World Heritage Patinas

The Latin American Studies Book Series

Series Editors Eustógio W. Correia Dantas, Departamento de Geografia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil Jorge Rabassa, Laboratorio de Geomorfología y Cuaternario, CADIC-CONICET, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina Andrew Sluyter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA The Latin American Studies Book Series promotes quality scientific research focusing on Latin American countries. The series accepts disciplinary and interdisciplinary titles related to geographical, environmental, cultural, economic, political and urban research dedicated to Latin America. The series publishes comprehensive monographs, edited volumes and textbooks refereed by a region or country expert specialized in Latin American studies. The series aims to raise the profile of Latin American studies, showcasing important works developed focusing on the region. It is aimed at researchers, students, and everyone interested in Latin American topics. Submit a proposal: Proposals for the series will be considered by the Series Advisory Board. A book proposal form can be obtained from the Publisher, Juliana Pitanguy ([email protected]).

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15104 Rodrigo Christofoletti · Marcos Olender Editors

World Heritage Patinas Actions, Alerts and Risks Editors Rodrigo Christofoletti Marcos Olender ICH, Departamento de História ICH, Departamento de História Federal University of Juiz de Fora Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil

ISSN 2366-3421 ISSN 2366-343X (electronic) The Latin American Studies Book Series ISBN 978-3-030-64814-5 ISBN 978-3-030-64815-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64815-2

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgments

The holding of an International Congress is necessarily a collective work. Translating the content of this congress into a book was an enormous learning experience, and therefore, in view of the result achieved, we thank the partnerships that made this idea possible. We thank the Secretary of Culture of the State of Minas Gerais for financing the fieldwork, embryo of the congress that resulted in this book. To our institutional partners who believed in the feasibility and relevance of this event: the International Council on Monuments and Sites—ICOMOS-Brasil, the Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) and the State Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage of Minas Gerais (IEPHA), long-term partners. To the Rectorate and the Office of the Associate Dean of Culture of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora—UFJF, which are fundamental in the financial and logistical contribution. To the Board of the Institute of Human Sciences, the Department of History, and the Graduate Program in History from UFJF, for understanding the importance of the event and helping us formally. To the members of the Cultural Heritage Laboratory—LAPA, the Heritage and International Relations Research Group— CNPq, and the UFJF Memory Conservation Center—CECOM, for their luxurious assistance along this path. In partnership with CITCEM—FLUP (Transdisciplinary Center for Culture, Space and Memory of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Porto), through professors Amélia Apolónia, Lúcia Maria Cardoso Rosas, and Maria Leonor Botelho. To Springer, in the person of Professor Jorge Rabassa, for the opportunity to publish in this prestigious journal. We thank the Directorate of International Relations at UFJF, in the person of professors Bárbara Inês Ribeiro Simões Daibert (Director) and Nilcilea Peixoto who supervised the translation of the Project scholarship holders—LABINT (Laboratory for Internationalization of International Relations) UFJF: Alyne Cristina Campos Cruzeiro Amanda de Assis e Silva, Felipe Monteiro de Oliveira, Jhulia Dara Caballero Granato, Luíza Modesto Silva, Nathalia Oliveira Celestino Magalhães, Victoria Lameira Machado da Costa and Vitória Medeiros Rinaldi. We also thank Vitória Acerbi, who helped us with the first translations of this book. Finally, we thank all contributors to this book and invite readers to think with us about the preservation of the world heritage/heritage of humanity as a link that brings us closer to our ancestry. May we explore this path together, with one foot in preservation and the other in action, successively. v Presentation

World Heritage Patinas: A Metaphor to be Understood

Patina is a term used by painters, otherwise they call it skin or crust that creates that universal darkness that time makes in paintings or ruins of yesterday and today. It helps in conservation and gives them an aura of being long-standing (...) (Filippo Baldinucci, 1681)

To write a book of this nature, in the scenario in which the country has lived since 2019, double doses of three attributes are needed: boldness, clarity of the social and political role that the public university plays, and mainly, a firm belief that events such as the one that resulted in this book strengthen the resistant atmosphere that we live in this moment. The origin of this book lies in the desire to hold an International Congress that addressed the management of world heritage sites, more specifically those that are urban, with special emphasis on those located in Brazil, due to, primarily, their significant existence in our country and the need to hold this debate at a time when we experience a scenario of institutional dismantling and cultural silencing that threatens the proper responsible preservation of these heritage sites. In addition to the collaboration of foreign professionals and research on world heritage in other continents, we aim to clarify the condition of the art of preserving Brazilian world heritage that has been sealed until now. We seek to respond to the demands that have been growing in recent years, which are a result of a more responsible awareness from various conservationist actors, as well as the need to better understand the dynamics, discourses, and practices of safeguarding these assets, especially in the face of the increasingly present threats surrounding their maintenance, conservation, and preservation. We seek, above all, to enhance the exchange of experiences on the management of world heritage in Brazilian territory and similar experiences on an international level, emphasizing the understanding of the processes of safeguarding and disseminating heritage.

