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Eth Nologia P Olona Na Na Eth Nologia P Olona 3737 20162016 (2017()2017) HIMALAYANHIMALAYAN AND AND TIBETIBETANTAN IDEN IDENTITIESTIT IES IN CONIN CONTEMPORARYTEMPORARY PERSPEPERSPECTIVECTIVE OLONA OLONA P P 3737 2016 2016 (2017) (2017) HIMALAYANHIMALAYAN AND AND NOLOGIA NOLOGIA TIBETTIBEAN TIANDEN IDENTITIEST ITIES ININSTITUTE CONINSTITUTEIN OF CON TARCHAEOLOGY EMPORARYOF ARCHAEOLOGYTEMPORARY AND ANDETHNOLOGY ETHNOLOGY ETH ETH PERSPEPOLISHPOLISHPERSPE ACADEMYCT ACADEMYIVECT OF IVESCIENCES OF SCIENCES OLONA OLONA P P NOLOGIA NOLOGIA INSTITUTEINSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY ETH ETH POLISHPOLISH ACADEMY ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF SCIENCES Editor Anna Szymoszyn Thematic Editor of the volume Rafał Beszterda Language Assistant to the Editor Thomas Anderson Editorial Board Arkadiusz Bentkowski, Mirosława Drozd-Piasecka, Agnieszka Halemba, Zbigniew Jasiewicz, Jolanta Kowalska, Anna Malewska-Szałygin, Mikołaj Olszewski, Aleksander Posern-Zieliński, Anna Skrypnik, Larysa Vakhnina Editorial address Redakcja Ethnologia Polona IAE PAN, ul. Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Cover design by Teresa Witkowska and Anna Szymoszyn, based on the project of Alicja Szubert-Olszewska The photo on the cover: Doors in Pooh, Kinnaur H.P. India Photo: Rafał Beszterda, 2016 Ethnologia Polona © Copyright 2017. All rights reserved. All papers are copyright to their Authors and to Ethnologia Polona. Printed in Poland PL ISSN 0137-4079 Typeset by Letter Quality, Warsaw, Poland Printed in 170 copies Partner Poligrafia, Białystok CONTENTS ARTICLES HIMALAYAN AND TIBETAN IDENTITIES IN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE Thematic editor: Rafał Beszterda Rafał Beszterda and Anna Szymoszyn Introduction .................................................... 5 Gerald Kozicz Remarks on the Practice of Installing Lhathos of Territorial Guardians inside Buddhist Temples in the Western Himalayas ........................... 9 Rafal Beszterda Current Analyses on Shipki-la Trade, Kinnaur 2017 .................... 31 Piotr Klafkowski Remarks on the Lesser-known Founders of the Myth of Tibet ............. 53 Anna Szymoszyn Contemporary Bonpo Community in Tibetan Refugee Camps ............ 67 Béla Kelényi From the Michelangelo of Lhasa to the Problem of Tibetan Identity ........ 83 Natalia Bloch We Are No Monks. Narrating the Self Through New Tibetan Exile Cinema... 101 Tsering Chorol How Ladakhi Must Be Written. Postulates Regarding the Codification of Written Ladakhi, Its Development and Education .................... 115 NEW ISSUES, NEW PROJECTS Ewa Nowicka and Ayur Zhanaev Life on the Borderland: Buryats in Russia, Mongolia and China .......... 121 Oyungerel Tangad Cultural Aspects of Democratization in Mongolia - the Ethical Perspective ... 133 Lucjan Buchalik The Noble Minority. The Renaissance of Ainu Culture in Contemporary Japan .......................................................... 145 Łukasz Kaczmarek Mobility Towards Stability: Network-Mediated Ethnography of Successful Polish Migrants in Dublin ......................................... 163 Magdalena Krysińska-Kałużna Between Ritual Slaughter and a Sacred Cow .......................... 177 REVIEW Anna Engelking Grażyna Kubica. 2015. Maria Czaplicka: Sex, Shamanism and Race. An Anthro- pological Biography. Kraków ....................................... 187 INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS ...................................... 191 ARTICLES HIMALAYAN AND TIBETAN IDENTITIES IN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE Ethnologia Polona, vol. 37: 2016 (2017), 5 – 7 PL ISSN 0137 - 4079 INTRODUCTION RAFAŁ BESZTERDA & ANNA SZYMOSZYN EDITORS Western Himalayas and Tibet are specific areas, quite popular among scholars and intensively researched for over the last 150 years. It would seem that after such a long time we should know almost everything about the people and the region but such a vision could not be further from the truth. The Himalayas, best known for their natu- ral beauty, are still a treasure trove for the representatives of various disciplines, from geologists, entomologists and botanists to cultural geographers, linguists, art historians, ethnographers and so on. Every year brings a plethora of new publications and even more importantly, a wider scope of original future prospects. More areas and topics of interest are opening than closing and it is what makes Himalayan studies so fascinating. Culture is constantly on the move and these studies are no exception. It is beyond a question that the global world has already entered The Roof of the World. Satellite broadcast is reaching the villages together with sparkling sweet drinks and capped drinking water in a company of contemporary ideas, so called modern style of living and increased expectations. All of the above combination put enormous pressure on the local inhabitants, changing their vision of traditional values and the native economy in relation to the state and international market. Finally fundamental question of identity arises: local, regional and national. All particular dimensions of everyday life in the Western Himalayas show a huge dynamic of change