Exchange rate on Mar. 2011 is US$1.00 = Uganda Shilling UGS 2,335.14 = Japanese Yen ¥81.73

The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Executive Summary-

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Background of the Study Uganda is an agricultural country with 40% of GDP or 80% of total export covered by agricultural products. Approximately 70% of rural people who constitute 86% of total population are engaged in agricultural activities, rural areas therefore play very important roles for sustainable economic development in Uganda. It is important to take measures against poverty reduction in rural areas in which 96% of poverty people live. The national development plan (NDP April 2010), which incorporates “PEAP” (Poverty Eradication Action Plan 1997 to 2008) and intertwines sustainable economic growth with poverty eradication, aims to reduce absolute poverty to less than 24.5 % of total population by the year of 2015. NDP sets target for water and sanitation sector as below.

 By the year of 2015, 100 % of population in urban area can access to the safe water within 0.2 km and sanitation facilities.  By the year of 2015, 77% and 90% of population in rural area can access to the safe water within 1.0 km and sanitation facilities, respectively.

The study area, Lake Kyoga Basin (hereinafter referred as to “the Basin”) having approximately 58,000 km2 equals to 25% of the area of Uganda, is one of the largest catchment areas among eight basins in the whole country. (refer to Figure-1) Approximately 9.3 million people (2008 estimated) are living in the Basin whose major industry is agriculture, which is composed chiefly of livestock farming mainly cattle and cash crop growing of cotton or coffee.

The Basin is considerably blessed with water resources, namely rivers, lakes and groundwater with an annual precipitation of more than 1,200mm. However, safe water LakeLake Kyoga Kyo gBasina supply coverage in the rural areas is approximately 57% on an average in comparison with a national Lake LakeAlbert coverage of 63% and besides Kaabong, Kotido, Abim and Bugiri districts have less than 40%. Mt. Mt. Elgon

On the other hand, here is serious surface erosion in the mountainous Lake Victoria areas of the Basin, which leads to soil erosion and stream capture resulting into heavy damage to agriculture and the daily life of the people. This means that not only Figure-1 Location of the Study Area “water resources utilization” but also “prevention of flood and sediments disaster” have been recognized as critical issues.

i The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Executive Summary-

2. Objectives of the Study The objectives of the Study are  To formulate a basic plan on water resources development and management for the Basin  To formulate a master plan for rural water supply in priority areas  To transfer technology and knowledge to the counterpart personnel through their direct participation into the Study.

3. Water Resources Potential Evaluation and Water Balance Potential of surface water and groundwater in the entire Lake Kyoga basin was evaluated based on the survey results of this study. Total available water volumes are estimated as 556.1 MCM/year and 650.5 MCM/year in 1/10 and 1/3 drought years, Lake Kyoga Basin respectively. This estimate with 1/10 drought NY: 2,123.1MCM (S:1,118.9(LWD),G:1,004.2) 2100 year implies that water shortage to occur by 2020. 2000 NY: 1,397.7MCM (S:393.6(DWD),G:1,004.2) (refer to Figure-2) Water balance analysis also 1400 suggests that five sub-basins: Okok, Okere, 1300 1/3 DY: 1,207.1MCM (S:705.0(LWD),G:502.1) Lwere, Kyoga Lakeside, and Mpologoma, would 1200 Legend Rural Industries 1100 face shortage of agricultural water in near future. Fisheries Livestock Crops 1000 Domestic NWSC ( NY: normal year, DY: drought year, LWD: low water dischrge Domestic Small Town DWD: drought water discharge, S: surface water, G: groundwater Domestic Rural MCM: million cubic meter ) 900 4. Major Issues on Water Resources and 1/10 DY: 839.3MCM (S:337.2(LWD),G:502.1)

Development and Management 800

Eleven major issues on water resources 700 1/3 DY: 650.5MCM (S:148.4(DWD),G:502.1) Water Demand (MCM / year) (MCM Water Demand development and management found in the study 600 1/10 DY: 556.1MCM (S:54.0(DWD),G:502.1) are listed below. 500

 Shortage of reliable basic data for water 400 Agricultural Water resources development and management 300  Uncertain potential of water resources: 200

surface water and groundwater 100 Domestic Water  Restriction of access to the surface water 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 due to the Nile Water Agreement Year  Climate change Figure-2 Water Balance between  Lack of water supply and demand Demand and Resources balance  Insufficient rural water supply coverage  Inadequate stakeholders collaboration for water resources development and management  Lack of ambient water quality standards for conservation of water environment  Lack of flood and sediment disaster mitigation  Insufficient man power and organizing ability  Insufficient community participation

5. Formulation of the Basic Plan on Water Resources Development and Management The Basic Plan on the Water Resources and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin was formulated for the short term to 2015, middle term to 2020, and long term to 2035 in consideration of the above- mentioned major issues. (refer to Table-1)

ii The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Executive Summary- NFA DEA DFO DEA DEA DEA DWD DWD MoLG MoWT District NWSC DWRM DWRM DWRM DWRM DWRM DWRM DWRM MAAIF DWRM DWRM MoLHU MoDPR MoDPR NFA, DFO NFA, DOE,NEMA Responsible Organization DWD, NWSC DWD, DWD, MAAIF DWD, DWD MAAIF, MoWE, DWRMMoWE, MoDPR, MoWT MoDPR, DWRM MoDPR, DWRM MoDPR, DWRM MoDPR, MAAIF, DWD, DWO DWO DWD, MAAIF, ） 2020-2035 （ : Water: Management Zone WMZ Long Term Coverage Rate 76% to 100% Coverage Rate 83% to 100% Planning Phase : Ministry of Diaster Preparadness and Diaster of Refugees Ministry : ） : District: Water Office MoDPR DWO 2016-2020 （ : Water: Resources Development and Mangement, Coverage Rate 69% to 76% Coverage Rate 77% to 83% WRDM F/S Implementation 、 : Sezibwa, Se : Ministry of Works and Transportation, Transportation, and Works of Ministry : 2010-2015) Term Middle （ MoWT Basic Study M/P : Victoria Nile, Vi : Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Animal Agriculture, of Ministry : Short Term Term Short Coverage Rate 60% to 77% MAAIF : Lumbuye, Lu : District: Forestry Office, DFO : Mpologoma,: Mp DWRM : Ministry of Water and Environment, Environment, and Water of Ministry : Sub-basin No. MoWE : Kyoga Lake-side, DWRM, L.KyogaDWRM, WMZ DWRM, L.KyogaDWRM, WMZ L.KyogaDWRM, WMZ XXXX Ky : Directorate of Environment Affaires, Affaires, Environment of Directorate : DEA 1234567891011 XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XX XXXXX XX XXXX X XXXXXXXX X XXXX X X XXXXXXXXX X XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX X XXXXXXXX X XXXX X X XXXXXXXXX X XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX Ok Or Aw Lw Ak Ab Ky Mp Lu Vi Se 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 : Abalan, Ab : Akuweng, year Ak : National: NFA Forestry Authority, : Lwere, : : Directorate of Water of Resources Management, Directorate : Lw Table-1 Table-1 Lake Kyoga Basin Development and Management for Resources Water Schedule of the Basic Plan on DWRM