vii viii Presentation

The expansion of the approach regarding cultural heritage and related themes that characterized the international debates, mainly from the 1970s onwards, broke the previous limited efforts to preserve cultural heritage with the formulation and consolidation of the notions of intangible heritage, world heritage and human heritage. The expansion of this approach is the result of the development of international relations related to the mentioned field of action. In very general terms, the concept of world heritage or the heritage of humanity (the first used most often to refer to material heritage and the second to immaterial) has gained relevance, and has faced clashes and debates in recent decades. Heritage is the legacy that survives and consolidates itself from the past and is experienced by our and future generations. It is our standard, our reference point, it is what identifies us. It is what Jean Michel Leniaud would call “a set of assets that one generation feels should be passed on to the next because they think that these assets are talismans that allow society to understand time in three dimensions”. (Leniaud 1992, 73) From the beginning, it sought to emphasize the exceptional character of the concept of World Heritage through the universality of its usage. World Heritage location sites belong to all people of the world and countries recognize that sites inscribed on the World Heritage List located in their national territory, without prejudice to national sovereignty or property, constitute a universal heritage “whose protection is a cooperative duty of the whole international community”. (UNESCO 2020) For this, world heritage is understood from a very broad definition. It can be a region or area that is considered of fundamental importance for humanity, or a single building, or even the architectural set delimited in a city, town or region. The manifestations, rituals, and practices of some communities can also be part of this list and identified as World Heritage acknowledged for their importance and/or cultural and historical singularity, providing the possibility of safeguarding such assets. Heritage can be the link for the maintenance of an inalienable human right: the right to inheritance and maintenance of one’s ancestry. The ability to access, enjoy, and care for heritage is essential to creating a culture of what the 1998 Nobel Prize winner in economics, Amartya Sen, called “the ability of individuals to live and be what they choose”. (Sen 2020, 176) The reception conservation fair access and effective sharing of the diversity of heritage reinforce and even expand the feeling of placement belonging, mutual respect for others, and a sense of purpose and ability to maintain the common good. These are elements that contribute to the social cohesion of a community, as well as individual and collective freedom of choice and action. But in addition to its inherent value for present and future generations, heritage can also mean an important instrument to contribute to the well living of these communities. And in the process of construction and consolidation of the heritage, the patina of time assumes a fundamental character not only regarding its constitution, but also, in the differentiation of each heritage. Patina, an effect caused by the action of time on exterior surfaces of architectural elements, and by extension, in social practices, is a fundamental element in the perception of the singular value of the heritage. From a generic point of view, it is Presentation ix often associated with aging and decay. This book presents a positive perception of the patina: the world heritage that experienced layers of time action needs to be thought of as a result of the overlapping of experiences, therefore, patina as a positive value. Due to the patina’s capacity to regenerate, it is essential that actions to preserve the world heritage consider it and embrace it as an inherent part of its identity. (Zanchetti et al. 2006, 03) The patina concept is relatively new. The first record is dated from 1681, in the dictionary by Filippo Baldinucci: Vocabolario toscano dell’arte del disegno.From the original meaning, it refers to a certain action that occurs on a certain object; the patina has evolved as a physicochemical concept to designate the oxidation of paints by the action of time. (Baldinucci, Weil 1996) Thus, the patina starts to express two notions: one that refers to the action of time on the object and another that concerns the result of that action on the object, that is, the patina is the cause as much as it is the effect. Starting from the ending of the eighteenth century, with the systematic constitution of a preservationist thought, the patina will assume a prominent place with the valorization of what Ruskin calls the “patina of time”, that is a fundamental element for its own differentiation in patrimony. This element that must be respected and valued in preservation because it affirms its own antiquity, originality, and exceptionality. The master key to understanding the patina is time; it exists only with its passage. According to the thought that patina is a dynamic process when removed, it regenerates and it is essential to consider that the erasure of the traces left by the action of man and nature over the years is the most common form of direct deterioration of the past. Patina must be considered so that world heritage does not lose its historicity and its main characteristic: being the great depository of human achievements throughout history. Therefore, we think of the Patinas of world heritage: actions, alerts, and risks supported by these goals, as a metaphor to be understood. With the appropriation of cultural heritage for commercial and political purposes within the economies of all parts of the globe, heritage conservation now plays an important role in cultural diplomacy by elevating its status from a mere diplomatic strategy of good neighbourly relations to an elaborate tactic of soft power in different countries around the globe. Recently, international organizations have begun to see heritage more broadly, taking it as part of the speeches and agendas that make up contemporary global governance. Whether it is related to the idea of sustainability the fight against extremism or policies of citizenship and tradition, cultural heritage has gained much greater visibility and relevant participation, with an advance in the presence of preservationist organizations at international policy negotiations like never before, (Christofoletti 2017, 19) Cultural heritage is one of the captivating elements of this new international agenda, and a careful observation of the new world geopolitical map, and even the mapping of world heritage helps to consolidate this perception, which does not prevent a critical reading of such cartography. x Presentation

In 2020, 21 of the current 1121 world heritage sites1 in 167 countries are in Brazil, of which four are in the state of Minas Gerais: the Historical Center of Ouro Preto; the Bom Jesus de Matosinhos Sanctuary in Congonhas; the Historic Center of Diamantina and the Pmpulha Modern Ensemble, in Belo Horizonte. Up to date, few studies have systematized criteria for comparison and cooperation between world heritage sites in the state of Minas Gerais. The Patrimony and International Rela- tions research group linked to the National Council for Scientiﬁc and Technological Development of Brazil—CNPq was created with the intention of understanding the exchange of the dynamics of the various actors of heritage preservation, nationally and worldwide and also presentings part of its activies in this book. More recent inquiries will be added to those developed by the research and extension group Laboratory of Cultural Heritage (LAPA) regarding the different dimensions and approaches related to heritage and its preservation. After the successful technical visits to the Transdisciplinary Research Center “Culture, Space and Memory” of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Porto, Portugal—CITCEM—FLUP, at the end of 2018, part of the research group Heritage and International Relations was contemplated for the public campaign Circula Minas by the Secretary of Culture of the State of Minas Gerais. They were allocated to hold the 1st International Congress on Management of Human Heritage/1st International Symposium on Human Heritage of Minas Gerais in the International Context (coun- terpart of the public campaign), held by the two groups in partnership with ICOMOS- Brasil, placing the city of Juiz de Fora on the international map of academic events. Part of the congress presentations give shape to this book, fuelled by the most critical discussions recorded in their round tables, conferences, and public debates. Those meetings sought to enhance the exchange of experiences on the management of world heritage, with an emphasis on those allocated in Brazilian territory, relating it to similar experiences on an international level, emphasizing the understanding of the process of safeguarding and disseminating it. Diffusing and safeguarding is a parti pris binominal. For this reason, it is understood that the universe of world heritage has grown every year and although we realize the increase of discussions about cultural heritage, in some academic spaces, the preservation policies and the so-called “diplomacy for heritage” still suffer from lack of depth among the studies of the so-called “hard power”, regarding themes considered “soft power”, which reﬂects in the sensitive disproportionality that concerns the international relations generated and/or provoked by these patrimonies. (Christofoletti 2017, 18)

1This number grows every year. The 44th session of the World Heritage Committee—UNESCO will take place in Fuzhou, China in July 2020, if the World Health Organization’s policy of social isolation has ended by this date. It is in the committee’s sessions that new guidelines are deﬁned and the new world heritage is conﬁrmed. Presentation xi

