lithostratigraphic units as given below:

Fig 11: Geological map of the Chotanagpur Gneiss Complex (CGC) and Singhbhum craton (SC)

Table 9: Geological sucession of the Chotanagpur Gneiss Complex (CGC) and Singhbhum craton (SC)

Late Rajmahal Basalt, dolerites, hornblende, quartz-apatite rock, Intrusive alkali- syenite porphyry emplaced between 100-435 Ma. Biotite-granodiorite, tonalite, biotite-gneiss, orthamphibolite etc. emplaced between 635-765 Ma Satpura Metamorphism of pre-existing rocks up to granulite Orogeny facies and emplaced of anorthosite, gabbro, granite,

granodiorite, tonalite and pegmatite (ca. 900±200 Ma).

34 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Older Pelitic schists, gneisses, migmatites, calc-silicates, calcitic Metasediments and dolomitic marble (probably equivalent to Singhbhum Group (2000-2600 Ma) Crystalline Tonalitic gneiss, charnokite, khondalite, granulite, and Basement leptynite (Probably equivalent to Eastern Ghat Group-first phase of metamorphism ca. 2600 Ma).

Geological Survey of India in its miscellaneous publication (2009) on geology and mineral resources of Bihar and Jharkhand has suggested six major distinctive lithotectonic domain of CGC, out of which BMB (popularly known as GMB) is one of the major lithotectonic unit of CGC. A number of shallow metasedimentary basin have been recorded all along the northen flank of CGC, namely GMB, Gaya- Belt and Munger Belt, from west to east. These basins are running mostly in concordance with the regional trend i.e satpura trend and these metasedimentary basins do not belong to same phase of sedimentation. In GMB there are numerous pegmatite veins which are intruded into the metasediments as well as within the granitic rocks. Some of these veins contain gemstones which have already been discussed in the previous chapter. In order to understand the characteristics of the fluid responsible for forming the gem bearing pegmatites in this belt, it is necessary to understand entire geological background of Great Mica Belt (GMB). Geological Formations of Great Mica Belt (GMB) The Great Mica Belt (GMB) covers a larger area, about 160 km long and 25 km wide. The Great Mica Belt (GMB) has a geological setting distinct from extensive migmatitic granite-gneiss belts of the Chotanagpur Granitic Gneissic Complex. It

35 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA is characterized by large phaccoliths, often domical, plutons emplaced into relatively more open-folded schistose formations, ―supracrustals‖, metamorphosed to upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies conditions. The belt trends roughly ENE-WSW. Geographically this belt rises with a discrete bold topography, separated from the Hazaribagh plateau in the south by the low-lying paniplained Barakar river valley and bounded by the vast Gangetic alluvial plains in the north. A sequence of arenaceous and pelitic rocks interbanded with horenblende-schists, amphibolite and subordinate calcareous units characterize the major geological formations of the belt. Large bodies of granitic rocks are emplaced in this formation. A few anorthosite lenses, dolerite dykes, gabbro etc constitute the other minor rock types. The stratigraphic sequence of the formations is presented in Table: Table 10.: Geological succession of Great Mica Belt (after Ramachandran et. al, 1998) AGE ROCK TYPE

Recent Alluvium Permo-Carboniferous Gondwana sediments ------Unconformity------

Dolerite dykes

Rapakivi granite and pegmatites

Biotite augen series, coarse porphyritic granite gneisses and pegmatites

Proterozoic Medium grained massive granites and Pegmatites

Amphibolites and anorthosites

Massive quartzite with phyllitic and slaty 36 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Intercalations

Sillimanite-muscovite schist, calc-silicate and hornblende schists

Schistose quartzite and quartz-mica-schist Hornblende schist, garnetiferous biotite-

Schist Migmatites and composite gneisses

------Unconformity------Achaean Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss

GMB metasedimentary assemblages have been referred as Koderma Group which includes Phulwari Formation, Dhab Formation and Kakolat Formation. The occurrence of matrix-dominated Indarwa Conglomerate at NW of Neropahar and north of Jaganathpur College, Koderma at the contact between GMB metasedimentary and gneisses belonging to CGC signifies a stratigraphic hiatus. Thus GMB represents a sub-basin showing basement-cover relationship with CGC. The main lithounits exposed in the belt dominantly are the muscovite-biotite schist, which are at places garnetiferous. They are interbedded with prominent bands of hornblende-schists, micaceous quartzites and relatively minor calc-silicate granulites and local conglomerates. The quartzites become more prominent in the east. The primary sedimentary structures like bedding and cross bedding are preserved in the schistose rocks and quartzites very often. The granitic bodies emplaced into the schistose formations are the next dominant geological formation which covers around 30-40% of the area. These granites are rimmed by various

37 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA migmatitic zones. A number of mica pegmatite veins of different generations have intruded these rocks. Table 11: Geological succession of Koderma mica belt

(Mahadevan 2002)

Age Rocktype

Recent Alluvium

Permo-carboniferous Gondwana sediments

------Unconformity------

Dolerite dyke

Rapakavi granite and pegmatites

Proterozoic Biotiteaugen gneiss

Medium grained massive granites and pegmatites

Massive quartzite with slaty and phyllitic intercalations

Sillimanite muscovite schist ,calc silicate rocks,hornblende schist

Quartz mica schist

Garnetiferousbiotite schist

Archean Chotanagpur granite gneisses Migmatite

and gneisses.

38 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

------Unconformity------

The metasedimentary sequence of the Kodarma Group is classified into two Formations. The lower Phulwaria Formation is composed of quartzite, quartz- schist, quartz mica schist and amphibolite/hornblende schist, whereas the upper Dhab Formation is made predominantly of mica schist, mica gneiss and carbonaceous mica schist. Granites generally occupy anticlinal cores and are mantled by lower formation of the Kodarma Group. Quartzite - quartz schist has become highly recrystallised, granular rock and has lost all the sedimentary characters near the contact with granite. Quartzite at places grades to granite along as well as across the strike without any visible demarcation. In the contact zone Pegmatoid intrusions are abundant. Mica schist occupies valleys and is intruded by Pegmatoid granites, pegmatites and quartz veins which form low mounds. In some parts, such as the area of present study, these intrusives are dominant over the country rock, and the latter occur as small pockets within the intrusives. The pegmatoid granites and pegmatites contain pods of milky white quartz with which the lepidolite and other rare minerals are associated. The Precambrian rocks overlain by alluvium soil of this area can be grouped into four broad categories, viz. metasedimentaries, granitoids, basic intrusive and younger acid intrusive. The main metasedimentary rocks exposed in this sector are porphyroblastic quartz mica schists having andalusite and / or garnet porphyroblast, along with subordinates quartzite, quartz-schist, quartz-mica schist, and amphibolite / hornblende schist, all of which have been intruded by granites, amphibolites, metadolerite, pegmatoid granites, pegmatites and quartz veins. Some of the pegmatites of the area are lepidolite-bearing. The lepidolite-bearing pegmatites occur within the andalusite-bearing mica schists. A two-km long NW-SE to WNW- ESE trending linear zones of lepidolite occurrences had been noted parallel 39 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA to the strike of the andalusite-sillimanite bearing schist and in close proximity of the granite plutons, occurring west of Bhuladih. The detailed study of Bhuladih area reveals that the area is occupied dominantly by quartz floats and pegmatoid, granite. The former covers major part of hillocks composed of pegmatoid granites. Among the late acid intrusives, pegmatites and quartz veins are very common in this area. The age relationship between pegmatite and metadolerite is not clear Because they are no where found to occur together. Granitoids and their variants forming dominant lithounit at certain sectors and is represented by pegmatoid granite, biotite granite / gneiss with or without megacrysts and also at places quartzofeldspathic biotite-muscovite-gneiss. Pegmatoid granite is the younger intrusive granite. Beside the high quality mica production, Great Mica Belt also hosts a wide variety of gemstones and also some rare metals. Some of the reported semiprecious gemstones from the area are moonstone, tourmaline, garnet, amazonite, citrine, garnet, cat‘s eye, bytownite and apatite. Moonstone is the best known gem variety of the feldspar group. Its importance as a gemstone arises because of adularescence, a floating light effect and sheen, compared to the light of the moon. This phenomenon generally results from alternating layers of albite and orthoclase feldspars, which cause light to scatter. In the GMB, export quality of moonstone is found to be concentrated in Koderma area. Tourmaline is one on the most complex gemstones of the silicate group and there are 10 different varieties with a full range of colours due to presence of different trace elements. Transparent pink-red, blue, green, yellow-brown and uncoloured varieties are used as gemstones. Black opaque stones are also often cut and worn as jewellery. Tourmaline is found in pegmatites with cavities and rarely in schists. In Great Mica Belt three varieties of tourmaline are found in the Koderma area. They are green tourmaline, black tourmaline and blue tourmaline (Indicolite). Garnets are

40 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA nesosilicates. They do not show cleavage so when they fracture under stress, sharp irregular pieces are formed. Because the chemical composition of garnet varies, the atomic bonds in some species are stronger than in others. The harder species are often used for abrasive purposes. The dominant varieties present in the GMB are hessonite or cinnamon stone and almandine. Almandine in the Koderma and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand Amazonite (sometimes called "Amazon stone") is a green variety of microcline feldspar. Because of its bright green colour when polished, amazonite is sometimes cut and used as a gemstone, although it is easily fractured. It displays a schiller of light which is caused by inclusions. Schiller is a lustrous reflection from planes in a mineral grain and is similar to what is more commonly known as iridescence. The schiller is caused by a feature of the stone's crystal structure. Orthoclase feldspar and albite are present in close association, arranged in layers. This causes an interference effect of light. This mineral is also found in the Koderma area of Jharkhand. Citrine is transparent, coarse-grained variety of the silica mineral quartz with ferric iron impurities. Citrine is a semiprecious gem that is valued for its yellow to 24 brownish colors and its resemblance to the rarer topaz. The yellow colour is from the presence of iron, the darker the colour - the higher the grade. Natural citrine is rare compared to amethyst or smoky quartz, both of which are often heated to turn their natural colour into that of citrine. In Indian market citrine is being sold by the name of golden topaz or quartz topaz. Citrine is also present in some of the pegmatite veins from the Koderma area. Some of the pegamtites from the Great Mica Belt have been reported to contain many rare metals and radioactive minerals like pitchblende, triplite, illmenite, zircon, columbite, tourbernite and graftonite . Description of Rock Types:

41 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

The major rock types met within the mapped area can be broadly classified into the following four categories for the purpose of lithological discussion:- (i) Metasediments, (ii) Granitoids (iii) Basic Intrusives and (iv) Acidic Intrusives. Metasediments The main metasedimentary rocks exposed in this sector are andalusite and/or garnet bearing mica schist with subordinate quartzite, micaceous quartzite, quartz- schist, quartz-mica schist, paraamphibolite and hornblende schist, all of which have been intruded by granites, ortoamphibolites, dolerite, pegmatoid granites, pegmatites and quartz veins. The metasedimentary rocks constitute about 67% of the area. The metasediments on the mica belt are dominantly represented by mica- schist and garnet-sillimanite mica schist with some quartzitic bands. At places calc-silicate, granulites and amphibolites are also exposed. The mica schist shows a wide range of mineralogical variations. The gradations of mica schists are noticed from muscovite biotite schists to types rich in quartz, biotite, sillimanite, and garnet. The most dominant is sillimanite bearing biotite muscovite schist, as the fibrolite muscovite-biotite schist. The mineral assemblage associated with the GMB has witnessed metamorphic conditions equivalent to an upper amphibolite facies. Five mineral assemblage groups have been identified in the metapelites of the area. These include assemblages with and without sillimanite ± staurolite, sillimanite-bearing assemblages without staurolite, staurolite-bearing assemblages without sillimanite and staurolite-kyanite assemblages. GMB has witnessed upper amphibolites facies of metamorphism. However even the metamorphic conditions

42 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA up to Amphibolite-Granulite facies have also been reported from some of the areas. The main structural trends in the mica belt are controlled by the folding in the Meta-sedimentary rocks of the area. The schist of the mica field presents a grooved Appearance on the weathered outcrop due to alternating quartz-rich and mica-rich binds the former being more resistant to weathering. In the arenaceous members of the meta-sedimentaries, conglomeratic beds are present at a few places. The foliation of the schistose rocks is ranging from ENE-WSW to NE-SW and the dip varies from 30-60° in either directions. The foliation is poorly developed where bedding is well preserved and also along the nose of folds. The lineations of the schistose rocks are well-lineated except where bedding is well preserved. The lineation is mainly due to the elongation of minerals crenulations in micas and ―rodding‖ in quartz. The schistose rocks of the area are traversed by numerous slip-planes along which there appears to have been varying degrees of movement. Such slip-planes may be parallel or sub parallel to the axis of folds and, therefore, to the foliation in the schist are in some cases at an angle to both foliation and bedding.

Quartzite: The largest exposure of quartzite forms prominent Mahavar Pahar at 1.5 km southwest of Satgawan. Apart from this, a few small quartzite exposures are also noticed within the schistose country rock eg: At 900m southeast of Angar, occurring as isolated pockets. Garnet bearing foliated quartzite is found as interlayered within quartz mica schist at 900 m NE of Jorasemar. The quartzite is generally grayish to yellowish brown in colour. The quartzite of Mahavar Pahar defines a regional easterly plunging fold. Primary bedding is discernible as prominent colour bandings which trend east-west with 550 to 700 northerly or southerly dips.

43 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Quartz-Mica-Schist / Mica Schist: Quartz-mica-schist / Mica schist mostly occurs within the low lying area. However, the quartz schist rims the granite at the northeastern part of the investigated area. These rocks are very much susceptible to weathering and as such politic schist are generally weathered forming low lands. Hence the pelitic schist country remains to be interpretative at many places due to highly schistose and friable character. Schist is also exposed in small isolated patches within the pegmatoid granite. Though the rock is well-foliated schistose and lenticular beddings. There are only a few scattered outcrops of quartz-mica- schist-mica schist in the area viz. NE of Belatanr, east of Nagri, north of Dumri, east of Kenduadih etc. Locally it preserves the phyllitic character eg, at south of Tamoria nala. Weathered foliated or schistose quartzite grading to quartz schist has been noted occurring as an isolated pocket within quartz mica schist at 1.25 km NNE of Manjhne. At northeast of Belatanr, quartz mica schist is totally devoid of both garnet and andalusite porphyroblasts, which may be attributed to variation in the parent composition of sediments within the same basin. However, at most other places,the schists contain andalusite and / or garnet porphyroblasts, eg. at southern margin of Chand Dih, NE of Bariyardih. Thus wide variation in the proportion of two types of porphyroblasts is a very conspicuous feature. The quartz mica schist and mica schists are grayish brown to yellowish brown in colour, characterised by widely developed schistose planes in varying degree from place to place and shows porphyroblastic nature with development of andalusite and / or garnet porphyroblasts at many places, particularly SE of Mahvar Pahar. Andalusite- bearing mica schists, which is characterised by presence of pseudomorph of andalusite crystals upto 10 cm length, now altered into fibrous muscovite showing radial arrangement in the cross-section, normal to the long axis of the pseudomorphs and unaltered andalusite still found to be present in the central part

44 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA of the pseudomorphs. The longer axis of andalusite porphyroblasts is found to be parallel to F-fold axis, signifying its syn-tectonic growth. This is a medium grained schistose rock. Under microscope, this rock is found to be mineralogical composed of muscovite, andalusite, garnet, staurolite, quartz, biotite, magnetite and occasionally sillimanite. The other minerals contained in this rock type are fine flakes of muscovite, garnet, staurolite, quartz, biotite, occasional sillimanite and magnetite. Development of garnet porphyroblasts along the S2 -foliation plane of puckered quartz mica schist is noticed at 1.5 km NE of Kairi. Under microscope, the quartz mica schist is mainly composed of quartz, sericite, and muscovite with or without microcline and plagioclase. Para-Amphibolite: Amphibolite occurs as thin-long foliated interlayered band within foliated quartzite and quartz mica schist eg: 900 m NE of eastern Jorasemar, 1 km ESE of Nagri. They are at places found to be along the contact between granite and quartzite or schists. The rock is medium grained massive dark greenish black in colour. Under microscope, the amphibolites are found to be composed of hornblende, plagioclase, quartz, and opaque. Hornblende occurs as small prismatic grains and laths, showing preferred orientation which is responsible for the development of schistosity in the rock. Quartz occurs as xenomorphic granular grains. Flattened grains and oriented prismatic hornblende grains define the schistosity in the rock. Granitoids The granitoids shows sharp contact with the schist. The granitoids of the present area can be broadly grouped into two categories, viz. Pegmatoid granite and the foliated granite. Pegmatoid Granite: Pegmatoid Granites are very coarse-grained, pegmatoid in nature and are composed of quartz, feldspars (both K-feldspar and plagioclase),

45 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA black tourmaline and fibrous aggregates of sillimanite. The rock is pinkish in colour with Kfeldspar phenocrysts embedded in a matrix of K-feldspar-quartz- biotite.The phenocrysts vary from 1 cm to 2-3 cm. Preponderance of tourmaline in pegmatoid granite is recorded at places. Under microscope, the rock is found to be composed of microcline, quartz and biotite with phenocrysts of microcline. Foliated Granite: The rock is pinkish colour medium grained and foliated. The general foliation direction is ENE-WSW to WNW-ESE with 60o to 80 southerly dips. Megascopically the general mineralogical composition of rock is K- feldspar- quartz-biotite. Under microscope, the rock is found to be composed of microcline, albite, quartz and biotite. Basic Intrusive The dark grey coloured basic intrusive rock appears to be post-granite in age, commonly occurring as bouldary outcrop. It is hard compact massive medium to coarse grained in nature. This lithounit is exposed around Khab-Badaltoli area as a minor component compared to other lithotypes of the area. It occurs mostly as elliptical body; nevertheless a few circular bodies are also noticed eg: at 1.2 km NE of Nagri within Bariyar Dih Protected Forest. Mostly these bodies are trending NNE-SSW with a few exception. Limonitised gabbroic intrusive within pegmatite Country is found as relic at NNE of Pelmo. Mesoscopic gabbroic intrusives within garnetiferrous quartz mica schist is recorded at E of Kairi. Gabbroid rock with localized ultramafic nature is observed at West of Khab, 1 km SW of Mathuradih. Locally it exhibits doleritic character also eg: south of Badaltoli. Gabbroic rock is also found to be intruded by tourmaline mica pegmatite near 222 mounds at 1.5 km west of Jogi Dih (east of Bhuladih). The rock is dark, massive, nonfoliated in nature.

46 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Variation in the proportion of plagioclase feldspar and mafics and also in grain size is very conspicuous and is reflected by coarse grained nature of the rock at core of the body with medium to fine grained at periphery. This reflects both the compositional and textural variation in the same body. Mineralogically, the rock is found to be composed of pyroxene (clinopyroxene), hornblende, plagioclase feldspar with a little amount of spinel and opaque. Locally presence of garnet is recorded. Acid Intrusives The younger acid intrusives are represented by pegmatite, quartz vein and aplite. All these show concordant as well as discordant relationship with the country rock. Profuse pegmatite intrusions have been recorded at many places, which have completely obliterated the nature of country rock to recognise, particularly east of Bhuladih. Pegmatite: Pegmatites are randomly distributed within the metasediments and granites. Three types of pegmatites in Bihar Mica Belt, viz. Tourmaline bearing, Mica bearing and Lepidolite bearing are found. However, tourmaline is present in all the pegmatites. It is the most common mineral of particularly Bhuladih pegmatites. The lepidolite-bearing pegmatites occur within the andalusite-bearing mica schists. Only a few pegmatites are mica-bearing. Beryl is found at few places. Pegmatite of this area is mainly composed of alkali feldspar, quartz and muscovite. Intergrowth of alkali feldspar and quartz is recorded occasionally. Pegmatite veins of varying dimension and shapes are emplaced in the metasediments and granites of the belt. They vary in their length from few cm to about 500 m and a width from a few cm to 30 m. For mining purpose the common dimensions of the pegmatites are ranging from 50 to 300 m in length and 1 to 5 m in wdth. They have been worked to a maximum vertical depth of about 213 mt. The shape of the pegmatites

47 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA varies from one pegmatite to other, more commonly they form long narrow bodies thinning out at either end and also at depth. Some of the veins are lenticular in shape having a maximum thickness at central portion. Some of the pegmatites have arcuate to sinuous shapes. The crescent shaped pegmatites are also observed along the nose of the fold and are seen in road cuttings between Koderma and Rajauli. The pegmatites are both zoned and unzoned in nature. In zoned pegmatites the massive white quartz and occasionally microcline perthite forms the core which is surrounded by intermediated zone of blocky perthite. The wall zone generally consists of an intergrowth of quartz, microcline, plagioclase, and muscovite. The border zone is normally very thin in such pegmatites. The zoned pegmatites are mostly economic in nature and contain variety of minerals including gem stones and rare metals. Four different types of the pegmatites in GMB based upon the spatial relation. According to him the interior pegmatites occur within the granitic rocks as ‗nests‘ and segregated masses. Early pegmatites emplaced into the schistose rocks are generally potassic. They are pre- to syn-kinematic and are involved in deformation. Later pegmatites in the schist belts are of perthite acid plagioclase types (K-Na). They are late to post deformation and are the sources of commercial mica. The book mica is predominantly of ruby variety while the green variety is also rarely present. A variety of other minerals besides quartz, feldspar and mica are present in these pegmatites. These minerals include the gem variety of feldspar (moonstone and bytownite), apatite, garnet (hossenite) and tourmaline (indicolite), and some rare metals like columbite-tantelite and cassiterite. Different age for the pegmatites of the belt is determined. Age of mica pegmatite is 1392- 1200 Ma. The age‘s of different minerals like uraninite, monazite, allanite and lapidolite from differentpegmatites of the belt vary from 1050 Ma-950Ma. Most of the pegmatites trend East-West with some of the NW-SE and N-S. They are sub

48 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA parallel to the bedding and foliation in folded schistose rocks. They normally dip steeply from 60 to 70 in variable directions. The formation of mica pegmatites has been suggested to be controlled by lithology as well as structure. They are mostly confined to mica schist and less confined to micaceous quartzites and hornblendeschist. Further they are also structurally controlled and are mostly present along the bedding and foliation planes, noses and limbs of folds, tension joints and slip or fracture planes in schists. Quartz Boss: Pods and pockets of milky white quartz occur throughout the granite body and are also associated with pegmatites. They are restricted to a very shallow depth, rarely persisting downward to a depth of more than one metre. Lepidolite, green tourmaline, beryl, cassiterite, and other rare element minerals are associated with this quartz. Slender prismatic crystals of green tourmaline are irregularly oriented within the quartz, sometimes it forms radiating pattern. Presence of minerals like lepidolite, green tourmaline, cassiterite, columbite and tantalite associated with quartz pods suggest wide-spread pneumatolitic activity in the area. The quartz bosses have been extensively worked by the Atomic Mineral Division of AEC for Beryl, lepidolite and other rare element minerals and hence quartz boulders occur as floats on the top and slopes of the pegmatoid granite hillocks. Lepidolite lumps and lepidolite bearing milky quartz also form part of the float. The Palaeo-Proterozoic metasediments of Bihar Mica Belt at northern part of the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC) represents metasedimentary supracrustal over a granitic / gneissic basement, which is characterised by psammo-pelitic assemblages invaded by several phases of basic to acid intrusives. These acid- intrusive running along the northern flank of Kodarma basin for about 25 km from Satgawan (Kodarma District) in the northwest to Gawan () in the southeast.

49 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

This shows that granite occupying the anticlinal core at eastern part is mantled by quartzite-quartz schist forming comparatively low lands or mounds peripherals to high granite hills. Apart from this, other metasedimentary rocks occupying the major valley area is characterised by peneplained country with very sparsely distributed low mounds. However, there is a very high hill range of quartzite at the northwestern sector. Granitoids and their variants forming dominant lithounit at certain sectors and is represented by pegmatoid granite, biotite granite / gneiss with or without megacrysts and also at places by quartzofeldspathic biotite-muscovite- gneiss. Pegmatoid granite is the younger intrusive granite. The granitic terrain at western sector forms a rugged topography. There are a number of younger basic intrusives represented by gabbroid (metagabbro-ortho-amphibolite) group at places. Among the late acid intrusives, pegmatites and quartz veins are very common in this area.The age relationship between pegmatite and metadolerite is not clear because they are no where found to occur together. The late acid intrusives are represented by pegmatite, quartz vein and aplite. All these show concordant as well as discordant relationship with the country rock. Profuse pegmatite intrusions have been recorded at many places, which have completely obliterated to recognize the nature of country rock, particularly east of Bhuladih. Pegmatites forming linear mounds are mostly located within schistose country, particularly in proximity to granite batholith. The detailed geological studies of area reveal that the area is occupied dominantly by quartz floats and pegmatoid granite. The former covers major part of hillocks composed of pegmatoid granites.

Table 12: Local Geological Setting

Intrusive Pegmatite, aplite, and vein quartz. Granite. Para - metamorphics Porphyroblastic granite gneiss. 50 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Feldspathised granite schist. Hornblende granite gneiss. Mica schist, biotite schist. Quartzite (current-bedded). Quartz schist, para - amphibolites Calc - silicate rocks. Migmatitic - biotite granite gneiss.

Mica schist: Mica schist is the oldest rock unit in the areas. It occupies the low mounds and the gentle rolling topography. Mica schist is exposed in the north-eastern part of the Koderma Reserve forest square nos. 36 I and 36 J as seen around W / IN 2. It is also exposed as unmappable units in the southern part of Basrauntola- Saphi (East). It is well foliated and compact. Mica schist often acts as an impervious wall rock of the formation of mica-pegmatite lode as seen in KRF square nos. 36 I and J in Lamachanchi mica mine and in Basrauntola-Saphi area around south west of 7.5 F/2 N and northeast of 5.5 E/IN. The mica schist is mainly composed of muscovite with small amounts of felspar and quartz. Mica is arranged in a compact book form with lenticular veins of quartz and felspar.

Sillimanite-bearing mica gneiss:

Sillimanite-bearing mica gneiss is often present within garnetiferous mica gneissic terrain. It occurs as small, unmappable units within the garnetiferous gneisses such as 8.5 E colours. Sillimanite crystals occur as fine needles with transverse cracks. Texturally the rock is typical gneissose. Under the microscope, NI consists of quartz, felspar, biotite, muscovite, sillimanite and opaque ore minerals. Sillimanite crystals show as fibrous, scattered needles and also as radiating aggregates.

Tourmaline-bearing mica gneiss:

51 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Tourmaline-bearing mica gneiss occur as small patches to as large as 20m X 35m size as seen in the southeastern part of Basrauntola-Saphi area, i.e. south of 8.5 E/2 N. Megascopically the rock is greyish in colour. Important minerals identified are quartz, felspar, muscovite and tourmaline. Tourmaline crystals often occur as fine disseminations within the rock but occasionally occur as clusters.

Felspathic mica gneiss: Felspathic mica gneiss occupy large tract in the south-western part of BasrauntolaSaphi area The relative abundance of garnet is the only distinguishing feature in the delineation of the felspathic mica gneiss and garnetiferous mica gneiss. In a hand specimen, the rock is greyish white to grey in colour, medium to coarse grained and gneisses texture. The foliation (S 2) more or less conforms to the bedding (S1). The foliation (S) is distinguished by the alternating bands of quartzo-felspathic layer and mica-rich fractions. Minerals identified are quartz, K- felspar, plagioclase feldspar, muscovite & biotite. The size of muscovite porphyroblasts vary from small flakes to as large as 1 cm X2 cm size. Other minerals identified are apatite, tourmaline and arsenopyrite mineral. Under the microscope, quartz crystals show undulose extinction. Sieved orthoclase crystals of subidioblastic grains are noted. Biotite flakes have been often bent suggesting that it has been affected by the later fold movement (T.S. 41BAS/82 and T.S 72/BKA/82).Accessory minerals are epidote, apatite and cordierite, Garnetiferous mica gneiss: Garnetiferous mica gneiss is the most dominant rock-type in the area. It occupies all along northern and eastern parts of Basrauntola-Saphi area J. In physical appearance and mineralogical assemblage, the rock type is more or less similar to the felspathic mica gneiss excepting for the development of garnet crystals. Garnet crystals occur as small rounded crystals distributed throughout the rock and as 52 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA clusters within the rock. The minerals identified are quartz, felspar, muscovite, biotite and garnet. Under the microscope, the plagioclase felspars are distinguished by its lamellar/polysynthetic twining. Quartz crystals show undulose extinction. Garnet occurs as idioblastic grains and with the development of irregular cracks. Accessory minerals ore are epidote, apatite, cordierite scapolite and opaque minerals.

Overburden and Weathered Rock

In mining, overburden (also called waste or spoil) is the material that lies above an area that lends itself to economical exploitation, such as the rock, soil, and ecosystem that lies above a coal seam or ore body. Overburden is distinct from tailings, the material that remains after economically valuable components have been extracted from the generally finely milled ore.

Organic matter accumulates at the surface when vegetation dies, forming the A horizon, or topsoil. Then, mineral subsoil begins to oxidize into a C horizon. As watertranslocated weathering products of clay, iron oxides, and O Horizon- dominated by organic matter, leaf caliche accumulate in the old C and stem litter horizon, the horizon becomes a B A horizon-zone of horizon. With time, soils get thicker, accumulation of organic matter and gain horizons, and become clay-rich nutrients. and redder. Weathering is the B horizon-zone of alteration of rocks to more stable illuviation material from their exposure to the C horizon –parent material and rock agents of air, water, and organic fluids. 53 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Fig 12: Soil profile

No rock is stable or immune to weathering. Many pathways and agents are involved in weathering, but most can be grouped into two main processes: mechanical and chemical weathering.

Mechanical weathering includes processes that fragment and disintegrate rocks into smaller pieces without changing the rock's mineral composition. Chemical weathering is the alteration of the rock into new minerals. Both pathways constitute weathering, but one process may dominate over the other. If the granite outcrop is present, the quartz grains would be liberated as sand grains. They are very resistant to chemical weathering and stay in the system to make up streambeds, beaches, and dunes. The feldspar minerals would be converted into clays and salts. The biotite and amphibole minerals would become iron oxides and clays. If no erosion occurred at the site, there would be a soil of clay and iron oxides with some sand grains. Most of the salt would have been removed by groundwater. The large concentration of salts in the oceans is a result of chemical weathering of rocks on land, with the weathered constituents being washed into the seas. Clays are very stable and make up the majority of the most abundant sedimentary rocks—shale. The rates of chemical weathering depend on many factors. First, amount of water in the system and temperature of system increase the weathering rate. So, the fastest rates of chemical weathering tend to occur in the hot, humid tropics. Third, the more mineral surface area exposed in the rock by joints, the faster the weathering. The increased number of cracks in the rock will allow the agents of water and oxygen to interact more intensely with the minerals.

Finally, the type of minerals in the rock will also dictate rates. For example, rocks with less quartz and more calcium feldspars (mafic igneous rocks) will weather 54 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA faster than rocks with more quartz and sodium feldspars (felsic igneous rocks). Overburden is removed during surface mining, but is typically not contaminated with toxic components and may be used to restore an exhausted mining site to a semblance of its appearance before mining began.

METHODS FOR RESERVE ESTIMATION

Govt. of India approved the UNFC and the field guidelines for implementation. The UNFC scheme consists of three dimensional System with the following three axioms: 1. The stages of Geological Assessment (G) 2. The Stages of Mineability Assessment (Feasibility or F) 3. The degree of Economic Viability (E) UNFC is following a three digit code system in which Economic viability axis represents the first digit, the feasibility axis the second digit and the geologic axis the third digit. Economic viability has three codes which in decreasing order are:-  E1 (Economic),  E2 (Potentially economic) and  E3 (intrinsically economic). Feasibility study has three codes which in decreasing order are:-  F1 (Feasibility study),  F2 (Pre-feasibility study) and  F3 (geological study).

STAGES OF EXPLORATION AS PER UNFC NORMS The geological assessment (G) as per UNFC norms has four codes in order of increasing details.