: Awaja, : Aw : Okere, ment Or p Preparation of Hazard Map and Risk Map Risk and Map Hazard of Preparation Establishment of Early Warning System for Disasters Community BasedDisaster ManagementActivities Strengthening Water Quality Monitoring System DWRM, L.Kyoga WMZ Setting up Sub-basin Council Liaison Effective Water Use Effective Introduction ofWater-saving Technology User Water of Awareness Guidelinesof Well Drilling and PumpingTest Urban Water Supply (Small Town Dominant )Rural Water Supply Supply Water Agricultural Type Disaster Area by Risk Disaster Specifying Designation of Regulated Area of Landuse and/or Develo Coverage Rate 42% to 69% Establishment ofSystem forCollection, Accumulation and Information Disaster of Sharing Clarifying Boundary Clarifying ofProtected Area ofForest Expansionof Landuse Regulationand Development ProhibitedArea and Thoroughness ofthe Regulations Tree-Planting Program Study and ResearchAgro on Forestry Enhancement of Public Awareness of Forest Protection Construction and RehabilitationFacility of Surface WaterRoad Development Storage for Transportation of Emergency Route Evacuation and Materials Relocation Education of Disaster Management to Community Development of Evacuation Site and Route andPublicity Thoroughness of Regulated Items National in Environment Regulations Establishment ofAmbient Water Quality Standards System Treatment Sewerage River Gauging RiverStation Network Gauging Lake Water Station Network Gauging Groundwater Network Monitoring Meteorological MonitoringNetwork System Database Resources Water DWRM of Development Capacity : Okoke, (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (2) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (4) (5) (2) (1) (2) (3) (5) (1) (1) (1) Organization Strengtheningfor WRDM (1) (1) (2) Deforestation Prevention Plan Prevention Deforestation Erosion and Sediment Management Plan Ok Common MeasuresCommon and for Sediment Flood Disaster (3) (4) (5) Item 2-1 Controlling WaterDemands 3-1 1-1Assessment Resources Water 3-4 4-1 (1) 3-3 2-2 IncreasingWater throughWRDM Supply 3-2 Plan Prevention Flood 1-2 Setting System up Collection, for Transmission Sharingand of WRDM on Relevant Data Conservation Plan of Water Environment Water of Plan Conservation Prevention of Flood Sediment and Disaster Life for Property and Note: Water of Development, DWD :Directorate Corporation, Sewerage and Water NWSC National : 2. Effective, Stable Equitable and Water Supply 3. 1. ComprehensiveWater Resources Management 4. 5.

iii The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Executive Summary- 6. Priority Evaluation of the Basic Plan Rural water supply was selected as the top priority item by comprehensive evaluation of the relative contribution of each item in the Basic Plan to the eight millennium development goals.

7. Evaluation of the Basic Plan There are no technical difficulties for implementation of the structual and non-structual measures in the Basic Plan. In terms of the economic evaluation, the validity of the rural water supply project has been confirmed based on the 12.7% EIRR which is larger than the discount rate of 10%. However, external funding is essential for implementation of basic infrastructures such as water supplies given the current financial situation of Uganda. The results of the social environment evaluation pose no unavoidable negative factors that affect forestation as well as construction of facilities such as water supply, storage, and filtration facilities.

8. Formulation of the Rural Water Master Plan Three priority districts, Soroti, Pallisa, and Iganga, were selected by evaluating five indices on both the natural and social condition for the Rural Water Supply Master Plan, which is the top priority project of the Basic Plan.

It was concluded that implementation of piped water system for the Rural Growth Centre (RGC) would be very effective for drastic improvement of the rural water supply coverage as that of RGCs is considerably (10% to 40%) lower than the sub-county average and also the average of non-RGC rural areas according to the results of RGC survey and WATSUP. The contents of the Master Plan is summarized in Table-2.

9. Evaluation of the Rural Water Supply Master Plan The master will provide economical benefits to Uganda. However, external funding to support construction of facilities is inevitable given the financial situation of the country. Even for operating

Table-2 Summary of the Master Plan for Rural Water Supply

2010 2015 2020 2035 District Descriptions Total (Present) (Short Term Plan) (Middle Term Plan) (Long Term Plan) Coverage RGC 27.1% 95.6% 100.0% 100.0% - Out of RGC 69.1% 73.8% 79.6% 100.0% - Whole District 63.0% 77.1% 82.6% 100.0% - Required Water Supply Facilities Construction - 21 RGCs 5 RGCs 3 RGCs 29 RGCs

Igandga RGCs Areas Extension - - 21 RGCs 26 RGCs - Boreholes - 306 nos. 406 nos. 2,035 nos. 2,747 nos. Other Rural Repair - 70 nos. 69 nos - 139 nos. Areas Replace - 180 nos. 252 nos. 1,491 nos. 1,923 nos. Coverage RGC 36.5% 91.8% 100.0% 100.0% - Out of RGC 58.7% 75.2% 81.1% 100.0% - Whole District 56.5% 76.9% 83.1% 100.0% - Required Water Supply Facilities Construction - 11 RGCs 6 RGCs - 17 RGCs Pallisa RGCs Areas Extension - - 11 RGCs 17 RGCs - Boreholes - 390 nos. 361 nos 1,638 nos. 2,389 nos. Other Rural Repair - 47 nos. 47 nos. - 94 nos. Areas Replace - 160 nos. 233 nos. 1,297 nos. 1,690 nos. Coverage RGC 60.1% 97.2% 100.0% 100.0% - Out of RGC 71.2% 75.6% 81.7% 100.0% - Whole District 70.4% 77.0% 82.9% 100.0% - Required Water Supply Facilities Construction - 7 RGCs 3 RGCs 1 RGC Soroti 11 RGCs RGCs Areas Extension - 4 RGCs 11 RGCs 14 RGCs - Boreholes - 303 nos. 437 nos. 2,202 nos. 2,947 nos. Other Rural Repair - 84 nos. 84 nos. - 168 nos. Areas Replace - 169 nos. 244 nos. 1,532 nos. 1,945 nos. iv The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Executive Summary- and maintaining the existing water supply facilities, the water charge collection rate of 75% must be achieved for wells with a hand pump, and roughly UGX 2,000/m3 water charge must be collected without delinquency for the piped water supply system in RGCs. In terms of environmental and social consideration, there are slight potential impacts, but they are avoidable.