The relation between preservation, diplomacy, and heritage branched out on themes such as the repatriation of works of art and cultural assets; the nefarious wave of heritage destruction sponsored by radical ethnic groups around the world; the increasingly incisive presence of research related to the so-called intangible heritage; the intensification of comparative studies between National States represented at UNESCO; and a relevant focus on colonies and the selection, reception, access, and safeguard criteria, and consequently, new formulations of international policies concerning cultural heritage and museums, in addition to other themes. As already pointed out previously, despite the emphasis on world heritage located on Brazilian territory, this book also covers studies on heritage considered “foreign” and even studies carried out by Brazilian researchers on cultural assets from other countries, thus enhancing the correlation between the local and the global. Through this approach, this book presents an overview of the most current ideas on the subject and also addresses recent issues in the sphere of heritage, paying attention to its possible relations to international issues and the so-called soft power (Nye 2004). At the same time, the dissemination of various heritages listed and legitimized by UNESCO has also grown exponentially, which is a criticism that some experts call “sectorial privilege” of some heritage, in spite of others that, consequently, are not listed. It is a fact that heritage that can be considered worldwide presents a distin- guishable singularity that contributes decisively to humanity, and it’s not only those limited by the lists of a mutifaceted organization such as UNESCO. The impera- tive tone of this statement must be understood: heritage is everything that inhabitants deem as significant. This book is not indifferent to sectoring the recognition of the so- called universal values, which give substance to world heritage sites: we are attentive to this complex and contradictory nature of heritage and its managers. For this reason, it does not emulate naive propaganda about the panacea represented by UNESCO. However, if on one hand, we are critical towards an increasingly less capillarey approach and enthusiastic about an expansion of the heritage cartography present in the world heritage lists, whereas on the other hand, we understand the essential role played by the entity, which in the last few decades has expanded its presence in regions of the globe where the acronym UNESCO previously represented nothing. To have the dimension of the scope of the World Heritage listed and financed by UNESCO, there are currently about two dozen different platforms for projects and programs for the preservation of world heritage being financed by the institution. A quick visit to its website shows the plurality of actions carried out. A significant example of the collaboration between the public and private sectors is the Marketplace platform, which is a space created to bring donors/sponsors and projects together where it’s offered a wide variety of interesting and innovative projects to invest. By funding one or more projects on this platform, the donor empowers individuals and communities around the world who work to ensure that world heritage is protected. This is a response to the direct financial losses caused by the withdrawal of the United States and Israel from participating in the entity’s committee, which took place at xii Presentation the beginning of 2019.2 Unusually, throughout many decades, UNESCO started to use revenue incorporation strategies, bus less explicitly before. In this new scenario, among several actions, the narrowing between the natural or legal donors of the institution and the project platforms for the preservation of world heritage stands out. In a scenario of plurality of opinions, disputes over hegemony and overlapping memories, we ask ourselves: how can we rethink heritage and tradition? How can the preservation, conservation, promotion, and dignified survival of heritage live with the challenges of the future without disrespecting ancestry? Urbanization, climate change,3 global inequality, how can policies that transform the use of our planet be reconciled in the face of this frantic transformation? Some of the projects under development deserve special mention because they operate differently in the importance of the preservation of: education; management; new technologies; sustainability; influence of new stakeholders; improving the bases for creating lists for world heritage; environment and environmental catastrophes; armed conflicts and action by preservationist actors in both peace and conflict zones, and even of imminent danger. These are some of the fields of action of UNESCO, expanding the spaces of action, as well as the direct interlocutors of its programs and projects. If, on one hand, immateri- ality has been increasingly understood, analyzed and deepened through the actions of preserving the spiritu loci, on the other hand, the materiality embodied remains the motto of greater visibility on the UNESCO’s sponsored preservation programs.4

2The decision to leave the institution was announced in 2017, but it was effective as of January 1st, 2019. The government of both countries justified the decision by citing what they claim to be bias against Israel and its policies adopted by the organization. At the time of the announcement, the United States government issued a statement mentioning what it’s called “UNESCO’s continued anti-Israeli bias” and the “need for reforms in the Institution”. In the statement, Trump’s advisors said they would continue to monitor the committee’s work, but as a non-member observer. Soon after the news, the then general director of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, regretted the decision. “At a time when the fight against violent extremism requires renewed investment in education and dialogue between cultures to avoid hatred, it is deeply regrettable that the United States withdraws from the United Nations committee that leads these issues,” he said in an official statement. The controversy between the two nations and the committee haves been going on since the beginning of the decade. In 2011, UNESCO recognized Palestine as an independent state. That year, the United States stopped passing quotas as a member state. Since then, the country has been a member of UNESCO, but has not exercised a vote because it did not contribute financially to the institution. See: https://whc.unesco.org/en/world-heritage-fund/. 3The global World Heritage network also helps to raise awareness of the impacts of climate change on human societies and cultural diversity, biodiversity and ecosystem services and the world’s natural and cultural heritage. For these reasons the project Climate change and world heritage seeks to boost the preservation equation through joint actions focused on the direction of climate change that affect the planet so much. WHC.UNESCO, 2020. 4The following projects stand out: (a) Educational Resource Kit ‘World Heritage in Young Hands’. With the motto: “know, value and act”, this project sponsors the idea that education is the key to personal fulfillment, development, conservation, peace and well-being; (b) Engaging Youth in World Heritage: Developing political guidelines and good practices for States Parties and World Heritage Stakeholders reaffirms the idea that identity, mutual respect, dialogue and diversity are the pillars of positive interaction between the cultures of the world; (c) Building a sustainable global network of world heritage site managers, from which links and communication channels are Presentation xiii