55 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

(i) Reconnaissance (G4) (ii) Prospecting (G3) (iii) General Exploration (G2) (iv) Detailed Exploration (G1) Each stage generates resource data with a clearly defined degree of geological assurance. RESERVE ESTIMATION Depending on certain parameters:  Cut off grade  Stopping width

 Weighted average and average  Tonnage factor grade  Core recovery  Thickness

 Strike length/ strike influence  Dip length/ width influence

 Correlation of lode

RESERVE ESTIMATION METHODS For moderately to steeply dipping tabular ore body  Cross section method   Longitudinal section method

 Level plan method For   Included area method bedded/ horizontal or low dipping deposits  Extended area method   Triangle method

56 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

 Polygon method   Method of isoline

 Isopach maps method  

CLASSIFICATION & CATEGORISATION OF RESERVES In India, GSI standardized the terminology of ores & Mineral resource Classification. It is in practice in India since 1981 and later standardized by Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) in 1989. This system was followed in the (National Mineral Inventory ) NMI database created by IBM. Type of Reserve (i) Proved (ii) Probable (iii) Possible PROBABLE RESERVE A. Estimates made on the basis of measurements from widely spaced sampling points and exploratory openings (borehole/ pit/ trenches) with reasonable extrapolation on geological grounds. B. The shape, thickness variation, likely persistence, geological structure are broadly known. Some information on mineralogy, petrography of the host rock and wall rocks, ore dressing characteristics. C. The error of estimation of tonnage should be in the range of 20-30 %. D. This category implies a clearly lower status to the ore reserve in terms of degree of assurance, in spite of being still within the direction of economic considerations. POSSIBLE RESERVE The Possible Reserve has the following characteristics:-

57 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

A. The grade estimate of a possible reserve is a broad indication of the likely quality. B. The possible reserve contains only very general information on the mode of occurrence of geological structure and ore behavior. C. The ‗Possible Reserve‘ may have an error level of 30 to 50 %. MINERAL RESOURCE (GEOLOGICAL AXIS) 1. Reconnaissance Mineral Resource (334): Estimate based on preliminary field inspections, regional geological studies and mapping. 2. Inferred Mineral Resource (333): Inferred from geological evidence. Tonnage, grade and mineral content can be estimated with low level of confidence 3. Indicated Mineral Resource (332): Tonnage, shape, grade and mineral content can be estimated with reasonable level of confidence. Location of boreholes, pits etc are too widely spaced. 4. Measured Mineral Resource (331): that part of mineral resource for which tonnage, density, shape, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a high level of confidence i.e. based on detailed exploration. CORRELABILITY OF UNFC AND NATIONAL CLASSIFICATION UNFC Category & Code NMI Category Mineral Reserve Proved 111 Proved Recoverable Probable 121, 122 Probable Mineral Reserve do

58 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Proved In situ Mineral Probable Resource Possible do Recoverable

Proved Mineral Resource Conditional in situ Probable Resource do Prospective Mineral resource

Measured 331 Mineral Indicated 332 Resource Inferred 333

Feasibility 211 Mineral Resource Reconnaissance Pre Feasibility 221, Mineral 222 Resource Mineral Resource 334

OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT

59 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Koderma is a mineral rich district. Mica, Feldspar and quartz are main mineral found here. Given below is the extract of national mineral inventory:

60 Preliminary Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

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61 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

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62 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

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63 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

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64 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

a

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65 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Fig.14: Mineral Map of Koderma

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Chemical Composition: H2 K AI2 (SiO4)2 Available Grade: All Grades Resources: Under Estimation Location: Koderma and Giridih Districts Uses: Electrical Industry, Paint and Pigment Industry etc.

67 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Mica is widely distributed and occurs in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary regimes. Mica group represents 34 phyllosilicate minerals that exhibit a layered or platy structure. Commercially important mica minerals are muscovite (potash or white mica) and phlogopite (magnesium or amber mica). Granitic pegmatites are the source of muscovite sheet, while phlogopite is found in areas of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks into which pegmatite rich granite rocks have been intruded. It possesses highly perfect basal cleavage due to which it can easily and accurately split into very thin sheets or films of any specified thickness. It has a unique combination of elasticity, toughness, flexibility and transparency. It possesses resistance to heat and sudden change in temperature and high dielectric strength. It is chemically inert, stable and does not absorb water. For over hundred years, India has enjoyed the monopoly in the production and export of sheet mica in the world. Of late, there has been a steady downfall in the production of mica. This declining trend could be attributed to fall in the demand of natural mica in the world market due to technological improvements that facilitate use of reconstituted mica and emergence of mica substitutes. However, there are sufficient resources in the country to meet the domestic requirement and export demand.

Resources Most important mica-bearing pegmatites occur in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana. Occurrences of mica pegmatites are also reported from Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. As per UNFC, the total resources of mica in the country as on 1.4.2010 are estimated at 5,32,237 tonnes out of which 1,90,741 tonnes are placed under reserves category and 3,41,496 tonnes under remaining resources category. Andhra Pradesh leads with 41% share in country's total resources followed by Rajasthan (21%), Odisha (20%), Maharashtra (15%), Bihar (2%) and the remaining 1% is in Jharkhand and Telangana together. 68 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Production, Stocks & Prices The production of mica (crude) at 636 tonnes in 2014-15 declined sharply by about 62% as compared to the preceding year. There were only 31 reporting mines of mica during the year as against 39 in the previous year. Two mines, each producing more than 100 tonnes annually are accounted for about 59% of the total output and four mica mines producing 20 tonnes to 100 tonnes annually contributed about 34 percent. The remaining 7% was the contribution of 25 small mica mines, each producing less than 20 tonnes annually. The entire production was reported from Private Sector during the period under review. Six principal producers accounted for 93% of the total output. Andhra Pradesh was the only state reporting production of crude mica during the year. Mine-head closing stock of mica (crude) for the year 2014-15 was 964 tonnes (up to January 2015) as against 597 tonnes in the previous years.

Uses Natural sheet mica is used in Electrical and Electronic industries in the form of blocks, splittings and films or built-up mica called ―micanite". Sheet mica is used in manufacturing fabricated and micanite products, such as, capacitors and commutator segments. Micanite or built-up mica is partly overlapped, irregularshaped and arranged as splittings cemented together with either an organic or inorganic binder. Other uses of sheet mica include gauge glasses of high pressure steam boilers, diaphragms of oxygen-breathing equipment, marker dials of navigation compasses, quarterwave plates for optical instruments, window covers for radiation pyrometers & thermal regulators, stove window, chimneys for gas & petromax lamps, diaphragms in microwave transmitters and insulation wrappers for high tension radar coils. Besides, high quality natural mica sheets are used in helium-neon lasers where mica sheet works as retardation plate. Of late, mica washers are extensively used in Computer Industry. Mica paper or reconstituted mica is a paperlike material made by depositing fine flakes of scrap 69 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA mica as a continuous mat which is then dried. Mica paper is usually impregnated with organic binder. Primary end-uses of mica paper are the same as for micanite or built-up mica. Micanite is used in electrical insulation mainly because natural mica sheet of sufficient thickness is not always available. This is used in copper commutator segments of DC universal motors and generators, moulding plates from which V-rings are cut and stripped for use in commutators. These moulding plates also find use in the form of tubes and rings as an insulator in transformers, armatures and motor starters. As flexible plates, micanite is also used in electric motors and generator-armatures, field coil insulators & magnet and commutator core insulation. Similarly, as heater plates, micanite is used where high insulation strength at high temperature is required. In the Construction Sector, mica scrap/ground mica is used in jointing cement for gypsum boards, asphaltic roofings and damp-proof seal, and insulation boards. Ground mica acts as reinforcing filler in plaster for textured coatings. Mica is used in insulation bricks, slabs and tiles because of its excellent thermal and insulating properties. Dry-ground 50 mesh mica is used in the flux coating for arc welding electrodes, with flux containing 3 to 5% mica powder. In paints, mica in the form of powder is used as filler and as an extender because it provides a smoother consistency, improved workability and imparts increased resistance to water penetration and weathering. It also facilitates suspension due to its relatively low specific gravity and platy morphology. Mica is used mainly in four types of paints, such as, bituminous emulsions, exterior paints, fire-retardant paints and pearlescent pigments. Mica is added to drilling fluids to get off the lost circulation zones. The platy structure of mica facilitates the overlapping of particles to form a tight layer or wall, thereby preventing further fluid loss. Ground mica is used in the Rubber Industry as a dusting agent and as inert filler in the production of rubber. Mica fillers increase the hardness, tensile

70 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA strength and tear resistance of rubber articles. In Plastic Industry, mica is used as a filler and reinforcer in thermoplastics to improve the electrical properties, flexural strength & modulus, stiffness, heat deflection temperatures and resistance. Dry- ground mica powder is used in small quantities in cosmetic applications. The property of high resistance of mica to the effect of the sun rays, moisture, gases, water and other chemicals, enables the use of dry-ground mica powder in small quantity to improve the decorative coating and lustre of wallpaper, printing and ceiling papers, etc. Wet-ground mica powder is used in paints, cosmetics, rubber, etc as filler. Small quantities of scrap mica/ground mica are also used in industries like foundries as coating to foundry cores and moulds, as a dry lubricant to prevent hot bearings from seizing up.Ground synthetic fluorophlogopite, fluorine-rich mica, may replace natural ground mica for uses that require thermal and electrical properties of mica. Sheet mica is used in electrical components, electronics and atomic force microscopy. Many products can be substituted for mica in electrical and electronic uses. Substitutes include Acrylic, Benelex, Cellulose acetate, Delrin, Duranel N, Fibreglass, Fishpaper, Kel F, Kydex, Kapton Lexan, Lucite, Mylar, Nylon, Nylatron, Nomex, Noryl, Phenolics, Plexiglass, Polycarbonate, Polyester, Styrene, Teflon, Vinyl-PVC and Vulcanised Fibre.

Mining method All the mica mines were first opened as prospecting pits. These trial workings were later developed into opencast workings of 5 to 10 m depths known as Upper Challa. The nature & quality of the yield decides as to whether underground method has to be adopted for mining of mica, especially mica-bearing pegmatites. Overhand cut-and-fill method of mining with flat-back and waste-fill methods are practised in mica mines. Pegmatite deposits are opened up by striking vertical or inclined shaft. As mica is confined to hanging wall and footwall contacts and sometimes to core zone, driving and stoping is done only in these 71 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA areas. The entire pegmatite body is not subjected to stoping, and wall and roof are generally self-supporting. The mines are developed to maximum 100 m depths. Most of the mines have installed haulages for transport of material, electric fans for ventilation and pumps for dewatering. The old method was tunneling, which has now in some of the old mines been converted into open quarries. With this system, mines now produce felspar, quartz, mica and vermiculite. This system has also enabled use of heavy machinery which resulted in increased production. Crude mica produced from the workings is transported to the surface where it is cobbled manually to remove the gangue minerals like quartz, felspar and other associated minerals, including waste mica. Skilled labourers dress the hand-cobbled mica with sickle, knife and scissors. During dressing, the part of mica containing deformities, such as, fractures, unevenness and cracks is removed and only the better material is retained as blocks. Such blocks are classified into various sizes and qualities on the basis of visual estimates. The mica so rejected during dressing is sold as scrap. Mica processing is a labourintensive activity requiring special skills. The art of manual processing of mica has been acquired by the Indian workers through generations and has become a cottage industry in the mica mining.

Foreign Trade Exports of mica in 2014-15 was reported to be 1,40,960 tonnes as against the meagre production of 636 tonnes of crude mica. Reasons for such a huge difference in the quantity of exports and production may be attributed to the old stocks (minehead or otherwise) which are not reported. Exports Exports of mica (total) increased to 1,40,960 tonnes in 2014-15 from 1,27,882 tonnes in the previous year. Almost all the exports were in the form of mica (unmanufactured) at 1,40,310 tonnes (which comprised blocks at 2,178 tonnes, splittings at 10,730 tonnes, powder at 90,312 tonnes, and waste & scrap at 37,089 tonnes). The exports 72 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA of mica (worked) were 650 tonnes in 2014-15 [which comprised washers & discs 81 tonnes, sheets & strips 58 tonnes, micanite & other built up mica tonnes, mica worked (others) 495 tonnes] . Besides, 1 tonne each of condenser films and plates , cuts, NES were also exported. In 2014-15, exports were mainly to China (63%), Saudi Arabia (6%), Japan and Belgium (5% each) and USA (4%)

Future Outlook There are sufficient resources of mica in the country to meet the domestic demand and export requirement. As per the Report of the Sub Group for the 12th Plan (2012-17), Planning Commission of India, there appears to be a good demand for wet ground mica, especially in the manufacture of pearlescent pigments which are being used increasedly in the Automotive Industry. The Sub Group has recommended that establishment of wet ground mica plants based on imported know-how in the country needs to be encouraged. The quality of Indian ground mica powder, though is acceptable to foreign buyers, it would be beneficial if the material produced is free from iron and if there is maintenance of consistency in the mesh size of the powder. The Sub Group has underlined the need for efforts in this direction. It has also opined that process know-how for recovery of substantial concentration of lithium, rubidium and cesium values contained in some of the mica deposits in the country needs to be developed. For boosting exports, it would be necessary for Indian Mica Industry to manufacture and export fabricated & value-added mica-based products, such as, mica paper, micanite sheets and mica-based paper.

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Chemical Composition: SiO2 Available Grade: Refractory and Ceramic Resources: 155 Million Tonnes Location: West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum, Giridih, Hazaribagh, Jamtara, Koderma, Seraikela Kharsawan Districts Uses: Refractory, Glass, Watch and Ceramic Industry

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The term 'quartz' is often referred to as a synonym for silica. Silica (SiO2) is one of the ubiquitous materials in the earth's crust. Quartz, quartz crystals, quartzite, silica sand, sand (others) and moulding sand are all coined together in one generi c name ' silica minerals'. This is because all these commodities are essentially crystalline silicon dioxide (SiO2) with variations mostly related to their crystalline structur e and pr esence of minor or trace impurities. Silica occurs in several forms giving rise to different varieties.

Crystalline Varieties The important var ieties of crystalline quartz are vein quartz (massive crystalline quartz); milky quartz (white, translucent to opaque); ferruginous quartz ( containing brown limonite and red haematite and almost opaque); aventurine quartz (containing glistening flakes of mica or haematite); cat' s eye (opalescent greenish quartz with fibrous structure); rock crystal (clear, colourless, wellcrystallised transparent quartz); amethyst (cleapurple or violet-blue), transparent quartz; rose quartz; smoky quartz; etc. Occurrences of massive crystalline quartz in veins or pegmatites have been recorded in almost all the state. Clastic or Granular Varieties These varieties include sand consisting largely of unconsolidated quartzose grains (0.06 mm to 2 mm diameter), gravel consisting largely of unconsolidated coarse quartzose grains or pebbles (2 mm to 8 mm in diameter), sandstone and quartzite. Quartzite is a granul ose met amorphic rock consisting essentially of quartz and sandstone cemented by silica which has grown in optical cont inuity around each grain. Occurrences are r epor t ed fr om Andhra Pr adesh, Bi har, Delhi , Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, etc. Cryptocrystalline Varieties

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This group includes chalcedony, agate, jasper, onyx, flint and chert. These varieties appear noncryst alline (amorphous) in hand specimens, but under microscope show double refraction which reveals their concealed crystalline nature. These varieties are reported from Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tami l Nadu, Andhr a Pr adesh, Mahar asht r a, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Punjab. The most impor tant occurrences of agate are in Ratnapur, Rajpipla area and further west between Tapi and Narmada rivers in Bharuch district, Gujarat, where it is found as pebbles in varying sizes associated with clay washed down by the river flow. Other occurrences of economic importance are reported from Amravati, Aurangabad, Buldhana ,Chandrapur, Nashik and Pune districts in Maharashtra; beds of Krishna and Godavari rivers in Andhra Pradesh; Dumka district in Jharkhand; Dhar, Mandsaur, Sihore and Shahdol districts in Madhya Pradesh; and Kachchh district in Gujarat. RESERVES/RESOURCES As per the NMI database, based on UNFC system as on 1.4.2015, the total reserves/ resources of quartz and silica sand in the country have been estimated at 3,907.95 million tonnes out of which 647.53 million tonnes (17%) are placed under reserves category and 3,260. 42 million tonnes (83%) are placed under remaining resources category. Resources by grades reflect foundry & moulding grade at 735.59 million tonnes (19%), glass at 649.77 million tonnes (17%), ceramic & pot tery grade at 438.44 million tonnes (11%) and ferro-silicon grade at 183.96 million tones (5%). The abrassive, sodium silicate, unclassified and not- known grades is 1,900.18 million tonnes (48%) of the total resources. Statewise Haryana alone accounts for 1,653.65 million tonnes (42%) resources, foll owed by Rajasthan at 740.46 mill ion tonnes (19%), Andhra Pradesh 236.69 million tonnes (6%), Tamil Nadu 201.49 million tonnes (5%), Maharashtra 179.72 million tonnes (4.60%), Jharkhand 151.19 million tones (4%), Uttar Pradesh 140.72 million

76 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA tonnes (3.60%), Gujar at 132.42 million tonnes (3.39%), Kerala 128.48 million tonnes (3.28%), Karnataka 95 million tonnes (2.43%), Telangana 80.07 million t ones (2.05%) etc. Similarly the total reserves/resources of quartzite in the country as per NMI dat abase, based on UNFC system as on 1.4.2015 have been estimated at 1,658.80 million tonnes out of which reserves are placed at 83.47 million tonnes (5%) and the remaining resources at 1, 575.32 million tonnes (95%). Statewise bulk resources of about 884.18 million tonnes are located in Haryana (53%) followed by Bihar 277.82 million tonnes (17%), Odisha 140.55 million tonnes (8.47%), Maharashtra 90.70 million tonnes (5.46%), Punjab 81.91 million tonnes (5%) and Jharkhand at 40.70 million tones (2.45%). Gradewise resources of refractory grade I & II are estimated. At 579.45 million tones (35%), ceramic & pottery grade at 215.91 million tones (13%), BF grades at 66.50 million tonnes (4%) and the remaining resources at 796.92 million tones (48%) are of ferro- silicon, low, unclassified, others & not-known grades . PRODUCTION & STOCKS QUARTZ/SILICA SAND/QUARTZITE/ SAND (Others)/ AGATE The production data is not available with IBM. MOULDING SAND The production of moulding sand was 27686 tonnes valued at `61.46 lakh in 2016- 17. All the production was reported from 4 private sector deposits in Chhatisgarh. The poduction of moulding sand was at 25,852 tonnes in 2015-16 increased by 305% during the year as compared to that in the previous year. There were three repor ting mines in both the year 2014-15 and 2015-16. The production of mouldi ngs and was reported only from Mine-head closing stocks of moulding sand in the year 2015-16 were 1,148 tonnes as against 411 tonnes in 2014-15. The average daily employment of labour in 2015-16 was 35 against 29 in the preceding year.

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FLINT STONE The pr oduction of flint stone was only 26 tonnes valued at ` 8000 in 2016-17. The production was reported from only one private sector deposit in Jharkhand. The production of flint stone was 253 tonnes in 2015-16 increased by 4% during the year as compared to that in the previous year. There was one reporting mine in 2015-16 as against two in the previous year. The entire production of flint stone was reported from Jharkhand. There were no mine-head closing stocks of flint stone in 2015-16 as well as in 2014-15. The average daily employment of labour in 2015-16 was 2 as against 7 in the preceding year. MINING Mining for silica minerals is carried out by manual opencast method. Quartz produced in the form of lump along without her associated minerals is invariably hammered to pieces and manually sorted before it is despatched to the consuming industries. It is sometimes crushed and marketed. Glass sand is generally screened and washed to remove all the deleterious constituents for its use in glass industry. . HEALTH HAZARDS Respirable silica is still a cause of major concern to miners and consumers since many minerals especially industrial sand and gravel contain crystalline silica. There is a potential threat of workers getting subjected to "silicosis" in quartz, silica sand and gravel mines. Occupational safety measures & regulations to monitor the levels of crystalline silica in these mines are mandatory. In the USA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) listed "crystalline silica" as one of their top five priorities for formulation of necessary rules. The OSHA, on the basis of significant information put out by Int er nat i onal Agency

78 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA for Resear ch on Evaluation of Cancer has declared that any material containing more than 0.1% crystalline silica should indicate its carcinogenic hazard.

USES Quartz, quartzite and silica sand are used in various industries like glass, refractory, foundry, ceramic, cosmetic, electrical, abrasives, paints, etc. The primary use of silica is in the manufacture of virtually all types of glasswares, ceramics and ceramic glazes. Other major uses are in metallurgy, (where silica is used as a refractory, foundry mould, fluxes and as a source of silicon for the production of silicon metal and ferro-silicon and other ferroalloys), silicon carbide manufacture, and chemical & construction sectors and as a natural abrasive. Known for its piezoelectric properties, high quality quartz crystal is used in electronic devices, multiple telephone lines, depth-sounding devices, range finders, chronometers, etc. Sand is also used as a fireproofing material, for sand stowing i n mines, soundproofing material and as a filler. Silica sand is also used to maintain or increase the permeability of oil and gas-bearing formations; its application as a filler in acid proof cements, putty, paints, epoxy & polyester resins is inevitable. Besides, it is widely used in horticulture as a filtration medium, and for ornamental purposes as well. Silica flour is used as a filler in plastic and rubber products. Flint and chert are used in abrasives and tubemill lining. Besides, chert is used in crushed form as aggregate for concrete and road surfacing. Rounded pebbl es of chal cedony ar e used as balls in ball mill for finer crushing and grinding felspar, calcite and barytes. The different cryptocrystalline varieties of transparent and translucent chalcedony are valued as semiprecious stones and are carved out into a variety of ornaments and used for making different ornamental wares or articles of decoration. Agate pieces after cutting and polishing are sold as semiprecious

79 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA stones. Big pieces are used in making mortars and pestles for laboratory use. Agate cut into requisite shapes is also used as fulcra of scientific balances and in making edges, planes and bearings of precision instruments. INDUSTRY & SPECIFICATIONS In India, quartz, quartzite and silica sand are used mainly in glass, foundry, ferro- alloys and refractory industries and also as building materials. According to its suitability for different purposes, it may be named as buil ding sand, paving sand, moulding or foundry sand, refractory sand or furnace sand, filter sand, glass sand and grinding & polishing sand. Glass Main use of silica minerals is in the manufacture of different types of glasses, i.e. glass containers, bottles, amber glass containers, clear flint glass, vacuum bottles and other glasswares. The natural silica sand is the preferred material in glass industry, but in some cases where the glass plants are located far away from silica deposits, crushed quartz is also used. For use in glass industry, the silica sand must be uniform in chemical composition, size and shape of grains. Uniform grain size promotes even melting in the glass tank. The sand should not be coarser than 20 or 30 mesh and finer than 100 to 120 mesh. As a general rule, the grains should be angular rather than rounded, because angular grains melt more readily than the rounded ones. For glass manufacturing, the silica sand should be fairly free from contaminations of clay materials, pebbles, etc. Silica sand usually contains iron oxide, calcium oxide, potassium oxide and sodium oxide in small amounts. Iron is the most objectionable impurity because it imparts colouration to the glass.The common permissible limits of iron oxide in silica sand for use in the manufacture of different types of glass are as follows:

Glass type Fe2O3 %

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Optical glass 0.005-0.008 Flint or soda-lime glass 0.02-0.05 Plate glass 0.1-0.2 White bottles or window glass 0.2-0.5 Dark bottle glass 0.5-0.7 BIS has laid down specifications for glass making sands vide IS: 488-1980 (Second Revision, Reaffrimed 2008 & 2013). Chromium compounds, alumina, lime and magnesia are the other deleterious impurities. Chromium compounds are undesirable because these compounds impart more colouration to the glass than iron. Alumina tends to decrease transparency and makes the batch more difficult to melt. The maximum quantity of alumina permissible in sand is 1.5 percent. The maximum permissible limit for lime and magnesia is about 0.05% and for alkalies, it is 0.01% or less. Ceramic Ceramic whiteware contains about 40% silica, besides other constituents except for bone china in which it is not used at all. The silica serves to provide whiteness renders the ceramic body to dry easily and provides compatability between the body and the glass to prevent crazing or peeling. Main source of silica for this application is silica sand. In addition, silica flour is used in for mulation of cer amic body for enamels and frits. Silica flour produced by fine grinding of quartzite, sandstone or lump quartz is used in enamels. The silica flour normally contains more than 97.5% SiO2, less than 0.55% Al2O3 and less than 0.2% Fe2O3. Purity and small particle size (BS mesh-200) are fundamentally important for silica in manufacture of ceramics. BIS has prescribed the specifications of quartz for ceramic industry vide IS: 11464-2011 (First Revision). Foundry

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Silica sand is used in both foundry cores and moulds because of its resistance to thermal shock. Silica content of 85% is used in iron casting. In steel foundries, silica content should be at least 95%. BIS has laid down specifications of high silica sand for use in foundries vide IS: 1987-2002 (Second Revision, Reaffirmed 2007). Natural moulding sand contains variable amount of clay which acts as a bond between the sand grains. These sands, therefore, possess strength, plasticity and refractoriness to varying extent depending upon the clay minerals present . When it contains more clay, it is blended with river sand, which is relatively clay- free so as to get the optimum properties desired in the sand mixture.Washed grains shall be mostly sub-angular to rounded shape. As far as possible, the sand shall be free from gravel. As per IS:3343-1965 (Reaffrimed 2008), natural moulding sand for use in foundries shall be of three main grades, namely, A, B and C with respect to clay content. Grade Clay (%) A 5 to 10 B 10 to 15, C 15 to 20, Refractoriness of the natural moulding sand based on sintering temperature range should be as follows: Grade A - 1350 to 1450 0C Grade B- 1200 to 1350 0C Grade C- 1100 to 1200 0C Washed sand grains are required to be sub-o angular to rounded shape.Silica flour is particularly used in the steel foundry in dressing for moulds & cores and also as essential ingredient in the moulding sand mixtures. It is also used to obtain elevated temperature strength, high density and resistance to metal penetration in

82 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA cores. Silica flour is produced by crushing, washing and grading high-grade quartz/quartzite rocks or white silica sand or other deposits sufficiently pure to get the desired material. BIS has laid down specifications of silica flour for use in foundries vide IS: 3339-1975 (Reaffirmed 2008 & 2014). Refractory Quartz and quartzite are used in the manufacture of refractory silica bricks. For the manufacture of refractory bricks, silica mineral should be free from Alumino-silicates (felspar, mica, etc.) as they adversely affect refractoriness of the bricks. Silica rock (raw material) should be hard, having high bulk density and low porosity. Fluxes Massive quartz, quartzite, sandstone and unconsolidated sands are the main sources of silica that get used as flux in smelting base metal ores where iron and basic oxides are slagged as silicates. Silica is also used to balance the lime and silica ratio of the blast furnace mix. The silica content for this purpose must be as high as 90% with minor amounts of impurities like iron and alumina up to 1.5% maximum.BIS has laid down IS: 13676-1993 (Reaffirmed 2008 &2014) for quartzite for iron making in blast furnace. Ferro-silicon and Other Alloys Ferro-silicon contains about 75-90% silicon and minor amounts of iron, carbon, etc. It is estimated that for the manufacture of one tonne ferro-silicon of 70-75% grade, about 1.78 tonnes quartz is required besides other raw materials like coke, iron scrap,etc. Quartz is the major source of silica in the manufacture of ferro- silicon. Occasionally, quartzite is also used. However, use of quartzite is restricted as it contains higher alumina and iron and more likely that it would break down in the furnace. Lump silica in the size range from 3/4 to 5 inches are generally preferred. Ferro-silicon is produced by smelting a mixtur e of quart z, met allic iron

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(steel scrap and turnings) and a reducing agent like coke, charcoal or wood chips. Quartz, suitable for ferro-silicon production should have more than 98% SiO , less than 0.4% Al2O3 and not more than 0.2% each of Fe2O3,CaO and MgO.

Phosphorus or arsenic should not be present 3 in quartz. If Al2O3 is more than the prescribed limit, it affects reduction in the electric furnace. Alkali has a t endency t o pr omot e a sticky slag which contaminates the products. If higher iron (more than 0.3%) is present in quartz, the fusion in the furnace takes place at lower temperature and affects reduction process. Another mportant factor is that quartz should have good thermal stability at 1200 o C or more. BIS has laid down IS: 13054-1991 (Reaffirmed 2008) for use of quartz/ quartzite for production of ferro- alloys. Silico-manganese, a combination of 60-70% manganese, 16-28% silicon and 1.5 to 2.5% carbon is used as a more effective deoxidizing agent than high carbon ferromanganese in the production of various types of steels. The production of silico-manganese (including medium carbon & low carbon silicomanganese) which was about 249.69 thousand tonnes in 2014-15 increased to 269.92 thousand tonnes in 2015-16. Silicon Metal High purity quartz containing about 99.80% SiO, without any other contaminant, is used in the production of silicon metal. The production of silicon metal is similar to that for ferro-silicon except that no iron is added. The alumina and iron contents are specified to be below 0.1% each with calcium and phosphorus contents each restricted to 0.005 percent. For production of one tonne of silicon metal, about 2.6 tonnes silica is consumed. CONSUMPTION

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The quartz and silica sand consuming industries are glass, cement, ferro-alloys, Iron & Steel, foundry and fertilizer. Other industries such as ceramic, alloy steel, insecticide, refractory, abrasive, also consume quartz and silica sand. SUBSTITUTION In order to reduce the potential threat of "silicosis", a variety of materials are used as substitutes for silica. Basic and neutral refractories (including magnesite, mag- chrome, dolomite and high alumina bricks) have replaced silica in a large number of applications. Chromite, olivine and zircon are alternatives to foundry sands. Garnet and to a lesser extent, olivine are used in sand blasting to avoid the risk of silicosis. Wollastonite is more favoured than free silicon for use in the ceramic industry, again due to the risk of sil icosis. In electronic industry, replacement of natural quartz crystal by cultured quartz crystal is increasing steadily. It has been estimated that about 10 billion quartz crystals and oscillators per year are manufactured and installed world wide in all types of electronic devices.

FUTURE OUTLOOK According to its suitabality for different purposes, quartz & silica minerals are named as building sand, paving sand, moulding or foundry sand, refractory sand or furnace sand and glass sand, etc. The future market demand of quartz and silica minerals will depend on its application. However, the main use of silica minerals is in manufacture of different types of glasses, natural silica sand being the preferred material in the glass industry. In India, quartz, quartzite and silica sand are used mainly in glass, foundry, ferro-alloys, and refactory industries and also as building materials. Silica sand is used in the oil industry for the hydraulic fracturing process as it helps in the extraction of gases. The market demand of silica minerals may very high due to horizontal well drilling by oil companies.The demand for quartz,

85 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA silica sand, moulding sand and quartzite is increasing over the years tocater to the requirement of ferro-silicon, silicomanganese, silico-chrome, silica refractories, glass and for moulding and casting purposes. The requirements of these products are linked up directly with iron and steel industry including alloy steel product ion. Further, setting up foundries and enhancing their capacities are also linked with metallurgical industry. The consumption of ferro-silicon, quartzite, quartz/silica sand showed increased trend from2013-14 to 2015-16. It may continue in future due to rise in production in steel sector, infrastructure development, foundry etc.As per the report of the Sub-Group on 12 Plan, Planning Commission of India, the domestic demand of quartz and silica minerals was estimated at 3.15 million tonnes by 2011-12 and at 4.85 million tonnes by 2016-17 at 9% growth rate. As on 01.04.2015, the total resources of quartzsilica sand is 3,908 million tonnes and quartzite is 1,659 million tonnes. There are very good prospects of increasing the production and also the export of quartz and silica minerals to the neighbouring countries.

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Chemical Composition: KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8 Available Grade: - Refractory Resources: - 16.57 Million Tonnes. Location: - Dhanbad, Giridih, Hazaribagh, Jamtara, Koderma, Palamu, Latehar, Jamtara, Deoghar and Dumka Districts. Uses: Refractory, Glass, abrasive and Ceramic Industry

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Felspars are one of the most abundant rockforming minerals in the earth's crust, comprising a complex series of alumino-silicates with varying amounts of potassium, sodium, calcium and though rarely barium. Common amongst these are the potash felspars called or thoclase and microcline (K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2), sodium felspar called albite (Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2) and calcium felspar called anorthite

(CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2). The sodium and calcium felspars form a continuous series of solid solutions and are together termed plagioclase felspars.Though felspars occur in a variety of colours, pink, brown and grey felspars are known to be common.The several varieties of felspar minerals are used as gemstones. Three of them, moonstone, sunstone and labradorite are known for their unique optical phenamena. The phenamenal properties of moonstone, sunstone and labradorite are almost al ways cut as dome-shaped cabochons. Their phenamenal properties are dependent upon light striking microscopic structures within a polished stone at just the right angle. To make that happen, skilled craft men who understand the optical phenomena of these gems must study the rough and cut the stone so that the planes where the optical phenomena are produced are parallel to the bottom of the cut gemstone.