10. Selection of the Priority Projects In order to meet the short-term goal of 77% rural water coverage by 2015, target RGCs of the priority projects were selected in the following manner. The total scores of the following items for every (61) RGCs in the three districts in the basin were used for the initial selection of 39 RGCs.  Coverage rate of safe water supply  The number of the existing public, administrative, and business facilities  Expected water yield at the RGC site and its success rate  Population  Population served per each borehole  Availability of electricity  Yields observed at test boreholes

The selected RGCs were further classified into three priority groups. The following 13 RGCs belong to the first priority group. (refer to Table-3 and Fifgure-3) Figure-3 Location of Priority Projects  Soroti District：Kidetok, Tubur, and Acuna  Pallisa District：Kadama, Kasassira, and Kameke  Iganga District：Nabitende B., Namungalwe, Nambale, Nakabugu, Nakalama, Lambala, and Naigobya Table-3 Results of Prioritization of Piped Water Supply System

Iganga District Pallisa District Soroti District Priority Group Rank RGC Score Population Rank RGC Score Population Rank RGC Score Population 1 Nabitende B. 36.0 17,459 3 Kadama 32.4 12,888 2 Kidetok 32.5 1,265 4 Namungalwe 32.0 14,474 10 Kasassira 22.2 6,666 5 Tubur 26.6 2,433 6 Nambale 25.1 5,717 13 Kameke 20.8 3,194 7 Acuna 24.6 2,069 8 Nakabugu 22.8 5,814 15 Kapala 18.9 2,574 19 Mugarema 18.1 5,125

Group 9 Nakalama 22.3 6,905 18 Buseta 18.1 2,839 25 Kagwara P. 17.3 3,796 First Priority First 11 Lambala 21.6 2,515 21 Kibale P. 17.8 2,833 35 Mulondo 12.8 2,214 12 Naigobya 21.3 1,942 23 Nabisuwa 17.4 2,074 36 Pingire Etem 12.6 1,582 14 Busesa 19.7 4,825 24 Kabweri 17.3 1,562 16 Kyanvuma 18.7 2,050 28 Butebo 15.6 1,358 17 Nakivumbi 18.2 2,750 30 Agule 15.0 2,988 20 Nondwe 17.9 4,264 33 Boliso ITC 13.0 1,253 Group 22 Nabitende K. 17.6 2,822 Second Priority 26 Bukooma 17.1 2,533 27 Kiwanyi 16.3 3,033 29 Namusisi 15.4 1,960 31 Ikumbya 14.3 1,508 32 Busiiro 13.1 2,231 34 Busalamu 13.0 1,972 Group 37 Buwologoma 10.8 2,262 Third Priority 38 Bumanya 10.3 2,280 39 Nawampiti 9.1 2,485 v The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Executive Summary-

11. Recommendations

(1) Improvement of the Water Resources Monitoring System In addition to its amount, the accuracy and continuity of the fundamental data, such as meteorological, hydrological, and hydrogeological, data are essential for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).

(2) More Human Resources and Capacity Development More human resources and their capacity development (C/D) are needed for more efficient water resources development and management in the Lake Kyoga Basin.

(3) Arbitration of Conflicts between Water Resources Stakeholders Conflicts between water resources stakeholders are expected along with their development. Arbitration of such conflicts by basin or sub-basin lead by the Water Resources Management Zone Office (WRMZO) and the Sub-basin Liaison Council is needed.

(4) Improvement of the Rural Water Coverage New facilities are needed to improve the plateau of the rural water supply coverage. However, appropriate O/M of the existing facilities should not be neglected.

(5) Establishment of the O/M System for Water Supply Facilities Collection of water charges without delinquency is the most important requirement for independent operation and maintenance of the water supply facilities by Uganda as explained in the financial evaluation in the Rural Water Supply Master Plan. Though maintainable O/M systems have been sought in Uganda, establishment of a feasible and efficient O/M system without delay is desired.

(6) Public Awareness of Water Saving The analysis of water supply and demand shows rapid increase of water demand expected in near future in the Basin. Therefore, public awareness of water saving is important to cope with the increasing demand.

(7) Acquisition of Funding Sources for the Rural Water Supply Master Plan Roughly UGX 340 million/year is needed just to execute the Rural Water Supply Master Plan which is only for three out of about 80 districts in Uganda. Given the annual budget of UGX 1,500 million/year for the water related sector of Uganda, this amount is considerably large. Therefore, acquisition of funding sources needs to be seriously considered.

(8) Early Start of the Priority Projects and Acquisition of Groundwater Resources The priority projects for the 13 selected RGCs should be started as soon as possible to improve the water coverage rate of the rural water supply. More detailed groundwater exploitation survey is necessary to acquire withdrawal volume for implementation of the projects.

(9) Water Supply Facilities for Rural Areas outside RGC Water supply facilities, mainly deep wells with a hand pump, need be constructed in the rural areas outside RGC. Roughly 200 wells need to be installed every year in the three districts. A

vi The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Executive Summary- framework to accommodate that needs to be soon established. In addition, delinquency of water charges needs to be reduced for the level-1 operation and maintenance of the wells including the existing ones.

(10) Acquirement of Agricultural Water Shortage of crop water is of a concern in five sub-basins, Mpologoma in particular. Planning and construction of flood water storages, valley tank and pond for example, as supplemental water storage should be carried out immediately.

(11) Dealing with Flood and Sediments Disasters Destruction of the natural environment around the Mt. Elgon, along with the climate change, appears to have increased flooding and sediment disasters in the area. A basic survey to grasp the condition of the natural environment should be started soon.

(12) Environmental and Social Consideration The water supply projects for the RGCs in the districts will go through the stages of F/S, basic design, detailed design, and implementation by turns. At the F/S stage, DWD needs to prepare application documents for NEMA based on “The Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment in Uganda (1997)”. Though will be eventually resolved, some differentials between those who benefit from new water supply facilities and those who do not may initially emerge. Therefore, an appropriate explanation of the project to the local communities is needed to avoid unnecessary conflicts.

(13) Population Control The rapid population increase in Uganda, which ranks the third place in the world, is one of the main the causes of the rapid rise of the water demand and destruction of the natural environment around Mt. Elgon. Water supply planning and implementation with the population growth in consideration is of course important, but that with population control would be more effective.