To ease implementation, the General Conference recommended that Federal State Members take appropriate measures to adapt this new instrument to their specific contexts. As the radius of action of UNESCO is perceived in the face of the demands of the preservation of the world heritage, it covers diverse spaces and mobilizes a plurality of actions that grow every year, making its networks of action more interconnected. Sensitive to the political difference that often prevents some cultures from being represented on preservation lists, not only UNESCO, but also plenty of other actors must work more and more to build bridges that prevent isolationism and enhance the expansion of their preservation tools, which in reality means protecting the heritage in places where it is not yet preserved, without neglecting the maintenance of existing actions. The minefields of wars, the walls of segregation, the policies of erasing memories/ancestry, and ignorance as a tool for maintaining the status quo are some of the fields where the conservationist fronts must fight, under the stimulus of what their action represented until the present moment: the union of efforts and the maintenance of plurality. The development of conflicts between different political and religious attitudes don’t rarely exclude the struggles of the identity movements (ethnic, sexual, social, etc.) seeking affirmation on political and social spaces of different natures and cultural nuances. The crises of different levels launch our world in new scenarios and put it to established between managers of World Heritage sites around the world, providing a social media platform to share knowledge in the field of World Heritage; (d) Enhancing the credibility of the World Heritage List: Good Practices of the Tentative List: whose essential motto is the understanding that provisional lists are local inventories that are part of the cultural and natural heritage of a State Party, which have a strong potential for be inscribed on the World Heritage List; (e) Raising the perception of the List of World Heritage in Danger. Listing a property as a World Heritage in Danger allows the conservation community to respond to specific preservation needs efficiently; (f) The creation of a World Heritage and Sustainable Development Policy is the realization of a guide and a collection of good practices to support the development of national policies, programs and sustainable management of World Heritage properties; (g) Development of official mobile applications of UNESCO’s world heritage, which seeks to encourage the identification, protection, preservation and conservation of cultural and natural heritage worldwide; (h) the same goes for the project: Development of an online tool for the World Heritage Policy Compendium (2015– 2020). The current proposal is for additional activities related to the development of a compendium of online world heritage policies, which ensures that the compendium is an easy-to-use tool with easy access and reach; (i) World Heritage Adventures Cartoon Series. The Patrimonito cartoon series, World Heritage Adventure, is an emblematic activity carried out in the World Heritage Education Program since 2002. To date, 13 episodes of Patrimonito’s World Heritage Adventure have been produced; (j) Heritage Impact Assessments on World Heritage properties: database and guidance tools are part of yet another breathtaking project funded by UNESCO; (h) Improving the effectiveness of the reactive world heritage monitoring process whose objective is to strengthen the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, improving the effectiveness and understanding of its Reactive Monitoring process, including the benefits of registering properties on the World Heritage List in danger; (i) General guidance on properties of religious interest and their sustainable management; (j) Modern Heritage Program; (k) World Heritage and Indigenous Peoples; (l) World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Program; m) World Heritage Cities Program; (n) World Heritage Forest Program and (o) Climate change and world heritage. All of these projects/programs seek to boost the preservation equation through joint actions. WHC.UNESCO, 2020. xiv Presentation test the accumulated knowledge about the management and preservation of cultural heritage and his knowledge that has its production significantly western-centered. At first, if the approach of cultural processes are marginalized or considered little in the West combined with new perceptions from other corners of the world, bequeathed to us the construction of the field of intangible heritage, today it launches us to new perspectives instrumentalized by new non-western worldviews and new related knowledge. This already raises questions about the boundaries between material and immaterial, translated internationally by the 1972 Convention for the Protection of World, Cultural and Natural Heritage and by the 2003 Convention for the Safe- guarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, both within UNESCO, in the fragile and imprecise conceptual boundary between world heritage and/or human heritage: the first is most used (but not exclusively) for material cultural assets and the second for the immaterial, although we prescribe the name, by UNESCO itself from world heritage sites to the former. This apparent “fragility” and ambiguity in the names have been combined since 1995, with the concept of Cultural Landscape to boundaries, therefore, a new path to be taken in which the very deconstruction of the borders between material and immaterial appear as contribution and decisive guidance in the search for new parameters and perspectives. This process can be perceived, even if in a timid way, in the selection of new world heritage location sites during the disturbing process of more fair and inclusive preservation searches. Dialoguing with this pluralistic dimension, the texts presented here have a common premise: they are all the result of qualified actions for the preservation of world heritage, in Brazil and abroad. Therefore, to account for the set of themes presented in this compendium, the book was divided into five complementary parts. The first part of the book discusses the Action of National Preservation Organiza- tions and presents texts that idle between the constant action of the organizations and the challenges faced. The opening text, the result of the contribution of Jurema Machado’s work entitled The Brazilian Experience of UNESCO World Heritage Sites briefly analyzes Brazil’s international cooperation trajectory within the scope of the United Nations to posteriorly address the implementing experience, by country at UNESCO’s Convention for the Protection of World, Cultural, and Natural Heritage. The evolution of the concepts and practices of selection and management of heritage provided by the Convention is evaluated in a comparative way with its trajectory in Brazil, seeking to point out advances favored by international cooperation in addition to the visibility gain brought by the registration of assets in the World Heritage List. Such advances are specifically identified through the description at the registration process of 14 cultural assets and mixed Brazilian property inscribed on the World Heritage List, from 1980 to 2019. Fifteen Brazilian cultural sites are now on the list: seven historic cities, two urban architectural sets, two archeological sites, two urban sites, a modern city, a cultural landscape, and a mixed property—cultural and natural, and when analyzing the challenges and risks related to the conservation of Brazilian world heritage sites we must take into account who are involved in the process, what are the consequences of receiving the nomination and how to manage these assets in a sustainable way. Presentation xv

In Preservation Actors: Challenges and Risks of Managing World Heritage Cities, Marcelo Brito presents the latest institutional initiatives developed to incite debate on administrative and operational measures to achieve this goal. From this, some national and international meetings were promoted by IPHAN on the themes of restoration of historic urban sites (Brasília 2002), management of historic cities (Goiás 2003), management of modern cultural heritage (Belo Horizonte 2017), world management Cultural places of heritage (Goiás 2018), and the economic potential of heritage through its tourist appeal (Porto Alegre 2019). Parallel to this perspective, it addresses some nongovernmental heritage conservation efforts, such as the Organization of Brazilian Cities of World Heritage (OCBPM), emphasizing positive results of strategic management cooperation, especially in its national meetings, of the Brazilian cities that have been nominated to the World Heritage List. Finally, it points out the main demands on the theme in Brazil that were identified and ratified in this process, in addition to indicating the responses that the public sector is willing to offer, which finally leads to reflections on the management of cultural heritage and the related challenges in Brazil. In Current Challenges and Risks for Preservation of the Historic Center of Salvador, Nivaldo Vieira de Andrade Junior addresses the current risks and challenges for the conservation of the Historic Center of Salvador, Bahia (HCSB), which underwent a remarkable process of loss of centrality, ruin, and impoverishment during the second half of the century, culminating in the controversial Recovery Program carried out by the Government of the State of Bahia, in the 1990s. This program resulted in the expulsion of hundreds of low-income families and the creation of a scenic space for cultural tourism, fully funded by public resources. In this context, the term “gentrification” is used to refer to very different processes. Facing, on one hand, the inertia of the public authority and, on the other, the “gentrification” processes led by private capital, several social groups have been organized to defend the conservation of heritage, as well as the maintenance of the threatened low-income population, while requiring planning and management to be carried out in a participative manner from HCSB. Simone Scifoni presents a critical overview of the meaning of the title of world heritage in Brazil. In World Heritage in Brazil: Reflection and Criticism, she prob- lematizes the process of selecting sites carried out by the State, based on an analysis of assets that have already been listed, as well as the items included in the indicative list. The article questions what was released by the world heritage records in Brazil by reviewing the available information on assets that were designated as historical heritage and those that appeared on an indicative list, largely linked to colonization. The result is that, over time, a “colonial” heritage has been used as a brand that helps to shed a positive light on the period of colonialization, ignoring its negative implica- tions and excluding its violence. An overestimation known as “colonial” architecture and urbanism and a positive light in the associated economic processes are present in a naturalized view of colonization. Thus, the world heritage in Brazil, expresses a colonialized mentality, rooted in the state-sponsored preservation experience. As the author advocates: heritage needs to be decolonized. xvi Presentation