RESERVES/RESOURCES As per NMI database, based on UNFC system, the total reserves/resources of felspar as on 1.4.2015 have been placed at 634 million tonnes of which 320 million tonnes (50.47%) constitute as "Reserves" and 314 million tonnes (49.53%) as "Remaining Resources". In terms of grades, Unclassified grade accounts for 57%, Pottery/Ceramic grade 18%, Glass grade 13% and Not-known & Others grades (6% each) of the total resources. By States, Rajasthan alone accounts for about 90% of the total reserves/ resources fol lowed by Telangana (4%), Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (2% each) 88 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

PRODUCTION & STOCKS The production data is not available with IBM. MINING & MARKETING Felspar is won chiefly from pegmatites. Mining is carried out, generally, by opencast method. Significant output of felspar is obtained as an associated mineral during mining of quartz, mica and to some extent beryl. The pegmatite bodies are exposed after the removal of top soil and overburden. It is then broken either manually or by drilling and blasting.The broken materials are then sorted out and sized. Crushed felspar is separated mechanically by suitable screens to meet market requirements. The general demand is for 30/80 mesh, 100 mesh, 150 mesh, 180 meshes, 200 meshes and 250 mesh material. Washing is sometimes done to upgrade the product by removing clay, etc. The processed felspar is bagged and despatched to different consignees. Accessory minerals like mica, garnet, ilmenite and quartz. Silica in the form of quartz in pegmatites The processing of felspar usually involves flotation or magnetic separation to remove and silica sand in felspathic sand deposits are obtained as co-products of mining. Though in some applications, presence of silica is advantageous, most users require extremely pure and finely-ground grades of felspar. Glass grade felspar is usually the coarsest material. The filler application demands finely-ground material. USES Potassium felspar obtained from pegmatites is used traditionally as a source of alumina and alkali in ceramic and glass industries which account for more than 90% consumption. It also finds use as functional filler in paint, plastic, rubber and adhesive; as a binding agent in abrasives; and in the manufacture of ar tificial teeth, fertilizer and white cement. Certain varieties of felspar (like moon stone, sun stone and labradorite) are used as semi-precious stones. In Ceramic Industry, felspar is

89 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA used as fluxing agent which facilitates softening, melting and wetting of batch constituents. The flux controls the degree of vitrification of the ceramic body during firing. Potash felspar has technical advantages over sodium felspar. After clay, feldspar is the biggest ingredient in the raw material batch for ceramic bodies. Typical felspar contents are < 25% in earthenware, 25-35% in sanitaryware, 1530% in whiteware, 10-55% in floor and wall tiles and 30-55% i n electri cal porcelain. For Glass Industry, the alkali content in felspar acts as a flux, which not only facilitates lowering the glass batch melting temperature but also cut s production cost. The mineral is primarily added for alumina content which varies in its application from 0.05% for flat glass, 8% for container glass, 11% for some speciality glasses and up to 18% for insulation fibre glass. In the abrasive industry, plagioclase feldspar is used as a mild abrasive material in scouring powders because of its semi-conchoidal fracture and its hardness which is 6 on Mohs‘ scale. In Refractory Industry, felspar is used as one of the FELSPAR batch constituents in the manufacture of acidproof refractories. In Welding Electrode Industry, felspar is used as a flux which acts as an arc stabiliser and helps to protect the molten metal from aerial oxidation. Physical properties like good dispersability, chemical inertness, stable pH, low free silica content and brightness of 89-95% improve the filler properties of finely-ground felspar materials. INDUSTRY Ceramic Industry in India is about a century old and has formed a sizeable industrial base. The products generally comprises ceramic tiles, sanitaryware and crockery items. The Industry has its base both in large and small-scale sectors with wide variance in type, size, quality and standard. Manufacturing units are spread all-over India. The state-of-the-art ceramic goods are manufactured in the country. The domestic technology is at par with international standard. During the last two

90 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA decades, there has been a phenomenal growth in the field of high end technical ceramics to meet specific demands of industries like high alumina ceramic, cutting tools and other structural ceramics. CONSUMPTION Felspar is used mainly in ceramic, glass and cement industries. Minor quantities of felspar are consumed by refractory, abrasive and electrode industries. The total consumption of feldspar in 2015-16 was 6,01,600 tonnes in the organized sector.Of the total consumption, the ceramic industry accounted for 78%, glass Industry 13%, cement industry about 9% and the negligible quantity by refractory, abrasive, electrode, coal washery and cosmetics industries. WORLD SCENARIO World resources of felspar are large. The major producers of felspar are Turkey, Italy and China. Substantial production also comes from India, Thailand and Iran.

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The chemical composition of the bricks‘ clay consists of 54 to 61 % of silica (SiO2) and 22 to 32 % of aluminium (Al2O3). The average variability of SiO2 and Al2O3 exhibit low coefficients of variation, ranging between 4 and 5 % and 11 and 15 %, respectively. Thus, it seems that the base chemical components of the raw clay used on the bricks is relatively uniform. In fact, the five bricks collected in monuments from the northern part of the country have a fairly similar base, with a variability of 3 and 11 % for SiO2 and Al2O3, respectively. The bricks from Tomar (TO) showed some differences, although not very significant. They exhibit different proportions of SiO2 and Al2O3, which are 6 % higher and 20 % lower than the average of the bricks from the northern part, respectively. CaO, Na2O and TiO2 exhibit a significant dispersion. The presence of the first two elements is often due to contamination by lime mortars or salt, respectively.

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Table. 17: List of Mining leases applied.

Sl Name Mauza Plot no Date Area in (Acres) Ms Jai ganesh chips stone Domchanch Plot No 5688P 10/02/2015 5.00 Proramdev Mehta father Lakhanlal Mehta 1 Vii+Post – Domchanch dist Koderma

Sri Ramchandra Mehta S/o Sri Chotelal Domchanch 5366,p 5368,5682p,or 16/03/2015 4.55 2 Mehta Village bidha Post Fulwariya Dost 5686p 5688p Koderma Sri Amitabh Kumar S/o K.k Chodhari Nawadhih 159,166,170, 16/03/2015 6.80 3 Vill+post Koderma Ms Maa Minerls Pro Govid Prasad Markacho 4027 16/03/2015 3.82 S/O Late Sahdev Saw Village ananadpur 4 Mohall Post +dist hazaribag

Sri Ramchandra Mehta Village bidha Post Partango 2 07/05/2015 25.00 Fulwariya 2. Manoj Kumar Mehta Vill+post 5 Behradhih 3. Sri Amitabh Kumar village +post Koderma Ms Rastriya stone Chips Pro Pradip Singh S/o Tham 4614,4617,ansh 5229 20/06/2/01 3.11 Dhanushdhari Singh Village tham post dhav 6 tham Dist Koderma

Ms Koderma Chemical Pvt. Ltd. Sri Khiru Saw Dardhahi 230 23/06/2015 7.81 7 S/o Sri Darshan saw Pradan office 54/3 si Hebendra Chandra de road Post Sri Birendra pratap Singh S/O Ramsankar Belkatari 5 ansh 6 or 7 20/07/2015 4.00 8 Prasad Singh Village baranasi bi 191 Bhelupur bard No 44 baranashi utar Pradesh Ms M. B Stone Pro Sri Amit Kumar S/o Sri Markacho 1592,1606,1607 16/08/2015 3.72 9 prayag Modhi Vill+post Markacho Dist Koderma Sri Arvind Kumar Singh s/o Sri Ram Prasad Karipahari 08p or 9p 28/08/2015 1.98 10 Singh Village bishunpur Road Bard No 01 Post JhumriTelaiya dist Koderma Ms Shiva Enterprises, Pro Manish Kumar Markacho 181811563p 27/09/2015 12 11 Vill+post Behradhih Thana Domchanch Dist 95 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Koderma Ms Rastriya Stone Chips Pro Sri Pradip Singh Tham 47,2p 24p 25p 27p 09/10/2015 3.88 S/o Dhanushhari Singh village Than Post 12 Dhab Tham Dist Koderma Ms Jharkhand Stone Pro Sri Pawan Maikal Kaila khauwar 4 p 02/11/2015 6.00 kujur S/o Late Josef Kujur Mohall Mahaveer 2. Sri tarni Prasad S/o Lakshmi kant Prasad 13 Village kusmai post Nawalshahi Dist Koderma

Sri satendra Kumar S/o Mahadev Prasad Dhab 30,50 05/11/2015 1.47 14 Village Post Domchanch Dist Koderma Ms rana Stone Quarry Pro sri Dwrika Rana Markacho 1818 ,11563p 19/11/2015 4.98 15 S/o Late tahal Rana Village Behradhih Koderma Sri Raj Kishor Prasad S/o Late Pokhnath Markacho 6674,6677,6678, 14/12/2015 5.18 Mehta Village Gunja Post +thana Echak Dist 6680,6681,6683 16 hazaribag 2. Sri tribeni Mehta S/o lalchandra Mehta village Jeruaadhih post Behradhih thana Domchanch Dist Koderma Ms jai hanuman stone pro Sri Madan Kumar Domchanch 10938/11580/ 23/01/2016 3.62 S/o mahadev saw Village Jhumritelaiya Bard 11579/11583/11584/ 17 No 12 dist Koderma 2. Sri jitendra Mehta S/o 11582/1158811589/ Sro Puran Mehta Viill+post Domchanch /11590 Sri Sidhhart jhanjhari S/o Sri Suresh Kumar Binkodhih 38/39 ansh 25/01/2016 12.30 Jhanjhari Village Reailway fatak Post 46/47/51/52/53/54/ 18 Jhamritelaiya Dist Koderma 55/56/57/ ansh 121/127/128/ Se 146 or 307 Sri Sidhhart jhanjhari S/o Sri Suresh Kumar Khurda 651/652/654/ 25/01/2016 12.30 Jhanjhari Village Reailway fatak Post 668/673/674/676 Jhamritelaiya Dist Koderma ‘ 677/678/685 19 /686/687/668 /689/690/692/693/ 694/695/696/700 Sri Suresh Kumar Jhanjhari S/o mahaveer Medhodhih 6/7/09/13/33/ 28/01/2016 23.30 Prasad Jhanjhari Niwash railway fatak Post 34/35/36/37/38/ 20 Jhamritelaiya Dist Koderma 40/41/42/43/44/45/ 47/ Ms ,M. G contractor Pvt Ltd. Pro- Sushil Aaragoro 249 05/02/2016 7.55 Kumar Sharma S/o K S Sharma Village Khata No 27 21 Silsahi Post Raysish Dist Bharatpur Dist Rajsthan Ms shanti Stone pro sujeet Mehta s/o late Bahadurpur 332p/ 795p 17/02/2016 5.37 22 babulal Mehta Village Maheshpur Post Khata no 38/16 +than domchanch 96 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Ms Ganesh stone lessee pro Sri Arbind Kanti 9/6 08/03/2016 5.08 Kumar Bhadani s/o Late Ramchandra pradas Khata No 37 bhadani , road post jhumaritelaiya dist koderma /2. Sri shailendra singh s/o satyanarayan singh Village bishnupur road 23 ,new nagar bhadodhih 3. Sri pankaj kumar s/o sri ramkishor Sharma village Gandhi school raod jhumritelailya 4. Sri dileep kumar varma s/o kunj bihari varma Village taradand baipass road charo ka post jhumritelaiya dist koderma Ms Gayatri Stone Pro sri shiv kumar varnwal Masnodih 1933 P,1934 P & 1937 09/03/2016 20.00 s/o sri premchndra lal Modhi Village 24 Mahthadih PO.+PS.- Domchanch

Ms Gayatri Stone Pro sri shiv kumar varnwal Partango 2 P & 6 P 09/03/2016 21.00 25 s/o sri premchndra lal Modhi Village Mahthadih PO.+PS.- Domchanch Ms Pavitra Trading Co. Bahadurpur 332(P) 17/3/2016 7.70 Md. Khalid Khalil s/o Khalil Ahmad Vill- Khata no.- 38 26 Chebai PO- Karma Sri Raaj Kuamr Das S/o Kishor Das Vill- Charadih PO- Karma Ms Urmila Mining Traders Nawadih & 01(P) & 2(P), 0(P) 01.06.2016 27.50 Pro- Sri Nilesh Ranjan S/o- Sri Saryu Prasad Bandar chokwa Khata No- 1 27 Mehta PO+Vill- Baheradih PS- Domchanch, Koderma Sri Ramchandra Mehta S/o Sri Chotelal Raidih 54(P), 55(P), 56, 57(P0& 14/09/2016 12.30 Mehta Vill- PO - Fulwariya 59(P) Sri Amitabh Kumar S/o- K.K. Choudhary Khata No24 & 173 28 Vill+PO+Koderma Sri Rajendra Mehta S/o- Seri Choti Mehta Vill-Maheshpur PO+PS- Domchanch Sri jagnanth Minerals, pro Sri Shankar Yadav Basodhih 295P 337p 390p 391p 24/10/2016 10.75 S/o Mohan yadav Village Jhumri post karma 29 Dist Koderma Dist Koderma Sri Raj Kumar Mehta S/o Sri Munshi Mehta Bangakhlar 10,43,45,46,48,51P()& 24.10.2016 30 Village Gudahar Post Domchanch Dist 141 Koderma Khata No-36, 38 & 41 Sri Satyendra Kumar S/o Late Mahadev Tham 30 26/10/2016 1.09 31 Prasad Vill+PO-Domchanch, KOderma Khata No- 30 Davarika Rana S/o Tahal Rana Vill+Po- Raidih 101(P),102(P),103,104,1 19.12.2016 17.50 Baheradih 05,106,121,128(P) 32 Sri Rajendra Mehta S/o Sri Choti Mehta, Vill- &129(P) Maheshpur, Domchanch, Koderma 33 Sri Ramdev Modi S/o Late Babulal Modi Vill- Karhariya 269(P),270-272, 273(P), 21/12/2016 10.34 97 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Moroyanwa Po-Jhumri Tilaiya, Koderma 274-283, 287,309, 3 10(P),311(P),312(P),313( P),315(P) & 316 Ms Ramchandra Mehta Captain Anand & Manorathdih 01(P) 04.01.2017 45.00 34 Arpana Devi, Naya Bus Stand Vill+PO Jhumri Khata No- 25 Telaiya, Koderma Gayatri Stone Partango 47(P) 13/01/2017 2.00 Sri Narayan Yadav S/o- Bangaikala PO+PS- Khata No- 20 35 Domchanch Sri Aniket Singh S/o Sri Arvind Kumar Singh Vill- Asnabad PO-, Koderma Sri Bhikhan Yadav S/o Sri Late Sadhu Yadav Gudgudi 24(P) & 32(P) 1/08/2016 4.00 36 Sri Prakash Yadav S/o Late Mahadev Yadav Khata No.- 3 & 4 Vill- Katahi Po- Masmohna,Koderma Sri Bhim Saw S/o Sri Late Niro Saw Vill+Po- Nawadih 254 & 255 20/1/2017 1.74 37 Navalsahi, Koderma Khata No- 30 Sri Sandeep Kumar Paswan Parsabad 1467(P) 04/02/2017 3.00 38 S/o Jayprakash Ram Vill- Gadgi PO-Parsabad Khata No-112 PS- Jainagar, Koderma Ms Jagdamba Stone Karvut 163(P),164,175(P),393,3 23/1/2017 8.00 Pro- Sri Sanjay Kuimar Mehta S/o Sri Yugal 94(P0395(P0396,426(P), 39 Kishor Mehta 429(P) & 433(P0 Vill- Hur Hur Road PO+PS+DIST- Koderma Khata No-13,45 &49 40 Sri Ashok Mehta S/o Sri Lakhan Mehta Vill- Karakhut 2080(P),2083,2084,2085 21/01/2017 4.00 Nawadih PO-Behradih PS.- Domchanch (P) & 2084 Sri Sujeet Mehta S/o Sri Late Babulal Mehta Khata No-114,64 & 78 Vill- Maheshpur PS.- Domchanch, Koderma 41 Ms Jagdamba Stone Karakhut 1126(P) & 2322(p) 21/1/2107 7.25 Sri Ashok Mehta S/o Sri Lakhan Mehta Vill- Khata No- 114 & 49 Nawadih PO-Behradih PS.- Domchanch Sri Sujeet Mehta S/o Sri Late Babulal Mehta Vill- Maheshpur PS.- Domchanch, Koderma 42 Ms Ganpati Minerals Khab 1237(P) 17/3/2017 8.30 Smt. Sarita Mehta D/o Sri Ramchandra Khata No- 69 Mehta Vill-Vidha Po- Fulvariya Smt Munni Devi D/o Sri Captain anand PO- Jhumri Telaiya Koderma 43 Sri Jitendra Kumar S/o Late Gopal Prasad Khab 1237(P) 21/06/2017 3.20 Vill- Kesopur, PO+PS- Hilsa ,Bihar Khata No-69 Sri Devendra Prasad Singh S/o Late Rajendra Prasad Singh Vill+PO- Chotki Amba Ps- Akabarpur Navada, Bihar 44 Ms Gayatri Stone Partango 47(P) 23/5/2017 2.00 Sri Dharmendra Kumar Yadav Khata No-20 S/o Sri Narayan Yadav Vill- Bangaikala Po- Domchanch Sri Aniket Singh S/o Sri Arvind Singh Vill- 98 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Asnabad 45 Ms Jai Mata Rani Minerals Dahuatola 2280(P) 18/7/2017 6.30 Sri Mayank S/o- Smt. Annapurna Devi, 4A/B Khta No-41 Road No- 05, Birsa Chowk, Doranda Ranchi Sri Kishor Kuanl S/o Sri Ram Bishun Singh PO-Jhumri Tileaiya, Koderma

46 Ms Maa Sherawali Markacho Plot No 6682/ 6684 15.9.2017 3.76 pro 1 .Bashudev Mehta, father late Badri /11541/11545/11546 Mehta 2. Sri ravibdra Kumar pandit, father /11547p arjun pandit 3.radheshiyam swankar Father Bhaldo swanker village Vidaha post fulwariya Dist koderma 47 Shiva stone quarry Raydhih Plot no 127, 130 or 261p 01/12/2017 10.00 Pro1.Choti Mehta father Late Madho Mehta Village Maheshpur post Domchanch 2.Sri sanjay Kumar Mehta father Yugal Kishor Mehta Village Lagrapipar Post chomchanch 3. Sri Duarika rana Father late tahal rana village behradhih Thana Domchanch Koderma

Table 18. : List of mining lease area which renewal is pending

Ø0 vkosnd dk uke ,oa irk ekStk jdok vof/k MP EC NOC CTO

(,dM+ esa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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99 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Jh egkohj LVksu fpIl] izks0& Jh g"kZo/kZu yaxjkijkl 2-48 vuqeksfnr vizkIr Upto ik.Ms;] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] dksMjekA 6 20.12.09 esllZ nwxkZ LVksu fpIl] ikVZ0& Jherh fu/kk [kj[kkj 0-20 vuqeksfnr vizkIr Upto o.kZoky] xzke& cPNsMhg] iks0& uoy’kkgh] 15.03.11 ftyk& dksMjek] 2- Jh fgeka'kq dsfM;k] xzke$ 7 iks0& >qejhfryS;k] ftyk& dksMjekA Jh rkjds'oj esgrk] xzke& ukokMhg] iks0& ukokMhg 1-30 vuqeksfnr izkIr Upto MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA 8 09.05.11 es0 ';ke ,.M fd'kqu LVksu oDlZ] ikVZ0& 1- uoknk 0-59 vizkIr vizkIr Upto Jh fd'kqu nkl] xzke& uoknk] iks0& Qqyofj;k] 09.07.11 2- Jh ';keyky esgrk] xzke$ iks0& Qqyofj;k] 9 }; ftyk& dksMjekA loZJh iq:"kksre LVksu oDlZ] ikVZ0& Jh dsnkj teMhgk 1-70 vizkIr vizkIr 25.04.01 to nkl] xzke& fcUMkseksg] iks0& uoy’kkgh] 24.04.11 10 dksMjekA Jh dey dqekj vxzoky] vkbZ0 ,e0 ,l0 jksM+] [ks'keh mQZ 5-10 vuqeksfnr izkIr Upto 11 >qejhfryS;k] dksMjekA iqjukuxj Jh v'kksd dqekj esgrk] xzke$iks0& ukokMhg] uoy'kkgh 0-15 vizkIr vizkIr Upto 12 ftyk& dksMjekA esllZ nwxkZ LVksu fpIl] ikVZ0& Jherh fu/kk [kj[kkj 1-00 vuqeksfnr izkIr Upto o.kZoky] xzke& cPNsMhg] iks0& uoy’kkgh] 29.03.12 ftyk& dksMjek] 2- Jh fgeka'kq dsfM;k] xzke$ 13 iks0& >qejhfryS;k] dksMjekA Jh pe: pUnz 'kekZ] xzke$ iks0& MksepkWp] dqlebZ 0-72 vizkIr vizkIr upto dksMjekA 14 01.06.12 Jh vfEcdk esgrk] firk& Lo0 jhryky esgrk] rkjkVkaM 0-32 vizkIr vizkIr Upto xzke& xqgnj] iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA 15 27.10.12 esllZ f=nso iRFkj m/kksx] ikVZ0& 1- Jh tequk iqjukMhg 1-13 vuqeksfnr vizkIr Upto jk.kk] firk& Lo0 Hkkrq jk.kk] xzke& iqjukMhg] 01.12.12 16 iks0& Qqyofj;k] dksMjekA Jh jkes'oj izlkn lko] firk& Lo0 Msxukjk;.k [ks'keh mQZ 2-65 vizkIr vizkIr

17 lko] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA iqjukuxj esllZ egkohj LVksu fpIl] izks0& Jh g"kZo/kZu yaxjkijkl 0-20 vuqeksfnr vizkIr Upto 18 ik.Ms;] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA Jh eukst dqekj] firk& Jh txjukFk Lo.kZdkj] esnksMhg 0-95 vuqeksfnr izkIr Upto xzke$iks0& t;uxj] dksMjekA 19 01.09.2012

100 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Jh eukst dqekj] firk& Jh txjukFk Lo.kZdkj] ckxksMhg 2-17 vuqeksfnr izkIr Upto xzke$iks0& t;uxj] dksMjekA 20 19.11.2012 Jh NksVq eksnh] firk& Lo0 :iu eksnh] teMhgk 2-58 vizkIr vizkIr Upto

21 xzke$iks0& uoy’kkgh] dksMjekA 02.12.12 Jh NksVq eksnh] firk& Lo0 :iu eksnh] teMhgk 3-21 vuqeksfnr vizkIr

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flag /kVokj] xzke& y{ehiqj] iks0& Qqyofj;k] 24 dksMjekA Jh v'kksd dqekj xqIrk] firk& Jh lq[knso teMhgk 0-46 & vizkIr Upto izlkn xqIrk] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& 29.05.13 25 dksMjekA esllZ ckxefr nkeksnj ,.M ,xzks iz0 fy0] iqjukMhg 1-04 vuqeksfnr vizkIr 30-09-12 Upto eq0$iks0& MksepkWp] dksMjekA rd 26 23.12.13 1- Jh ;qxy fd'kksj izlkn flag] 2- Jh uohu MksepkWp 1-00 vuqeksfnr izkIr Upto dqekj flag] }; xzke$iks0& eluksMhg] ftyk& 12.09.13 27 dksMjekA Jh /kUut; flag] xzke0&

2- Jh iz;kx xksi] xzke& iqjukMhg] iks0& Qqyofj;k] dksMjekA

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101 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

esllZ y{eh LVksu bUMLVªht+] ikVZ0& 1- Jh MksepkWp 0-98 ,dM+ & & & & eukst dqekj esgrk] firk& Lo0 ;nquUnu esgrk] xzke$iks0& csgjkMhg] ftyk& dksMjekA 2- Jh }kfjdk izlkn esgrk] xzke$iks0& Upto 32 MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA 12.01.17 MksepkWp] 3-52 ,dM+ & & & &

IykWV la0& Jh ccqu esgrk] firk& Lo0 cnzh esgrk] xzke$ 7515] 7516] Upto iks0& MksepkWp] dksMjekA 7517 vU; 22.07.17

33

Table 19: Existing leases in Koderma

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iks0$Fkkuk& uoy”kkgh] ftyk& dksMjek jdok& 1-40 ,dM+ 20.02.2023 ekStk& [kj[kkj Jh fouksn iz0 esgrk ,oa kysUnz dqekj] cUn [kj[kkj “ IykWV la0& 2831-ih0 Upto 5 xzke$isk0& MksepkWp] dksMjekA jdok& 0-32 ,dM+ 17.02.2019 ekStk& [kj[kkj IykWV la0& 2665] 2666 va k] 2667] pkyw esllZ gfj vkse fefujYl] izks0 fojsUnz iz0 ” Upto 6 [kj[kkj 2673 va k] 2674 va k] 2675] 2677 esgrk] dksMjekA ” ” 20.11.2020 va”k] 2678 ,oa 2679 jdok& 0-60 ,dM+

102 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

ekStk& [kj[kkj Jh egsUnz izlkn oekZ] 2684 va k] 2685 va k] firk& Lo0 ty/kkjh izlkn oekZ] IykWV laŒ& ” ” pkyw [kj[kkj 2686 va k ,oa 2687 va k Upto 7 xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA ” ” 117] 98 ,oa 130 10.04.2024 ¼>kj[k.M½ [kkrk uaŒ& jdok & 0-61 ,dM+ 1- Jh lquhy dqekj jke] xzke& [kj[kkj] ekStk& [kj[kkj cUn [kj[kkj iks0& uoy kkgh] 2- Jh jkes oj flag] IykWV la0& 3498-ih0 Upto 8 ” ” xzke$iks0& eleksguk] ftyk& dksMjekA jdok& 0-35 ,dM+ 06.10.2019 ekStk& [kj[kkj ikoZrh Jh v”kksd dqekj flag] firk& Lo0 IykWV la0& 750] 751] 754] 767] 768] ukjk;.k flag] xzke$iks0& uoy kkgh] [kj[kkj ” 769] 766@3748] 766@3749] 749] Upto 9 ftyk& dksMjek ,oa Jh eqUuk dqekj flag] cUn 752] 762] 768] 770] 753 ,oa 764 17.09.2018 dksMjekA jdok& 4-80 ,dM+ ekStk& [kj[kkj] vferkHk dqekj] firk& Lo0 d`".k dqekj IykWV la0& 817] 818] 820] 824] 826 pkyw Upto 10 [kj[kkj pkS/kjh] xzke$iks0$ftyk& dksMjekA ls 846] 848 ls 850] 858 ,oa 891] 01.02.2025 jdok& 6-32 ,dM+ ekStk& [kj[kkj Jh jkes oj flag] xzke$iks0& eleksguk] cUn [kj[kkj ” IykWV la0& 2916 va k 11 dksMjekA ” 24.06.2022 jdok& 1-10 ,dM+ ekStk& [kj[kkj] es0 [kj[kkj LVksu ekbZUl] izks0& eks0 cUn IykWV la0& 3499-ih0] 3500] 3501] [kj[kkj kkghn] xzke& [kj[kkj] 2- Jh Hkheyky Upto 12 “ 3510] 3514 ls 3517 esgrk] ukokMhg] dksMjekA 16.04.2020 jdok& 1-36 ,dM+ Jh v”kksd dqekj flag] xzke$iks0& ekStk& [kj[kkj] cUn [kj[kkj ,oa Jh fojsUnz dqekj flag] IykWV la0& 771 ,oa 772 Upto 13 uoy”kkgh] xzke$iks0& eluksMhgA jdok& 1-48 ,dM+ 23.04.2020 ekStk& [kj[kkj] cUn Jh foØe dqekj] firk& Jh cStukFk izlkn [kj[kkj IykWV la0& 3512-ih0] 3521] 3522-ih0 Upto 14 flag] eluksMhg] dksMjekA jdok& 0-53 ,dM+ 16.04.2020 ekStk& [kj[kkj ,oa igkM+iqj] Fkkuk& esllZ lkbZ ckck LVksu Dokjh] ikVZ0& 1- ejdPpksa] IykWV la0& 2649-ih0] Jh lquhy dqekj jke] firk& Jh n kjFk ” 2663] 2664] 2666-ih0] 2668-ih0] pkyw jke] xzke& [kj[kkj] iks0& uoy kkgh] [kj[kkj ” 2650] 2652] 2653] 2654] 2655] ftyk& dksMjek] 2- eks0 xqyke jlqy] ,oa 2656] 2657] 2658] 2659] 2660] 06.04.2016 15 firk& eks0 l}hd] xzke& igkM+iqj] iks0& to igkM+iqj 2661] 2662] 2665-ih0] 836-ih0] 125- Qqyofj;k] ftyk& dksMjek 3- eks0 ldqj 05.04.2026 ih0] 126] 143] 144] 145] 146] 147] valkjh] firk& Lo0 cgnyh fe;kW] xzke& 154] 155 ,oa 156 igkM+iqj] iks0& Qqyofj;k] dksMjekA jdok& 2-01 ,dM ekStk& dqlebZ] cUn ctjax fefujYl] izks0 dey dqekj dsfM;k] dqlebZ IykWV la0& 870] 871] 872] 874-ih0 Upto 16 >q0fryS;k] dksMjekA jdok& 8-35 ,dM+ 06.05.2020 es0 lkbZ ckck LVksu fpIl] ikVZ0& Jherh ekStk& dqlebZ] cUn dqlebZ vatuk esgrk ,oa Jherh fonok nsoh] IykWV la0& 1130-ih0] 1620-ih0 Upto 17 MksepkWp] dksMjekA jdok& 1-60 ,dM+ 05.01.2020 es0 dqlebZ LVksu Dokjh] izks0& Jh NksVq ekStk& dqlebZ cUn Upto 18 dqlebZ eksnh] firk& Lo0 :iu eksnh] xzke& IykWV la0& 874-ih0 17.01.2020 ckPNsMhg] iks0& uoy”kkgh] dksMjekA jdok& 1-23 ,dM+

103 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

ekStk& dqlebZ Jherh foUnok nsoh] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] IykWV la0& 1234] 1235] 1244] 1245] cUn Upto 19 dqlebZ ftyk& dksMjekA 1263 ls 1268 23.04.2020 jdok& 0-68 ,dM+ ekStk& igkM+iqj cUn IykWV la0& 511 ls 521] 545] 546] igkM+iqj lnkUun esgrk ,oa egs k esgrk] dksMjekA Upto 20 ” 547 va k] 548 ls 550 ,oa 552 ” 04.02.2023 jdok& 2-47 1@4 ekStk& igkM+iqj] eks0 ldqj ,oa eks0 fl)dh] xzke$iks0& cUn igkM+iqj IykWV la0& 193] 194 Upto 21 iqjukMhg] dksMjekA jdok& 0-78 ,dM+ 24.12.2019