(14) Expansion of the Study to Other Basins Expansion of the water resources operation and management plan of this Study to other seven districts is strongly recommended.

vii TABLE OF CONTENTS

FINAL REPORT

SUMMARY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ············································································· 1-1 1.1 Background of the Study ················································································· 1-1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ·················································································· 1-2 1.3 Study Area ································································································· 1-2 1.4 Implementation of the Study ············································································ 1-2 1.5 Study Schedule ···························································································· 1-3

CHAPTER 2 NATURAL CONDITIONS ·································································· 2-1 2.1 Definition of Lake Kyoga Basin ········································································ 2-1 2.2 Meteorology and Hydrology ············································································ 2-1 2.2.1 Meteorology ··············································································· 2-1 2.2.2 Hydrology ·················································································· 2-2 2.2.3 Climate Change Projection in IPCC Fourth Assessment Report ···················· 2-4 2.3 Geomorphology and geology ············································································ 2-5 2.3.1 Geomorphology ············································································ 2-5 2.3.2 Land Cover of Lake Kyoga Basin ······················································· 2-6 2.3.3 Geology ···················································································· 2-6 2.4 Water Quality Analysis ·················································································· 2-8 2.4.1 Water Quality Survey ····································································· 2-8 2.4.2 Analysis of the Existing Water Quality Data ·········································· 2-8 2.5 Hydrogeology ····························································································· 2-10 2.5.1 Hydrogeological Analysis ································································ 2-10 2.5.2 Results of Hydrogeological Analysis ··················································· 2-10 2.5.3 Direction of Groundwater Flow ························································· 2-13

i 2.5.4 Hydrogeological Condition by Geological Unit ······································· 2-13

CHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ···················································· 3-1 3.1 Socio-economic Condition of Lake Kyoga Basin ···················································· 3-1 3.1.1 General Conditions ········································································ 3-1 3.1.2 Soci-Economic Survey ···································································· 3-2 3.2 Political, Legal and Organizational Frameworks ····················································· 3-6 3.3.1 Policy and Legal Frameworks ··························································· 3-6 3.3.2 Organizational Framework ······························································· 3-7 3.3 Present Situation of Water and Sanitation ····························································· 3-8 3.3.1 Water Supply ··············································································· 3-8 3.3.2 Sanitation ··················································································· 3-14 3.4 Flood, Sediment Disaster and Drought ································································ 3-14 3.4.1 Present Condition on Deforestation and Forest Degradation ························ 3-16 3.4.2 Present Condition on Flood and Sediment Disaster ·································· 3-16 3.5 Environmental and Social Considerations ····························································· 3-17

CHAPTER 4 WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL EVALUATION ······························· 4-1 4.1 Estimation of Infiltration (Groundwater Recharge) ·················································· 4-1 4.2 Potential Evaluation of Surface Water Resources ···················································· 4-1 4.3 Simulation Results of Runoff Groundwater Potential Evaluation ································· 4-2 4.4 Groundwater Potential Evaluation ······································································ 4-3 4.4.1 Indices for Groundwater Potential Evaluation ········································· 4-3 4.4.2 Potential Evaluation for Groundwater Development ································· 4-3 4.5 Exploitable Water Resources ············································································ 4-4 4.5.1 Surface Water ··············································································· 4-4 4.5.2 Groundwater ················································································ 4-5

CHAPTER 5 ISSUES ON WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ······································································· 5-1 5.1 IWRM and Water Resources Development Plan ····················································· 5-1 5.2 Surface Water Resources Development and Management ·········································· 5-1 5.3 Groundwater Resources Development and Management ··········································· 5-2 5.4 Conservation of Water Environment ··································································· 5-3 5.4.1 Water Quality ··············································································· 5-3 5.4.2 Necessity of Ambient Water Quality Standards and Water Quality Monitoring ·· 5-4

ii 5.5 Water Balance of Supply and Demand ································································ 5-4 5.5.1 Future Water Demand ····································································· 5-4 5.5.2 Water Balance of Supply and Demand ················································· 5-6 5.6 Plateaud Coverage Rate of Rural Water Supply ······················································ 5-7

CHAPTER 6 BASIC PLAN ON WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ·························································· 6-1 6.1 Approaches to IWRM ···················································································· 6-1 6.2 Major Issues on Water Resources Development and Management in Lake Kyoga Basin ····· 6-1 6.3 Basic Course for the Basic Plan ········································································· 6-1 6.4 Basin Plan on Water Resources Development and Management ·································· 6-2 6.4.1 Comprehensive Water Resources Management ······································· 6-2 6.4.2 Effective, Stable and Equitable Water Supply ········································· 6-5 6.4.3 Prevention of Flood and Sediments Disaster to Protect Lives and Properties ···· 6-8 6.4.4 Conservation Plan of Water Environment ·············································· 6-9 6.4.5 Information System for Water Resources Development and Management ········ 6-12 6.4.6 Total Schedule of the Basic Plan ························································ 6-12 6.5 Priority of the Basic Plan on Water Resources Development and Management ················· 6-12 6.6 Outline Schedule and Approximate Cost of Water Supply Plan ··································· 6-12 6.7 Evaluation of the Basic Plan on Water Resources Development Management ·················· 6-14 6.7.1 Technical Evaluation ······································································ 6-14 6.7.2 Economical and Financial Evaluation ·················································· 6-14 6.7.3 Evaluation on Social Environmental Consideration ·································· 6-14

CHAPTER 7 MASTER PLAN OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN PRIORITY DISTRICTS ··············································· 7-1 7.1 Selection of Priority Districts ··········································································· 7-1 7.1.1 Water Source for Rural Water Supply ·················································· 7-1 7.1.2 Prioritization Criteria ······································································ 7-1 7.1.3 Selection of Priority Districts ···························································· 7-2 7.2 Inventory Survey for Water Supply Situations in Sub-counties and RGCs in Selected Priority Districts ······················································································ 7-2 7.2.1 WATSUP Survey ··········································································· 7-2 7.2.2 Rural Growth Center Survey ····························································· 7-3 7.3 Rural Water Supply Master Plan ··············································································· 7-4 7.3.1 Present Situation of Rural Water Supply ··············································· 7-4

iii 7.3.2 Basic Conditions of Master Plan ························································ 7-7 7.3.3 Water Demand ············································································· 7-8 7.3.4 Water Supply Plan ········································································· 7-8 7.3.5 Water Supply Facilities ··································································· 7-10 7.3.6 Management Plan of Water Supply Systems ·········································· 7-13 7.3.7 Project Cost Estimate ····································································· 7-15 7.4 Selection of Priority Projects ············································································ 7-17 7.5 Economic and Financial Evaluation of Master Plan ················································· 7-19 7.5.1 Economic Evaluation of Total Master Plan ··········································· 7-19 7.5.2 Financial Evaluation of O&M Stage ··················································· 7-20 7.6 Initial Environmental Evaluation ······································································· 7-21

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ······································· 8-1 8.1 Conclusion ································································································· 8-1 8.2 Recommendations ························································································ 8-3

iv List of Tables

Table 1-1 Member Lists of the JICA Study Team and Counterpart Team ...... 1-3

Table 2-1 Stratigraphy of Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 2-6 Table 2-2 Results of Water Quality Survey ...... 2-9 Table 2-3 Drilling Depth, Static Water Level, Well Yield and Depth to Bedrock ...... 2-10