Monica Lima e Souza discusses a very compassionate theme in the field of preservation. In When Sensitive Memories Sites Become Heritage: The Case of the Valongo Wharf Rio de Janeiro, the author argues that the meaning of local memories—called sensitive memories, related to the history of African slavery in Brazil, focusing on the case of Valongo Wharf—are the essential motto to verify the permanence of legacies that ancestry left to their descendants. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, in 2017, Valongo Wharf is studied as a space for uniting local black communities that also seek to participate in the heritage process. From the stories that give meaning to Valongo Wharf, she highlights pain as an element that crosses the sensitive memory of descendants and makes the trauma of slavery a cultural process in the formation of Brazilian identities in the post-abolition period. Finally, she states that this collective trauma has not been overcome, and in her discussion, suggests that it is possible to learn and deal with it. Raul Amaro de Oliveira Lanari and Hugo Mateus Gonçalves Rocha,inAfro- Brazilian Religions and Protected Urban Areas: The Cases of Laranjeiras and São Cristóvão, Sergipe discuss how the Afro-Brazilian cultural and religious manifestations of Laranjeiras and São Cristóvão, both cities in the state of Sergipe, are distorted by cultural heritage policies, in a national level. The key argument is built around the fact that both areas have a significant number of terreiros (sacred meeting places of Umbanda and Candomblé), as well as the presence of many Afro-Brazilian cultural and religious manifestations, however, low—almost zero—participation of these communities and practices in policies to protect cultural assets. This situation occurs regardless of federal protection in the Historic Center of Laranjeiras and in the title of UNESCO World Heritage granted to the landscape and architectural complex of São Cristóvão. Socioeconomic, territorial, and cultural aspects are analyzed in order to demonstrate how these Afro-Brazilian communities demand historical recognition and the right to remembrance along with the belief that policies and instruments of protection of cultural heritage can help them achieve other social rights. Luciana Rocha Féres and Leonardo Barci Castriota present in the text The Pampulha Modern Ensemble Reflections on the Complexities and Contradictions for the Management of a World Heritage Cultural Landscape an excerpt from the duo’s doctoral research (Ph.D. Candidate and supervisor, respectively), in which they reflect about the complexities and contradictions of the management process of the worldwide cultural heritage, specifically regarding Brazilian’s Pampulha Modern Ensemble, which was on UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritage List in the cultural landscape typology in July 2016. The text seeks to reflect on the following questions: what are the consequences and effects of Pampulha Modern Ensemble as a Cultural Landscape on the World Heritage List? What are the contemporary methodological approaches to the conservation/management of a Cultural (Urban) Landscape? What would be the limit of acceptable transformations in a world cultural landscape without it losing its O.U.V.—Outstanding Universal Value? In addition to these responses, the text aims to demonstrate that the inclusion of cultural landscapes located in urban areas in the World Heritage List is a recent phenomenon, and as such, it requires a review of the concepts and methodologies that were active in the field of heritage management and preservation. Presentation xvii

The experience of the Jesuit-Guarani missions bequeathed important cultural references to South America, present in common territory to four countries, and which contributed substantially to the construction of regional identities. The missionary catechesis project of the Companhia de Jesus, incorporated in the Jesuit province of Paraguay, at the beginning of the seventeenth century, aims to reconcile Hispanic dominance and promote the socioeconomic development of the border regions through the formation of a network of fixed settlements (reductions) to concentrate the Guarani population. In text Reflections on Tourism in Jesuitic-Guarani Missions, Ana Lúcia Goelzer Meira and Luisa Durán present a critical assessment of what has been accomplished in terms of preserving this important cultural complex. The second part mobilizes discussions on International Preservation Experiences of World Heritage. Marcos Olender makes a genealogy of the emergence of the notion of world heritage, mainly from the middle of the nineteenth century until the 1972 Convention in which both the process of internationalization of heritage preservation and the construction of knowledge that, from the western perspective, try to embrace peripheral and/or foreign cultures, as it is the case with Orientalism. “Which Egypt will answer”? Some Genealogical Notes on World Heritage are the complementation of another text by the same author in which he points out that from the second half of the nineteenth century, a new sensibility was formed about the need for of implementation and promotion of international mechanisms that aimed to preserve cultural heritage. In this case, the concern with the formulation of a systematized knowledge of Egypt, appears with certain preponderance and participates exemplarily in the elaboration of the notion mentioned and its application. In a very informative text, Maria Leonor Botelho and Lúcia Maria Cardoso Rosas evaluate their experiences as professors who use the city of Porto as a learning laboratory for their graduate students. With the title The Experience of Managing the City of Porto as a World Heritage Site: How to Teach and How to Learn? the text seeks to answer the question: what to teach and what to learn at postgraduate level by having the city of Porto, a world heritage site, as a laboratory? This text addresses two pedagogical projects developed at master’s level, first in the History of Portuguese Art and then, in Art History, Heritage, and Visual Culture of the College of Arts of the University of Porto: World Heritage of Porto (2015) and Porto of Virtues (2017). The projects resulted in virtual exhibitions published on the platform Google Arts & Culture. Mario Ferrada Aguilar presents in World Heritage Sites in Latin America: Conservation and Management Under a Value-BasedApproach an updated overview of the context of world heritage sites in Latin America, and its scope in terms of sustainable development. This new paradigm that should guide the conservation and management of heritage assets is exposed and it’s a pending and deficient aspect of the regional reality, since Latin American world heritage sites must have another fundamental purpose: to signify the relationships that people establish with the context, with nature, with territories, with authentic ways of life, with social practices, and with ecological means of land production. The text presents an understanding of the role that world heritage can play in the twenty-first century. xviii Presentation

Joanes da Silva Rocha develops a narrative in the text Immaterial Heritage and The Risk of “Forgetting”: A Case Study of the Hidden Christian Sites in Nagasaki, Japan that explains a “dangerous moment in the preservation of this memory”, since immaterial aspects of the subject, such as rites and oral tradition, are already at risk of being forgotten due to internal and external threats. The Locations of Hidden Christians in the Nagasaki Region are made up of twelve components in a series that covers ten villages, an archeological site and a cathedral dating from the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Thus, based on official documents and field research in Nagasaki, this text analyzes the problem and identify strategies proposed by the Japanese authorities (Cultural Affairs Bureau and Nagasaki City Hall), in order to prevent the disappearance of this living heritage. Paulo Henrique Martinez’s text ends the second part. In Environmental History and Cultural Landscape in Israel (2003–2020), the historian points out that public policies and institutional strategies for research, preservation, and diffusion of natural and cultural heritage, increasingly articulated since 1992, converge in many aspects to the notion of Cultural Landscape. Cooperation and sustainable practices were strategic axes recommended at the United Nations Environment Conference (RIO- 92), and reiterated at the Conference on Sustainable Development (RIO+20), among other forums for international debates. In Israel, Martinez advocates in favor of the economic space and the construction of social memory acquired by investigating similarities and differences in social changes that are taking place in the twenty- first century. The study of Cultural Landscapes in Israel, given its complexity and challenges for its protection and preservation, involves uncontrollably the management of public policies and of society itself. In order to understand the field the author presents, he examines two examples of sustainable action: the White City of Tel Aviv and the Route of Incense, taking both as examples of the approximation between politics and culture. The third part signals the dangers to which a large part of the world heritage is subject, inside and outside Brazil. World Heritage Risks and Threats bring together texts by researchers who have tried to understand the threatening dynamics of world heritage and how its tentacles are reaching more and more spaces around the world. In the text by Rodrigo Christofoletti and Vitória dos Santos Acerbi entitled Brazil on the Circuit of International Cultural Relations: Return and Devolution of Ethnographic Goods, the authors offer a snapshot of what has been recorded in terms of the return, repatriation or restitution of ethnographic cultural assets in Brazil. They present a comprehensive history of the return of cultural assets around the world in the last centuries, focusing on the episodes understood by the duo as more significant. From this abundance of information, they also discuss the legal minutiae that differentiate each of these actions, analyzing some of the most successful cases of repatriation of ethnographic objects already registered in the country. The selection of World Heritage in Danger as a theme, more specifically, the factors of risk that threaten Cultural sites derived from the understanding that the sense of loss is a strong promoter of heritage safeguard. With the present text, entitled: Presentation xix