Jh fojsUnz eksnh] eq0$iks0& MksepkWp] ekStk& uoy”kkgh] cUn uoy kkgh IykWV la0& 108] 109] 110] 183 Upto 22 ” dksMjekA jdok& 3-38 ,dM+ 02.08.2019 1- Jh fojsUnz eksnh] firk& Jh ca kh eksnh] ” ekStk& uoy”kkgh] cUn xzke& HksyokVkaM] iks0& MksepkWp] 2- Jh IykWV la0& 107-ih0] 184] 192] 290] uoy kkgh Upto 23 ” vthr dqekj flag] xzke$iks0& eluksMhg] 193] 292] 298 vkfn 27.06.2018 dksMjekA jdok& 3-69 ,dM+ ekStk& teMhgk] Jh rkjf.k izlkn] eq0$iks0& uoy kkgh] cUn teMhgk ” IykWV la0& 56 ,oa 57 Upto 24 dksMjekA jdok& 0-58 ,dM+ 07.12.2019 ekStk& teMhgk] cUn teMhgk lqdjh nsoh] eq0$iks0& iqjukMhg] dksMjekA IykWV la0& 169 Upto 25 jdok& 1-05 ,dM+ 27.02.2020 ekStk& teMhgk] Jh uhys k jatu] firk& Jh lj;q izlkn cUn teMhgk ” IykWV la0& 39-ih0] 439-ih0 Upto 26 esgrk] xzke$iks0& csgjkMhg jdok& 0-50 ,dM+ 24.06.2018 J h v”kksd dqekj xqIrk] firk& Lo0 ekStk& teMhgk] lq[knso izlkn xqIrk] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp cUn [kkrk la0& 05 teMhgk 2- Mkyks Upto 27 Jh lqjs”k pUnz lkg] firk& Lo0 IykWV la0& 94 lko] xzke$iks0& uoy kkgh] ftyk& 24.11.2022 ” jdok& 1-62 ,dM+ dksMjekA ekStk& teMhgk] esllZ x.ks”k bUMLVªht+] ikVZ0& Jh fxjh/kkjh lko]firk& Lo0 fujks lko] 2- Jh fojsUnz lko] IykWV la0& 48 va k] 59 va k] 60 ,oa cUn teMhgk ” ” 16.07.12 to 28 firk& Lo0 Mkyks lko] nksuksa xzke$iks0& 455 va”k 15.07.2022 uoy”kkgh] dksMjekA jdok& 4-50 ,dM+ ekStk& teMhgk] Jh Hkhe lkgq] firk& Lo0 fujks lko] cUn teMhgk IykWV la0& 170 26.12.12 to 29 xzke$iks0& uoy kkgh] ftyk& dksMjekA ” jdok& 1-11 ,dM+ 25.12.2022 Jh jktdqekj eksnh ,oa Jh izse dqekj nkl] ekStk& teMhgk] cUn teMhgk }; xzke$iks0& uoy kkgh] ftyk& IykWV la0& 101 Upto 30 ” dksMjekA jdok& 1-35 ,dM+ 18.03.2019 eh [ks”k Jh v:.k dqekj kekZ] xzke$iks0& ekStk& [ks”keh mQZ iqjukuxj cUn mQZ “ IykWV la0& 16 -ih0 Upto 31 uoy kkgh] dksMjekA iqjukuxj ” jdok& 4-05 ,dM+ 07.06.2020 eh [ks”k Jh jtr dqekj] eq0$iks0& >q0 fryS;k] ekStk& [ks”keh mQZ iqjukuxj cUn mQZ IykWV la0& 2797-ih0 Upto 32 dskMjekA iqjukuxj jdok& 3-15 ,dM+ 23.10.2020

104 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

eh [ks”k Jh clar LoZ.kdkj] xzke& nsohiqj] iks0& ekStk& [ks”keh mQZ iqjukuxj cUn mQZ IykWV la0& 45-ih0 Upto 33 [ks keh] dksMjekA iqjukuxj ” jdok& 5-00 ,dM+ 16.10.2020 eh [ks”k Jh fouksn dqekj] xzke& uxj[kkjk] iks0& ekStk& [ks”keh mQZ iqjukuxj pkyw mQZ IykWV la0& 45-ih0 Upto 34 tyokckn] ftyk& dksMjekA iqjukuxj jdok& 4-00 ,dM+ 06.01.2018 eh [ks”k Jherh foeyk nsoh] ifr& Jh mes k jke] ekStk& [ks”keh mQZ iqjukuxj cUn mQZ ” IykWV la0& 45-ih0 Upto 35 xzke& uxj[kkjk] iks0& dksMjekA iqjukuxj jdok& 1-00 ,dM+ 03.10.2018 eh [ks”k Jh xksfoUn izlkn] xzke HkknksMhg] iks0& ekStk& [ks”keh mQZ iqjukuxj pkyw mQZ IykWV la0& 45 va k Upto 36 >qejhfryS;k] ftyk& dksMjekA ” iqjukuxj jdok& 3-00 ,dM+ 29.07.2018

eh ekStk& [ks”keh mQZ iqjukuxj [ks”k Jh jke izlkn lko] xzke& egFkkMhg] [kkrk la0& 104 pkyw mQZ Upto 37 iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA iqjukuxj IykWV la0& 2797 va”k ,oa 2910P 05.08.2022 jdok& 5-40 ,dM+

eh ekStk& [ks”keh mQZ iqjukuxj [ks”k Jh jke izlkn lko] xzke& egFkkMhg] [kkrk la0& 124 pkyw mQZ Upto 38 iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA IykWV la0& 2797 va k iqjukuxj ” 16.08.2021 jdok& 2-00 ,dM+ ekStk& [ks keh mQZ iqjukuxj [kkrk eh Jh jkes oj izlkn lko] firk& Lo0 ” [ks”k ” la0& 124 pkyw mQZ Msxukjk;.k lko] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] 20.12.2012 39 IykWV la0& 2393 to iqjukuxj ftyk& dksMjek jdok& 4-09 ,dM+ 19.12.2022 ekStk& uoknk] Jh :id flag] xzke0$iks0& eluksMhg] pkyw uoknk IykWV la0& 122 Upto 40 dksMjekA jdok& 1-50 ,dM+ 13.01.2020 ekStk& uoknk] cUn fouk;d fefujYl] ikVZ0 :id flag ,oa uoknk IykWV la0& 671-ih0] 672-ih ,oa vU; Upto 41 ijes oj esgrk] xzke$iks0& eluksMhg ” jdok& 0-64 1@2 ,dM+ 29.11.2023 ekStk& uoknk] Jh :id flag] firk& Jh lnkuUn iz0 IykWV la0& 311] 313] 314] 315] 316 pkyw Upto 42 uoknk flag] xzke0$iks0& eluksMhg] dksMjekA ,oa 317-ih0 13.06.2018 jdok& 0-96 ,dM+ Jh :id flag] firk& Jh lnkuUn iz0 ekStk& uoknk] flag] xzke0$iks0& eluksMhg] dksMjek ,oa IykWV la0& 656-ih0 ls 660] 663] pkyw Upto 43 uoknk Jh ijes”oj esgrk] ukokMhg] ftyk& 712]-ih0 714 ls 720 23.04.2020 dksMjekA jdok& 2-30 ,dM+ Jh izdk k ;kno] firk& Jh cq/ku egrks] ekStk& uoknk] [kkrk la0& 16 ” cUn uoknk xzke& uoknk] iks0& Qqyofj;k] ftyk& IykWV la0& 728] 729] 732 ,oa 781 09.12.2013 44 to dksMjek va”k] jdok& 1-07 ,dM+ 08.12.2023 ekStk& isljk] Jh iadt dqekj flag ,oa dqekj xkSjo] cUn isljk IykWV la0& 895-ih0 Upto 45 firk& Jh jkes oj falag] dksMjekA ” jdok& 3-65 ,dM+ 16.04.2020 Jh mek”kadj izlkn] firk& Lo0 ekStk& jk;Mhg] cUn jk;Mhg uUnfd kksj izlkn] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] IykWV la0& Upto 46 ” 2(P) & 3(P) ftyk& dksMjekA jdok& 4-00 ,dM+ 13.07.2019 esllZ fouk;d LVksu Dokjh] ikVZ0& 1- Jh ekStk& jk;Mhg] cUn jk;Mhg 10.03.2016 47 v kksd dqekj xqIrk] 2- Jh vknZ k dqekj [kkrk ua0&83] IykWV ua0& 3 va k to ” ” ” 09.03.2026 105 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

iadt] firk& Lo0 egkohj izlkn lko] 3- jdok& 4-50 ,dM Jh jathr dqekj] firk& Jh cStukFk lko] fruksa xzke$iks$Fkkuk& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA iÍk ekStk& iaMfj;k Jh nsosUnz esgrk] firk& Lo0 NksVsyky 06-02-2010 ifjlekIr esgrk] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp ,oa Jh jktq [kkrk la0& 31 ekuuh; [kku iaMfj;k ls 05-02- 48 esgrk] firk& Jh es/kyky esgrk] xzke& vk;qDr ds IykWV la0& 104 ,oa 97 va”k 2020 UkkokMhg] iks0& csgjkMhgA jdok& 1-30 ,dM+ U;k;ky; esa ekeyk yafEcr ekStk& >xjkgh] Jh jkts k eksnh] firk& Jh eFkqjk eksnh] cUn ” IykWV la0& Upto 49 >xjkgh 52 to 55 xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA jdok& 3-34 ,dM+ 05.01.2020 ekStk& MksepkWp] esllZ lfork LVksu] izks0& Jh izsepUn yky [kkrk la0& 1340 07.05.2013 pkyw MksepkWp eksnh] firk& Lo0 fd kquyky eksnh] xzke& IykWV la0& 5688- ih0 50 ” to ekFkkMhg] iks0& MksepkWp] dksMjek jdok& 1-53 ,dM+ 06.05.2023

ekStk& MksepkWp] esllZ lfork LVksu] izks0& Jh izsepUn yky [kkrk la0& 1340 06.12.2012 pkyw MksepkWp eksnh] firk& Lo0 fd kquyky eksnh] xzke& IykWV la0& 5688-ih ,oa 10938 ih 51 ” to ekFkkMhg] iks0& MksepkWp] dksMjek jdok& 4-11 ,dM+ 05.12.2022

esllZ dey izHkkr LVksu] izks0& Jh lqjsUnz ekStk& MksepkWp] dqekj esgrk pkyw [kkrk la0& 1340 MksepkWp firk& Jh fo oukFk esgrk] 06.01.2011 52 ” IykWV la0& 5688- ih0 to xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& jdok& 5-50 ,dM+ 05.01.2021 dksMjekA ¼>kj[k.M½ esllZ lR;e f”koe LVksu dUlVªD”ku] ikVZ0& 1- Jh jkts k dqekj esgrk] firk& pkyw ” ekStk& MksepkWp ds IykWV la0& 4958 Lo0 eqjyh/kj esgrk] 2- Jh fot; dqekj va k] 5364 va k] 5365] 5366] 5368 MksepkWp esgrk] firk& Jh Hkjr ukjk;.k esgrk] 3- ” ” 15.07.2016 53 va k ,oa 5688 va k] Fkkuk ua0& 68] to Jh lqthr esgrk] firk& Jh lqjsUnz dqekj ” ” jdok& 5-35 ,dM+ 14.07.2021 esgrk] rhuksa xzke& MksepkWp

IykWV la0& 265 va”k jdok& 2-75 ,dM+ ekStk& MksepkWp] ifjlekIr eukst dqekj esgrk] xzke& csgjkMhg] iks0& [kkrk la0& MksepkWp Upto cUn 58 MksepkWp] ftyk& dskMjekA IykWV la0& 267 11.01.2023 jdok& 3-40 ,dM+ ekStk& MksepkWp] Jh rkjds oj esgrk] xzke& csgjkMhg] iks0& pkyw MksepkWp ” IykWV la0& 5688 va k Upto 59 MksepkWp] dksMjekA ” jdok& 3-50 ,dM+ 20.12.2023 ekStk& MksepkWp] pkyw esllZ t; ekrk jkuh LVksu] ikVZ0& Jh IykWV la0& 85] 86] 87 ls 91 ,oa MksepkWp Upto 60 jke dqekj iafMr 101 06.10.2021 jdok& 0-92 ,dM+ Jh lquhy dqekj] firk& Jh iznhi lko ,oa ekStk& MksepkWp cUn MksepkWp Jh fuys k jatu] firk& Jh lj;q izlkn IykWV la0& 5688- ih0 Upto 61 ” esgrk] xzke$iks0& csgjkMhg] dksMjekA jdok& 3-75 ,dM+ 24.01.2020 Jh jktdqekj esgrk] firk& Jh fo oukFk ” ekStk& MksepkWp] esgrk ,oa gfj k dqekj] firk& Jh cUn MksepkWp ” IykWV la0& 5688- ih0 Upto 62 rkjds oj esgrk] xzke& ukokMhg] iks0& ” jdok& 1-00 ,dM+ 19.02.2020 MksepkWp] dksMjekA Jh vferkHk dqekj] xzke$iks0& dksMjek] 2- ekStk& MksepkWp] pkyw MksepkWp jkepUnz esgrk] 3- Jh xksiky dqekj] IykWV la0& 5688 va k Upto 63 ” fxjhMhg jksM+] dksMjekA jdok& 6-74 ,dM+ 01.02.2025 es0 t; ekW y{eh LVksu oDlZ] ikVZ0& 1- ekStk& MksepkWp] Jh ckcw yky esgrk] 2- Jh v kksd dqekj cUn MksepkWp ” IykWV la0& 7585] 7586] 7587 vU; Upto 64 esgrk }; xzke& ch/kk] iks0& Qqyofj;k] jdok& 1-22 ,dM+ 22.08.2018 dksMjekA ekStk& MksepkWp] es0 t; ekrk nh LVksu] ikVZuj& jke IykWV la0& 60] 72 ls 76] 93 ls 100 ifjlekIr Upto 65 MksepkWp dqekj iafMr ,oa 11455 05.01.2020 cUn jdok& 1-93 ,dM+ :nzef.k iVsy] IySV ua0& 266] dadMckx ekStk& MksepkWp] cUn MksepkWp dkyksuh] iVuk ,oa cklqnso esgrk] IykWV la0& 5688-ih0 Upto 66 Qqyofj;k] dksMjekA jdok& 4-20 ,dM+ 05.01.2020 ekStk& MksepkWp] cUn Jh vferkHk dqekj] xzke$iks0& dksMjek] 2- MksepkWp IykWV la0& 5688-ih0 Upto 67 jkepUnz esgrk jdok& 2-00 ,dM+ 17.05.2020 ekStk& MksepkWp] cUn es0 vkLFkk LVksu Dokjh] izks0& eks0 MksepkWp IykWV la0& 5688-ih0 Upto 68 vUukewy gd] xzke$iks0& djek] dksMjekA jdok& 1-00 ,dM+ 04.01.2020 ekStk& MksepkWp Jh lat; dqekj esgrk] firk& Jh thou ifjlekIr 143] 149 ,oa 150 yky esgrk] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp Jh IykWV laŒ& cUn MksepkWp v kksd dqekj esgrk] firk& Jh y[ku 920 ,oa 521 07.05.2013 69 ” [kkrk uaŒ& to jdok & 1-05 ,dM+ esgrk] xzke& ukokMhg] iks0& csgjkMhg }; 06.05.2023 ftyk& dksMjekA Fkkuk uaŒ & 68 Jh jkethr esgrk] firk& Lo0 uhyd.B ekStk& MksepkWp ifjlekIr MksepkWp esgrk] xzke& yaxjkihij] iks0& MksepkWp 11372 va k 11.02.2011 cUn 70 IykWV laŒ& ” to ftyk& dksMjekA [kkrk uaŒ& 673 10.02.2022 107 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

jdok & 2-50 ,dM+ ekStk& iqjukMhg] Jh mekdkUr jk.kk] xzke$iks0& pkyw iqjukMhg IykWV la0& 2834 Upto 71 >qejhfryS;k] dksMjekA jdok& 0-86 ,dM+ 05.03.2023 ekStk& iqjukMhg Jh fot; dqekj lko] xzke $ iks0& pkyw iqjukMhg IykWV la0& 523-ih0] 524-ih0 vU; Upto 72 iqjukMhg] dksMjekA jdok& 1-55 ,dM+ 24.02.2019 Jh fot; dqekj lko] xzke $ iks0& ekStk& iqjukMhg] cUn Upto 73 iqjukMhg iqjukMhg] dksMjekA IykWV la0& 541] jdok& 1-50 ,dM+ 18.07.2020 ekStk& iqjukMhg] Jh lj;q ;kno] eq0$iks0& iqjukMhg] cUn iqjukMhg IykWV la0& 2801- ih0 Upto 74 dksMjekA jdok& 0-54 ,dM+ 17.05.2019 ekStk& iqjukMhg] esllZ nqxkZ LVksu fpIl] ikVZ0& Jh bZ oj cUn ” Upto 75 iqjukMhg IykWV la0& 2803 va k] 2804 ls 2806 lko ” 12.02.2021 ,oa 2813 va”k] jdok& 0-52 ,dM+ ekStk& iqjukMhg] Jh v”kksd fxfj] firk& Lo0 lj;q fxfj] cUn xzke$iks0& Qqyofj;k] ftyk& dksMjek] 2- [kkrk la0& 23] 25 ,oa 248

iqjukMhg Jh lqjsUnz Bkdqj] firk& Jh jke nso Bkdqj] IykWV la0& Upto 76 2881 va”k] 2882 va”k] xzke& lhdksZfg;k] Fkkuk& ljS;k] ftyk& 2923] 2926] 2927] 2883 ,oa 2884 29.03.2020

eqt¶Qjiqj] jkT;& fcgkjA jdok& 0-70 ,dM+ ekStk& iqjukMhg] esllZ ckxefr nkeksnj] izks0& ekuosUnz >k] cUn iqjukMhg IykWV la0& 173] Upto 77 xzke$iks0& MskepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA jdok& 0-37 ,dM+ 27.07.2021 ekStk& iqjukMhg] [kkrk la0& 16] Jh jaxukFk flag] firk& Lo0 f=ykdh ukFk 180 ,oa 287] IykWV la0& 243 va k] cUn iqjukMhg flag] xzke$iks0& eluksMhg] ftyk& ” 20.02.2013 78 244 va”k ,oa 245 va”k] to dksMjekA jdok& 1-28 ,dM+ 19.02.2023

Jh jaxukFk flag] firk& Lo0 f=ykdh ukFk ekStk& iqjukMhg] [kkrk la0&16] pkyw iqjukMhg flag] xzke$iks0& eluksMhg] ftyk& 243 va k 07.04.2013 79 IykWV la0& 242 va”k ,oa ” to dksMjekA jdok& 2-35 ,dM+ 06.04.2023 1- Jh vuUr izlkn flag] xzke$iks0& eluksMhg] ftyk& dksMjek] 2- Jh psryky ekStk& iqjukMhg] jk.kk] xzke& iqjukMhg] iks0& Qqyofj;k] [kkrk la0& 12] 182 ,oa 180] pkyw iqjukMhg 03.09.2012 80 ftyk& dksMjek ,oa 3- Jh cgknqj ;kno] IykWV la0& 179 va k] 180 va k ,oa to ” ” 02.09.2022 xzke& iqjukMhg] iks0& iqjukMhg] ftyk& 244 va”k] jdok& 0-80 ,dM+ dksMjekA ekStk& iqjukMhg ,oa uoknk 1- Jh fojsUnz dqekj flag] firk& Jh IykWV la0& 2740 va k] 2741 va k] ” ” pkyw dfiynso ukjk;.k flag ,oa 2- Jh vuqt 2742 va k] 2949 va k] 2950 va k] iqjukMhg ” ” ” dqekj flag] firk& Lo0 vt; dqekj flag] 2951] 2952 va k] 158 va k] 160 ,oa 10.07.2016 81 ,oa uoknk ” ” to nksuksa xzke& eluksMhg] iks0& eluksMhg] 161 va k] ” 09.07.2026 ftyk& dksMjek jdok& 9-56 ,dM

esllZ oukapy LVksu bUMLVz~ht] izks0 Jh ekStk& rkjkVkaM] cUn rkjkVkaM lqHkk"k dq0 esgrk] xzke$iks0&MksepkWp] IykWV la0& 1120-ih0] 1121-ih ,oa Upto 82 dksMjekA 1122] jdok& 0-42 ,dM+ 18.05.2019 Jh nsosUnz izlkn esgrk] xzke& rsrfj;kMhg] ekStk& rkjkVkaM] pkyw Upto 83 rkjkVkaM iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA IykWV la0& 1139 va”k] 1141 va”k ,oa 18.11.2022 108 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

1144 va”k jdok& 1-38 ,dM+ ekStk& rkjkVkaM] Jh nsosUnz izlkn esgrk] xzke& rsrfj;kMhg] Pkkyw rkjkVkaM IykWV la0& 44 Upto 84 iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksM+jekA jdok& 1-88 ,dM+ 04.10.2022 ekStk& rkjkVkaM] Pkkyw Jh nsosUnz izlkn esgrk] xzke& rsrfj;kMhg] [kkrk la0& 133] rkjkVkaM Upto 85 iks0& MksepkWp] ftyk& dksMjekA IykWV la0& 1140 11.07.2023 jdok& 1-51 ,dM+ ekStk& rkjkVkaM Jherh foeyh nsoh] ifr& Lo0 lj;q jk.kk Pkkyw 1058 va k rkjkVkaM xzke& iqjukMhg] iks0& Qqyofj;k] IykWV laŒ& ” 86 133 ftyk& dksMjekA ¼>kj[k.M½ [kkrk uaŒ& jdok & 6-88 ,dM+ ekStk& Fkke] Jh thoyky ;kno]] xzke0& >qejh] iks0& Pkkyw Fkke IykWV la0& 5231 ls 5235-ih0 Upto 87 djek] dksMjekA jdok& 1-57 ,dM+ 21.05.2024 ekStk& Fkke] esllZ vkse LVksu bUMLVªht+] izks0& Jh IykWV la0& 4843 va k ls 4878 va k Pkkyw ” ” Upto 88 Fkke nqykj izlkn ,oa 4882 va”k 14.01.2023 jdok& 3-75 ,dM+ ekStk& Fkke] pkyw esllZ ifo= /kjrh LVksu fpIl] izks0& Jh [kkrk la0& 127 Fkke Upto 89 jathr dqekj jk; ,oa jkt dqekj nkl IykWV la0& 4882-ih0] 04.10.2018 jdok& 1-75 ,dM+ ekStk& Fkke] Jh v kksd dqekj flag] xzke0& xqtjs] iks0& iÍk Fkke ” [kkrk la0& 127 Upto 90 q0 fr0] dksMjekA p p, p jdok& 6-95 jk"Vªh; LVksu fpIl] izks0& Jh iznhi flag] ekStk& Fkke] [kkrk la0& 127 Fkke xzke& Fkke] iks0&

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ekStk& ukokMhg IykWV laŒ& 1382] 1383 va”k] 1423] 1424] 1427] 1428 va”k] 1430] 1431] 1432] 1433] Jh egsUnz izlkn oekZ] firk& Lo0 1434] 1435] 1436] 1523] 1526] 1527] ty/kkjh izlkn oekZ] 1528] 1529] 1530] 1531] 1532] 1533 xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] 2- Jh dfiynso va”k] 1541 va”k] 1552] 1553] 1554] “kekZ] firk& Lo0 :ipUnz “kekZ] Upto 98 ukokMhg 1557] 1558] 1559] 1560] 1561 va k] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] 3- Jh jke yky ” 24.11.2023 izlkn ;kno] firk& Jh uudq izlkn 1572] 1573] 1576 va”k] 1577] 1579] ;kno] xzke$iks0& MksepkWp] rhuksa ftyk& 1580] 1581] 1582] 1586 va”k] 1600 v”ak] pkyw dksMjekA ¼>kj[k.M½ 1601 va”k ,oa 1603 va”k [kkrk uaŒ& 35] 102] 93] 27] 16] 04] 46] 77] 74] 69] 59] 70] 06 ,oa 53 jdok & 3-28 1@4 ,dM+ ekStk& cM+dhyksf<;k] eks0 rS;c] xzke& iFkydqnok] iks0& cUn MqejMhgk [kkrk la0& 27 Upto 99 ubZVkaM] dksMjekA IykWV la0& 247- ih0] jdok&3-00 05.04.2018 es0 nwxkZ LVksu fpIl] ikVZ0 1- Jh jathr ekStk& dfV;k] dqekj o.kZoky] ijlkckn] 2- Jherh izfeyk dfV;k IykWV la0& 4080] 3835] 4081 Upto [kuu dk;Z 100 o.kZoky] xzke$iks0& t;uxj] ftyk& jdok& 1-23 ,dM+ 06.10.2019 cUn dksMjekA ekStk& ;ksxhMhg] cUn Jh dkes oj izlkn] xzke& leyMhg] iks0& ;ksxhMhg ” IykWV la0& 315-ih0] 90- ih0 Upto 101 cklksMhg] dksMjekA jdok& 2-00 ,dM+ 29.09.2019 ekStk& ejdPpksa] esllZ t; ekrk jkuh LVksu fpIl] izks0& [kkrk la0& 1818 pkyw ejdPpksa Jh fot; dqekj ;kno] >qejhfryS;k] okMZ Upto 102 IykWV la0& 11563 ua& 22] ftyk& dksMjekA va”k 27.08.2024 jdok& 6-30 ,dM+ ekStk& ejdPpksa] Fkkuk& ejdPpksa] ekW foUns kojh LVksu] izks0& Jh vkyksd Fkkuk ua0& 141 ” 10.03.2016 103 ejdPpksa dqekj] firk& Jh iz;kx eksnh] xzke$iks0& [kkrk ua0& 933 to ejdPpksa] ftyk& dksMjekA IykWV la0& 1608 ,oa 1609 09.03.2026 pkyw jdok& 1-88 ,dM ekStk& ejdPpksa] ekW papkyuh LVksu feujYl] ikVZ0& 1- Jh [kkrk ua0& 342 ,oa 1406] nsosUnz esgrk] firk& Jh ;nqUunu esgrk] pkyw IykWV la0& 11632] 11633] xzke$iks0& Qqyofj;k] ftyk& dksMjek] 2- ejdPpksa 11668] 11669] 11661] 11663] 06.04.2016 104 Jh MhgpUn esgrk] firk& Jh t;ukjk;.k to 11641] 11642] 11643] 11645] esgrk] xzke& ch?kk] iks0& Qqyofj;k] 05.04.2026 11646] 11647] 11648] 11649 ,oa ftyk& dksMjekA 11650 jdok& 4-66 ,dM ekStk& dkSvkokj Jh fouksn dqekj] firk& Jh f=yksdh jke] pkyw [kkrk la0& 57 dkSvkokj xzke& uxj[kkjk ¼tyokckn½] iks0& 27.07.2012 105 IykWV la0& 601 va k to dksMjek] ftyk& dksMjekA ” jdok& 2-00 ,dM+ 26.07.2022 ekStk& njnkgh IykWV la0& 57 va”k] 61 va”k] 62 cUn esllZ ek:rh feujYl] ikVZ0& Jh jke va”k] 63 va”k] 64 va”k] 65 va”k] 67 izlkn esgrk] firk& Lo0 txnh k izlkn va k] 68 va k] 81] 82] 89] 90] 91] njnkgh ” ” ” 10.07.2016 106 esgrk] xzke$iks0& Qqyofj;k] ftyk& 92] 93] 94] 95] 96] 97] 98] 99] 100] to dksMjek 101] 102] 103] 119] 202] 203] 204] 09.07.2026 205] 206] 207] 208 va”k] 126 va”k] 127 va”k] 248 va”k] 675 va”k] 254] 110 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

255] 256] 257 ,oa 258] jdok& 8-53 ,dM+

Jh eukst dqekj] firk& Jh txjukFk ekStk& fHkUdksMhg IykWV& 35 va'k] 37] 39 va'k] 41] 42 cUn Lo.kZdkj] xzke$iks0& t;uxj] dksMjekA Up to 107 fHkUdksMhg va'k] 43 ,oa 48 31.03.2020 jdok& 2-24 ,dM

Table 20: Potential areas for mineral occurance

S.No. Mineral Area details Co-ordinates

1. Black Granite Dochanch 24028‘23.02‖ N, 85040‘57.00‖ E

2. Black Granite Purnidih 24027‘50.00‖ N, 85043‘43.00‖ E

3. Black Granite Nawadih 24024‘5.00‖ N, 85048‘50.00‖ E

4. Quartzite with Micaceous Barhi 24018‘41.76‖ N, 85024‘34.51‖ E intercalanations

5. Quartzite with Micaceous Koderma 24027‘53.14‖ N, 85034‘31.48‖ E intercalanations

6. Quartzite with Micaceous Markacho 24020‘21.61‖ N, 85050‘52.34‖ E intercalanations

7. Mica schist and mica gneiss Domchanch 24027‘20.39‖ N, 85041‘30.95‖E

8. Mica schist and mica gneiss Chilsodih 24035‘12.96‖ N, 85041‘33.24‖E

9. Quartzite with intercolated Koderma 24029‘44.23‖ N, 85035‘37.81‖ E amphibolite and calc- silicate

10. Quartzite with intercolated Cherwa 24034‘36.96‖ N, 85059‘56.02‖ E amphibolite and calc- silicate

11. Multicolour granite Pherendatola 24027‘51.98‖ N, 85034‘45.01‖ E

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12. Multicolour granite Koderma 24031‘45.01‖ N, 85035‘60.00‖ E

13. Multicolour granite Salaiyadih 24028‘57.00‖ N, 85038‘50.00‖ E

14. Multicolour granite Baswariya 24034‘36.96‖ N, 85059‘56.02‖ E

15. Multicolour granite Bagodih 24021‘ 38.02‖ N, 85040‘0.01‖ E

Table 21: Details Of Production of Sand / Bajri Or Minor Mineral In Last Three Years In District Koderma

Mineral 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 (March)

Prod. Dis. Prod. Dis. Prod. Dis. Prod. Dis.

Stone 58622222 58622222 5091785 5091785 13268000 13267356 10336224 10333994

17963 14355 Nil 1931 Mica Nil Nil Nil Nil

4374 4344 1560 2993 Quartz Nil Nil Nil Nil

2323 1899 545 670 Felspar Nil Nil Nil Nil

All figures in CFT Table 22.: Details of Royalty or Revenue Received in Last Three Years

SL. Minerals Name FINANCIAL YEAR NO. (Collect Revenue in Lac) 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

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1 Stone 159.52 226.57 383.44 400.65 1 Mica 0.24 Nil Nil Nil 2 Quartz and Feldspar 15.50 5.10 9.00 Nil 3 Sand 0.05 12.89 3.90 4.21 4 Bricks 5.30 4.64 4.70 11.31 5 Shop Stone 0.29 0.16 0.003 Nil

Method for Mining

After a mineral deposit has been discovered, delineated, and evaluated, the most appropriate mining method is selected based on technical, economic, and environmentally accountable considerations. The first step in selecting the most appropriate mining method is to compare the economic efficiency of extraction of the deposit by surface and underground mining methods. Methods Extraction of mineral or energy resources by operations exclusively involving personnel working on the surface without provision of manned underground operations is referred to as surface mining. While an opening may sometimes be constructed below the surface and limited underground development may occasionally be required, this type of is essentially surface-based. Surface mining can be classified into two groups on the basis of the method of extraction; mechanical extraction, or aqueous extraction. Mechanical extraction methods employ mechanical processes in a dry environment to recover minerals, encompassing the specific mining methods of: a. Open pit mining b. Open cast mining c. Quarrying of dimension stone 113 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA d. Highwall/auger mining

Open pit and open cast methods employ a conventional mining cycle of operations to extract minerals: rock breakage is usually accomplished by drilling and blasting for consolidated materials and by ripping or direct removal by excavators for unconsolidated soil and/or decomposed rock, followed by materials handling and transportation. Dimension stone quarrying is quite similar to open pit mining, but rock breakage without blasting is almost exclusively employed to cut prismatic blocks or tabular slabs of rock. The high labor intensity and cost associated with cutting stone makes quarrying the most expensive surface mining method. Highwall mining is a coal mining method for recovery of outcropped coal by mechanical excavation without removal of overburden. A continuous miner with single or multiple augers/cutting heads is operated underground and controlled remotely by crew located outside. Augering can be regarded as a supplementary method for open cast mining in cases when coal seams in the highwall would otherwise remain unmined (unless recoverable by underground methods) or when rugged terrain would preclude economic stripping by conventional surface methods. Quarrying of dimension stone and highwall mining are specialized and less frequently used methods.