Table 3-1 Engagement in Economic Activities ...... 3-3 Table 3-2 Water Collection and Consumption ...... 3-6 Table 3-3 Key Policies and Legal Framework ...... 3-11 Table 3-4 Large Scale Water Supply Systems in Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 3-8 Table 3-5 Water Supply Systems for Small Towns in Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 3-9 Table 3-6 Ratio of Water Sources for Each District ...... 3-10 Table 3-7 Definition of Main Improved Water Supplies ...... 3-10 Table 3-8 Population Served and Coverage of District ...... 3-11 Table 3-9 Irrigation Water Requirements for Doho and Lwoba Schemes ...... 3-12 Table 3-10 Number of Livestock in Kyoga Basin ...... 3-13 Table 3-11 Fish Pond and Production ...... 3-13 Table 3-12 Present Situation of Sewerage System in Urban Areas ...... 3-14 Table 3-13 Latrine Coverage of Districts (2008) ...... 3-14 Table 3-14 Statue, Regulation and Guideline on EIA ...... 3-17

Table 4-1 Water Resources of each Sub-basin in 1/10 Drought Year ...... 4-2 Table 4-2 Potential Evaluation Scores of Each Index for Groundwater Development ...... 4-3

Table 5-1 Present and Future Population in Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 5-4 Table 5-2 Present and Future Water Demand for Sub-basins ...... 5-5 Table 5-3 Present and Future Water Demand for Sectors ...... 5-5 Table 5-4 Estimated Water Shortage in Five Sub-basins ...... 5-6 Table 5-5 Evaluation of Water Balance in Each Sector ...... 5-7

Table 6-1 Surface Water Monitoring Plan ...... 6-3 Table 6-2 Groundwater Monitoring Plan ...... 6-3 Table 6-3 Rainfall Monitoring Stations ...... 6-4

v Table 6-4 Expansion Plan of Water Supply System for Small Towns ...... 6-6 Table 6-5 Rural Water Supply Coverage Plan of each Sub-basin ...... 6-6 Table 6-6 Number of Facilities to be Constructed in 2008 to 2035 ...... 6-7 Table 6-7 Outline of Early Warning System for Flood and Sediments Disaster ...... 6-9 Table 6-8 Ambient Water Quality Standards ...... 6-10 Table 6-9 List of Water Quality Monitoring Point ...... 6-10 Table 6-10 Ambient Standard Class of each Sub-basin ...... 6-11 Table 6-11 Construction Schedule of Sewerage System ...... 6-11 Table 6-12 Summary of Estimated Project Costs ...... 6-12 Table 6-13 Schedule of Basic Plan on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 6-13 Table 6-14 Economic Evaluation of Rural Water Supply Plan ...... 6-14

Table 7-1 Candidate Districts for Selection of Priority Districts ...... 7-1 Table 7-2 Survey Contents of WATSUP Survey ...... 7-3 Table 7-3 ist RGCs for RGC Survey ...... 7-3 Table 7-4 Ratio of Water Sources in Priority Districts ...... 7-4 Table 7-5 List RGCs for Master Planning ...... 7-5 Table 7-6 Target Value of Master Plan ...... 7-7 Table 7-7 Future Rural Water Demands of Priority Districts ...... 7-8 Table 7-8 Summary of Water Supply Facilities Proposed for Master Plan ...... 7-9 Table 7-9 Categories of RCGs and Water upply Facilities to be Applied ...... 7-12 Table 7-10 Water Supply System and O&M Organization ...... 7-13 Table 7-11 Workshops and Trainings ...... 7-16 Table 7-12 Summary of Estimated Project Costs ...... 7-16 Table 7-13 Operation and Maintenance Cost for Piped Water Supply Facility ...... 7-17 Table 7-14 Result of Prioritization of Piped Water Supply System ...... 7-19 Table 7-15 Cost and Benefit ...... 7-19 Table 7-16 Calculation and Evaluation Result ...... 7-19 Table 7-17 Calculation and Evaluation Result (1) ...... 7-20 Table 7-18 Calculation and Evaluation Result (2) ...... 7-20 Table 7-19 Calculation and Evaluation Result (3) ...... 7-21

vi List of Figures

Figure 1-1 Eight Basins in Uganda ...... 1 - 1 Figure 1-2 Location of the Study Area ...... 1 - 2

Figure 2-1 Average Monthly Rainfall ...... 2-1 Figure 2-2 Mean Max. and Min. Temperature ...... 2-1 Figure 2-3 Daily Mean Sunshine Hours ...... 2-2 Figure 2-4 Daily Mean Evaporation ...... 2-2 Figure 2-5 River Network, Sub-basins and River Gauging Stations ...... 2-2 Figure 2-6 Main Lakes in Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 2-3 Figure 2-7 Water Level Changes of Lake Kyoga and Lake Victoria ...... 2-4 Figure 2-8 Temperature and Precipitation Changes in IPCC Report ...... 2-4 Figure 2-9 Geomorphology of Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 2-5 Figure 2-10 Shaded Relief Image ...... 2-5 Figure 2-11 Land Cover of Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 2-6 Figure 2-12 Geological Map of Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 2-7 Figure 2-13 Location of Water Sampling Points ...... 2-8 Figure 2-14 Drilling Depth Distribution ...... 2-11 Figure 2-15 Static Water Level Distribution ...... 2-11 Figure 2-16 TDS Distribution ...... 2-12 Figure 2-17 Well Yield Distribution ...... 2-12 Figure 2-18 Piper Diagram (Sub-Basin 2) ...... 2-12 Figure 2-19 Direction of Groundwater ...... 2-13

Figure 3-1 Population Density in the Lake Kyoga Basin by Sub-County ...... 3-1 Figure 3-2 Location of Target Villages for Socio-Economic Survey ...... 3-2 Figure 3-3 Ratio of Cultivated Area by Crops ...... 3-3 Figure 3-4 Ratio of Main Water Supply Facility ...... 3-4 Figure 3-5 Time Spent on Collecting Water ...... 3-4 Figure 3-6 Occurrences of Reported Cases of Waterborne Diseases (Village Survey) ...... 3-5 Figure 3-7 Needs for Development in the Surveyed Villages ...... 3-5 Figure 3-8 Organization of Ministry of Water and Environment ...... 3-7 Figure 3-9 Istitutional Setting for Water and Environment Sector ...... 3-7 Figure 3-10 Equity of Access to Safe Water for Each District ...... 3-12 Figure 3-11 Flood Frequency ...... 3-15

vii Figure 3-12 Sediments Disaster Frequency ...... 3-15 Figure 3-13 Drought Frequency ...... 3-15 Figure 3-14 Heavily Deforested & Forest Degraded Area in and around Mt. Elgon ...... 3-15 Figure 3-15 Flood and Sediments Disaster Prone Area in and around Mt. Elgon ...... 3-16 Figure 3-16 EIA Process Flow in Uganda ...... 3-17

Figure 4-1 Estimated Annual Infiltration ...... 4-1 Figure 4-2 Simulated Monthly Surface Water Resources in 1/10 Drought Year ...... 4-3 Figure 4-3 Groundwater Development Potential ...... 4-4 Figure 4-4 Estimated Exploitable Surface Water Volume in each Sub-basin ...... 4-4 Figure 4-5 Exploitable Groundwater Volume ...... 4-5