World Heritage in Danger: Case Studies About Some of the Factors that Threaten Cultural Sites, Inês de Carvalho Costa realization of a critical reflection on how endangered world heritage through a multinational perspective, based on the analysis of three case studies that can illustrate some of the main threats that harm cultural sites. For that end, several sources will be addressed from normative documents like international Conventions and national decrees, but also the documentation available on UNESCO’s Official Website. References like monographs, scientific articles, articles of opinion will also be analyzed. The essence of the research will focus on the evolution of heritage safeguard mainly from the 70s of the twentieth century, and until the 2nd decade of the 2000s. Finally, the present text aims to contribute to a global and more humanized perspective on World Heritage in peril. The recent damage caused by fire in historic buildings demonstrates the need to deepen the subject in order to avoid further losses. Fire is undoubtedly one of the most destructive forces in world heritage. Lack of maintenance and mistakes in asset management can lead to irreparable losses. Based on this premise, the text by Antônio Maria Claret de Gouveia, Giovana Martins Brito, and Ana Elisa de Oliveira analyzes the risk of fire in the semi-detached buildings located in the Historic Center of the city of Ouro Preto. Entitled The Risk of Fire in Twin Buildings of the Ouro Preto Historic Center: World Heritage, this text presents these spaces typical of the Brazilian colonial period, as potentially fragile, which make them more susceptible to fire spread. The intention is to point out fire preservation and safety measures that are appropriate to the situation. Therefore, the study presents contributions to the discussion by suggesting measures that can be taken by the population living in the historic center and entities responsible for safeguarding buildings with historical, cultural, affective, and architectural value. Denismara Eugênia de Oliveira Nascimento deepens her examination of traf- ficking in devotional works of art. In Plunderers of Devotional Heritage, she analyzes the attacks against devotional heritage through the theft of sacred works in colonial religious buildings in Minas Gerais. Such robberies and thefts show an embezzle- ment in the Brazilian culturally/sacred collection and mainly in the groups that experienced them. According to her sources, the State Prosecutor’s Office for the Defense of Cultural and Tourism Heritage of Minas Gerais, almost 700 pieces are no longer in their place of origin. In order to analyze the clashes surrounding the theft of these pieces, the author makes use of publications in printed and electronic newspapers to analyze the news about thefts of sacred works, dealing with the disappearance, and sometimes even with the recovery of these objects. Kathia Espinoza Maurtua’s text analyzes two recent cases of the depredation of the cultural heritage of Cusco, Peru based on what the author calls “corruption established in the official institutions responsible for protecting the cultural heritage and the ideology of modernity in the country”. In From Works Aimed at Favoring Tourism to Attacks Against Cultural Heritage: A Story About Corruption and Modernity in the Cusco Case, she denounces not only the consequences of its loss, but also the corruption that generates state neglect and the institutions responsible for protecting xx Presentation the Peruvian heritage. Maurtua deepens the crisis that currently runs through the cultural heritage of the city of Cusco. In this sense, she analyzes the case of the construction of the Sheraton Hotel on Rua Saphi, located in the historic center of the city of Cusco, lacking national and international provisions in favor of its preservation. Likewise, as a second case, she considers the construction of the Chinchero Airport to be a civil work in the Sacred Valley that threatens to put the city of Cusco on the list of endangered cultural heritage. For this purpose, she examines the actions of official organizations that put cultural heritage at risk and, on the opposite front, the response that national and local social groups organized in their defense. In Modernity, Huacas and Heritage Depredation on the Peruvian Coast. The Specific Case of Chan Chan, World Heritage, (1986–2020), Jeremy Gibran Dioses Campaña criticizes the binomial modernity/preservation, analyzing the influence of European modernity in Peru, and more precisely, its impact on the actions of social agents at all levels of the social structure. Being a key element to understand the social dynamics that affected the preservation of huacas (sacred spaces of Peruvian ancestry), the author analyzes the scenarios in which all the attacks suffered by the Chan Chan archeological complex are inserted, with emphasis on the last two decades. He questions what the government has accomplished in the face of the UNESCO ultimatum on the withdrawal of the title of world heritage. Finally, he seeks to analyze the ambiguity of the Creole figure, seeking an explanation for the plasticity in the misconduct that allows the inhabitants to idle between pride in their heritage and heritage destruction. Hebe Mattos’s text ends the third part of the book. In Memory of Slavery as Material and Intangible Heritage: The Case of Valongo Wharf and the Passados Presentes Project, Mattos reflects on the relationship between historical research and public narrative that seeks to question the political meanings behind the presence of the slave past in the present, based on two different experiences: the candidacy and recognition of Valongo Wharf as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and the development of the “Past Past Presents” memory tourism project. This reflection was originally prepared as a speech at a seminar to commemorate the 450th anniversary of the city of Rio de Janeiro, celebrated in 2015, when the author participated in the event to celebrate the city’s anniversary, revisiting this muted topic of the city’s collective memory, its role as the largest slave port in the Americas and everything that comes with it. In this text, she discusses the idea of a material World Heritage signified mainly by its immaterial value and the dichotomies arising from this double understanding: material/immaterial. In Part Four—Legislation and Ethnography for the Preservation of World Heritage Sites, discussions are held that address themes that are transversal to preservation. Among the approaches presented are comparative legislation, an example of naming the Brazilian list, the internationalization of IPHAN and an ethnographic approach to indigenous heritage. Virgynia Corradi Lopes da Silva and Adriana Sana- jotti Nakamuta in the text Control of Movable Property Circulation and Network Performance: Perspectives for the supervision of Cultural Heritage discuss aspects Presentation xxi of the actions in network within the theme of the inspection of cultural heritage. Considering the actions of IPHAN, its characteristic as a federal supervisory body and its role in Brazilian public heritage policies, they examine the activities of this institute regarding the control of the circulation of movable assets, which can be defined as the set of inspection and authorization activities that regulate and monitor the movement of assets across the country and abroad. Thus, as the authors suggest the network itself as an organizational system emerge as an argumentative possibility for rethinking the inspection of cultural heritage. Caroline dos Reis Lodi in the text Legislation on the Protection of Cultural Goods: A Compared Study Between Brazil and Italy, outlines, in general terms, the trajectory of Brazilian and Italian legislation regarding the protection of cultural assets, comparing the way in which each norm defines and covers the topic of guardianship, its developments in the field of institutions and its possible advances and setbacks. Assuming that the norm is an organizing agent that drives the protection and enhance- ment of cultural assets and activities and also considering the relevance of the Euro- pean country, for the topic in question she understands that a comparative study with the Brazilian norms for the cultural heritage sector can contribute to the deepening of different mechanisms of protection, valorization and evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Carolina Martins Saporetti presents an unprecedented discussion about the begin- nings of the internationalization of IPHAN, during the administration of the entity’s president, Renato Soeiro (1967–1979). In IPHAN Looking Out: International Rela- tions in Preserving National Heritage, Saporetti breaks down the first attempts to build a specific policy of international relations built by the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute, during the 1960–1970s, period in which it is understood that there was the biggest