Because of the structure of granite, it is never quarried by blasting because this would shatter the granite. Two methods; Drilling and Jet Piercing, are used to cutthe granite out of the quarry. In Drilling, vertical holes are drilled about one inch apart to the desired depth (up to 20 feet), and the granite remaining between the holes is later removed by secondary drilling.In Jet Piercing, a high-velocity 4,000 degree flame like a blow torch is directed at the granite to be removed, causing a continuous flaking action. As the flame nozzle is moved back and

114 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA forth, a deep channel is created in the granite. Granite is much like wood because it has a grain. In one direction granite can be split, but in the other direction it must be cut. Most granite blocks taken from the quarries are cut into slabs of varying widths by modern circular saws with industrial diamond tips. Blasting and Explosive

Excavations of drifts and drives are common features in any metal mining. The specific constrain in driving drivage is, unlike opencast bench blasting, absence of initial free faces. Therefore solid blasting is carried out, for which, Blast Design is most important factor, in order to, create free-faces for successive rows and column of holes. The important factors on which generally progress of drifts and drives depends are: 1. Geology of strata and Rock mass condition. 2. Appropriate blast design including drilling pattern, quantity and type of explosive, initiation sequence. 3. Types of drilling equipment used and length of drilling rod used 4. Dimension of Drives 5. Properties and VOD of Explosives used Important points

Within the range of conventional blasting, the physical characteristics of the rock are more important than the characteristics of the explosives used and can have a greater impact on the success or failure of a blast.

Final-size fragmentation is usually obtained before any appreciable rock movement or throw occurs.

Rock can absorb only so much energy and only at a certain maximum rate before it will fail.

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The general relations between the main blasting parameters; geology, blastability and explosives, will be applicable, and the estimation model is a very good tool for planning test blasts and experiments, and also for adjustments of the blast design when this is necessary for optimising the quarry production line as time progresses. High accuracy throughout the whole blasting process is fundamental for achieving a proper blast result. Various points as success criteria are shown below:

Planning

Surveying and marking of holes

Adjustment of drilling pattern

Adjustment of specific charge

Delay times and initiation pattern

Accurate drilling

Properly selected stemming material

Control, documentation and supervision of the work

Important points taken into the consideration during blasting

A. Fragmentation desired: B. Rock quality/character:

Size of digging/handling equipment. Hard? Soft? Porous?

Size of crushing equipment (if Holes wet? Dry? Variable? required). Joints and slip planes? Bedding

Rip-rap or dimensional stone desired? planes?

Size limitations in project Voids or other incompetent zones? specifications?

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C. Site limitations: D. Safety limitations:

Structures or other property to Adequate protection from protect? At what distance? flyrock?

Utilities nearby (underground or Weather – is lightning a above ground)? possibility?

Vibration and airblast Any nearby electrical hazards? considerations? Any nearby RF (radio) hazards?

Integrity of rock to be left in place. Impact hazards from rock fall?

On-site or off-site vehicle traffic? Ventilation needed?

Any other project specification Traffic control required? limitations? The impact of potential misfires. E. Equipment / materials limitations: (How isolated is the site? Drilling equipment – size, condition. Is double-priming advisable to minimize misfires?) Steel lengths available – depth of blast.

Explosives (including detonators) – Type, size, quantity available.

Adequate magazine site nearby?

Blasting mats available if needed?

Other blasting accessories?

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POWDER FACTOR: In construction blasting, powder factor (PF) is expressed as quantity (unit mass) of explosive per unit volume of material blasted. For mining, it is usually expressed as quantity of explosive per ton of material (or sometimes tons of material per unit mass of explosive).

DELAY TIMING: Very seldom is a conventional blast set off where all charges are detonated in the same instant. Usually there is a specific time interval and direction or directions for delaying the charges.In construction and in surface mining, millisecond delays are used between charges in a blast. There are several basic reasons for doing so:

To assure that one or more free faces progress through the shot, providing a consistent burden.

To enhance fragmentation between adjacent holes.

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To reduce ground vibration and airblast.To provide a means of directing the heave or displacement of the blasted

material. V, V1, V2 Pattern : These Pattern are far superior, to row delays. These result in superior fragmentation due to reduce hole burdens and increased spacing at the time of hole initiation and also due to inflight collision of broken rock during its movement. Thedelayed action of holes in the back row reduces over break ensuring increased wall stability.The best available pattern is one where the holes are drilled (staggered) on a equilateral triangle pattern. This in a drilled spacing to burden ratio of approximately 1.16. It has been observed that an effective spacing (Se) to Burden (Be), ratio of about 3.5 is achieved with

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holes drilled on an equilateral triangle grid and fired using a V1 initiation sequence. Drilling (staggered) equilateral triangular pattern require more operator skill and supervision as compared to in-line patterns. Clear marking of the hole positions in advance by a responsible person would help the drillers immensely. Fig. gives various delay patterns discussed above.

The delay time between individual holes in a row:  The delay time between holes in a row should be between 1 ms and 5 ms per foot of burden, with 3 ms yielding good results in most instances.

 Where airblast is a problem or potential problem, the delay time between holes in a row should be at least 2 ms per foot of spacing.  This will result in a blast progression along the face or along a row of holes that is approximately half the speed of sound (or less) and reduces the low

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frequency airblast generated by face area movement or by surface area mounding.  Where possible, corner holes at the end of rows should be given extra delay time because of the greater degree of fixation of the rock in those locations requires more time for the rock blasted by previously fired adjacent holes to move away. Delay interval between rows:  The delay interval between rows should be from two to three times longer than the delay interval between holes in a row.  The last row in the shot should often be delayed slightly more than preceding rows.  This serves to allow rock in previously fired rows time to move out and tends to reduce back-break in the rock behind the blast.

Direction of heave or throw: It is generally possible to control the direction of heave of the material from a blast through application of the initiation system timing sequence. In fig -, an arrow shows the directions of most logical heave when the various delay sequences shown are used. The numbers in the various figures represent the initiation sequence. Shooting row by row will generally lay the muck out in front of the shot. Shooting with a V-cut timing pattern will usually result in a muck pile that tends to mound up in the center in front of the shot.The method of digging out the shot will usually determine which is preferable.The direction of maximum vibration (all other things being equal) will theoretically be in the direction opposite from the direction of heave. Location and Orientation of Primer: In most instances the priming charge will be located at the bottom of the hole. If the priming charge was located at the top of the

121 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA powder column, the energy would break through the surface earlier in the explosion process, gasses would vent sooner and much of their contribution to the fragmentation process would be lost.The orientation of the detonator in the priming charge should be such that the detonator is pointing in the direction of the explosives column. i.e. the detonator would be pointing upward in a bottom- priming charge and downward in a top-priming charge.

FRAGMENTATION: Primary fragmentation occurs during the detonation phase. The shock waves exceed the compressive and the tensile strength capacity of the rock, and the rock is crushed and pulverized close to the drill hole, and radial cracks will be created out from the hole to a certain extent (equal to 4 – 5 times the hole radius). The gas pressure will penetrate new cracks and existing fissures and joints, loosening the rock mass and throwing it out and over the bench floor.

Secondary fragmentation breakage starts with the throw when fragmented material accelerates out from the bench. The secondary breakage is attributed to:

Collisions between fragments in the air and between fragments and the bench floor.

High compressive stress levels and conserved elastic energy in the rock are released when the fragments are loosened from the bench. The fragmentation varies through the rock pile. The coarser fragments originate from the first row and from the uncharged zone in the upper part of the blast. Controllable factors which influence primary fragmentation:

Drill hole diameter

Mass of explosive charge

Stress waves‘ peak values

Charge distribution in the bench

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Secondary fragmentation may be increased by a plough shaped firing pattern. Fragmentation is also influenced by the original fracturing of the rock. This applies both during the detonation and in the following operations, such as loading, transportation, crushing and placing of the rock.

ROCK MASS FRACTURING: The discontinuities or weakness planes of the rock mass influence the blastability. The weakness planes are recognised by little or no shear strength along the planes. Typical discontinuity features are:

Systematically fractured rock mass parallel oriented joints and fissures foliation planes or bedding planes

Marked single joints

Filled joints

Crushed zones and zones with mineral or clay fill

Fracturing is characterised by rate of fracturing (type and frequency) as well as orientation (angle between blast direction and weakness planes). Various rock classification systems can be used to characterize the fracturing of the rock mass. Here we mention RQD, RMR and RMi. They more or less measure the same rock parameters.

The different fracturing parameters can be described as follows:

―Joints‖ mean continuous planes of weakness. These joints can be open, e.g. bedding joints in granite, or filled with clay or weak minerals, e.g. calcite, chlorite or similar minerals.

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―Fissures‖ are planes of weakness which can only be followed over parts of the face. It can be filled joints with low shear strength and bedding plane fissures (partings) e.g. as in mica schist and mica gneiss. ―Homogeneous rock mass‖ means massive rock without joints or fissures and may occur in intrusive dykes, sills, batholiths etc.

Increased fissure joint degree gives better blastability. This is typical in regional metamorphic rock types.Systematically oriented joint sets make the rock more difficult to blast. Large blocks are isolated in the throw without being crushed. Fractured conditions are characteristic for rocks in surface blasting.

BLASTING DIRECTION: Normally the blasting direction is perpendicular to the face of bench face, and it should be adjusted according to the direction of the fracturing. In special cases, the bench face direction may be fixed in a non favourable direction due to topography, quarry borders or strict geometrical demands, as in road cuttings or building sites. In these cases, the firing pattern can be used to control the blast direction in a more favourable direction and improve the blasting result. Before drilling, the blast direction should be set according to the orientation of the main jointing systems. Fragmentation, backbreak and toe problems are all dependent upon the blasting direction. Even though optimal fragmentation usually is the most important criterion, consideration of back wall, toe and bench floor must be considered to get an optimal total result. Orientation of the back wall may be along a weakness plane and the blast direction turned close up to the optimal angle. Quarry management should provide documentation of the main discontinuity systems in operational maps. The blasting results should be followed up according to blasting directions and main fracture systems. The results

124 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA from these studies will be the foundation for further blast planning and optimal quarry management.

Some of the most common combinations of rock type, fracturing and conventional quarrying blasting results are discussed. These are:

Anisotropic rock mass with approximately vertical fracturing.

Anisotropic rock mass with inclined fracturing.

Rock mass with vertical fracturing and little anisotropy.

Rock mass with inclined fracturing and little anisotropy. Mine Rejects

The large volumes of waste produced at mining operations are expensive to manage, and are frequently cited as an obstacle in the environmental sustainability of mining. The mining industry plays a leading role in waste management, and is one of few industries that recycle its own waste. Uses of mine waste include:

 Waste rock: Can be reprocessed to extract minerals and metals, used as backfill, landscaping material, aggregate in road construction, or feedstock for cement and concrete  Clay-rich tailings: Clay-rich tailings have been used for making bricks, floor tiles, and cement  Red mud: Bauxite red mud is solid alkaline waste produced in aluminium refineries. Red mud has been used as a soil amender, in waste water treatment, and as a raw material for glass, ceramics, and bricks.  Mine water: Mine water is used for dust suppression and mineral processing, industrial and agricultural uses, as a coolant, and as a source of drinking water

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 Water treatment sludge: Sludge from ARD treatment, which is high in iron, has been sold commercially for use in pigments Secondary usage of mine waste Flows of waste, recyclable materials and secondary raw materials help in environmental sustainability. However, distinguishing between primary and secondary raw materials is crucial for assessing resource productivity and decoupling trends. 3R (Reduce, reuse and recycle) and circular economy initiatives aim at closing materials loops and extending the lifespan of materials through longer use, reuse and remanufacturing, and the increased use of secondary raw materials. These initiatives also aim at material substitution by using materials with lower environmental impact, and replacing the environmentally most damaging materials.

 The cut-to-size small blocks of granite are used as cobblestone, kerbstone, road sidings and for many other innovative purposes.  In addition to its industrial applications, diaspore is also used for making decorative items such as small figurines, lampshades, flower-vase, etc. Owing to its softness and mode of occurrence in lumps, it is used extensively in handicraft industries for making various articles.  Low thermal expansion and shrinkage characteristics of pyrophyllite make it a useful ingredient in ceramic blends and may substitute either pitcher (grog) or silica. Pyrophyllite allows faster firing cycles in the manufacture of white ware. In production of stoneware and chinaware, more mechanical strength as well as improved whiteness can be achieved at lower firing temperature. Pyrophyllite is quite stable up to 8000C & hence, pyrophyllite is consumed in refractory as well as in wall tiles, sanitaryware, electrical porcelain and other ceramic and vitreous china products. Pyrophyllite is non- 126 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

abrasive, inert with a neutral pH, as well as absorbant providing good flowability which allows it to be used as a diluent, extender, vehicle and carrier for liquids such as fungicide, insecticide, herbicide and fertilizer.

Dumping of Waste

The type, amount, and properties of mine waste produced at different mines vary depending on the resource being mined, process technology used, and geology at the mine site. While many mine wastes are benign, mining companies manage their waste in order to deal with the large volumes of waste produced and to prevent the release of contaminates into the environment. Waste management plans are developed as part of the mine approval process in Canada, and consist of waste storage area selection and design, strategies to address problematic waste, and long-term stabilization of waste as part of mine closure types of mine waste

There are different types of mine waste materials which vary in their physical and chemical composition, their potential for environmental contamination, and how they are managed at mine sites. Types of mine waste include:

Overburden: Overburden includes the soil and rock that is removed to gain access to the ore deposits at open pit mines. It is usually piled on the surface at mine sites where it will not impede further expansion of the mining operation – moving large volumes of material is expensive. Overburden generally has a low potential for environmental contamination, and is often used at mine sites for landscape contouring and revegetation during mine closure.

Waste rock: Waste rock is material that contains minerals in concentrations considered too low to be extracted at a profit. Waste rock is often stored in

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heaps or dumps on the mine site, but may be stored underwater with tailings if it contains a lot of sulphide minerals and has a high potential for acid rock drainage formation. Waste rock dumps are generally covered with soil and revegetated following mine closure, although there are cases of waste rock being re-mined due to an increase in mineral market prices or improvements in extraction technology.

Tailings: Tailings are finely ground rock and mineral waste products of mineral processing operations. Tailings can also contain leftover processing chemicals, and are usually deposited in the form of a water-based slurry into tailings ponds (sedimentation lagoons enclosed by dams built to capture and store the tailings), although offshore tailings disposal has been successful in some cases. Tailings dams are discussed in further detail below.

Mine water: Mine water is produced in a number of ways at mine sites, and can vary in its qualityand potential for environmental contamination. Water at mine sites is frequently monitored and various water management strategies have been developed to reduce the amount of mine water produced, and treat the water before it is discharged to the environment.

Water treatment sludge: Sludge is produced at active water treatment plants used at some mine sites, and consists of the solids that had been removed from the water as well as any chemicals that had been added to improve the efficiency of the process. Although ways of recycling the sludge are being explored, the majority of sludge has little economic value and is handled as waste. Disposal of water treatment residues in underground mine workings is the least expensive option where it is permitted and environmentally safe. In extreme cases where the sludge is rich in cadmium

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or arsenic, it may be classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.

Gaseous wastes: Gaseous wastes include particulate matter (dust) and

sulphur oxides (SO2). The majority of emissions to the atmosphere are produced during high-temperature chemical processing such as smelting, and vary in their composition and potential for environmental contamination. Environmental control technologies such as gravity collectors, cyclones, and electrostatic precipitators are capable of removing up to 99.7% of dust and fumes, and wet scrubbers typically remove 80-95% of sulphur oxide emissions. The usual approach to managing wastes is to contain and collect them at the point of production, treat the wastes to make them environmentally safe if necessary, and dispose of them to the land, water, or air. The waste management method used at a particular mine depends mainly on an evaluation of cost, environmental performance, and risk of failure. Successful management of tailings and waste rock is based on selecting appropriate waste storage locations, and proper material characterization, including the accurate prediction of long-term chemical behaviour. Solid mine waste (overburden, waste rock, solidified tailings, slag, dust) can be used as backfill in underground or open pit workings, stored in piles on site or underwater to prevent ARD from occurring in the case of problematic wastes, used in construction of roads and dams at the mine, or recycled. Water can be recycled and reused for dust suppression and mineral processing, or treated and discharged into the environment.

The following steps are generally involved in the design of a waste rock dump:

Establish mine rock and overburden characteristics and quantities.

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Assemble and review possible disposal site information, and hence select a site

Characterize the selected site

Establish the potential impacts of the dump on the environment

Develop plans for disposal, operation, and closure As with all mine waste disposal facilities, including heap leach pads and tailings impoundments, the following are issues to be addressed in the design of the waste rock dump:

Surface water management facilities

Groundwater protection features including basal drains

Stability

Closure geometry

Closure cover to control air entry, limit water infiltration, and hence limit seepage. In designing a waste rock dump, the performance of the dump at various stages of its proposed life may be modeled using numerical and/or computer models. This may include:

Water balance studies of the site and the dump

Geochemical modeling of potential acid rock drainage

Groundwater impact modeling

Slope stability modeling of static, seismic, and runout performance

Long-term geomorphic studies to establish how the dump will behave in the long-term as an integral part of the topographic of the site. An integral part of the design of a waste rock dump is the preparation of the following documents for the dump or at least parts of the overall mine documents that relate specifically to the waste rock dump:

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Operations Plan

Health and Safety Plan

Instrumentation and Monitoring Plan

Emergency Response Plan

Closure Plan

Post-Closure Monitoring and Maintenance Plan. Construction Construction of a waste rock is considered to entail the preparation of the site to receive the waste rock as part of the overall mining process. A contractor may be employed to construct access roads, strip the site, prepare foundations, place underdrains, and install surface water management facilities.

Operation Operation of the waste rock dump, generally done by the mining employees, involves these activities:

Ore transport from the mine and-or mill to the dump.

Off-loading of the ore at the dump in accordance with the planned dump development and operating plans, including lift height and location

Access road construction and maintenance

Clearing of new areas for dumping, foundation preparation and drain construction as required in new areas

Maintenance, upgrade, and expansion of surface water management facilities

Environmental monitoring of conditions at the dump including seepage water, surface water, groundwater quantities and quality.

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Dump performance monitoring and documentation including stability, erosion, consolidation, and creep. Impact of Pollution from Mining

Ground water Contamination

Water ecosystem

Carbon particles in suspension decrease the sunlight permeability in River water.

Erosion of the exposed earth carries substantial amounts of sediments and silt into streams, rivers and lakes. Excessive sediments can clog riverbeds and choke watershed vegetation, wildlife habitat and aquatic organisms. Silt blankets at a stream‘s bottom can cut off the food supply of fishes. River siltation and deposition of silt on agricultural land can be very high if the mine is located on a hilly terrain and receives high rainfall.

Pyrite comes in contact with water and air and forms sulfuric acid. As water drains from the mine, the acid moves into the waterways; as long as rain falls on the mine tailings the sulfuric-acid production continues, whether the mine is still operating or not.

Minerals associated with deposited sediments may depress the pH of surface runoff thereby mobilising heavy metals that can infiltrate into the surrounding subsoil or can be carried away to nearby surface waters.

Agriculture

The sediments flowing in waste water was found deposited in agricultural fields using this water for irrigation. The acidic nature of the mine water with its high leaching effects caused the loss of soil nutrients.

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When water from limestone and dolomite mine evaporated, it forms a layer of Calcium on soil and seeds never germinate in the soil.

Rapid transformation of agricultural land into waste land due to mining activities reduces agricultural land.

Local people shift their work concentration from Agriculture to mining.

Reduction of soil fertility through erosion makes land less fertile.

Effect on the health status of people in the mining communities which reduce the productivity of farmers

Health Impact

Residual explosives from mine may cause high nitrate and pollute surface water. High nitrate content caused metheamoglobinemia in babies up to 06 month age and gastro intestinal ulcer in adults.

It is noticed that many people in the area surrounding mine suffer from gastroenteritis problem, which may be due to higher concentration of Calcium and Magnesium found in the drinking water.

A health impact assessment revealed that 38% of the respondents reported the problem of suffocation, 73% reported eye irritation, 67% reported sore throat, 65% reported cough, 37% reported chest pain and 21% of the respondents complained of sneezing. As far as the problems by the noise are concerned, 74% of the respondents felt annoyed, 43% reported problem of headache, 73% reported irritation, 18% reported mental disturbance and 23% of the respondents reported sleeplessness (Ahmad et al., 2014)

Air quality 133 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

The average concentration of suspended particulate matter along with SO2, NO2 is raised in surrounding area. The raised dust causes the problem of visibility on the haul road, which, in turn affects the average vehicle speed.

Soil

Mining operations routinely modify the surrounding landscape by exposing previously undisturbed earthen materials. Erosion of exposed soils, extracted mineral ores, tailings, and fine material in waste rock piles can result in substantial sediment loading to surface waters and drainage ways. In addition, spills and leaks of hazardous materials and the deposition of contaminated windblown dust can lead to soil contamination.

Biodiversity

Dust deposition on leaves and change in metabolism of the vegetation decrease their competitive balance on between species of ecosysytem and thus change the vegetative community of the area.

Wildlife species may be depending on soil conditions, local climate, altitude, and other features of the local habitat. The most direct effect on wildlife is destruction or displacement of species in areas of excavation and piling of mine wastes.. If streams, lakes, ponds, or marshes are filled or drained, fish, aquatic invertebrates, and amphibians are severely impacted.

Habitat fragmentation occurs when large areas of land are broken up into smaller and smaller patches, making dispersal by native species from one patch to another difficult or impossible, and cutting off migratory routes. Isolation may lead to local decline of species, or genetic effects such as inbreeding. Species that require large patches of forest simply disappear. 134 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Other

As far as the problems created by the blasting in the mining area is concerned, 100% of respondents reported that the blasting causes shaking of the houses and other buildings and cause disturbance among the inhabitants.

Mining projects can affect sacred landscapes, historical infrastructures, and natural landmarks. Potential impacts include:

1. Complete destruction of the resource through surface disturbance or excavation; 2. Degradation or destruction, due to topographic or hydrological pattern changes, or from soil movement (removal, erosion, sedimentation); 3. Unauthorized removal of artifacts or vandalism as a result of increased access to previously inaccessible areas

Reclamation of mined out area

Importance It is necessary to reclaim the land affected by mining due to following reasons: - To put the land into productive use like agriculture, forestry or recreational purposes. - To check soil erosion from dump leading to destruction of watersheds and sil1ation of river. - Accumulation of huge quantity of water in worked out pits may pose threat to life and property. - To combat adverse visual impact.

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This requires two stage planning i.e. premining planning and post mining land use and monitoring. First stage considers all necessary measures to be taken for making second stage effective. This requires Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to be prepared. This should clearly bring out the likely impact of mining on environment, both biotic and abiotic and the likely extent of degradation, which may occur to the environment in the absence of any abatement measures. And to prepare this statement baseline information are required which includes geology/ geomorphology, climate, hydrology / hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry, and soil. Generation of information may also be required on quality of water, air and noise level, topography, land use pattern, demography of the area etc.

Components For successful reclamation following points are to be considered Listing inventory of pre mining condition Monitoring flexibility of mining programme in the light of efficient land reclamation Evaluation of the post mining requirements of the region and to decide on the needs and desire of the affected ground To make reclamation planning suitable to techno-economical and socio- political environment. To assess the physico-chemical characteristics of overburden. Extra cost of preservation, re-handling, spreading and leveling of subsoil and topsoil. Knowledge of hydrogeological / geomorphological conditions. Aesthetic

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and /or historic value of land. Remedial Measures Water Pollution To avoid surface water pollution in the mining area because of soil erosion and wash-off from the stacked material during monsoon season, runoff water is diverted through suitable drain and sedimentation tanks thus reducing the wash off of soil. The general drainage direction in the working area is towards the sump at the bottom bench, which is used for collection of water. The garland drains should be routed through collection pit calculated on the basis of silt loading, slope and detention time required. Surface inflow of rainwater into mine pits is diverted through a network of garland drains located sufficiently ahead of the overburden face. Garland drainage system prevented surface water from entering into mines directly and reduce wash off issues. The drains will be made by cutting and digging along the contour line so that only the direct precipitation of rain water need to be tackled within the mine and backfilled areas. The runoff rainwater is treated in sedimentation tanks. Retention wall around the dumps are construct with weep holes, so that the storm water can be passed. Maximum percent of the accumulated rain water in the drains of the mine is allowed to percolate and the rest part will be diverted to the nearest natural drainage. Considering the composition of mine water in collection sumps should be treated accordingly.

Air Pollution Dust suppression in mining area is done by 1. Water spray/ detergent spray 2. Enclosed loading and unloading area, if possible 137 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

3. Selection of proper and paved road for transportation. 4. Covered transportation. 5. Vegetation on waste dump 6. Establishment of green barrier. Restoretion

Rehabilitation of Mine Sites  Environmental problems in mines are mainly associated with mille "waste" .and mine site abandonment. In India mining industry produces waste in the form of soil and sulphide ores. Apart from this, some lands are affected by acid - generating mine waste and lay tailings, mostly at working mine site.Waste rock dumps and tailing ponds are the most visible end result of the mining process. For the most part, the visual ―pollution" which depends on the eye of the beholder, can be effectively managed through re-contouring and rehabilitation during operation. Waste rock and tailing from the mining and processing of sulphide ores are more difficult problems. The effect of weathering can produce sulphuric acid which in turn can harden the release of heavy metals and other toxic elements into solution. Unless this weathering is prevented or the acidic water is treated, the resulting acidic mine drainage can pose a threat to human health and the environment as a whole. The more difficult task is that, while waste water treatment plants are efficient and effective during the operating life of the mine, they do not provide any walk away solution to the problem that can persist for centuries. In other cases where fill material is brought from other sites those are to be tested for their toxicity and trace of atomic minerals. If harmful constituents are 138 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

found either these are not to be used as fill material or to be used after treatment to bring the toxicity with in safe limits. This problem points towards significant financial and scientific challenges. Both levels of Government and industry are required to work together especially when no such efforts has been made so far in the country. However, there are two indirect solutions known to us - one is maximization of waste utilization and the other, recycling the products. But the former is again a matter of technology and money whereas later is feasible and beneficial not only from environmental view point, but also from the angle of resource utilization.  Till recently no attempt was made towards the post mining reclamation and rehabilitation of worked out pits or reclamation of working pits in stages concurrently with the mining operations with the aim of using reclaimed areas for better use by the community and worked out quarries were left out in such a poor and degraded condition that these quarries had no practical value and utility to the society and the expanse of damaged and degraded land remain as negative property to them for indefinite time, In case of very large mining projects, scientific reclamation planning is a multi- disciplinary task and requires mining and civil engineers, geologists, landscape architects, soil scientists, horticulturists, land use experts and hydrologists. Soil Preservation  The soil needs to, be preserved in such a way that nutrients present therein are preserved and not degraded. For this purpose soil should be

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protected against erosion by water and wind by the way of vegetation and leguminous plants which helps nutrition and improvement of nitrogen level in the soil.  The reclaimed land should be first tried with crops and then followed by other vegetation. Soil amendment measures should be taken so that water holding capacity remains at the satisfactory level.  Biologically active soil layers should be at least 80 - 120 cms thick for farming and 120 - 200 cms thick for plantation. But top soil thickness should be at least 25 - 40 cms on well established ground for forestry purpose.  On investigations related to available quality and quantity of the overburden and top soil if any, reclamation technique is identified to suit the site specific conditions and calendar plans for reclamation are drawn including realistic court of reclamation.  The objective of reclamation is to return the aimed out alienable lands to the society for better utilization. If there is no problem related with conservation of animates, backfilling should be done concurrently with mining operations. Thus reclamation plans are based on the proposed use of the degraded land and may be for forestry, agriculture or for recreational purpose or even for town planning and construction.  It is necessary to store the top soil separately which is the fertile portion of the e ar t h crust. Depending on the soil conditions the top soil of thickness varying between 10 cms to 500 cms need to be scraped and dumped in nearby site where mining operation is not expected to come in near future This material is proposed to be used for

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surfacing the under fertile and/or rocky and waste material like overburden which is either in the form of dumps or the backfill. This top soil should be conserved promptly, against the transportation by water or wind erosion keeping vegetal cover of grasses and bushes, For this purpose max 20° slope can be maintained. However, in the heavy rainfall area the slope angle should be further less. For proper drainage of this soil it should be dumped on plain ground, but trenches are to be dug around the dumps and plantation of grasses and short duration trees can be adopted, To retain or improve the nitrogen content of the soil leguminous plants can be planted as nitrogen fixer especially when the top soil so removed is expected to be used up in the next 5 - 10 years. Methods of Rehabilitation for different Excavations Shallow pits In India, where operations are carried out manually in scattered fashion, As a result a large area of the lease remains blocked as degraded land, Such shallow and small pits cannot be converted into small water ponds either for fish breeding or for cultivation. The situation is further aggregated by sporadic heaps of waste/overburden dumps around such pits. If such pits are not proposed for large scale mining in near future, they should be backfilled with available waste/overburden and these can be reclaimed by grading the filled up overburden and by a blanket of 25. 40 cms thick cover of soil mixed with fertilizer/manure for growing crops, vegetables, etc.; but plantation should be avoided as future felling of plants/trees, which is restricted under forest act, may be required for possible mining of the

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minerals/ores lying beneath.  If shallow pits have large areas in pre - mining agriculture fields, these can. Be reclaimed by backfilling and leveling with suitable s o i l layers.  Such reclaimed areas can_ be renewed for agricultural purpose. For example, many areas have been refilled with overburden, levelled and reclaimed by spreading the top soil stored earlier, These reclaimed fields are being tilted now for agriculture purpose.  In cases shallow pits are abandoned, but overburden/waste materials is not available for backfilling, such pits can be proposed for forestry by selecting local varieties/species and planting the same on such shallow pits after grading the slopes to a suitable gentle slope. For this purpose small circular pits on grid pattern of 2m x 2m x 1mare dug and filled with suitable mix of soil and fertilizers. The selected saplings are then planted in these pits at the time of onset of monsoon. As after care of such plantation is necessary, proper fencing of the pits/quarries is equally important to guard against cattle and arrangement is also necessary for watering and manuring at intervals as per the advice of horticulturist/botanist engaged for the purpose. Large deep quarries and pits Where scale of production and overburden removal is very high and as a result deep quarries/ pits are formed. In such cases where not much mineral wealth is left out below the pit bottoms, these are the ideal cases where concurrent or subsequent backfilling can be considered as a vital means of reclamation, subsequent backfilling is a costly proposition compared to concurrent backfilling as the former case

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needs rehandling of overburden. If concurrent backfilling is not technically feasible, subsequent backfilling is beyond the economic justification, such deep pits can be considered for water reservoirs provided they are not in arid zone where neither storm water nor ground water is available. These water reservoirs can be used for pisciculture, domestic purpose or for agriculture.  Alternately they can be transformed into large lakes, can be planned and developed as recreation spots with proper land seaping and planned plantation around their peripheries and along approach roads, parks, etc., with flower garden including other facilities on the bank of such lakes for attracting urban tourists. And this type of reclamation/rehabitation will also generate residual business giving opportunity of self employment of local people. However, the banks and the slopes of such proposed lakes should be stone pitched with cement mortar to avoid collapsing .of wall rocks especially those areas of slopes/banks where traffic is anticipated to be more for e.g. a leading mining company in Goa has converted one of their large worked out pits in one of their mines into a fresh water reservoir where pesciculture is being experimented. Besides, the water from this pit is being used for watering the extensive plantation done on the b a n k s of this pit. Similarly in a limestone belt in Madhya Pradesh, one mining company has developed recreational environment around one of their worked out pits providing facilities like swimming pool, a park with fountain and by planting different species of trees on the bank of a huge fresh water lake created out of a old pit worked out earlier. overburden waste is enough for the purpose of

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backfilling, the worked out pits can be reclaimed in this manner

 If backfilling of worked out pits is considered feasible,_. ".: b. y dumping ... overburden/waste generated from the neighbouring mines, the same can be done, but care should be taken that the topography of the reclaimed pits matches with the surroundings. As the overburden/waste normally contains less nutrients, after backfilling with these material and preparing the filled area with the dozer, a layer of 25 to 40 cm thickness of fertile soil mixed with suitable manure should be put over the area. These reclaimed pits can be taken up later for plantation of suitable saplings of local varieties, but preference should be given to those which do not attract cattle.  Where suitable top soil is not easily available, the reclaimed area can be converted into grassland or pasture.  Thus, such a reclaimed pit will not pose any environmental problems of any nature. During backfilling of pits care should be taken for compaction layer by layer. A layer of 2.5m to 3.5m thick can be compacted by plying dumpers and/or other heavy earth moving machine and finer compaction can be achieved by rollers. Compaction is very important as it prevents undue subsidence and failure of slopes. Better compaction can be achieved when different sizes of materials including fines are used as backfill. Natural compaction by rain water is very effective.  So, the large abandoned pits can be reclaimed and rehabilitated without any environmental malady and at the same time overburden/waste which is detrimental to the environment can be effectively managed and utilized.