and it is what provides the reason for permanent research being undertaken by both native and international scholars. The time has come to cohesively gather together the several directions of Hima- layan-Tibetan research conducted by scientists from Europe and India. In this vol- ume of Ethnologia Polona, 4 Poles (Klafkowski, Bloch, Beszterda and Szymoszyn) together with Tsering Chorol from India, Gerald Kozicz from Austria and Bela Kelenyi from Hungary, present articles on their own investigations in various zones and regions in Ladakh, Zanskar, Kinnaur, Lahul&Spiti and among Tibetan and Himalayan 6 RAFAŁ BESZTERDA, ANNA SZYMOSZYN communities in India, Nepal and all over the world. A common thread running through these outcomes is the primary research being undertaken although their scope and specific interest is different. As editors, we feel a great satisfaction that we were able to obtain competent authors and publish a volume on the area to which we devoted ourselves many years. When we both started work at the IAE PAS in middle 1990s., prof. Maria Paradowska, who was our principal and editor-in-chief of Ethnologia Polona, told us that it would be hard to realize our scientific ambitions due to a lack of interest in this area by academic and ministerial authorities, deciding on the allocation of funds. We paid our first research trips to Asia from our own money. It is only in the last decade that science funding policy has changed radically, and it is now much easier to obtain funds for fieldwork in remote parts of the world. Professor Paradowska, however, was kind to us and agreed to our many month- long – stays in the Himalayas and Tibet and printed in Ethnologia Polona our first arti- cles (Beszterda 2002, 55–83, Beszterda 2003, 131–148, Urbańska 2003, 149–165). In 2004, she agreed to devote part of the new volume to Himalayan-Tibetan issues. A group of young researchers published 6 articles on traditional trade routes in the Western Himalayas (Hinca 2004, 151–164), the medical activities of missionaries in North India (Beszterda 2004, 135–150), the revival of Bon religion in exile and in Poland (Urbańska- Szymoszyn 2004, 117–133), changes taking place in the environment of Tibetan youth in exile (Bloch 2004, 105–106) and the spread of Tibetan culture in Poland (Sanocki 2004, 87–104, Urbańska-Szymoszyn 2004, 79–86). In subsequent years, a further 3 only articles related to the region were published in Ethnologia Polona (Maksymowicz 2011, 165–180, Bloch 2011, 169–190, Urbańska-Szymoszyn 2013, 143–153). We hope that the current volume, published 13 years after the first thematic Hima- layan-Tibetan edition of Ethnologia Polona, will be very interesting for our readers and will bring a lot of new information and insights, despite this being a mere snapshot of the research conducted in so amazing part of the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY B e s z t e r d a R. 2002. Moravians in Ladakh, Lahul and Kinnaur. Ethnologia Polona 23, 55–83. B e s z t e r d a R. 2003. The Educational and School-Founding Activity of the Moravian Missionaries on the Indo-Tibetan Border. Ethnologia Polona 24, 131–148. B e s z t e r d a R. 2004. The Medical Activity of the Moravian Missionaries in the Indian Himalayas (1853–1956). Ethnologia Polona 25, 135–150. B l o c h N. 2004. The Impact of Changes in the Socio-Cultural Model of the Young Generation of Tibetan Refugees on Their National Attitude. Ethnologia Polona 25, 105–106. B l o c h N. 2011. Between Vishnu and Mao Zedong: The Maoist Movement in Multi-ethnic Nepal. Ethnologia Polona: Anthropology of Politics 31–32 (2010–2011), 169–190. INTRODUCTION 7 H i n c a P. 2004. Traditional Basis of Trade in Western Himalayas. The Past and the Present. Ethnologia Polona 25, 151–164. M a k s y m o w i c z N. 2011. Women in Himalayan Dolpo. Ethnologia Polona: Gender and Queer Studies 29–30 (2008–2009), 165–180. S a n o c k i A. 2004. Manifestations of tibetan Culture in Poland. Ethnologia Polona 25, 87–104. U r b a ń s k a A. 2003. Mount Kailas – Sacred Place and Symbolisation of the Sino-Tibetan Relations in the Context of the National-Religious Hermitage of Tibetans. Ethnologia Polona 24, 149–165. U r b a ń s k a - S z y m o s z y n A. 2004. Festival of Tibetan Culture Called ‘Tibet In Poznań’. Ethnologia Polona 25, 79–86. U r b a ń s k a - S z y m o s z y n A. 2004. The Spreading of Bön Culture Among Tibetan Refugees. Polish Implications. Ethnologia Polona 25, 117–133. U r b a ń s k a - S z y m o s z y n A. 2013. Political Determinants of Indian Pilgrimages to Mount Kailas and Manasarovar Lake. Ethnologia Polona: Ethnopgraphy Re(dis)covered 33–34 (2012–2013), 143–153. Ethnologia Polona, vol. 37: 2016 (2017), 9 – 30 PL ISSN 0137 - 4079 REMARKS ON THE PRACTICE OF INSTALLING LHATHOS OF TERRITORIAL GUARDIANS INSIDE BUDDHIST TEMPLES IN THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS GERALD KOZICZ INSTITUTE FOR ARCHITECTURE AND MEDIA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ A crucial factor for the successful establishment of Buddhism among Tibetan and Himalayan societies from the 10th century onwards was the integration of pre-Buddhist local myths into the art and archi- tecture of the new doctrine.
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