internationalization process of the institution. Soeiro was responsible for adapting the federal agency to changes in the international and national context and managed to reconcile the economic growth of Brazil with the preservation of heritage, this from the expansion of international relations, with the approximation with bodies such as ICOMOS, UNESCO, and OAS. Thus, this article is a brief analysis of the influence of other countries in the development of public policies and projects for the preservation of heritage in the indicated period. Priscila Enrique de Oliveira, in the text Indigenous Culture as a Heritage of Humanity. Safeguarding Immaterial Heritage Through the Experience of the Guarani Mbya of the Indigenous Land of Ribeirão Silveira (SP) concludes the fourth part by stating about the international declarations and conventions as well as the national legal apparatus about indigenous intangible heritage and its resonance in public health policies of the Brazil. The research took place with the Mbya Guarani Indians residing in the Ribeirão Silveira Indigenous Land, in the north coast of the state of São Paulo and analyzed the health practices of the professionals who worked at the village medical post, which enhanced the intellectual dialog with the indigenous people. The text starts with the following premises: it is necessary to maintain the safeguard of knowledge in relation to the practices of healing and corporeality; these xxii Presentation are recognized by the State and from there their public policies can be implemented in a noncolonial, horizontal, democratic way, and above all, from the recognition of the protagonism of the indigenous holders of this immaterial heritage. Finally, it signals the need for public preservation policies financed by UNESCO to become more effective, especially at a time when the dismantling of indigenous traditions and ancestry continues to accelerate. If in the previous parts the world heritage was approached at national and international levels, the texts presented in Part Five—World Heritage of Minas Gerais— Disputes of Power and Memories allude to the disputes of the various social actors involved in the gears of the preservation of the state of Minas Gerais, presenting a local dimension. Adriana Careaga discusses in World Heritage of Minas Gerais: Chal- lenges and Opportunities for Its Management the conflicting status of the heritage concept. From the questions: Which heritage to preserve? Who preserves them? Who is opposed to its preservation? How does the academy dialog with local communities? How do you educate yourself about heritage? Cariaga seeks answers based on the deepening of the concept of outstanding universal value. It highlights the dialog between international documents and the declared world heritage in the state of Minas Gerais and signals the realization of an action plan that contemplates several functions such as: sustainability, human development, exchange of values, among others. For this reason, it discusses the assumptions of Risk and Disaster Manage- ment (GRD) based on the approach of Living heritage, formalizing a propositional agenda for the preservation of world heritage sites allocated in Minas Gerais. In Ouro Preto: World Heritage, Benedito Tadeu de Oliveira discusses the current scenario of Ouro Preto’s preservationist actions, trying to answer the following questions: (a) considering that in Brazil there is an institutional apparatus for the protection of urban and architectural heritage, why the protection in Ouro Preto is such a challenging issue? (b) Are the established measures for the restoration and conservation of Ouro Preto’s cultural and environmental heritage capable of interrupting the uncontrolled and destructive expansion and putting the city on a route of development and sustainable preservation? (c) Do the challenges to reconcile urban development and protection of cultural heritage belong only to Ouro Preto or do they also apply to other historic cities? (d) What has been done to conserve the architectural and urban landscape of Ouro Preto? Their responses are surprising. “Past Festivities, Responsibilities”: Urbanistic Conflicts in Ouro Preto After the Seal of World Heritage”, by Dalila Varela Singulane, discusses how disorderly growth, irregular occupations and the devaluation of memory and history, led to what the author calls “consequent disfigurement of spaces”. The prestige generated by the nomination as World Heritage given by UNESCO to Ouro Preto emphasized, in addition to culture, the conflicts of an urban nature that could be observed and analyzed through the Rio de Janeiro newspaper, Jornal do Brasil, which over the months preceding the nomination awarded to Ouro Preto generated explicit conflicts between Jornal do Brasil and the then tourism secretary of Ouro Preto, when he was accused by the newspaper of “harmful parochialism”. Therefore, the course of this Presentation xxiii work encompasses urban disputes and conflicts generated in Ouro Preto between 1980 and 1982, from what is portrayed in the pages of Jornal do Brasil. In the text Pampulha Modern Ensemble: Reflections on the Complexities and Contradictions for the Management of a World Heritage Cultural Landscape, Flavio de Lemos Carsalade discusses the difficulty to recognize the Modern Complex of Pampulha as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, from its initial proposition to the developments that followed. Examined step by step of the process, through a critical reading. The Pampulha Modern Ensemble is shaped by a landscape situation that brings together five buildings articulated around the water mirror of an artificial urban lake, as an integrated result of the creative genius of the main Brazilian names in the arts and architecture in the twentieth century, Oscar Niemeyer. The set includes the Church of São Francisco de Assis, the Casino (now the Pampulha Art Museum), the Casa do Baile (now the Belo Horizonte Urbanism, Architecture and Design Reference Center) and the Yacht Golf Club (today Yacht Tennis Club), built almost simultaneously between 1942 and 1943. In this text, (interesting dialog to the article by Féres and Castriota), it builds an authorial narrative that helps us to understand the behind the scenes of this heritage until the present moment. Alexandre Augusto da Costa investigates in Dispute Over the Social Imaginary in the City of the Prophets: Conflicts, Environment and Heritage in Congonhas (1985– 2020), the social imaginary pressing from the dispute over the cultural identity in Congonhas, located in the central region of the State of Minas Gerais from recognition by UNESCO in 1985, as World Heritage to the present day. The city is the economic hub of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero and is home to the largest mining companies in the country such as Vale and Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN). In the Basilica of Senhor Bom Jesus de Matozinhos, one finds the greatest masterpiece of Brazilian Baroque artist, Antônio Francisco Lisboa (Aleijadinho), the sculptural ensemble made up of 12 soapstone prophets and the 66 cedar sculptures of Via-crúcis—World- wide Heritage site. The central hypothesis of this text the development of the author’s doctoral thesis is that Congonhas, based on the UNESCO seal, began to rethink local identities, thus reflecting an imaginary that inspired a long-term vision that included alternatives to the economic vocation of mining, in addition to the rescue of identity ties with Portugal (a country that inspired devotion to Senhor Bom Jesus de Matoz- inhos) and the search for expertise in the management and promotion of heritage. In this sense, the actions of the main actors are mapped: City Hall, Public Ministry of Minas Gerais, Catholic Church, civil society, and mining companies. The book is concludes with the participation of Junno Marins da Matta, who discusses the management of the city of Diamantina, a world heritage site since 1999. In the text World Heritage and Living Monument, the architect makes a critical assessment of the last decades of management of the historical heritage of the city, presenting the actors, the disputes and the imaginary that helped to build the dynamics of the first 21 years of the city’s seal. The five parts dialog with each other, echoing what is most contemporary in the dynamics of preserving Brazilian world heritage and some foreign counterparts to date. It is not able to represent all the assets that are certified or even with the potential to be so, but it summarizes in a relevant way examples that make world heritage the xxiv Presentation universe where our demands are reflected, whether they are from the past, the present or tomorrow. If patinas are the crust of time and help the long-standing, as defined by the seventeenth century Filippo Baldinucci, may the actions, the alerts, and the risks of preservation be better understood in the valuable purpose of its essence: preserving to exist.