Figure 5-1 Two Concepts for Water Resources ...... 5-1 Figure 5-2 Present and Future Population in Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 5-5 Figure 5-3 Water Balance of Supply and Demand in Lake Kyoga Basin ...... 5-6 Figure 5-4 Coverage Rate of Rural Water Supply in Uganda ...... 5-7

Figure 6-1 Distribution of Sub-basins and Related Districts ...... 6-2 Figure 6-2 Present and Future Population Served for Rural Area ...... 6-6 Figure 6-3 Flow Chart of Stabilization Process ...... 6-11 Figure 6-4 Outline of Information Sharing System ...... 6-12

Figure 7-1 Selection of Priority District for Master Plan of Rural Water Supply ...... 7-2 Figure 7-2 Former and Present Administrative Units ...... 7-4 Figure 7-3 Coverage of RGCs and Other Rural Areas in Priority Districts ...... 7-5 Figure 7-4 Groundwater Yield Distribution in the Priority Districts ...... 7-6 Figure 7-5 Success Rate of Wells by Subcounty in Case of 1.0 m3/h Yield and Success Rate of Wells by RGC in Case of Planned Yield ...... 7-7 Figure 7-6 Present and Future Rural Population of Priority Districts ...... 7-8 Figure 7-7 Improvement of Sub-county-wise Coverage in Priority Districts ...... 7-10 Figure 7-8 Typical Borehole Structure with Hand Pump for Rural Water Supply ...... 7-11 Figure 7-9 Proposed Plan of Transmission from NWSC and Other RGCs ...... 7-12 Figure 7-10 Proposed O & M Organization for RGCs of Categories II - IV ...... 7-15 Figure 7-11 Location of Priority Projects ...... 7-18

viii ABBREVIATION

ADB African Development Bank ADC Austrian Development Cooperation ASL Above Sea Level AVNIR Advanced Visible and New Infrared Radiometer BADEA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa BH Borehole BHN Basic Human Needs BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand B/C Benefit by Cost CBMS Community Based Management System CBO Community Based Organization CFR Central Forest Reserve CMO Catchment Management Organization COD Chemical Oxygen Demand C/P Counterpart CRED Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs DEM Digital Elevation Model DHI Danish Hydraulic Institute DO Dissolved Oxygen DWD Directorate of Water Development DWO District Water Office DWRM Directorate of Water Resources Management DWSCC District Water and Sanitation Coordination Committee EA Environmental Audit EC Electric Conductivity (mS/m) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EIS Environmental Impact Statement EM-DAT Emergency Events Database ETM Enhanced Thematic Mapper EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

ix FIEFOC Farm Income Enhancement and Forestry Conservation Project FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return GDP Gross Domestic Product GFS Gravity Flow Scheme GIS Geographic Information System GoU Government of Uganda GPS Global Positioning System HH Household IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFC International Finance Corporation IRR Internal Rate of Return IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone JFP Joint Partnership Fund JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JSR Joint Sector Review JTR Joint Technical Review LANDSAT Land sensing Satellite LC Local Council LFR Local Forest Reserve MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries MAC Maximum Allowable Concentration MCM Million Cubic Meter MDG Millennium Development Goals MERECP Mount Elgon Ecosystem Conservation Programme MoEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development MoES Ministry of Education and Sports MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affair MFPED Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development MGLSD Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development MoH Ministry of Health MoLG Ministry of Local Government MoWLE Ministry of Water, Land and Environment MoWE Ministry of Water and Environment MoWT Ministry of Works and Transport

x MoTTI Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NDP National Development Plan NEMA National Environment Management Authority NFA National Forestry Authority NGO Non Government Organization NGWDB National Groundwater DataBase NPV Net Present Value NSWG National Sanitation Working Group NWSC National Water and Sewerage Corporation OFDA Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance O&M Operation & Maintenance PCA Principle Component Analysis PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan RGC Rural Growth Center RWS Rural Water Supply RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SRTM Shuttle Rader Topography Mission SS Suspended Solids SSIP Strategic Sector Investment Plan SWAP Sector Wide Approach TDS Total Dissolved Solid TLU Tropical Livestock Unit TM Thematic Mapper TNTC Too Numerous To Count TOR Terms of Reference TSU Technical Support Unit UBoS Uganda Bureau of Statistics UFW Unaccounted For Water UGX Ugandan Shilling UK United Kingdom ULGA Uganda Local Governments Association UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research

xi UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNOSAT UNITAR Operational Satellite Applications Programme UNRA Uganda National Road Authority UO Umbrella Organization USA United States of America USGS United States Geological Survey UTM Universal Transverse Mercator UWA Uganda Wildlife Association UWA-FACE UWA-Forest Absorption Carbon-dioxide Emission UWASNET Uganda Water and Sanitation NGO Network UWSS Urban Water Supply and Sanitation VAT Value Added TAX VSW Vegetation-Soil-Water WATSUP Water Atlas Up-date Project WESWG Water and Environment Sector Working Group WfP Water for Production WFP World Food Programme WGS World Geodetic System WHO World Health Organization WMO World MeteorologicalOrganization WMZ Water Management Zone WPC Water Policy Committee WRM Water Resources Management WRMD Water Resources Management Department WSDF Water and Sanitation Development Facility WSC Water and Sanitation Committee WSSB Water Supply and Sanitation Board WSSWG Water and Sanitation Sector Working Group WUC Water User Committee

xii

CChhaapptteerr 11 IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn

The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study Uganda is an agricultural country with 40% of GDP or 80% of total export covered by agricultural products. Approximately 70% of rural people who constitute 86% of total population are engaged in agricultural activities, rural areas therefore play very important roles for sustainable economic development in Uganda. It is important to take measures against poverty reduction in rural areas in which 96% of poverty people live. The national development plan (NDP April 2010), which incorporates “PEAP” (Poverty Eradication Action Plan 1997 to 2008) and intertwines sustainable economic growth with poverty eradication, aims to reduce absolute poverty to less than 24.5 % of total population by the year of 2015. NDP sets target for water and sanitation sector as below.

 By the year of 2015, 100 % of population in urban area can access to the safe water within 0.2 km and sanitation facilities.

 By the year of 2015, 77% and 90% of population in rural area can access to the safe water within 1.0 km and sanitation facilities, respectively.

The study area, Lake Kyoga Basin (hereinafter referred as to “the Basin”) having approximately 58,000 km2 equals to 25% of the area of Uganda, is one of the largest catchment areas among eight basins in the whole country. (refer to Figure 1-1) Approximately 9.3 million people (2008 estimated) are living in the Basin whose major industry is agriculture, which is composed chiefly of livestock farming mainly cattle and cash crop growing of cotton or coffee.

The Basin is considerably blessed with water resources, namely rivers, lakes and groundwater with an annual precipitation of more than 1,200mm. However, safe water supply coverage in the rural areas is approximately 57% on an average in comparison with a national coverage of 63% and besides Kaabong, Kotido, Abim and Lake Kyoga Basin. Bugiri districts have less than 40%.

