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Kenai Fjords NP: Historic Resource Study Kenai Fjords NP: Historic Resource Study Kenai Fjords A Stern and Rock-Bound Coast: Historic Resource Study A STERN AND ROCK-BOUND COAST Kenai Fjords National Park Historic Resource Study Linda Cook Frank Norris 1998 National Park Service Alaska Support Office Anchorage, Alaska TABLE OF CONTENTS kefj/hrs/hrs.htm Last Updated: 26-Oct-2002 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kefj/hrs/hrs.htm[3/19/2013 5:45:17 PM] Kenai Fjords NP: Historic Resource Study (Table of Contents) Kenai Fjords A Stern and Rock-Bound Coast: Historic Resource Study TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER LIST OF MAPS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS LIST OF ACRONYMS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PREFACE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION 1. THE STERN AND ROCK-BOUND COAST Geographic Overview Historical Geography of the Coast Glaciers The Fjords Resurrection Bay Aialik Bay Harris Bay McCarty Fjord or East Arm of Nuka Bay Nuka Bay (West Arm) Portages 2. LIVING ON THE OUTER KENAI PENINSULA The Chugach and Unegkurmiut A People Few in Number Warfare and Trade Villages Acculturation and Change 3. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND RUSSIAN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ON THE LOWER KENAI PENINSULA European Exploration and Trade on the Kenai Peninsula Russian Enterprise on the Outer Kenai Coast Fort Voskresenskii and the Building of the Phoenix http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kefj/hrs/hrst.htm[3/19/2013 5:45:18 PM] Kenai Fjords NP: Historic Resource Study (Table of Contents) Russian Interests Change along the Outer Kenai Coast The Kenai Russian Orthodox Mission Russian Coal Mining on the Kenai Coast 4. SHIFTING LANDSCAPE: DEMOGRAPHICS, ECONOMICS, AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE OUTER KENAI COAST Fur Trading After the Alaska Purchase The Alaska Commercial Company at English Bay The Yalik Bay Store Frank Lowell: Hunter, Trader, and Station Manager The Western Fur Company and the Collapse of Fur Prices The Influence of the Kenai Mission After 1867 Native Labor and the Rise of the Fishing Industry 5. DEVELOPING THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE The Alaska Central Railroad and the founding of Seward Shipping Activities Along the Kenai Coastline Establishing a Network of Navigational Aids Roads and Road Proposals Aviation Facility Development Dams and Diversion Projects 6. LIVING OFF THE LAND AND SEA Traditional Use Activities Fox Farming The Nuka Island Fox Farm Homesteading Harbor Seal Harvesting Prior to 1960 Harbor Seal Harvesting, 1960 to Present Sea Lion Harvesting 7. THE LURE OF GOLD Early Kenai Peninsula Exploration Nuka Bay Gold Mining: A Chronology Nuka Bay Mining Sites: Beauty Bay Alaska Hills Mining Corporation Nuka Bay Mining Company (Harrington Prospect) Nukalaska Mining Company Glass and Heifner Mine Miscellaneous Sites, Beauty Bay Nuka Bay Mining Sites: North Arm Rosness and Larson Property Kasanek-Smith Prospect Robert Hatcher Prospects Charles Frank Prospect Nuka Bay Mining Sites: Surprise and Quartz Bays Sonny Fox Mine (Babcock and Downey Property) Skinner Prospect #1 Johnston and Deegan Property Goyne Prospect (Golden Horn Prospect) Nuka Bay Mining Sites: West Arm and Yalik Bay http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kefj/hrs/hrst.htm[3/19/2013 5:45:18 PM] Kenai Fjords NP: Historic Resource Study (Table of Contents) Lang-Skinner Prospect Blair-Sather Prospect Resurrection River Mining Sites 8. IMPACTS OF MILITARY ACTIVITIES Early Plans and Facilities World War II Activities in Seward World War II Activities in Resurrection Bay The Outer Island Station 9. COMMERCIAL FISH AND SHELLFISH HARVESTING The Southern Kenai Peninsula Salmon Fishery, 1911-1945 Early Cook Inlet Salteries and Canneries The Resurrection Bay Fishery The Regulatory Environment Fishing Along the Outer Coast Salmon Fishing Along the Southern Kenai Coast, 1946-1959 General Postwar Trends Fishing in the Park: The Laissez Faire Period, 1946-1954 The Onset of Regulation, 1955-1959 Commercial Salmon Fishing Since Statehood Statehood and Its Ramifications, 1960-1963 The Good Friday Earthquake and Its Aftermath Fishing in Park Waters, 1970 to present The Halibut and Cod Fisheries Other Commercial Fisheries Herring Shrimp Crab Miscellaneous Species 10. RECREATION AND TOURISM Early Recreational Trends The Lure of the Kenai Peninsula Gamelands Seward Area Land Reservations Visitors to the Southern Kenai Coast, 1900-1940 Early Sightseers and Hunters Rockwell Kent's Visit to Renard Island Seward Becomes a Tourist Node Tourists and Hunters Visit the Coastal Fjords Recreational Trends, 1940-1970 The Kenai National Moose Range is Established Recreational Activities Along the Southern Coast Oil Exploration and Kenai Moose Range Management The Exit Glacier Road Mountaineers Explore the Harding Icefield The Harding Icefield Snowmobile Development Federal Efforts to Preserve the Icefields and Fjords, 1968-1980 The National Natural Landmark Nomination The Seward National Recreation Area Proposal Proposed Interior Department