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 When large deposits occur on the hill top region they are worked by contour strip mining adopting mechanized methods. By removal of overburden as well as mineral by forming systematic benches around the hill side, artificial shelves are created on one side of the hill. As a result excavated area of the hill is damaged and the existing flora thereon is cut and removed. Unless these are reclaimed by plantation choosing local varieties of saplings, the area does not blend with adjacent landscape and interfere with natural aesthetic of the area.  By implementing preplanned afforestation programme in those parts of the quarry where operations are discontinued due to depletion of minerals/ores, grown up trees in benches on grid pattern adds green beauty.  Alternatively, if the worked out quarries at the hill tops are to be abandoned a couple of years back, but before abandonment, good number of trees grown up in big pots/drums at the nursery can be replanted on benches in such hill top quarries at the beginning of the rainy season as per the preplanned replantation programme. This method can convert the damaged landscape of the hill into a grown up green belt within a short span of time without any sign of deforestation blights. Backfilling of existing quarries with overburden and topsoil

Soil disturbed by the surface mining are highly susceptible to erosion and difficult to stabilize by vegetation. Further, they contain toxic elements, therefore it is necessary that top soil be stored and preserved wherever feasible, from the ground considered for mining. Depending on the quality, scrapped on first instance, should be top

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soil of thickness of 10 to 150 cm depending on availability. This soil is to be dumped in the nearby site which is not going to be disturbed due to mining or any other related activities. This material is meant for recovering the ground after backfilling the mined out pit with rocky and coarse material. The top soil dumps should be conserved properly against the transportation by water or wind erosion by having vegetal cover of grass, bushes and preferably of leguminous plants. Disaster and Risk Assessment

Mining activity because of the very nature of the operation, complexity of the systems, procedures and methods always involves some amount of hazards. Hazard identification and risk analysis is carried for identification of undesirable events that can leads to a hazard, the analysis of hazard mechanism by which this undesirable event could occur and usually the estimation of extent, magnitude and likelihood of harmful effects. The activities which can cause high risk related to face stability and the person blasting the shots. It was observed that on a working face of the mine, there were large cracks and unsupported rocks were present, which can lead to a serious hazard and injure workers engaged in loading operation and machineries because of rock falls or slides. This type of condition turn out because improper dressing of the bench and improper supervision. To avoid the hazards due to fall of rocks the face must be examined, made suitable for working and the remedial measures must be taken to make it safe if there is any doubt that a collapse could take place. Working of the face should be in the direction taking into account the geology of the area such that face and quarry side remain stable. Another major risk identified in mines is due to the firing of explosive by an unqualified person. In the mines there is problem of fly rocks and the village is located close to the mine and so it is rated high as it can affect may people. 146 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Explosives by nature have the potential for the most serious and catastrophic accident. Planning of round of shots, holes correctly drilled, direction logged, weight of explosive suitable for good fragmentation are the few of the steps necessary to ensure its safe use and if the shots are not properly designed can result in misfires, early ignition and flying rocks. No person is allowed to use explosives without being properly trained in its handling. In the mine a large numbers of heavy vehicles were in operation and the roads were not proper for haulage purpose. The haulage roads were not even and were not wide enough for the crossing purpose and hence the chances of hazards are very high. The main hazards arising from the use large earth moving vehicles are incompetent drivers, brake failure, lack of all-around visibility from the driver position, vehicle movements particularly reversing, roll over, and maintenance. Those most at risk are the driver and pedestrians likely to be struck by the vehicle, and drivers of smaller vehicles, which cannot be seen from the cabs of large vehicles. Edge protection is always necessary to prevent inadvertent movement over the edge of roadway or a bench. Seatbelt will protect driver in case of roll. Good maintenance and regular testing are necessary to reduce the possibility of brake failure. Assess to the vehicles should always be restricted to those people necessary for the work in hand. The use of personal protective equipment and proper arrangements to check if the person is wearing a personal protective equipment or not is essential. The personal protective equipment includes helmet, non-skid safety boots, safety glasses, earmuffs etc. The required personal protective equipment should be provided and used in a manner that protects the individual from injury. Few minor injuries which can be prevented are slip, trip, or fall hazards; hazards due to rock falls and collapse of unstable rocks, atmosphere containing toxic or combustible gases; protects from chemical or hazardous material etc. A disaster management

147 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA plan should be prepared for taking care of for any disaster. Other risk which are included in this category are noise, as it occurs and it can lead to permanent disability. There are problems related to road traffic in and out issuers; inappropriate exposure of moving machines; mechanical failure and because of large number of moving trucks and dumpers there is large quantity of dust present in roadways which affects the operators and can lead to accidents causing injury. They are in acceptable range because of precautions measures taken but no step is taken it can cause hazard hence steps should be taken to reduce the hazards such as for dust suppression system should be installed. Other problems like occurance of lots of mosquitoes in the area due ti umhygenic conditions which affect the human health causing malaria, dengue etc. and causing a person to be hospitalized.

Disaster in the mines like fires, explosions, entrapments, and inundations can occur any time, so emergency preparedness is a must. The Disaster management plan and risk assessment in the mines will include all sorts of above mentioned emergency and the extent that this plan will be implemented will depend on the nature and scope of the emergency. The basic purpose of Disaster management plan and risk assessment to ensure that mine rescue and recovery activities are conducted safely for rescuer and survivors. According to MMR 1961 a standard operating procedure should be drawn for involvement different category of staff and officers. The SOP should be updated periodically to reduce the chaos and response to the emergency should be quick and smooth. The responsible person should be familiar with his responsibility during the mock drills. One or two standby should be there to replace the person in Emergency situation. Rescue operations should not include the survivors for any assistance. First Information of Disaster / Emergency should go to the attendance clerk on duty. Duties of attendance Clerk (Emergency Siren) the attendance clerk or other 148 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA designated person should on getting information of major accident, sound a hooter or a siren immediately declaring a state of emergency at the mine and then to contact the manager and on his advice to call key personnel using the information listed in the Emergency Organization Chart. It is important that all telephone calls are recorded in a telephone log book. Duties of Other Officials should be displayed and handed over to all concerned. Copy the same should be kept at Manager‘s Office for ready reference. Establishment of Control Room at Unit Level, Area Level and Company Level is essential. Control Room should keep the contact information about – Company Manager Company owner/ Administrative officer. District Administration Govt. Hospitals in Nearby Localities, Private Nursing Homes of Localities Attendance roaster and duty charge register should be properly maintained so the record of missing people can obtained. Disposal of Mining Machinery

The operating machinery, and mobile equipment were sold, and any structures which were not sold were dismantled. Small crews or contractors decommission or take apart the mining processing facilities and equipment. Pipelines are drained, equipment and parts are cleaned and sold, buildings are repurposed or demolished, warehouse materials are recovered, and waste is disposed of. After disposal, machinery of the mine either will be used by other mines or scraped. Water pump may be used by villagers but other machines which are specific for mining activity will have to be used for other mines. Most of the machines are on rent and returned

149 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA to the owner. The machines which nelong to mines owner either will be sold off or will be used in his other mines.

Occupational Health Hazard and Remedial Measures

The persons employed in the mines are exposed to a number of hazards at work which adversely affect their health. Some of the important ones are dust, noise, heat, humidity, vibration etc. In recent times, there has been increasing awareness among mining industry and the workers about occupational diseases such as Coal Worker‘s Pneumoconiosis, Silicosis, Manganese Poisoning, Hearing Impairment etc. caused by exposure to health hazards at work. Almost all occupational diseases are known to cause permanent disablement and there is no effective treatment. However, most of the occupational diseases can be prevented by adopting proper occupational health measures and engineering control on airborne dust at workplace.

Following diseases have been notified as the diseases connected with mining operations for the purpose of sub-section (1) of Section 25 of the Mines Act, 1952: S.R.O. 1306 dated the 21st July, 1952

1. Silicosis

2. Pneumoconiosis

S.R. O. 2521 dated the 26th June, 1986

Cancer of lung or the stomach or the pleura and peritoneum (i.e. mesothelioma)

25 S.O. 399(E) dated 21st February, 2011

1. Noise Induced Hearing Loss

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2. Contact Dermatitis caused by direct contact with chemical.

3. Pathological manifestations due to radium or radioactive substances

System of Detection of Occupational Diseases in Mines In order to detect occupational diseases the industry is required to conduct medical examinations and health surveillance of workers as per the provisions of Mines Act. The present efforts of mines management are concentrated on detection of silicosis, Pneumoconiosis and other notified diseases. Very little attention is paid to other occupational diseases. The essential features of health surveillance programme required to be carried out in mines are:

(a) Initial Medical Examination of persons to be employed in mines.

(b) Periodic Medical Examination once every five years. General physical examination, chest radiographs, lung function tests and audiometry.

(c) Classification of chest radiographs of workers as per ILO Classification.

(d) Medical examination within one year of superannuation.

(e) Evaluation of all cases of suspected pneumoconiosis by Pneumoconiosis Medical Board.

(f) Maintenance of medical records till the person is in service and 10 years thereafter. The cases of silicosis detected during health surveillance programme are referred to Pneumoconiosis Medical Board of the mining companies for evaluation and certification. If certified, the case is notified to the enforcement authority and evaluated for disability and payment of compensation. Many cases of silicosis and other pneumoconiosis go undetected and a large number of cases of silicosis are misdiagnosed due to lack of training of medical professionals.

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Mine Safety

General provisions

A. It should be the duty of the operator of an opencast mine to ensure that persons are not exposed to airborne contaminants, harmful physical and chemical agents or other hazards present in the working environment. B. The manager should establish a suitable system of determining the quality of the air, and identifying any physical or chemical agent likely to be hazardous in the atmosphere in the vicinity of the mining operation, and of all locations in or about the mine where workers may be called upon to work or travel. C. National laws or regulations should specify and regularly review exposure limits for all airborne contaminants, harmful physical and chemical agents, and other hazards which may be encountered in the working environment. D. The mine operator should make the necessary provisions to ensure that:  the safe working methods and, as far as is reasonably practicable, the safest physical and chemical agents are chosen and used;  special procedures, approved by the competent authority, are enforced wherever workers may be exposed to ionising radiation hazards from any source; and the exposure limits specified by national laws and regulations are not exceeded. E. Where it is necessary in order to minimise the risk to workers, the manager should prepare written instructions specifying the correct procedure to be observed in these circumstances. The manager should also take the necessary steps to inform all workers of the possible hazards and the precautions to be taken when hazardous substances are likely to be encountered at the mine.

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F. National legislation should specify the standards necessary to protect workers in opencast mines situated at high altitudes. Specific regard should be paid to the particular characteristics of these mines and the hazards to which the miners are exposed because of the location of such mines. Precautions against airborne dust  Where dust is being produced during the course of operations in or about a mine the manager should: 1. make provision for such dust to be controlled or suppressed; or 2. where the above recommendation is not practicable, supply and cause to be constantly used such appliances as will prevent the dust from being breathed by those persons.  Suitable arrangements should be made to control airborne dust at all working places, loading and tipping points, material transfer points, crushing stations and haulage roadways where hazards to persons may be created as a result of impaired visibility. 1. In implementing precautions against airborne dust, special attention should be paid to the following circumstances, operations or locations: 2. in the immediate period following blasting operations; 3. the operation of drilling rigs or other rock drills which are not fitted with effective dust collection or suppression devices; 4. loading or unloading points, particularly under dry conditions; 5. all mine haulage roadways; 6. all crushing, screening and treatment plants, particularly at conveyor belt transfer points; 7. stone-cutting and polishing operations; and

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8. worked-out areas, dumps and similar sites where windblown dust may become excessive.  The manager of a mine should make provision for mechanical ventilation to be supplied and used in all stagnant zones, dead-end tunnels and other poorly ventilated places.  The competent authority should specify standards of dust concentrations and sampling methods for opencast mines. Precautions against harmful gases  Toxic fumes from instruments/machines 1. In every case where toxic gases or fumes are liable to be present or to escape from any furnace or other plant used in connection with any process or operation, approved devices should be installed to ensure that such fumes or toxic gases are neutralised, suppressed or otherwise rendered harmless. 2. Such devices should be operated at all times in an approved manner.  If there is a danger of an explosion of gas, dust or vapour in any part of an opencast mine, the manager should take adequate precautions to prevent such an explosion, and inform the competent authority of the precautions that have been taken.  In cases where waste gases are discharged into the atmosphere, the emissions should conform with the requirements of national laws or regulations.  Persons should not be permitted to enter the vicinity of a working face after shotfiring until the gaseous products of the blast have dissipated.  Discharge from machines 1. In cases where harmful gases may be given off by fluid or slurry drained or pumped from any source, all sumps, manholes, tanks or other collection points should be closed off effectively.

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2. The supervisory official, before allowing persons to enter such a locality, should ensure that it has been thoroughly ventilated and freed from water if practicable, and the atmosphere within tested to ensure its purity. 3. Where such tests have not been performed, or where there may be an oxygen deficiency, workers entering the pit should be equipped with approved respiratory devices. 4. Any person required to enter such a locality should be trained in the use of the respiratory device provided and be assisted by a second person stationed in fresh air. Noise A. The competent authority should set standards for the maximum noise dose considered acceptable in the working environment on a daily basis and for the maximum peak noise level. B. No worker in any part of a mine should be exposed to a daily noise dose or peak noise level in excess of the standard laid down by the competent authority unless wearing an approved hearing protection device. 1. It should be the duty of the manager to cause to be conducted periodically a survey of the noise levels to which each worker in every surface installation and worksite is exposed during his normal workshift. 2. A record should be maintained of the noise level survey results and kept available at the office of the mine. Vibration The manager of every surface mine should take such measures as are practicable to minimise the adverse effects of vibration on miners' health. Toxic substances

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 All toxic substances used in or about an opencast mine should be stored, handled and used in a manner approved by the competent authority. 1. Access to any toxic substance at an opencast mine should be restricted to competent persons authorised by the manager. 2. Emergency showers and eye wash stations shall be provided where necessary at appropriate points.  Where operations on or about an opencast mine are discontinued or abandoned, any toxic substance should be removed from the mine and disposed of in an approved manner. National laws or regulations should specify the minimum first-aid equipment to be kept, having regard for the different types of opencast mines and the size of the operation, as well as the qualifications and numbers of first-aid attendants. The following facilities for first aid and emergency treatment in case of accident should be provided at any opencast mine: 1. a suitable, regularly replenished and properly maintained first-aid outfit should be kept at the mine for use in case of accident, and a suitably trained first-aid attendant should be on duty at all times when the mine is in operation; 2. dressings and disinfectant shall be made available at all points where mining operations are performed; and 3. a conveniently sited and suitably accessible room which permits the transfer of patients by stretcher should be set aside for the sole use of first aid, medical examination and ambulance work. This room to be maintained to a suitable level of hygiene and condition, as may be specified in national laws.  At every mine where the total number of persons employed on one shift exceeds a figure to be specified by national laws or regulations, it should be the duty of the mine operator or manager of an opencast mine to provide a

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convenient location furnished with a sufficient number of beds, together with the necessary equipment and supplies, for the preliminary treatment of injuries or illness and suitable for the temporary use of persons injured at the mine, unless: 1. there is a hospital or other suitable medical facility nearby and conveniently accessible to the mine; and 2. there is a suitable ambulance properly maintained and available at all times during working hours.  The manager of an opencast mine should make arrangements as necessary for the transportation of injured persons to a hospital or similar treatment centre. 1. A first-aid register should be kept in each first-aid room for recording the names of persons to whom first aid has been rendered and the particulars of injuries and treatment. 2. The register should be accessible only to authorised persons. First-aid training 1. As far as is reasonably practicable, selected supervisory employees should undergo a training programme to enable them to qualify for a recognised first- Safety and health in opencast mines 70 aid certificate. Such training programmes should be made available to such other employees as may wish to take part. 2. In the case of small mines which do not have the facilities required to arrange such programmes, every effort should be made to ensure that at least one employee per shift is the holder of a valid first-aid certificate. Medical examinations 1. medical surveillance and examination of mineworkers, at suitable interview

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2. A person should undergo an approved medical examination prior to the commencement of employment in an opencast mine. 3. Workers who so request should have personal health examinations following exposure to potentially hazardous conditions by an appropriately qualified medical practitioner of their choice. 4. Individual medical records shall be kept confidential, only open to the relevant medical staff, unless the worker has explicitly consented in writing to the release of all or part of such information. 5. All medical examinations required under this section should be provided free of charge by the mine operator. Importance of Mine Manager

In mines, since the conditions at workplaces keep frequently and unpredictably changing, the mine manager on the spot has to exercise constant vigil and take instantaneous decisions. Practical and on the spot decision by the front-line supervisor and managerial executive may be of paramount importance in saving lives. It is accordingly mandated that key positions in mines are held only by persons whose competency has been duly evaluated workers who are highly educated, technically savvy and involved in work that leads to the creation of knowledge and innovation. Also that they can apply theory and factual knowledge quickly and creatively to solve complex problems by shifting parameters The face of mining has changed over the years with a decrease in the reliance of labour and an increase in the reliance of technology. This has impacted on the amount of semi-skilled or low skilled positions available within the mining industry. For this reason mining jobs today require a lot more skill and training then they did in years gone by, which makes mine manager very sought after in the industry. As managers focus on people management, management systems and processes, 158 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA recognising and understanding of the value in the underlying technical knowledge and getting back to the fundamentals/ basics can be overlooked. In reaction to the fluctuating commodity cycle, managers implement changes through optimisation, fast tracking or parallel streaming, expansion projects and changes in the application of technology. These responses occur against the background of changes in the appetite for risk, acceptance of project uncertainty and changes in personnel which result in a loss of knowledge and experience – often at critical times. The situation often is dynamic and the decisions that need to be made have the potential for catastrophic consequences, not only in terms of injury and loss of life but also legal ramifications for the individual with statutory responsibility for the mine

The main factors taken care by mining manager in the minerals industry

 Varying national laws, regulations, and guidelines  Different equipment developers, manufacturers and suppliers  Worldwide mining companies  Different procedures, rules, practices and cultures at individual mine sites  Varying jobs, tasks and roles  A diverse group of people/operators employed

 Differences in the built environment and precise mining method used  Uncertainties in the natural environment (geology, weather and vegetation)

Facilities To Labours

Drinking Water Supply of drinking water to the workers in their work place has an important bearing on the efficiency of workers. During the course of work the miners get thirsty because of the arduous nature of workt, so in order to allay the thirst of the

159 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA workers there shall be sufficient water supply.. The Mines Act enjoins managements to provide for adequate supply of safe drinking water for the persons employed in the mines. Under the Mines Rules, at least two litres . of drinking water are required to be provided to every person I working in mine~ If the water is not from a public water Supply System, the management may be required to obtain a certificate of its fitness for human consumption from a competent health authority Sanitation Sanitary arrangement is important in improving health conditions of the miners. So latrines and urinals should be kept free from unhygienic, dirty and stinking conditions and arrangements should be made to clear urinals and latrines wit~ disinfectants regularly. As per Mines act there shall be separate washrooms for males and females in every mine, a sufficient number of latrines and urinals which shall be adequately lighted and ventilated and sanitary conditions should be constantly maintained. Working Hours and Over-time Payments The length of time for which workers have to work each day has a preponderant effect on productivity. Moreover, the irregular daily attendance is associated with long working periods and a greater regularity of attendance can be secured if the hours of work is shortened. Working hours in mines in are regulated by the Mines Act. The Act provides that no person shall be allowed to work . in a mine on more than six days. in any one week. The persons employed above ground in a mine shall not be required or allowed to work for more than nine hours in any day and for more than forty eight hours in any week. The spread over of work has been fixed to twelve hours a day including half an hour interval after every continuous

160 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA five hours of work but the Chief Inspector may for reasons to be recorded, increase the period of spread over to fourteen hours in any day. Hence statutory welfare services in mines are controlled by the following Acts for preserving minimum standard of health and safety of workers. . The Mines Maternity Benefit Act, 1941 . The Mines Act,1952 Some of the statutory welfare facilities provided to the miners are as follows : (i) Provision for good working conditions such as fixation of working hours, rest pause, overtime benefit, employment holidays and holidays with pay, health, safety, first-aid appliances, creches, rest shelters, pithead baths, central rescue ~tation, canteens, ambulances, stretchers, cold and wholesome drinking water, latrine and urinals, ventilation., temperature, lighting and ,humidification etc. (ii) Provision for incentives (iii) Provision for provident fund facilities (iv) Payment for maternity benefit to women miners. Non-statutory welfare services are provided by employers, Governments (Central or State), Trade unions Social organizations as well as philanthropists for the well being of the miners such as recreation, education, housing, grainshop facilities: habit of thrifts etc.

Medical Facilities

Condition of health is one of the most important factors that affects the efficiency of the miners and ultimately the production of the mines concerned. Bad health leads to labour turnover, absenteeism which breeds industrial unrest. The health ·of the industrial workers is of cardinal importance not only to himself but also in

161 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA relation to general industrial development and progress. Medical facilities include provision of a network of specialized Central and Regional Hospitals, Maternity and Child welfare/welfare centers, T. B. treatment in the T. B. Hospitals, ,. Domiciliary and Outdoor Domiciliary, Dispensary services, Static and Mobile Ayurvedic Dispensaries, X-ray facilities, Family Counseling services, Leprosy Treatment, Facilities for treatment of Infectious cases, Treatment of Cancer and free supply of Spectacles and Dentures. Besides, Anti-malaria operation and filaria Control operation constitute other major medical service.

Educational Facilities

Education is highly essential to the workers for the interest not exclusively for themselves but for the interest of industry as a whole. "Modern machine industry depends in particular degree on education and the attempts to build it up with an illiterate body of workers must be difficult and perilous". Because of the prevalence of illiteracy the workers remain dark as to their rights and responsibilities. So they become quite unable to form their own organisations and consider and take actions on their own problema concerning the industry. It is also important to mention that the success of the works committee gets hurdled because of the illiteracy of the workers. So industrial peace gets hampered and rather enhances the industrial conflict.

Recreational facilities

Recreational facility has an important role to play in maintaining a desirable standard of living as it increases the mental faculty of the workers, which facilities what they get either at a cheap price or at a free of cost. So, in the industry, factory or mine where such facility is extended greatly and sufficiently to the workers there remains every sort of possibility to mitigate the industrial conflict and the 162 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA coworkers since they realize the employers' attitude towards their betterment do not help to accumulate the conflict within the industry. Thus it becomes possible to build up a contented stable and efficient labour force with the improvement of standard of life. Lack of recreational facilities binds the workers to become easy victim of various vices. No measures to raise the standard of life of workers can succeed until they are weaned away from vice and diversions are provided which can occupy their spare time in a healthy atmosphere. The provision of entertainments such as cinema shows, radio sets, games etc. may be effective to fulfil this object and go a long way in reducing the evils.

Creches

The place of creches in improving efficiency of the mother is vital. The women workers can produce more amount of output only when they are assured that their children are safe and in good custody. In mines the creches service occupies the important place. Firstly, the number of women workers in mines is not negligible. Secondly the peculiarity of work makes the children exposed to the vagaries of weather causing the involvement in accident. So the owner of every mine unless otherwise provided shall construct there at a creche in accordance with plans prepared in conformity with the rules and previously approved by the competent authority. Lack of creches facility in mines may leave a room to the minds of the women workers to breed industrial unrest.

Canteens

Canteen facilities are also important to improve the health and efficiency of the workers and thereby to reduce the absenteeism and labour turnover rate as well. Workers get contented and remain free from causing unrest in the industry in which they are employed only when they find before their eyes that a good canteen 163 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA arrangement has been introduced to provide cheap and clean food to them. Hence Canteen movement must be accepted by the State as a definite change and the running of canteens must be accepted by the employers as a national investment.

Positive Aspects of Mining

Employment generation Any mine in the area creat opportunities for employment. Besides of direct employment in mine, satellite occupation in surrounding areas florish at the time of mining operations. As a part of the social responsibilities mine owners provide vocational training in various streams, training for rural enterprises, self help group , alternative livlyhood opportunity project and income generation programme for women. Afforestation During and/or post mining operations is the major and most common after-use sanctioned through reclamation. Where specific usefulness of land could be decided, afforestation is normally planned through the site could have been considered for better possibilities of land use. Agriculture Some form of agricultural use may be possible in sites that are adjacent to farmland provided the soil and topography are favorable. Agricultural and horticultural crops can be grown in a variety of materials. The range of possibilities include arable cropping, grazing in either productive low land or over upland pasture. The only constraint apart from the site is that there must be some integration into the local rural agricultural pattern. But it would be inappropriate to establish pasture in an area of arable cropping, even though the grazed pasture would recreate the soil structure more rapidly. Housing and Industry Many quarries specially of building materials are the basis of development for residential accommodation, infrastructure and

164 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA industrial activities. Sports and Intensive Recreation All types of quarries either in urban or residential areas can provide extensive facilities for formal or informal recreation. Sometimes these abandoned quarries can be made for ideal recreation. But in a more formal way disused workings can provide excellent sites for sporting activities such as sports pitches, golf courses, race tracks, riffle and archery ranges and locating canoeing, swimming, angling and water skiing. Further some pits form natural amphitheatre so that pit edges can be shaped as seating areas. But quarries in rural areas have a similar potential for less intensive creation. Land fill and Waste Disposal Large quantities of waste and refuse are generated by urban and industrial centres where waste disposal assumes significant importance and poses great difficulty. The potential of worked out pits and quarries as great receptacle is of paramount help. Filled sites can be developed for other uses afterwards. However final contours after such filling should be compatible with surroundings and after - use requirements. Amenity, non-intrusive recreation and education Most of Indian quarries are happened to be in rural area where recreation and amenity are restricted. These worked out quarries/mines can serve this purpose of sports and recreation as already have been discussed. They can be developed as parks, open water, wildness including picnic spot. Nature conservation and wild life refuges Colonization of natural and volunteer species of many direct quarries has led to the development of many attractive species· rich animal, plant and insect communities. Hence cost of reclamation is very little. Water storage and supply There are many quarries that contain water can provide a useful water storage facility and also facilitate ground recharge tor

165 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA agriculture and cultivation. IBM guidelines for mining

Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, 2017 has given the pointers for sustainable mining.

About mining actinity

1. In open cast workings, the benches formed shall be so arranged that the benches in ore or mineral and overburden are separate so as to avoid mixing of waste with the ore or minerals. 2. The benches in overburden shall be kept sufficiently in advance so that their workings do not interfere with the working of ore or minerals. 3. Orientation of the workings and sequence of mining operations shall be such that different grades of ore or minerals can be obtained simultaneously for blending with a view to achieve optimum recovery of ore or minerals from the deposit. 4. All the non-saleable or un-usable minerals or ores above the threshold value of the mineral, as may be notified by Indian Bureau of Mines from time to time, or otherwise shall be stacked separately on the ground earmarked for the purpose: Provided that in case of beach sand mineral deposits comprising of Ilmenite, Rutile, Zircon, Monazite, Sillimanite, Garnet, Leucoxene, etc., sufficient precautions shall be taken to separate and stack the waste sand or tailings from the associated minerals in order to avoid mixing of waste sand with the associated minerals. 5. The mineral or ore stock above the limit specified in the threshold values of minerals or otherwise, shall be properly maintained indicating the quantity and quality of all such material stacked, and the month-wise inventory of

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such materials shall be updated. 6. The overburden and waste material obtained during mining operations shall not be allowed to be mixed with the materials as specified in sub-rule (1). 7. The ground selected for dumping of overburden, waste material, the sub- grade or non-saleable ores or minerals shall be proved for absence or presence of underlying mineral deposits before it is brought into use for dumping. Where heavy earth moving machinery is used in mines, the holder of a mining lease shall maintain log books duly authenticated by the manager or mining engineer of such mines in respect of each machine showing date-wise account of hours worked, hours not worked, reasons for non-working, consumption of fuel or energy and lubricants and output of the machine during the corresponding working hours. 8. The summary of operation of each machine shall be recorded in the log book at the end of each month bringing out the percentage availability and percentage utilisation of the machine, average hourly performance and average fuel or energy consumption per hour. 9. The log books may be maintained in electronic form or in hard copy and shall be made available to the authorised officer on demand. The holder of a mining lease shall not abandon a mine during the subsistence of the lease except with the prior permission in writing of the authorised officer, as the case may be. 10. The holder of a mining lease shall send to the authorised officer, as the case may be, a notice in Form D of the Schedule of his intention to abandon a mine so as to reach them at least ninety days before the intended date of such abandonment, which shall be accompanied by plans and sections on a scale as specified in rule 31 setting forth accurately the work done in the mine up

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to the time of submission of the notice including the measures envisaged for the protection of the abandoned mine or part thereof, the approaches thereto and the environment: suitable scale. 11. The holder of a mining lease shall not abandon a mine unless a final mine closure plan duly approved by the competent authority, is implemented, and for this purpose, the lessee shall be required to obtain a certificate from the authorised officer, as the case may be, to the effect that protective, reclamation and rehabilitation work in accordance with the final mine closure plan or with such modifications as approved by the competent authority have been carried out before abandonment of mine. 12. The holder of a mining lease shall continue to be liable to provide the financial assurance and pay for any expenditure over and above the performance security incurred by the State Government towards protective reclamation and rehabilitation measures in the leased area of the mining lease. Mine Closure Plan 1. Every mine shall have mine closure plans, which shall be of two types; namely:– (i) a progressive mine closure plan; and (ii) a final mine closure plan. 2. Every holder of a mining lease shall take steps to prepare mine closure plans as per the guidelines and format given by the Indian Bureau of Mines from time to time: Provided that where the State Government has set up a system for preparation, certification and monitoring of mining plan pursuant to the proviso to clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 5, such guidelines and formats shall be prescribed by the State Government 3. The holder of a mining lease shall submit to the competent authority a

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progressive mine closure plan as a component of the mining plan, at the time of submission, modification and review of the mining plan. 4. The holder of a mining lease shall submit a final mine closure plan to the competent authority for approval two years prior to the proposed closure of the mine. 5. The competent authority shall convey his approval or refusal of the final mine closure plan within ninety days of the date of its receipt to the holder of the mining lease. 6. The holder of a mining lease desirous of seeking modifications in the approved mine closure plan, shall submit to the competent authority for approval setting forth the intended modifications and explaining the reasons for such modifications. 7. The competent authority may approve the modifications as submitted under clause (1), or approve with such alterations as he may consider expedient. Responsibility of holder of a mining lease.- 1. The holder of a mining lease shall have the responsibility to ensure that the protective measures including reclamation and rehabilitation works have been carried out in accordance with the approved mine closure plan or with such modifications as approved by the competent authority. 2. The holder of mining lease shall submit to the competent authority a yearly report as per the format specified by the Indian Bureau of Mines, before 1st day of July every year setting forth the extent of protective and rehabilitative works carried out as envisaged in the approved mine closure plan, and if there is any deviation, reasons thereof: Provided that where the State Government has set up a system for preparation, certification and monitoring of mining plan pursuant to the proviso to clause (b) of sub-section (2) of

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section 5, such format shall be prescribed by the State Government 3. A financial assurance shall be furnished by the holder of the mining lease, for due and proper implementation of the progressive mine closure plan contained in the mining plan or the final mine closure plan, as the case may be, which shall be an amount of three lakh rupees for Category ‗A‘ mines and two lakh rupees for Category ‗B‘ mines, per hectare of the mining lease area put to use for mining and allied activities 4. Comply with the reasonable prohibitive measures to restrict access for unauthorised entry; 5. Provide protective measures to potentially danger sources of electrical and mechanical installations, and the mine openings or workings and all other structures; 6. Ensure that all contaminated effluents are controlled and all physical, chemical, biological monitoring programmes are continued; 7. Ensure that all rock piles, over burden piles and stock piles and tailings, and other water impoundment structure are maintained in stable and safe conditions. Sustainable mining 1. Every holder of a mining lease shall take all possible precautions for undertaking sustainable mining while conducting prospecting, mining, beneficiation or metallurgical operations in the area. 2. Every holder of a mining lease shall monitor his mining and allied activities as per the notified template of star rating in the format prescribed in this behalf by the Indian Bureau of Mines from time to time, and shall submit online its selfassessment report before the 1st day of July every year for the previous financial year, alongwith the soft copy (in the standard format), of