On the other hand, here is serious surface erosion in the mountainous areas of the basin, which leads to soil erosion and stream capture resulting into heavy damage to No. Basin Area（km2) agriculture and the daily life of the people. This means 1 Lake Victoria Basin 59,858 2 Lake Kyoga Basin 57,669 that not only “water resources utilization” but also 3 Kyoga-Nile Basin 26,796 4 Lake Edward-George Basin 18,624 “prevention of flood and sediments disaster” have been 5Lake Lake Albert Edward Basin 18,223 6 Aswa Basin 26,868 recognized as critical issues. 7 Albert Nile Basin 20,004 8 Kidepo Basin 3,129

(Source: NORPLAN (2005) “Water Resources Under these circumstances, the Government of the Management Sub-sector Reform Study”) Republic of Uganda and the Government of Japan agreed Figure 1-1 Eight Basins in Uganda

1-1 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 1 Introduction in August 2008 to conduct “The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin in the Republic of Uganda” (hereinafter referred to as “the Study”) in order to formulate “The Basic Plan on Water Resource Development and Management” for sustainable and effective water resources management, and “The Master Plan for Rural Water Supply” to accelerate actual construction of water supply facilities in the rural areas in the Basin.

1.2 Objectives of the Study The objectives of the Study are

 To formulate a basic plan on water resources development and management for the Basin

 To formulate a master plan for rural water supply in priority areas

 To transfer technology and knowledge to the counterpart personnel through their direct participation into the Study.

1.3 Study Area The study area is whole Lake Kyoga Basin, which covers approximately 58,000 km2 in the eastern part of Uganda. The LakeLake Kyoga Kyo gBasina number of the related districts in the Basin is 38 as shown in Figure 1-4 (July 2009). Lake LakeAlbert

However, there were off-limit areas for the security reasons to Mt.Mt. Elgon the Study Team in the northern part of the Basin . Therefore, LakeLake Victoria such areas were included in the “Basic Plan on Water Resources Development and Management” but excluded in the “Master Plan Figure 1-2 Location of the Study Area for Rural Water Supply”.

1.4 Implementation of the Study Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) and Directorate of Water Development (DWD) acted as the counterpart agency to the JICA Study Team and provided the counterpart team with the necessary staff. Ministry of Water and Environment (MoWE) organize a joint steering committee, which included delegates from JICA Study Team and other appropriate related organizations under the Co-chairmanship of DWRM and DWD. The members of JICA Study Team and Counterpart Team are listed as shown in Table 1-1.

1-2 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 1 Introduction

Table 1-1 Member Lists of the JICA Study Team and Counterpart Team

No Assignment Title JICA Study Team Counterpart Study Team

1 Team Leader / Water Resource Management Mr. Norifumi YAMAMOTO Mr. Twinomujuni Jackson (DWRM) 2 Deputy Team Leader / Water Supply Planning Mr. Soichiro YUMOTO Eng. Ahmed Sentumbwe (DWD) 3 Meteorology / Hydrology Mr. Ichiro TANAKA Mr. Maximo Twinomuhangi (DWRM) 4 Hydrogeology (1) Mr. Shinichi ISEKI Ms. Eva Lwanga (DWRM) 5 Hydrogeology(2) / Test Drilling Survey Mr. Iwao HAMADA Mr. Erisa Kyeyune (DWD) 6 Basin Management / Flood Control Planning Mr. Kenji MORITA Mr. Benjamin Sekamuli (DWRM) Mr. Maximo Twinomuhangi (DWRM) 7 Remote Sensing / GIS Mr. Soichiro KAGEYAMA Mr. Benjamin Sekamuli (DWRM) 8 Water Balance Analysis / Simulation Mr. Toru YORITATE Mr. Tom Kanyike (DWRM) 9 Water Quality / Environmental and Social Consideration Mr. Rikichi ANDO Mr. Simon Etimu (DWRM) Dr. Reza MAHABUB 10 Socio-economy / Financial & Project Evaluation Mr. Collins Amanya (DWD) Dr. Kazuki NAKAMURA 11 Facility Planning / Cost Estimation Mr. Matasaburo TSUKUDA Mr. Felix Twinomucunguzi (DWD) 12 Organization Operation & Maintenance Mr. Terutoshi OZAWA Eng. Ahmed Sentumbwe (DWD) 13 Coordinator Mr. Kenji AKAMATSU -

1.5 Study Schedule The Study is scheduled to be completed in a period of approximately 25 months between March 2009 and March 2011. Total schedule of the Study is shown in Figure 1-3.

2009 2010 2011

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Phase Phase IPhase II Phase III

Work in

Ug anda

Wor in

Japan

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ Report & IC/ PG/R (1) PG/R (2) IT/R DF/R F/R Seminar ★★ ★★★ 1st Seminar 2nd Seminar Workshop 3rd Seminar 4th Seminar Figure 1-3 Total Schedule of the Study

1-3

CChhaapptteerr 22 Natural Conditions

The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions

CHAPTER 2 NATURAL CONDITIONS

2.1 Definition of Lake Kyoga Basin

The Basin and sub-basin boundaries were redefined precisely with DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data by SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) as illustrated in Figure 2-5. The total area of the Basin is calculated to approximately 58,230 km2 by DEM data. Ninety eight percent (98%) of the Basin: 57,080 km is in Ugandan side and two percent (2%): 1,150 km2: is Kenyan side.

2.2 Meteorology and Hydrology Average Monthly Rainfall (1991 -2008) 450 A1 ENTEBBE Intl Airport A2 JINJA Met Station 400 B KAKOOGE HydroMet Station 2.2.1 Meteorology B Kituza Coffee Research Station 350 B MAKERERE University B NAMULONGE Res Station 300 D SUKULU VTRO (1) Rainfall D TORORO Met Station 250 E ARAPAI Agric College E KIIGE WDD Mean annual rainfall varies 989 mm 200 E SERERE Agric Station Rainfall (mm) F BUGINYANYA Coffee Res 150 H KITGUM Centre VT H SOROTI Met Station (Kakooge) to 2,477 mm (Buginyanya) I ADUKU Variety Trial 100 I APACH Agricltural Station I GULU Met Station spatially and the average is 1,466 mm in 50 Rainy Season Rainy雨季 Season I LIRA NGETTA AgroMet Station. 雨季 I MASINDI Met Station 0 I Ngetta Farm (LIRA) the Basin. Figure 2-1 shows that the Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Basin experiences typically two rainy Figure 2-1 Average Monthly Rainfall seasons between March to May and September to November.