Reservations http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kefj/hrs/hrst.htm[3/19/2013 5:45:18 PM] Kenai Fjords NP: Historic Resource Study (Table of Contents) Congress Establishes Kenai Fjords National Park Recreational Impacts of Interior Department Activities SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX (omitted from the online edition) LIST OF MAPS Map 1-1. Historic Sites — Rock-Bound Coast Map 2-1. Historic Sites — Nature Lifeways Map 3-1. Historic Sites — European Exploration/Russian Settlement Map 4-1. Historic Sites — Shifting Landscape Map 5-1. Historic Sites — Transportation Development Map 6-1. Historic Sites — Fox Farming/Homesteading Map 7-1. Historic Sites — Gold Mining Map 8-1. Historic Sites — Military Activity Map 9-1. Historic Sites — Commercial Fishing Map 9-2. Southern Kenai Peninsula Statistical Areas, 1944-1950 Map 9-3. Lower Cook Inlet Management Districts Map 9-4. Lower Cook Inlet Statistical Areas, 1968-1995 Map 9-5. Pacific Halibut Statistical Areas Map 10-1. Historic Sites — Recreation/Tourism Map 10-2. Seward Area Land Reservations, 1909-1926 Map 10-3. Kenai Moose Range Boundaries, 1941-1971 LIST OF TABLES Table A. Historic Contexts and Associated Historic Properties Table 3-1. Chronological Summary of Russian, Spanish, and Prince William Sound Regions Table 7-1. Elements Comprising the Nuka Bay Mining District Table 9-1. Harvest Data for Statistical Area 44, 1944-1950 Table 9-2. Outer District (Cook Inlet) Salmon Harvest, 1954-1995 Table 9-3. Eastern District (Cook Inlet) Salmon Harvest, 1954-1995 Table 9-4. Salmon Harvest, by Number of Fish and Percentage of Total Harvest for Selected Periods, 1954-1994 Table 9-5. Commercial Pink Salmon Harvest for Selected Lower Cook Inlet Bays, 1959-1995 Table 9-6. Commercial Chum Salmon Harvest for Selected Lower Cook Inlet Bays, 1959- 1995 Table 9-7. Commercial Sockeye Salmon Harvest for Selected Lower Cook Inlet Bays, 1959- 1995 Table 9-8. Statistics on Park-Area Salmon Fishing, 1968-1995 Table 9-9. Residence of Commercial Salmon Fishers Active in Kenai Fjords National Park, 1975-1995 Table 9-10. Annual Halibut Harvest, Statistical Area 25, 1923-1995 Table 9-11a. Herring Harvesting in Lower Cook Inlet, 1918-1930 Table 9-11b. Location of Lower Cook Inlet Herring Plants, 1924-1930 Table 9-12. Statistics on Park-Area Fishing, 1970-1995 (Non-Salmon Species) Table 9-13. Shrimp Harvests in Cook Inlet (Outer and Eastern Districts), 1977-1995 Table 9-14. Outer District and Eastern District Crab Harvest, 1960-1995 Table 9-15. Statistics of the Kenai Fjords Tanner Crab Fishery, 1972-1988 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kefj/hrs/hrst.htm[3/19/2013 5:45:18 PM] Kenai Fjords NP: Historic Resource Study (Table of Contents) LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Fig. Josephine Sather at her Home Cove residence. Fig. Sea stacks are a common feature along the Kenai Fjords coastline. Fig. The southern Kenai Peninsula coast is often windswept and stormy. Fig. Portrait of George Davidson. Fig. George Davidson's map of Outer Kenai Coast, 1902. Fig. Russian Hydrographic Department Chart of Gulf of Alaska, 1847. Fig. Adventurers explore McCarty Glacier during 1919 expedition. Fig. Holgate Glacier as it appeared in the spring of 1955. Fig. Northwestern Glacier as it appeared in the mid-1940s. Fig. USGS Reconnaissance Map of Outer Kenai Coast, 1913. Fig. Glacier limits in the Aialik Bay Area. Fig. A woman of Prince William Sound. Fig. Hunting baidarka. Fig. A group of Natives by a barabara, 1901, above Seldovia. Fig. A rocky beach with family of sea otters, from Georg Langsdorff, c. 1805. Fig. Native paddlers rest in their baidarkas near Seldovia, c. 1916. Fig. Coal Harbor, near Port Graham, 1786. Fig. Prince William Sound (Snug Harbor) and Captain Cook's ships, 1778. Fig. Spanish map of Cook Inlet and Kenai Coast region, 1790. Fig. Overturned boats typically used as shelter. Fig. Tracing of Vancouver's route around the Kenai Peninsula. Fig. Fig. Etchings of Cook Inlet and environs, by John Sykes. Fig. Sarychev atlas, c. 1826, showing Outer Kenai Coast. Fig. James Shields drawings of Resurrection Bay shipbuilding site, c. 1795. Fig. Coal Village, near Port Graham, c. 1860. Fig. Teben'kov Chart #5 showing Outer Kenai Coast, 1849. Fig. Mary Lowell and family. Fig. "Lowell Bay Landing" as it appeared before Seward was founded. Fig. The Lowell cabin, around which Seward townsite sprang up in 1903. Fig. Early photo of "Cains Hill" (Caines Head). Fig. Frank Lowell, English Bay Company Store Account, 1885. Fig. English Bay Outstanding Accounts, 1875. Fig. Fig. English Bay Station, Outstanding Accounts, 1893. Fig. The steamer Dora, an early southwestern Alaska workhorse. Fig. The steamer Starr, another fixture along the southern Kenai coast. Fig. Seward, as it appeared about 1923. Fig. Scene along the Seward-Kenai Lake road, c. 1919. Fig. The Alaska Steamship Company steamer Alaska. Fig. The newly-completed Summit Creek dike, 1958. Fig. Map of the proposed Bradley Lake project, 1961. Fig. Pete and Josephine Sather on board their gas boat, the Rolfh III. Fig. The Sathers, and a young friend, as they appeared in the 1930s. Fig.
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