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high resolution satellite images obtained from CARTOSAT-2 satellite LISS- IV sensor on the scale of cadastral map, as on the 31st day of March for that financial year, covering the mining lease and an area of two kilometres. from the lease boundary, to the Regional Controller or the authorised officer of the Indian Bureau of Mines. 3. The confirmation of the star rating may be done by the authorised officer of the Indian Bureau of Mines through inspection. 4. The Regional Controller or the authorised officer of the Indian Bureau of Mines may suspend the mining operations in those mines where at least four star rating has not been achieved within a period of two years from the date of notification of these rules or two years from the date of commencement of mining operations, as the case may be, after giving a show cause notice of forty-five days, to qualify for star rating. 5. The suspension shall be revoked only after verification through inspection of compliance of the star rating requirement specified in sub-rule (4) that the mine qualifies for four star rating Removal and utilisation of top soil 1. Every holder of a prospecting licence, prospecting license-cum-mining lease or a mining lease shall, wherever top soil exists and is to be excavated for prospecting or mining operations, remove it separately. 2. The top soil so removed shall be utilised for restoration or rehabilitation of the land which is no longer required for prospecting or mining operations or for stabilising or landscaping the external dumps. 3. Whenever the top soil is unable to be utilised concurrently, it shall be stored separately for future use. Storage of overburden, waste rock, etc

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1. Every holder of a prospecting licence, prospecting license cum mining lease or a mining lease shall take steps so that the overburden, waste rock, rejects and fines generated during prospecting and mining operations or tailings, slimes and fines produced during sizing, sorting and beneficiation or metallurgical operations shall be stored in separate dumps. 2. The dumps shall be properly secured to prevent escape of material therefrom in harmful quantities which may cause degradation of environment and to prevent causation of floods. 3. The site for dumps, tailings or slimes shall be selected as far as possible on impervious ground to ensure minimum leaching effects due to precipitations. 4. Wherever possible, materials such as waste rock and overburden shall be back-filled into the mine excavations with a view to restoring the land to its original use as far as possible. 5. Wherever back-filling of waste rock in the area excavated during mining operations is not feasible, the waste dumps shall be suitably terraced and stabilized through vegetation or otherwise. The fines, rejects or tailings from mine, beneficiation or metallurgical plants shall be deposited and disposed in a specially prepared tailings disposal area such that they are not allowed to flow away and cause land degradation or damage to agricultural field, pollution of surface water bodies and ground water or cause floods. Precaution against ground vibrations Whenever any damage to public buildings or monuments is apprehended due to their proximity to the mining lease area, the holder of the mining lease shall carry out scientific investigations so as to keep the ground vibrations caused by blasting operations within safe limit. Control of surface subsidence

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Stoping in underground mines shall be so carried out as to keep surface subsidence under control. Precaution against air pollution Every holder of prospecting licence or a mining lease shall take all possible measure to keep air pollution due to fines, dust, smoke or gaseous emissions during prospecting, mining, beneficiation or metallurgical operations and related activities within permissible limits. Discharge of toxic liquid 1. Every holder of prospecting licence, prospecting licence cum mining lease or a mining lease shall take all possible precautions to prevent or reduce the discharge of toxic and objectionable liquid effluents from mine, workshop, beneficiation or metallurgical plants, tailing ponds, into surface water bodies, ground water aquifer and useable lands, to a minimum. 2. The effluents referred to in sub-rule (1) shall be suitably treated, if required, to conform to the standards laid down in this regard. Precaution against noise The holder of prospecting licence, prospecting license cum mining lease or a mining lease shall take all possible measure to control or abate noise arising out of prospecting, mining, beneficiation or metallurgical operations at the source so as to keep it within the permissible limits. Permissible limits and standards The standards and permissible limits of all pollutants, toxins and noise referred to in rules 40, 41 and 42 shall be such as may be notified by the concerned authorities under the provisions of the relevant laws for the time being in force. Restoration of flora 173 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Every holder of prospecting licence, prospecting license cum mining lease or a mining lease shall carry out prospecting or mining operations, as the case may be, in accordance with applicable laws and in such a manner so as to cause least damage to the flora of the area held under prospecting licence, prospecting license cum mining lease or mining lease and the nearby areas. Summary

The in situ mining activity in any area is on one hand bring revenue and employment (Primary and secondary) and on other hand if not done properly potential pollution and ecological imbalance increases. Mined pits when exposed to oxygen and water, acid can form if iron sulfide minerals abundant. The acid will, in turn, leach or dissolve metals and other contaminants from mined materials and form a solution that is acidic, high in sulfate, and metal-rich (including elevated concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, etc.) Leaching of toxic constituents, such as arsenic, selenium, and metals, can occur even if acidic conditions are not present. Elevated levels of cyanide and nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite) can also be found in waters at mine sites, from heap leaching and blasting. Minerals associated with deposited sediments may depress the pH of surface runoff thereby mobilising heavy metals that can infiltrate into the surrounding subsoil.Contaminated sediments may also lower the pH of soils to the extent that vegetation and suitable habitat are lost. Acidification of soils can mobilize Aluminum and the resulting cascade of chemical changes can lead to Calcium deficiencies that affect tree and animal growth, especially on shallow soils with poor nutrient supply. The ability of the ecosystem to fix nitrogen can also be reduced. Particulate matter transported by the wind as a result of excavations, blasting, transportation of materials, wind erosion (more frequent in open-pit mining), fugitive dust from tailings facilities, stockpiles, waste dumps, and haul 174 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA roads. Exhaust emissions from mobile sources (cars, trucks, heavy equipment) raise these particulate levels; and Gas emissions from the combustion of fuels in stationary and mobile sources, explosions, and mineral processing. All these activittes indirectly affected the biodiversity of area. The area is directly impacted by the mine, processing/rock crushing facilities, tailings areas, buildings, roads, parking lots, and energy transmission network built to accommodate the mine and workers. The indirect impacts comprises adjacent areas affected through mining activities and changes in the landscape that can propagate ecological changes for various distances; this includes such items as fragmentation, changes in forest type within the direct effect, changes in wildlife migration and habitat use patterns, noise, light, windblown dust, dispersal of invasive species established on the mine site, and watershed areas affected by water withdrawals and mine drainage. Mining will directly displace forests and potentially change the composition of any forest. Certain species require large tracts of unfragmented forest, Wildlife species living within the primary mining footprint would be directly displaced, due to loss of forest and other vegetation. For example, loss of trees will directly lead to less nesting habitat for birds. Soil dwelling species, including insects, worms, bacteria and fungi that have not yet been discovered probably exist in the mining area. For example, Schlaghamersky et al. (2014), found possibly as many as nine new species of native worms (Enchytraieds) in two days of field work in northern Therefore, there is a significant chance of losing native biodiversity within the core zone, and invasive species are likely to invade in the buffer zone because many invasive species have long distance dispersal abilities and can take advantage of changes in the environment (amount of light, temperature, soil disturbance).In 2014, Feilrich has given a list of impacts because of mining which is given below

S.No. Impact 175 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

1. Baseline vegetation impacts a. Loss of forest acreage by type b. Forest composition change by forest type c. Loss of non-forest vegetation by type d. Non-forest vegetation change by veg type e. Loss of old-growth forest remnants f. Loss of old forest (80-120 years) g. Loss of primary forest remnants 2. Fragmentation a. Edge to area ratio due to roads, transmission lines, parking, tailings, buildings, residential and commercial development b. Environment effects in remaining forest within core zone c. Changes in native edge versus interior plant and tree species d. Road salt effects on trees and water e. Water flow effects on vegetation 3. Wildlife a. Area sensitive mammals, marten, fisher b. Effects on wolves and trophic cascade c. ffects on deer and deer-moose relationships d. Road kill effects e. Road salt effects f. Corridor disruption for mobile but non-flying species g. Loss of critical stopovers for migrating species h. Effects on species sensitive to aquatic and aerial chemistry (amphibians) i. Loss of habitat acres by wildlife species and vegetation/forest type j. Loss of nesting habitat by forest type and bird species

176 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

k. Area sensitive birds, warblers, etc. l. Disruption of landscape pattern of vegetation/habitat m. Noise, light and vibration effects 4. Rare species a. Direct habitat loss per species b. Impacts on local populations and regional stability per species 5. Invasive species a. Transport by equipment and soil movement per species b. Response to fragmentation per species 6. Soils and productivity a. Acidification by water and air movement b. Movement and effects of heavy metals in the soil c. Loss of complexity 7. Terrestrial-aquatic linkages a. Accelerated ecosystem ageing b. Water chemistry effects on landscape arrangement of marshes, sedge meadows, peatlands, bogs, shrub cars and wetland forests c. Changes in water flow effects on landscape arrangement of wetland vegetation types d. Heavy metal movement across aquatic-terrestrial boundaries 8. Cumulative impacts a. Spatial cascade of fragmentation effects including deer, moose, forest type, invasive species interactions b. Sensitivity of future trajectory of forest and wildlife impacts to number of exploration sites and total size of primary footprint c. Synergy among climate change, invasive species and mining impacts

177 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Although mining may creat lots of problem if done unscientifically, but Govt.of India, in 2017 has updated Mineral Conservation and Development Rules and in the new version the emphasis is given on sustainable mining, along with other environmental protection measures.

178 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Reference

1. Schlaghamerský, J., Eisenhauer, N. & Frelich, L. E. (2014): Earthworm invasion alters enchytraeid community composition and individual biomass in Northern Hardwood Forests of North America. – Applied Soil Ecology 83: 159–169. 2. ―Guidebook for Evaluating Mining Project EIAs‖ published by Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide, U.S.A., 2010, Chapter-01, pg 1-7. 3. ―Genesis of gemstone bearing Pegmatites of great mica belt,Jharkhand‖ thesis submitted to the University of Jammu for the award of the degree of doctor of philosophy in geology (faculty of science) by Surjeet Singh, 2014 4. Census of India, 2011;District census handbook, Koderma 5. Department Of Mines And Geology , Directorate Of Geology,proposed geological exploration programme in Jharkhand by Directorate of Geology, Jharkhand & Other Exploration Agencies , Field Season-2009-10, Ranchi, 2009 6. Indian Minerals Yearbook 2014, 53rd (Part- I) Edition, State Reviews (Jharkhand) 7. Mineral Conservation and Development Rules 2017, Govt.of India. 8. B.B.Sharma, Stages of exploration & Reserve/ resource estimation In Geological survey of India, Director 9. Government of India,ProgresS report on the integrated survey in parts of Basrauntola- saphi area and koderma reserve forest areas, Nawada and Hazaribagh districts, Bihar.(Progress report for the field season 1981-82) By B. K. Acharya 10. New Insights on Mineral Exploration ,Concepts and Guidelines, GOI Ministry of Mines , Geological Survey of India,Natural Resources Assessment ,Nagpur 11. Assessment and mapping of some important soil Parameters including soil acidity for the state of Jharkhand (1:50,000 scale) towards Rational land use plan Kodarma District by National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (ICAR) Regional Centre, In collaboration with : Deptt. Of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Ranchi, Jharkhand Sponsored by : Department of Agriculture & Cane development, Govt. of Jharkhand 12. District Survey Report, District-Koderma Jharkhand

179 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

13. Frelich , L.E., (2014).Forest and terrestrial ecosystem impacts of mining from https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html on 19th Nov,2017. 14. Report on ―Environmental aspects of mining‖ by Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, 2014 15. ―Mining and Biodiversity Guideline; Mainstreaming biodiversity into the mining sector‖ by Department of Environmental Affairs, Department of Mineral Resources, Chamber of Mines, South African Mining and Biodiversity Forum, and South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2013 16. Mines Act, 1952, Govt.of India. 17. Mines Rescue Rules, 1985, Govt.of India. 18. Indian Minerals Yearbook 2015, 54th Edition, State Reviews,(Uttar Pradesh), Government Of India, Ministry Of Mines, Indian Bureau Of Mines. 19. District Resource Map of Koderma District by Geological Survey of India. 20. Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Koderma District 21. Brief Industrial Profile Of District Koderma, MSME 22. Comprehensive – District Agriculture Plan (C-DAP), District Planning Committee Koderma (Jharkhand) 23. http://koderma.nic.in 24. District Ground Water Brochure Of Koderma, District, Jharkhand., Central Ground Water Board, Government of India, New Delhi 25. Indian Council of Agricultural research http:// Koderma.kvk4.in/district- profile.html, 26. Indian School of Mining, Dhanbad, http://ismenvis.nic.in, 27. Rao, K. L. (1975) India‘s Water Wealth. Orient Longman Ltd., New Delhi, pg. 255. 28. http://jharkhandminerals.gov.in/ 29. Survey of India Toposheet No. 30. Sustainable Sand Mining Management Guidelines 2016,MoEF & CC, Government of India, New Delhi. 31. http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/mines-geology 32. The Environmental (Protection )Act, 1986 and Amendments

180 Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

PLATES

181 Draft Report

Plate-1

Plate-2

Plate-3

Plate-4

Plate-5

Plate-6

Plate-7 Alluvium occurring probable areas (16257.81 ha) Biotite granite gneiss occurring probable areas (111532.54 ha) Crystalline limestone calc sillicate rock occurring probable areas (50.47 ha) Dolerite occurring probable areas (312.76 ha) Epidiorite amplibolite, hornblend schist/gneiss occurring probable areas (915.25 ha) Fault Breccia occurring probable areas (82.84 ha) Intrusive granite occurring probable areas (26789.05 ha) Phyllite , mica schist occurring probable areas (79094.40 ha) Quartz pegmetite occurring probable areas (885.27 ha) Quartzite occurring probable areas (15765.84 ha) Brick kiln in District Koderma District Survey Report-KODERMA

ANNEXURES

182 Preliminary Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Annexure-1

List of the minerals occurred in Koderma District (Area in ha)

S.No. Minerals Area (ha) 1. Alluvium 16257.81 2. Biotite granite gneiss 111532.54 3. Crystalline limestone and calc silicate rock 50.47 4. Dolerite 312.76 5. Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/ gneiss 915.25 6. Fault breccia 82.84 7. Intrusive Granite 26789.05 8. Phyllite, mica schist 79094.40 9. Quartz/pegmatite viens 885.27 10. Quartzite 15765.84 The areas mentioned here tentive figures only and are subjected to detailed survey, exploration and prospecting.

183 Preliminary Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Annexure-2

List of coordinates of probable areas of mineral occurance

Name Latitude Longitude Alluvium 24° 15' 38.292" N 85° 26' 22.753" E Alluvium 24° 21' 15.493" N 85° 32' 58.254" E Alluvium 24° 17' 6.064" N 85° 20' 31.556" E Alluvium 24° 22' 40.390" N 85° 38' 4.509" E Alluvium 24° 25' 19.091" N 85° 47' 19.528" E Alluvium 24° 35' 53.529" N 85° 52' 55.500" E Alluvium 24° 37' 28.948" N 85° 52' 26.111" E Alluvium 24° 40' 25.959" N 85° 46' 42.756" E Alluvium 24° 40' 38.607" N 85° 51' 15.062" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 6' 32.071" N 85° 40' 42.901" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 11' 38.044" N 85° 43' 40.096" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 13' 48.156" N 85° 40' 37.709" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 20' 24.184" N 85° 6' 19.895" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 22' 38.610" N 85° 6' 38.458" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 21' 30.252" N 85° 8' 57.887" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 25' 25.818" N 85° 16' 25.474" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 24' 10.821" N 85° 17' 22.932" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 25' 47.316" N 85° 46' 35.615" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 18' 58.848" N 85° 21' 38.121" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 29' 15.937" N 85° 46' 34.931" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 30' 23.091" N 85° 46' 46.044" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 23' 40.437" N 85° 33' 56.559" E Biotite granite gneiss 24° 30' 56.605" N 85° 44' 13.620" E Quartzite 24° 8' 2.272" N 85° 40' 13.202" E Quartzite 24° 10' 30.820" N 85° 30' 58.803" E Quartzite 24° 17' 26.136" N 85° 38' 33.449" E Quartzite 24° 21' 8.919" N 85° 49' 20.321" E Quartzite 24° 21' 53.676" N 85° 10' 3.841" E Quartzite 24° 22' 9.654" N 85° 27' 45.411" E Quartzite 24° 22' 3.406" N 85° 48' 12.810" E Quartzite 24° 24' 30.937" N 85° 23' 52.854" E Quartzite 24° 26' 26.417" N 85° 46' 11.092" E Quartzite 24° 27' 42.010" N 85° 46' 16.553" E Quartzite 24° 29' 30.820" N 85° 50' 51.013" E Quartzite 24° 32' 30.614" N 85° 33' 16.610" E Quartzite 24° 33' 24.980" N 85° 34' 11.299" E 184 Preliminary Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Quartzite 24° 40' 39.870" N 85° 49' 29.450" E Quartzite 24° 42' 20.028" N 85° 48' 35.552" E Quartzite 24° 43' 10.477" N 85° 42' 46.736" E Quartzite 24° 44' 26.841" N 85° 52' 21.548" E Quartzite 24° 47' 28.746" N 85° 51' 22.611" E Quartzite 24° 47' 42.808" N 85° 45' 26.362" E Quartzite 24° 49' 1.617" N 85° 44' 29.409" E Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 8' 15.803" N 85° 39' 29.463" E Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 8' 49.551" N 85° 37' 50.139" E Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 13' 31.346" N 85° 33' 36.884" E Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 13' 29.731" N 85° 36' 31.723" E Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 14' 14.065" N 85° 40' 35.267" E Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 14' 25.212" N 85° 47' 10.734" E Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 15' 31.879" N 85° 46' 13.598" E Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 40' 57.669" N 85° 47' 17.681" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 6' 45.319" N 85° 41' 54.597" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 9' 43.817" N 85° 37' 44.985" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 10' 54.817" N 85° 39' 30.502" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 13' 16.104" N 85° 44' 38.609" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 16' 42.489" N 85° 45' 26.821" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 17' 12.855" N 85° 38' 43.499" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 19' 58.040" N 85° 8' 2.783" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 20' 49.071" N 85° 29' 25.500" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 20' 29.942" N 85° 41' 48.030" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 21' 15.652" N 85° 19' 41.369" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 21' 50.757" N 85° 27' 49.040" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 20' 30.103" N 85° 47' 28.958" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 22' 42.742" N 85° 45' 8.678" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 21' 40.052" N 85° 6' 19.035" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 24' 36.459" N 85° 17' 30.298" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 32.285" N 85° 46' 46.421" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 50.585" N 85° 20' 39.697" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 29' 20.461" N 85° 16' 18.684" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 30' 24.351" N 85° 39' 4.617" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 36' 6.167" N 85° 41' 8.771" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 41' 54.166" N 85° 48' 39.891" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 39' 47.373" N 85° 41' 18.680" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 47' 51.756" N 85° 51' 8.591" E Phyllite, mica schist 24° 46' 7.510" N 85° 49' 48.290" E Intrusive Granite 24° 26' 20.026" N 85° 33' 17.654" E Intrusive Granite 24° 31' 0.242" N 85° 50' 46.596" E 185 Preliminary Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Intrusive Granite 24° 27' 44.920" N 85° 39' 56.754" E Intrusive Granite 24° 31' 46.224" N 85° 36' 3.365" E Intrusive Granite 24° 31' 32.280" N 85° 51' 49.668" E Intrusive Granite 24° 28' 51.620" N 85° 30' 59.962" E Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 4.237" N 85° 29' 14.407" E Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 39.338" N 85° 49' 22.557" E Intrusive Granite 24° 33' 8.012" N 85° 33' 9.660" E Intrusive Granite 24° 33' 51.958" N 85° 40' 10.041" E Intrusive Granite 24° 35' 12.817" N 85° 43' 13.085" E Intrusive Granite 24° 39' 20.141" N 85° 43' 43.025" E Intrusive Granite 24° 40' 18.285" N 85° 47' 44.630" E Intrusive Granite 24° 40' 6.631" N 85° 49' 32.603" E Intrusive Granite 24° 40' 55.421" N 85° 45' 30.328" E Fault breccia 24° 17' 19.951" N 85° 51' 19.585" E Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/ gneiss 24° 23' 11.950" N 85° 10' 26.198" E Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/ gneiss 24° 23' 4.161" N 85° 10' 46.138" E Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/ gneiss 24° 23' 46.769" N 85° 12' 22.471" E Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/ gneiss 24° 28' 22.170" N 85° 33' 39.452" E Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/ gneiss 24° 28' 44.683" N 85° 32' 54.726" E Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/ gneiss 24° 28' 4.903" N 85° 29' 59.755" E Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/ gneiss 24° 31' 46.828" N 85° 34' 43.302" E Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/ gneiss 24° 35' 49.761" N 85° 45' 13.475" E Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/ gneiss 24° 48' 40.987" N 85° 44' 32.699" E Dolerite 24° 20' 13.851" N 85° 50' 54.096" E Dolerite 24° 31' 58.571" N 85° 50' 32.320" E Dolerite 24° 32' 10.768" N 85° 50' 53.260" E Dolerite 24° 32' 2.391" N 85° 35' 32.398" E Dolerite 24° 40' 25.366" N 85° 48' 7.620" E Crystalline limestone and calc silicate rock 24° 26' 31.800" N 85° 42' 5.725" E

186 Preliminary Draft Report Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

1. M/S Savita Sri Prem Chand Plot no. 5688( p) 24°27’16.74” to 24 27 14.52 “N 1.53 Acres/ 75,000 T 07.05.2013 to 85°42’1.34” to 85 42 1.57” E 0.62 Hec Stone Lal Modi Khata no. 1340 06.05.2023 Village Domchanch Thana Koderma Thana no. 68

2. Taratanr Stone Sri Devendra Plot no. 1140 23°00’31.7’’ to 23°00.35’.2N 1.10 Acres / 15,273 T Upto 11.07.2023 85°.32’33.1 to 85°.32’37.5’’E 0.445 Hec Mine Prasad Mehta Khata no. 133 Village Taratanr Thana Koderma Thana no. 215

3. Purnadih Stone Sri Uma Kant Plot no. 2834 24° 27’ 30.4” to 24° 27’ 33.8” N 0.86 Acres / 7456 T 05/03/2023 85° 43’ 58.2” to 85° 44’ 02.2” E 0.34 Hec Mine Rana Khata no. 329 Village Purnadih Thana Markacho Thana no. 214

4. Purnadih Stone Sri Uma kant Plot no. 2834 24°27’28’’ to 24°27’32N 0.86 Acres/ 67500 cum Upto 05.03.2023 85°44’05’’ to 85°44’09’E 0.348 Hec Quarry Rana Khata no. Village Purnadih Thana Markacho Thana no. 214

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

5. Kharkhar Stone Sri Anil Kumar Plot no. 3609 24°26’18.6’’ to 24°26’’20.5’’ 1.40 Acres / 24057 T 21.02.2013 to 85°45’52.9’’to 85°45’58.5’’ 0.56 Hec Mine Lohani Khata no. 106 20.02.2023 Village Kharkhar Thana Thana no. 207

6. M/S Savita Sri Prem Chand Plot no. 5688(p), 24°27’16.74’’N to 24°27’14.52’’N 4.11 Acres / 90,000T/ 06.12.2012 to 85°42’1.34’’E to 85°42’1.57’’ 1.66 Hec Stone Lal Modi 10938(p) year 05.12.2022 Khata no. 1340 Village Domchanch Thana Koderma Thana no. 68

7. Domchanch M/S Kamal Plot no. 5688 24°27’19’’ to 24°27’28’’N 5.50 Acres / 153948 05.01.2022 85°41’42’’ to 85°41’56’’E 2.222 Hec Stone Quarry Pravat Stone Khata no. Village Domchanch Thana Thana no. 68

8. Domchanch Sri Manoj Plot no. 265(p) 24°29’20.12”N 2.75 Acres / 57264 cum 4/10/2022 Kumar Mehta 85°41’1812”E 1.111 Hec Stone Mine Khata no. Village Domchanch Thana Domchanch

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

Thana no. 68

9. Taratand Stone Sri Devendra Plot no. 44 24°28’10’’ to 24°28’15”N 1.88 Acres / 14306 cum Upto 04.10.2022 85°43’09’’ to 85°43’16” E 0.761 Hec Quarry Prasad Mehta Khata no. Village Taratand Thana Thana no. 215

10. Taratand Stone Sri Devendra Plot no. 1139(p), 24°27 57’’ to 24°28’00’’ N 1.38 Acres/ 1,10,640 Upto 18.11.2022 85°43’25’’ to 85°43’29 E 0.558 Hec Quarry Kumar Mehta 1144(p), cum 1141 Khata no. 106 Village Taratand Thana Thana no.

11. M/S Sri Rameshwar Plot no. 2393 24°24’21.114’’N to 4.09 Acres / 6,89,160 T 20.12.2012 to 24°24’17.946’’N 1.66 Hec Rameshwar Prasad Saw 19.12.2022 Khata no. 124 85°47’33.342’’E to Prasad Saw Village Khesmi 85°47’36.7404’’E Stone Mine Alias purnangar Thana Markacho Thana no.

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

12. Langra Paras Sri Praveen Plot no. 21(p), 22(p) 24°29’40’’ to 24°29’44’’ N 5.68 Acres/ 1982400 T Sep,2022 85°40’25’’ to 85°40’36”E 2.30 Hec Stone Deposit Kumar Sukhani Khata no. Village Langra Paras Thana Koderma Thana no. 62

13. Kharkhar Stone M/S Durga Plot no. 3557 (p) 24°26’22.35’’ to 24°26’27.69N Building 16.08.2011 to 85°45’45.19 to 85°45’52.06’’E Mine Stone Chips Khata no. 358 stone 15.08.2021 Village Kharkhar Thana Markacho Thana no. 207

14. Ms Ram Prasad Sri Ram Prasad Plot no. 2797( p) 24°24’9757’’N to 24°24°4.1’’N 2.0 Acres / 75,000 T Upto 16.08.2021 85°47’44757’’E to 85°47’58’’E 0.81Hec Saw Saw Khata no. 124 Village Kheshmi alias Purananagar Thana Thana no.

15. Kharkhar Stone Sri Anil Kumar Plot no. 3557(p), 24°26’19.5’’ to 24°26’28.3”N 7.80 Acres / 193165 T 19.05.2011 to 85°45’51.37” to 85°45’58.7’’E 3.16 Hec Mine Lohani 3610, 3611 18.05.2021

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

Khata no. 358 Village Kharkhar Thana Markachcho Thana no. 207

16. Pavitra Dharti M/S Pavitra Plot no. 4817 (P) 24° 22’ 56.65” to 24° 23 ‘01.42” 3.50 Acres / 171990 T 16/11/2021 Dharti Stone N 1.41 Hec Stone Quarry Querry Khata no. 85° 24’ 47.83” to 85° 24’ 55.72” E Village Tham Thana Chandwara Thana no. 317

17. M/S Bagmati Sri Plot no. 173 24°27.78756 N 0.37 Acres / 73,000 T Upto 27.07.2021 86°43.5753E 0.15 Hec Damodar Manvendranath Khata no. 329 Mineral & Agro Jha Village Purnadih, Pvt.Ltd Phulwaria Thana Markachho Thana no. 214

18. Jhagrahi Stone Sri Rajesh Modi Plot no. 52, 53, 54, N 24°27’50.21” to N 3.34 Acres/ 305773.33 T Upto 05.01.2020 24°27’54.80’’ 1.39 Hec Mine 55 85°39’35.76’’ E to 85°39’44.49’’E Khata no. 1,4,5 Village Jhagrahi Thana Koderma

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

Thana no.

19. Purnadih Stone M/S Jai Durga Plot no. 2803, 2804, 24°27’28.9’’ to 24°27’30.6’’ N 0.52 Acres / 6291 T 04/10/2020 85°44’02.1’ to 85°44’04.8’’E 0.21 Hec Mine Stone Works 2805, 2806, 2813 Khata no. 38, 204 Village Purnadih Thana markacho Thana no. 214

20. Kheshmi Stone Ms Basant Plot no. 24° 25’ 21.31” to 24° 25’ 14.01” 5.00 Acres / 132800 cum 16/10/2020 Swarnkar Stone N 2.02 Hec Mine Mines Khata no. 85° 47’ 41.96” to 85° 47’ 42.51” E Village Kheshmi Thana Markachho Thana no.

21. Chhotki M/S Shubh Plot no. 359(p), 376, 24°22’23.78’’to 24°22’28.88”N 1.50 Acres / 17965 T 24/01/2020 85°26’50.70” to 85°26’57.56”E 0.607 Hec Karaungiya Laxmi 377, 378, 379 Stone Mine Enterprises Khata no. 46, 51 Village Chhotki Karaungiya Thana Chandwara Thana no.

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

22. Khesmi Stone Sri Kamal Plot no. 2910/p 24° 23’ 56” N to 24° 24’ 03” N 5.10 Acres / 24,604 cum 19/01/2020 Kumar Agarwal 85° 48’ 06” E to 85° 48’ 22” E 2.064 Hec Quarry Khata no. 124 Village Khesmi, Alias Purnanagar Thana Thana no.

23. Domchanch Sri Ram Chandra Plot no. 5688(p) 24°27’26.00” to 24°27’25.6” N 2.0 Acres / 124155 cum 17/05/2020 85°41’56.2” to 85°41’58.9” E 0.81 Hec Stone Mine Mehta Khata no. Village Domchanch Thana Domchanch Thana no.

24. Domchanch Sri Gopal Kumar Plot no. 5688(p) 24°27’24.1588”N 6.74 Acres / 743441 T 29/04/2020 85°41’55.8124”E 2.72 Hec Stone Mine Khata no. 1340 Village Domchanch Thana Domchanch Thana no. 6

25. Domchanch Sri Surendra Plot no. 5688(p) 24°27’21”N 5.5 Acres / 78,889 T 2020 Kumar Mehta 85°41’42”E 2.226 Hec Stone Mine Khata no. 1340 Village Domchanch Thana Domchanch

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

Thana no. 68

26. Kharkhar Stone M/S Durga Plot no. 3557(p) N24°26’27.4’’ to N24°26’29.8” 1.00 Acres / 28,517 T Upto 06.10.2019 E85°456’44.2 to E85°’45’48.0” 0.40 Hec Mine Stone Chips Khata no. 358 Village Kharkhar Thana Markachho Thana no. 207

27. Raidih Stone Sri Uma Sankar Plot no. 02(p), 03(p) 24° 27 27’.15’’ to 24°27’21.0’’N 4.00 Acres / 20,624 MT Upto 13.07.2019 85°42’11.34’’ to 85°42’07.00’’E 1.62 Hec Mine Prasad Khata no. 83 Village Raidih Thana Markacho Thana no. 220

28. Domchanch Sri Uma Shankar Plot no. 6(p) 24°29’10.6” to 24°29’14.8” N 3.90 Acres / 275940 MT 10/10/2019 85°39’54.8” to 85°39’07.3” E 1.57 Hec Stone Mine Prasad Khata no. 1339 Village Domchanchh Thana Domchanchh Thana no.

29. Purnadih Stone Sri Saryu Yadav Plot no. 2801(p) 24 27 30.7 to 24 27 28.4 N 0.54 Acres / 86,200 cft 17/05/2019 85 44 04.7 to 85 44 02.3 E 0.218 Hec Mine Khata no. 327 Village Purnadih Thana Markachho

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

Thana no.

30. Dhan Laxmi Sri Bisnu Kumar Plot no. 4617(p) 24°27’28’’ to 24°27’32’N 1.00 Acres / 259564 MT Upto 23.12.2019 85°25’50.25’’E to 85°25’54’’E 0.404 Hec Stone Works Kathor Khata no. 127 Village Tham Thana Chandwara Thana no. 317

31. M/S Sri Tarkeshwar Plot no. 5688p 24°27’30.80”N to 24°27’29.76” N 3.50 Acres / 45,0000 T 30/03/2019 84°41’43.72’’ to 85°41’45.36”E 1.42 Hec Tarkeshwar Mehta Khata no. 1340 Mehta Village Domchanch Thana Domchanch Thana no.