Winter 2020 Rodrigo Christofoletti Marcos Olender

References

Baldinucci F (1861) Vocabolario Toscano dell’Arte del Disegno, nel quale si explicano i propri termini e voci, non solo della Pittura, Scultura, & Architettura; ma ancora di altre Arti a quelle subordinate, e che abbiano per fondamento il Disegno. Firenze Christofoletti R (ed) (2017) Bens culturais e relações internacionais o patrimônio como espelho do soft power. Editora Universitária Leopoldianum, Santos Leniaud J-M (2002) Les archipels du passé: le patrimoine et son histoire. Fayard, Paris Nye Jr., JS (2004) Soft power: the means to success in world politics, New York, Public Affairs. Chapter One: The changing nature of power. pp. 1–32 Ruskin J (2008) A Lâmpada da Memória. Artes & Ofícios, São Paulo Sen A (2020) Collective choice and social welfare—an expanded edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Weil PD (1996) A review of the history and practice of patination. In: Price NS, Tallaey MK, Vaccaro AM (eds) Historical and philosophical issues in the conservation of cultural heritage. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles World Heritage Centre (2020) UNESCO Zanchetti SM, Silva AF, Lira FB, Braga, ACEG, Gonçalves F (2006) A Pátina na cidade. Anais do XII Congresso da Associação Brasileira de Conservadores e Restauradores de Bens Culturais “Preservação do Patrimônio Cultural—Gestão e Desenvolvimento Sustentável: Perspectivas”. Fortaleza—CE, August 28 to September 01 Contents

Action of National Preservation Organizations The Brazilian Experience of UNESCO World Heritage Sites ...... 3 Jurema Machado Preservation Actors: Challenges and Risks of Managing World Heritage Cities ...... 15 Marcelo Brito Current Challenges and Risks for Preservation of the Historic Center of Salvador ...... 37 Nivaldo Vieira de Andrade Junior World Heritage in Brazil: Reflection and Criticism ...... 65 Simone Scifoni When Sensitive Memories Sites Become Heritage: The Case of the Valongo Wharf in Rio de Janeiro ...... 79 Monica Lima e Souza Afro-Brazilian Religions and Protected Urban Areas: The Cases of Laranjeiras and São Cristóvão, Sergipe ...... 97 Raul Amaro de Oliveira Lanari and Hugo Mateus Gonçalves Rocha The Pampulha Modern Ensemble: Reflections on the Complexities and Contradictions for the Management of a World Heritage Cultural Landscape ...... 117 Luciana Rocha Féres and Leonardo Barci Castriota Reflections on Tourism in Jesuitic-Guarani Missions ...... 139 Ana Lúcia Goelzer Meira and Luisa Durán

International Preservation Experiences of World Heritage “Which Egypt Will Answer”? ...... 155 Marcos Olender

xxv xxvi Contents

The Experience of Managing the City of Porto as a World Heritage Site: How to Teach and How to Learn? ...... 179 Maria Leonor Botelho and Lúcia Maria Cardoso Rosas World Heritage Sites in Latin America: Conservation and Management Under a Value-Based Approach ...... 197 Mario Ferrada Aguilar Immaterial Heritage and The Risk of “Forgetting”: A Case Study of the Hidden Christian Sites in Nagasaki, Japan ...... 223 Joanes da Silva Rocha Environmental History and Cultural Landscape in Israel (2003– 2020) ...... 241 Paulo Henrique Martinez

World Heritage Risks and Threats Brazil on the Circuit of International Cultural Relations: Return and Devolution of Ethnographic Goods ...... 259 Rodrigo Christofoletti and Vitória dos Santos Acerbi World Heritage in Danger: Case Studies About Some of the Factors that Threaten Cultural Sites ...... 281 Inês de Carvalho Costa The Risk of Fire in Twin Buildings of the Ouro Preto Historic Center: World Heritage ...... 305 Antônio Maria Claret de Gouveia, Giovana Martins Brito, and Ana Elisa de Oliveira Plunderers of Devotional Heritage ...... 323 Denismara Eugênia de Oliveira Nascimento From Works Aimed at Favoring Tourism to Attacks Against Cultural Heritage: A Story About Corruption and Modernity in the Cusco Case ...... 339 Kathia Espinoza Maurtua Modernity, Huacas and Heritage Depredation on the Peruvian Coast. The Speciﬁc Case of Chan Chan, World Heritage (1986– 2020) ...... 359 Jeremy Gibran Dioses Campaña Memory of Slavery as Material and Intangible Heritage: The Case of Valongo Wharf and the Passados Presentes Project ...... 377 Hebe Mattos Contents xxvii

Legislation and Ethnography for the Preservation of World Heritage Sites Control of Movable Property Circulation and Network Performance: Perspectives for the Supervision of Cultural Heritage .... 391 Virgynia Corradi Lopes da Silva and Adriana Sanajotti Nakamuta Legislation on the Protection of Cultural Goods: A Compared Study Between Brazil and Italy ...... 411 Caroline dos Reis Lodi IPHAN Looking Out: International Relations in Preserving National Heritage ...... 425 Carolina Martins Saporetti Indigenous Culture as a Heritage of Humanity. Safeguarding Immaterial Heritage Through the Experience of the Guarani Mbya of the Indigenous Land of Ribeirão Silveira (SP) ...... 439 Priscila Enrique de Oliveira

World Heritage of Minas Gerais—Disputes of Power and Memories World Heritage of Minas Gerais: Challenges and Opportunities for Its Management ...... 459 Adriana Careaga Dispute Over the Social Imaginary in the City of Prophets: Conflicts, Environment and Heritage in Congonhas (1985–2020) ...... 473 Alexandre Augusto da Costa “Past Festivities, Responsibilities”: Urbanistic Conflicts in Ouro Preto After the Seal of World Heritage ...... 487 Dalila Varela Singulane Pampulha Modern Ensemble: Reflections on the Complexities and Contradictions for the Management of a World Heritage Cultural Landscape ...... 505 Flavio de Lemos Carsalade Ouro Preto: World Heritage ...... 523 Benedito Tadeu de Oliveira World Heritage and Living Monument ...... 547 Junno Marins da Matta