32. Domchanch Sri Manjit Plot no. 5688(p) 24°27’27.09” to 24°27’31.05” N 4.25 Acres / 39357.59 cft 6/6/2019 Stone Mine Kumar Mehta 85°41’56.01” to 85°41’49.01” E 1.72 Hec Khata no. Village Domchanch Thana koderma Thana no. 68

33. Markachcho Sri Dwarika Plot no. 11563(p), 24°20’15.3672’’N 4.98 Acres / 433319.22 2019 85°50’56.814”E 2.01 Hec Stone Mine Rana 11533(p), MT 11534, 11535, 11562(p),

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

11538 Khata no. Village Markachcho Thana Markachcho Thana no.

34. Langra Paras Sri Harsha Plot no. 06(p), 22(p) 24°29’15.09’’ to 24°29’20.33”N 3.00 Acres / 17766 MT 4/3/2019 85°39’49.60” to 85°39’54.87’’E 1.21 Hec Stone Quarry Vardhan Pandey Khata no. Village Domchanch & Langra Paras Thana Thana no.

35. Tham Stone Sri Manish Plot no. 4882(p) 24°22’ 54.58” to 24° 22’ 56.40” N 1.75 Acres / 51295 T 04/10/2018 85°25’3.48” to 85°25’10.20” E 0.71 Hec Mine Kumar Jain Khata no. 27 Village Tham Thana Chandwara Thana no.

36. M/S Khesmi Sri Binod Kumar Plot no. 45(p) 24°25’10.2” to 24°25’05.2”N 4.00 Acres / 246358.56 Up to 6/1/2018 85°47’24.0” to 85°47’26.1”E 1.62 Hec Stone Mines Khata no. 104 cum Village Khesmi

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

Thana Koderma Thana no. 177

37. Kheshmi Smt. Vimla Devi Plot no. 45(p) 24°25’14.83’’ to 24°25’21.47”N 1.00 Acres / 3308.81 T 03/10/2018 85°47’39.68” to 85°47’41.74’’E 0.40 Hec (Purana Nagar ) Khata no. 104 Stone Mine Village Kheshmi Thana Markachcho Thana no.

38. M/S Manoj Sri Manoj Plot no. 265(p) 24 °27.4644” to 24 ° 53274N 2.75 Acres / 450000 T Oct, 2017 85° 41.65” to 41° 77242” E 1.113 Hec Kumar Mehta Kumar Mehta Khata no. 96 Village Domchanch Thana Domchanch Thana no.

39. M/S Manoj Sri Manoj Plot no. 267(p) 24° 29’ 20.92” N 3.40 Acres / 450000 Oct, 2017 85° 41’ 11” E 1.38 Hec Kumar Mehta Kumar Mehta Khata no. 96 Village Domchanch Thana Domchanch Thana no.

40. M/S Jai Mada Sri Ram Kumar Plot no. 85-95, 101 24° 29’ 20.92” N 0.92 Acres / 90,000 T Oct, 2017 Di Stone Pandit 85° 41’ 11” E 0.37 Hec Khata no. 37, 481, 975 Village Domchanch

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

Thana Domchanch Thana no.

41. M/S Sadanand Sri Sadanand Plot no. 511-552 24° 26’ 26.853” to 24° 26’ 2.47 Acres / 330000 Oct, 2017 22.2912” N 1.00 Hec Mehta & Others Mehta Khata no. 329 85°45’ 33.7264” to 85° 45’ Village Pahar pur 31.1604” E Thana Thana no. 206

42. Raedih Stone Sri Dwariks Plot no. 127, 128, 24°26’56.6’’ to 24°26’48.7’’N 10.00 Acres / 1123200 20/5/2016 85°42’32.6’’ to 85°42’27.0 E 4.048 Hec Mine Rana & Patners 130(p), 261(p) cum Khata no. Village Raedih Thana Domchanch Thana no.

43. Domchanch Sri Yugal Plot no. 10938 (p) 24° 22' 37.8" to 24° 22' 36.3" N 1.00 Acres / 18400 cft Stone Mine Kishore Prasad Khata no. 85° 26' 00.3" to 85° 25' 56.8"E 0.405 Hec stone chips Singh Village Domchanch Thana Domchanch Thana no. PO

44. Sanjay Kumar Sri Sanjay Plot no. 143,149,150 24°29’09.2’’N to 24°29’18.1N 1.05 Acres / 120708 T 85°41’26.0’’E to 81°41’27.2’’ 0.433 Hec Mehta Kumar Mehta

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

Khata no. 920, 521 Village Domchanch Thana Koderma Thana no. 68

45. Markachho Sri Dwarika Plot no. 11563(p) 24° 20’15.3672 “ to 85°50’ 4.98 Acres/ 327369.53 T Rana 53.7036” 2.016 Hec Stone Mine Khata no. 1818 Village Markachho Thana Markachho Thana no. 141

46. Taratand Stone Smt Bimli Devi Plot no. 1058/P 24°27’59’’ to 24°28’08’’N 6.88 Acres/ 24,268cum 85°43’16” to 85°43’31” E 2.784 Hec Quarry Khata no. 133 Village Taratand Thana Thana no.

47. Barki Lerhia Md. Taiyab Plot no. 247(p) 24° 22’ 50.51” to 24° 22’ 53.26 3.00 Acres / 94,795 T “N 1.212 Hec Stone Mine Khata no. 27 85° 41’ 48.03” to 85° 41’ 53.22 “E Village Barki Lerhia Thana Jai Nagar Thana no. 94

48. Purnadih Stone M/S Jay Durga Plot no. 2803(P), 24° 27’ 27” to 24° 27’ 29” N 0.52 Acres/ 17, 430 cum 85° 44’ 09” to 85° 44’ 12”E 0.211 Hec

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

Quarry Stone Works 2804(P),2805, 2806,2813(P) Khata no. Village Purnadih Thana Thana no. 214

49. Partango Stone M/S Sathyam Plot no. 2/p 24°27’10’’-24°27’18’’N 12.00 Acres / 161920 cum 85°41’50-85°4200’’E 4.848 Hec Quarry Shivam Stone Khata no. 20 Construction Village partango Thana Thana no.

50. Lengrapiper Sri Ram Kr. Plot no. 85-92 & 101 24°28’49.15”N 0.92 Acres / 22488.48 Pandit & Partner 85°41’33”E 0.37 Hec Stone Mine cum Khata no. Village Lengrapiper Thana Domchanch Thana no. 68

51. Domchanch Sri Ramjeet Plot no. 11372 24°29’23.00” to 24°29’27.3”N 2.50 Acres / 42666 T 85°40’57.2” to 85°41’03.8”E 1.01 Hec Stone Mine Mehta Khata no. 673 Village Domchanch Thana Domchanch

Koderma mining lessee S no. Name of mine lessee Location of mine Co- ordinates Area Production Lease validity

Thana no. 6

Details of Brick kiln in District Koderma

Village name Lat. of Brick Kiln Long. of Brick Kiln Masnodih 24°29'59.09"N 85°43'26.81"E Shivpur 24°44'59.64"N 85°46'34.01"E Khaira kalan 24°45'24.28"N 85°44'47.72"E Bhojpur 24°18'46.45"N 85°50'8.72"E 24°18'50.03"N 85°49'56.29"E 24°18'29.35"N 85°49'51.97"E Mahuatanr 24°17'55.24"N 85°49'15.22"E Pakrai 24°29'2.47"N 85°42'58.03"E Berogain 24°18'37.55"N 85°41'10.06"E Mirganj 24°46'40.55"N 85°45'45.87"E Markacho 24°18'37.24"N 85°50'59.81"E Kataia 24°45'36.37"N 85°43'23.29"E District Survey Report-KODERMA

Annexure-5

List of Acts, Rules and policies applicable in Sustainable Mining

Acts 1 Environment Protection Act 1986 2 MMDR Act 1957 3 23 Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act 1981 4 Water Act 1974 Rules 1 JMMC Rule (Amendment 2013) (ENGLISH) 2 Jharkhand Minor Mineral Concession Rule (Amendment 2014). 3 MCR,1960 ( Amendment 18.07.2014) 4 MCR,1960(Amendment 27.07.2012) 5 Jharkhand Mineral Dealer's Rule 2007 (ENGLISH) 6 Jharkhand Mineral Transit Chalan Regulations 2005. 7 Minerals (Evidence of Mineral Contents) Rules 2015 8 Mineral Auction Rule 9 Draftsman Service Rule 10 Geologist Service Rule 11 Granite conservation and development Rules 1999 12 G.S.R 23(E) Forest (conservation) Rule 2003 13 DMF Trust Rule , 2016 Policies

1 Jharkhand Industry Policy,2012 English & 2 Jharkhand Procurement Policy,2013 3 R.R.Policy,2008 4 National Environmental Policy,2006 5 National Steel Policy 2005 6 Coal Distribution Policy,2007 7 National Mineral Policy 8 Dissemination Policy G.S.R. 1 Forest (conservation) Rule 2003

Preliminary Draft Report District Survey Report-KODERMA

Annexure-6

FID Shape * Block Name_1 Latitude Longitude 0 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 47' 51.756" N 85° 51' 8.591" E 1 Point Satgawan Quartzite 24° 47' 28.746" N 85° 51' 22.611" E 2 Point Satgawan Quartzite 24° 44' 26.841" N 85° 52' 21.548" E 3 Point Satgawan Quartzite 24° 49' 1.617" N 85° 44' 29.409" E 4 Point Satgawan Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 48' gneiss 40.987" N 85° 44' 32.699" E 5 Point Satgawan Quartzite 24° 47' 42.808" N 85° 45' 26.362" E 6 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 46' 7.510" N 85° 49' 48.290" E 7 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 45' 50.412" N 85° 46' 58.080" E 8 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 41' 5.265" N 85° 48' 38.518" E 9 Point Satgawan Sakri R 24° 45' 25.220" N 85° 46' 7.346" E 10 Point Satgawan Intrusive Granite 24° 40' 18.285" N 85° 47' 44.630" E 11 Point Satgawan Dolerite 24° 40' 25.366" N 85° 48' 7.620" E 12 Point Satgawan Intrusive Granite 24° 40' 6.631" N 85° 49' 32.603" E 13 Point Satgawan Quartzite 24° 40' 39.870" N 85° 49' 29.450" E 14 Point Satgawan Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 41' 22.492" N 85° 46' 50.929" E 15 Point Satgawan Quartzite 24° 43' 16.713" N 85° 44' 40.827" E 16 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 45' 37.857" N 85° 42' 25.527" E 17 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 41' 47.786" N 85° 48' 9.130" E 18 Point Satgawan Intrusive Granite 24° 40' 55.504" N 85° 45' 30.624" E 19 Point Satgawan Intrusive Granite 24° 39' 20.442" N 85° 43' 43.200" E 20 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 39' 47.373" N 85° 41' 18.680" E 21 Point Satgawan Intrusive Granite 24° 37' 50.136" N 85° 43' 18.689" E 22 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 41' 34.277" N 85° 48' 53.311" E 23 Point Satgawan Sakri R 24° 41' 34.277" N 85° 48' 53.311" E 24 Point Satgawan Sakri R 24° 46' 32.119" N 85° 42' 50.139" E 25 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 46' 32.119" N 85° 42' 50.139" E 26 Point Satgawan Sakri R 24° 44' 8.297" N 85° 47' 53.682" E 27 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 44' 8.297" N 85° 47' 53.682" E 28 Point Satgawan Sakri R 24° 46' 31.198" N 85° 43' 17.615" E 29 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 46' 31.198" N 85° 43' 17.615" E 30 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 41' 54.166" N 85° 48' 39.891" E 31 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 41' 54.166" N 85° 48' 39.891" E 32 Point Satgawan Quartzite 24° 42' 20.028" N 85° 48' 35.552" E 33 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 42' 20.028" N 85° 48' 35.552" E 34 Point Satgawan Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 41' 19.803" N 85° 46' 44.762" E 35 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 41' 19.803" N 85° 46' 44.762" E 36 Point Satgawan Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 41' 8.767" N 85° 46' 56.521" E 37 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 41' 8.767" N 85° 46' 56.521" E 38 Point Satgawan Quartzite 24° 42' 28.032" N 85° 46' 2.109" E 39 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 42' 28.032" N 85° 46' 2.109" E 40 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 45' 20.116" N 85° 42' 51.844" E 41 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 45' 20.116" N 85° 42' 51.844" E 42 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 40' 54.872" N 85° 46' 48.304" E 43 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 40' 54.872" N 85° 46' 48.304" E 44 Point Satgawan Intrusive Granite 24° 40' 26.524" N 85° 46' 23.436" E 45 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 40' 26.524" N 85° 46' 23.436" E 46 Point Satgawan Intrusive Granite 24° 38' 46.716" N 85° 42' 7.838" E 47 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 38' 46.716" N 85° 42' 7.838" E 48 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 38' 23.362" N 85° 45' 31.989" E 49 Point Satgawan Intrusive Granite 24° 38' 23.362" N 85° 45' 31.989" E 50 Point Satgawan Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 41' 0.742" N 85° 46' 53.364" E 51 Point Satgawan Alluvium 24° 41' 0.742" N 85° 46' 53.364" E 52 Point Satgawan Phyllite, mica schist 24° 41' 0.742" N 85° 46' 53.364" E 53 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 24' 0.593" N 85° 44' 28.535" E 54 Point Markacho Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 40.683" N 85° 49' 15.044" E 55 Point Markacho Intrusive Granite 24° 31' 39.588" N 85° 51' 32.626" E 56 Point Markacho Dolerite 24° 32' 10.004" N 85° 50' 54.164" E 57 Point Markacho Intrusive Granite 24° 31' 0.138" N 85° 50' 46.762" E 58 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 29' 30.820" N 85° 50' 51.013" E 59 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 29' 14.809" N 85° 46' 47.919" E 60 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 27' 42.031" N 85° 46' 16.575" E 61 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 25' 47.316" N 85° 46' 35.615" E 62 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 26' 29.892" N 85° 46' 11.038" E 63 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 21' 48.787" N 85° 45' 59.790" E 64 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 22' 44.106" N 85° 45' 16.943" E 65 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 20' 27.212" N 85° 46' 30.752" E 66 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 21' 11.290" N 85° 49' 35.738" E 67 Point Markacho Dolerite 24° 20' 13.843" N 85° 50' 54.199" E 68 Point Markacho Fault breccia 24° 17' 20.142" N 85° 51' 41.331" E 69 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 13' 16.114" N 85° 44' 38.632" E 70 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 9' 33.050" N 85° 39' 41.683" E 71 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 8' 45.850" N 85° 38' 40.249" E 72 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 10' 38.974" N 85° 31' 40.574" E 73 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 6' 32.071" N 85° 40' 42.901" E 74 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 6' 45.319" N 85° 41' 54.597" E 75 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 8' 15.836" N 85° 39' 29.636" E 76 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 8' 2.272" N 85° 40' 13.202" E 77 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 10' 54.395" N 85° 39' 32.119" E 78 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 13' 28.403" N 85° 37' 8.906" E 79 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 14' 16.906" N 85° 40' 26.880" E 80 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 15' 31.926" N 85° 46' 13.916" E 81 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 17' 21.174" N 85° 39' 7.025" E 82 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 17' 13.834" N 85° 38' 29.436" E 83 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 25' 53.498" N 85° 44' 32.132" E 84 Point Markacho Crystalline limestone and calc silicate 24°rock 26' 32.077" N 85° 42' 31.423" E 85 Point Markacho Intrusive Granite 24° 27' 46.120" N 85° 44' 24.185" E 86 Point Markacho River 24° 16' 25.321" N 85° 49' 59.745" E 87 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 13' 43.828" N 85° 40' 35.614" E 88 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 23' 26.636" N 85° 46' 21.008" E 89 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 23' 26.636" N 85° 46' 21.008" E 90 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 19' 46.463" N 85° 48' 25.760" E 91 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 19' 46.463" N 85° 48' 25.760" E 92 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 20' 3.302" N 85° 50' 31.609" E 93 Point Markacho Dolerite 24° 20' 3.302" N 85° 50' 31.609" E 94 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 17' 13.289" N 85° 51' 30.947" E 95 Point Markacho Fault breccia 24° 17' 13.289" N 85° 51' 30.947" E 96 Point Markacho Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 26.516" N 85° 49' 13.059" E 97 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 32' 26.516" N 85° 49' 13.059" E 98 Point Markacho Intrusive Granite 24° 31' 48.480" N 85° 51' 9.844" E 99 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 31' 48.480" N 85° 51' 9.844" E 100 Point Markacho Dolerite 24° 31' 58.571" N 85° 50' 32.320" E 101 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 31' 58.571" N 85° 50' 32.320" E 102 Point Markacho Dolerite 24° 32' 3.115" N 85° 50' 50.967" E 103 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 32' 3.115" N 85° 50' 50.967" E 104 Point Markacho Intrusive Granite 24° 30' 41.687" N 85° 49' 46.026" E 105 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 30' 41.687" N 85° 49' 46.026" E 106 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 28' 16.503" N 85° 49' 10.559" E 107 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 28' 16.503" N 85° 49' 10.559" E 108 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 27' 1.434" N 85° 45' 48.862" E 109 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 27' 1.434" N 85° 45' 48.862" E 110 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 27' 4.573" N 85° 45' 16.238" E 111 Point Markacho Intrusive Granite 24° 27' 4.573" N 85° 45' 16.238" E 112 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 25' 41.548" N 85° 45' 36.456" E 113 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 25' 41.548" N 85° 45' 36.456" E 114 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 21' 6.991" N 85° 49' 7.013" E 115 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 21' 6.991" N 85° 49' 7.013" E 116 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 12' 40.848" N 85° 42' 57.142" E 117 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 12' 40.848" N 85° 42' 57.142" E 118 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 9' 51.040" N 85° 36' 49.330" E 119 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 9' 51.040" N 85° 36' 49.330" E 120 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 8' 27.473" N 85° 38' 54.647" E 121 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 8' 27.473" N 85° 38' 54.647" E 122 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 8' 38.330" N 85° 37' 57.716" E 123 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 8' 38.330" N 85° 37' 57.716" E 124 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 10' 2.866" N 85° 32' 32.468" E 125 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 10' 2.866" N 85° 32' 32.468" E 126 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 8' 6.502" N 85° 39' 6.451" E 127 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 8' 6.502" N 85° 39' 6.451" E 128 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 8' 12.517" N 85° 36' 45.615" E 129 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 8' 12.517" N 85° 36' 45.615" E 130 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 10' 52.193" N 85° 39' 15.600" E 131 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 10' 52.193" N 85° 39' 15.600" E 132 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 13' 31.346" N 85° 33' 36.884" E 133 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 13' 31.346" N 85° 33' 36.884" E 134 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 13' 23.164" N 85° 37' 33.447" E 135 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 13' 23.164" N 85° 37' 33.447" E 136 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 14' 9.394" N 85° 40' 35.267" E 137 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 14' 9.394" N 85° 40' 35.267" E 138 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 15' 20.442" N 85° 46' 9.233" E 139 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 15' 20.442" N 85° 46' 9.233" E 140 Point Markacho Quartz/pegmatite viens 24° 14' 25.212" N 85° 47' 10.734" E 141 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 14' 25.212" N 85° 47' 10.734" E 142 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 16' 42.489" N 85° 45' 26.821" E 143 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 16' 42.489" N 85° 45' 26.821" E 144 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 17' 15.223" N 85° 40' 6.308" E 145 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 17' 15.223" N 85° 40' 6.308" E 146 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 17' 1.412" N 85° 41' 11.759" E 147 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 17' 1.412" N 85° 41' 11.759" E 148 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 28.855" N 85° 42' 32.679" E 149 Point Markacho Crystalline limestone and calc silicate 24°rock 26' 28.855" N 85° 42' 32.679" E 150 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 47.808" N 85° 44' 2.087" E 151 Point Markacho Intrusive Granite 24° 26' 47.808" N 85° 44' 2.087" E 152 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 30' 23.091" N 85° 46' 46.044" E 153 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 30' 23.091" N 85° 46' 46.044" E 154 Point Markacho River 24° 15' 48.009" N 85° 49' 35.114" E 155 Point Markacho Biotite granite gneiss 24° 15' 48.009" N 85° 49' 35.114" E 156 Point Markacho Quartzite 24° 26' 48.565" N 85° 45' 3.726" E 157 Point Markacho Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 48.565" N 85° 45' 3.726" E 158 Point Markacho Intrusive Granite 24° 26' 48.565" N 85° 45' 3.726" E 159 Point Koderma Biotite granite gneiss 24° 24' 50.818" N 85° 37' 8.045" E 160 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 36' 6.167" N 85° 41' 8.771" E 161 Point Koderma Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 36' gneiss 17.455" N 85° 45' 37.022" E 162 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 31.571" N 85° 42' 24.104" E 163 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 34' 1.284" N 85° 39' 34.585" E 164 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 48.115" N 85° 48' 30.630" E 165 Point Koderma Biotite granite gneiss 24° 30' 3.908" N 85° 45' 10.019" E 166 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 31' 5.454" N 85° 38' 27.094" E 167 Point Koderma Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 28' gneiss 55.850" N 85° 33' 7.830" E 168 Point Koderma Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 28' gneiss 30.277" N 85° 29' 15.622" E 169 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 28' 53.583" N 85° 31' 53.861" E 170 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 4.237" N 85° 29' 14.407" E 171 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 32' 16.246" N 85° 32' 52.496" E 172 Point Koderma Quartzite 24° 32' 30.585" N 85° 33' 16.609" E 173 Point Koderma Quartzite 24° 33' 6.783" N 85° 33' 56.152" E 174 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 26' 20.026" N 85° 33' 17.654" E 175 Point Koderma Crystalline limestone and calc silicate 24°rock 26' 33.062" N 85° 41' 46.152" E 176 Point Koderma Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 31' gneiss 33.577" N 85° 34' 15.978" E 177 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 28' 15.153" N 85° 41' 51.304" E 178 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 31' 46.224" N 85° 36' 3.365" E 179 Point Koderma Dolerite 24° 31' 17.005" N 85° 36' 31.303" E 180 Point Koderma Alluvium 24° 30' 26.129" N 85° 43' 30.512" E 181 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 33' 3.637" N 85° 33' 14.643" E 182 Point Koderma Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 35' gneiss 36.060" N 85° 45' 9.169" E 183 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 35' 36.060" N 85° 45' 9.169" E 184 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 3.861" N 85° 39' 55.856" E 185 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 32' 3.861" N 85° 39' 55.856" E 186 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 33' 26.971" N 85° 40' 45.796" E 187 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 33' 26.971" N 85° 40' 45.796" E 188 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 37.556" N 85° 48' 21.702" E 189 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 32' 37.556" N 85° 48' 21.702" E 190 Point Koderma Biotite granite gneiss 24° 30' 7.290" N 85° 44' 56.651" E 191 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 30' 7.290" N 85° 44' 56.651" E 192 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 28' 47.459" N 85° 33' 6.740" E 193 Point Koderma Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 28' gneiss 47.459" N 85° 33' 6.740" E 194 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 28' 6.969" N 85° 29' 51.668" E 195 Point Koderma Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 28' gneiss 6.969" N 85° 29' 51.668" E 196 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 29' 58.775" N 85° 27' 43.557" E 197 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 29' 58.775" N 85° 27' 43.557" E 198 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 32' 12.111" N 85° 32' 51.373" E 199 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 32' 12.111" N 85° 32' 51.373" E 200 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 32' 53.698" N 85° 33' 54.995" E 201 Point Koderma Quartzite 24° 32' 53.698" N 85° 33' 54.995" E 202 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 33' 2.372" N 85° 34' 2.301" E 203 Point Koderma Quartzite 24° 33' 2.372" N 85° 34' 2.301" E 204 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 23.703" N 85° 33' 43.087" E 205 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 26' 23.703" N 85° 33' 43.087" E 206 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 28' 22.170" N 85° 33' 39.452" E 207 Point Koderma Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 28' gneiss 22.170" N 85° 33' 39.452" E 208 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 27' 52.195" N 85° 33' 47.527" E 209 Point Koderma Alluvium 24° 27' 52.195" N 85° 33' 47.527" E 210 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 30.407" N 85° 41' 42.777" E 211 Point Koderma Crystalline limestone and calc silicate 24°rock 26' 30.407" N 85° 41' 42.777" E 212 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 31' 36.394" N 85° 34' 3.397" E 213 Point Koderma Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 31' gneiss 36.394" N 85° 34' 3.397" E 214 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 27' 13.793" N 85° 37' 32.015" E 215 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 27' 13.793" N 85° 37' 32.015" E 216 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 32' 31.385" N 85° 34' 49.768" E 217 Point Koderma Dolerite 24° 32' 31.385" N 85° 34' 49.768" E 218 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 30' 4.739" N 85° 43' 15.008" E 219 Point Koderma Alluvium 24° 30' 4.739" N 85° 43' 15.008" E 220 Point Koderma Phyllite, mica schist 24° 30' 56.605" N 85° 44' 13.620" E 221 Point Koderma Biotite granite gneiss 24° 30' 56.605" N 85° 44' 13.620" E 222 Point Koderma Quartzite 24° 32' 53.896" N 85° 33' 53.583" E 223 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 53.896" N 85° 33' 53.583" E 224 Point Koderma Quartzite 24° 32' 59.056" N 85° 33' 49.954" E 225 Point Koderma Intrusive Granite 24° 32' 59.056" N 85° 33' 49.954" E 226 Point Jainagar Biotite granite gneiss 24° 21' 18.769" N 85° 37' 36.159" E 227 Point Jainagar Quartzite 24° 22' 35.414" N 85° 42' 21.031" E 228 Point Jainagar Phyllite, mica schist 24° 22' 30.561" N 85° 42' 57.657" E 229 Point Jainagar Phyllite, mica schist 24° 21' 7.309" N 85° 44' 9.721" E 230 Point Jainagar Phyllite, mica schist 24° 20' 29.942" N 85° 41' 48.030" E 231 Point Jainagar Quartzite 24° 23' 52.281" N 85° 29' 54.928" E 232 Point Jainagar Phyllite, mica schist 24° 24' 37.547" N 85° 30' 13.918" E 233 Point Jainagar Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 59.128" N 85° 29' 57.947" E 234 Point Jainagar River 24° 17' 36.935" N 85° 41' 58.337" E 235 Point Jainagar Biotite granite gneiss 24° 17' 32.771" N 85° 41' 47.715" E 236 Point Jainagar Biotite granite gneiss 24° 21' 19.465" N 85° 44' 9.019" E 237 Point Jainagar Quartzite 24° 21' 19.465" N 85° 44' 9.019" E 238 Point Jainagar Biotite granite gneiss 24° 23' 6.114" N 85° 42' 36.396" E 239 Point Jainagar Phyllite, mica schist 24° 23' 6.114" N 85° 42' 36.396" E 240 Point Jainagar Biotite granite gneiss 24° 20' 55.539" N 85° 44' 21.892" E 241 Point Jainagar Phyllite, mica schist 24° 20' 55.539" N 85° 44' 21.892" E 242 Point Jainagar Biotite granite gneiss 24° 22' 57.257" N 85° 30' 11.909" E 243 Point Jainagar Quartzite 24° 22' 57.257" N 85° 30' 11.909" E 244 Point Jainagar Biotite granite gneiss 24° 23' 49.279" N 85° 30' 15.534" E 245 Point Jainagar Phyllite, mica schist 24° 23' 49.279" N 85° 30' 15.534" E 246 Point Jainagar Phyllite, mica schist 24° 16' 51.208" N 85° 45' 5.770" E 247 Point Jainagar Biotite granite gneiss 24° 16' 51.208" N 85° 45' 5.770" E 248 Point Jainagar River 24° 18' 41.887" N 85° 38' 39.788" E 249 Point Jainagar Biotite granite gneiss 24° 18' 41.887" N 85° 38' 39.788" E 250 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 29' 4.073" N 85° 19' 20.846" E 251 Point Chandwara Quartzite 24° 24' 30.292" N 85° 23' 52.171" E 252 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 29.224" N 85° 20' 3.250" E 253 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 29' 17.449" N 85° 15' 47.996" E 254 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 31' 4.443" N 85° 22' 7.556" E 255 Point Chandwara Intrusive Granite 24° 31' 49.347" N 85° 23' 47.071" E 256 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 22' 38.610" N 85° 6' 38.458" E 257 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 21' 30.252" N 85° 8' 57.887" E 258 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 22' 20.246" N 85° 7' 35.946" E 259 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 19' 58.040" N 85° 8' 2.783" E 260 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 20' 24.184" N 85° 6' 19.895" E 261 Point Chandwara Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 23' gneiss 46.898" N 85° 12' 21.701" E 262 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 23' 26.846" N 85° 13' 45.073" E 263 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 22' 52.920" N 85° 11' 53.123" E 264 Point Chandwara Alluvium 24° 22' 17.790" N 85° 16' 14.524" E 265 Point Chandwara Alluvium 24° 20' 50.096" N 85° 22' 5.771" E 266 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 21' 15.652" N 85° 19' 41.369" E 267 Point Chandwara Water Body 24° 21' 16.729" N 85° 26' 18.409" E 268 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 18' 58.653" N 85° 21' 37.866" E 269 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 23' 51.522" N 85° 28' 3.590" E 270 Point Chandwara Quartzite 24° 23' 51.522" N 85° 28' 3.590" E 271 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 26' 7.016" N 85° 13' 34.473" E 272 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 7.016" N 85° 13' 34.473" E 273 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 29' 12.476" N 85° 16' 35.883" E 274 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 29' 12.476" N 85° 16' 35.883" E 275 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 20' 49.352" N 85° 27' 12.374" E 276 Point Chandwara Water Body 24° 20' 49.352" N 85° 27' 12.374" E 277 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 20' 49.071" N 85° 29' 25.500" E 278 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 20' 49.071" N 85° 29' 25.500" E 279 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 21' 50.757" N 85° 27' 49.040" E 280 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 21' 50.757" N 85° 27' 49.040" E 281 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 22' 9.654" N 85° 27' 45.411" E 282 Point Chandwara Quartzite 24° 22' 9.654" N 85° 27' 45.411" E 283 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 26' 27.298" N 85° 28' 41.272" E 284 Point Chandwara Alluvium 24° 26' 27.298" N 85° 28' 41.272" E 285 Point Chandwara Quartzite 24° 23' 25.136" N 85° 23' 3.449" E 286 Point Chandwara Water Body 24° 23' 25.136" N 85° 23' 3.449" E 287 Point Chandwara Quartzite 24° 25' 7.342" N 85° 23' 41.597" E 288 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 25' 7.342" N 85° 23' 41.597" E 289 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 24' 10.022" N 85° 14' 53.931" E 290 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 24' 10.022" N 85° 14' 53.931" E 291 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 27' 0.437" N 85° 22' 1.676" E 292 Point Chandwara Alluvium 24° 27' 0.437" N 85° 22' 1.676" E 293 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 26' 30.014" N 85° 25' 2.642" E 294 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 26' 30.014" N 85° 25' 2.642" E 295 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 31' 32.615" N 85° 23' 5.336" E 296 Point Chandwara Intrusive Granite 24° 31' 32.615" N 85° 23' 5.336" E 297 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 23' 15.562" N 85° 10' 5.895" E 298 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 23' 15.562" N 85° 10' 5.895" E 299 Point Chandwara Quartzite 24° 21' 53.676" N 85° 10' 3.841" E 300 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 21' 53.676" N 85° 10' 3.841" E 301 Point Chandwara Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 23' gneiss 11.950" N 85° 10' 26.198" E 302 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 23' 11.950" N 85° 10' 26.198" E 303 Point Chandwara Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 23' gneiss 4.161" N 85° 10' 46.138" E 304 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 23' 4.161" N 85° 10' 46.138" E 305 Point Chandwara Epidiorite, amplibolite, hornblende schist/24° 23' gneiss 36.308" N 85° 12' 13.071" E 306 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 23' 36.308" N 85° 12' 13.071" E 307 Point Chandwara Phyllite, mica schist 24° 24' 58.744" N 85° 18' 21.835" E 308 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 24' 58.744" N 85° 18' 21.835" E 309 Point Chandwara Biotite granite gneiss 24° 24' 6.767" N 85° 17' 52.301" E 310 Point Chandwara Alluvium 24° 24' 6.767" N 85° 17' 52.301" E