Daily Mean Maximum Temperature (2) Air Temperature 40.0

A1 ENTEBBE Intl Airport Figure 2-2 presents monthly mean, maximum 35.0 B KITUZA Coffee Res. Station B MAKERERE Univwersity

(°C) 30.0 B NAMULONGE Res Station and minimum temperature at the meteorological D TORORO Met Station E KIIGE WDD 25.0 F BUGINYANYA Coffee Res

stations. It is higher on January - February and Temperature I GULU Met Station 20.0 I MASINDI Met Station lower on June - July. 15.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec (3) Sunshine Hours Daily Mean Minimum Temperature 25.0

As shown in Figure 2-3, annual variation 20.0 A1 ENTEBBE Intl Airport B KITUZA Coffee Res. Station B MAKERERE Univwersity

patterns of sunshine hours among the stations are (°C) 15.0 B NAMULONGE Res Station D TORORO Met Station the longest in January and the shortest in April, 10.0 E KIIGE WDD F BUGINYANYA Coffee Res Temperature I GULU Met Station July or October. Daily mean sunshine hour a 5.0 I MASINDI Met Station

0.0 year is 6.8 hours in the Basin. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

(4) Pan Evaporation Figure 2-2 Mean Max. and Min. Temperature Many stations show their highest value in February, and a few in January or December as shown in Figure 2-4. The annual mean pan evaporation is 1,751mm. The value exceeds annual mean rainfall in the Basin. The highest value was recorded at Nakapiripirit station in January. The record of Nakapiripirit station shows more remarkable seasonal change than those of the other stations.

2-1 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions

Daily Mean Evaporation in Each Month Dayly Mean Sunshine Hours 10.0 10.0 A1 ENTEBBE A1 Entebbe WDD 9.0 9.0 A2 JINJA A2 JINJA Met Station 8.0 8.0 B KABANYORO B KAMPALA B KAWANDA Res. Stn. 7.0 7.0 B NAMULONGE Res/ Stn. 6.0 B KITUUZA 6.0 D TORORO Met Stn E ARAPAI Agric College 5.0 5.0 B NAMULONGE E SERERE Agric Stn 4.0 4.0 F BUGUSEGE Coffee Res Stn. D TORORO Evaporation (mm) Evaporation G NAKAPIRIPIRIT Sunshine Hours Sunshine 3.0 3.0 H AMURIA E SERERE Agric Station 2.0 2.0 H NAMALU WDD I LIRA-NGETTA Agromet Stn. 1.0 F BUGUSEGE Coffee Res 1.0 I MASINDI Met Stn. Stataion 0.0 0.0 I GULU Met Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 2-3 Daily Mean Sunshine Hours Figure 2-4 Daily Mean Evaporation

2.2.2 Hydrology

(1) River Network and Gauging Stations The gauging stations are located in the Basin as illustrated in Figure 2-5. Since some existing gauging stations have disadvantages based on the site survey results in this study, it is strongly recommended to review their install points and observation method.

(2) River Flow Regime 1) Longitudinal Profile of the Rivers The rivers run from northern part and eastern part of the Basin such as Awoja, Okok and Mpologoma rivers have mountainous area in the upstream and their gradients change to steep slope quickly in the upstream, especially in Awoja and Mpologoma rivers of which gradients in the upstream are more than 1/20. Their rivers’ sections until upstream border of wetland have gentle slope of about 1/4,000 to 1/2,500 Figure 2-5 River Network, Sub-basins and River Gauging Stations 2-2 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions

2) River Flow Regime The results of flow regime analysis are summarized as follows.

 In the northern area of the Basin, it has annual average discharge, but no low1 and drought water discharge2. It is difficult to use surface water stably.  In the southern area of the study area, it has some low and drought water discharges  The stations near Mt. Elgon, they have small discharge, but sometimes has high water condition (flooding), but the stations far from Mt. Elgon have stable discharge.  In Awoja sub-basin located at north of Mt. Elgon, the gauging station has low water discharge, but no drought discharge.  In Mpologoma sub-basin located at southwest of Mt. Elgon, the flow regimes are more stable than the other sub-basin, and it has low and drought water discharges.  The flow regime of a gauging station with wider catchment is getting more stable than others having smaller catchments.

(3) Lake Water Level Change Lake Kyoga Basin has many lakes such as Lake Kyoga, Lake Kwania, Lake Bisina and Lake Opeta as shown in Figure 2-6, and their water level observations have been done. However, only one gauging stations at Bugondo Pier in Lake Kyoga has been working by now.

The lake water level changes of Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga are summarized in Figure 2-7. This means that the lake hydrology is governed by the discharge from the Victoria Nile. In rough order of magnitude, the variations between high and low lake water levels can be seen to vary 0.5-1.0 m from year to year between extreme events. The 1962-1964 floods and the 1997-1998 floods added 1-2 m to these levels. It is said that the causes are record rainfalls in the years.

Figure 2-6 Main Lakes in Lake Kyoga Basi

1 Low water discharge: 275th discharge from the greatest daily discharge. 2 Drought water discharge: 355th discharge from the greatest daily discharge.

2-3 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions

14

13

12

11

10 Lake Level (m) Lake Victoria Lake Victoria 9 Lake Kyoga Lake Kyoga 8 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 19885 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Figure 2-7 Water Level Changes of Lake Kyoga and Lake Victoria

2.2.3 Climate Change Projection in IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

According to IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Fourth Assessment Report, temperature of Africa will increase; however, annual rainfall around Uganda is likely to increase in the 21st century. (refer to Figure 2-8) Temperature

Annual Dec, Jan. Feb. Jun. Jul. Aug

Rainfall Annual Dec, Jan. Feb. Jun. Jul. Aug

source：IPCC Fourth Assessment Report WG1 Page 869 Figure 2-8 Temperature and Precipitation Changes in IPCC Report

The government of Uganda issued“Climate Change: Uganda National Adaptation Programmes of Action (2006)”. The report studied rainfall data from 1943 to 1999. The key points stated are summarized below.  There is increasing variability in most regions of Uganda other than the central region; however, rainfall variability does not show any significant trends.  On the other hand there is clear increase of frequency of droughts in recent years,

2-4 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions  Although it is predicted (IPCC Assessment Reports 1995/2001) that precipitation will increase in some areas of East Africa as a result of climate change, evapotranspiration will also increase due to a rise in temperatures thus reducing the benefit of the increase.

2.3 Geomorphology and Geology

2.3.1 Geomorphology

Lake Kyoga Basin is located in the eastern part of Uganda and consists of peneplanes, hills and mountains as presented in Figure 2-9. Its altitude ranges from 1,030m at the exit of Lake Kyoga to 4,321m at the peak of Mt. Elgon. Topography of the Basin is roughly tilted from the east to the west. Most of the rivers in the Basin have swamps because of its gentle slope. Lake Kyoga, whose water area is 1,720 Km 2, is very shallow: approximately maximum 6m depth.

Mt. Elgen along the east rim of Lake Figure 2-9 Geomorphology of Lake Kyoga Basin Kyoga Basin is the one of the oldest volcano in East Africa, whose area of skirts is 3,500km2. The boundary of the Basin from Moroto to Kitido is overlapping the rim of Eastern Rift Valley, and the national boundary is also taking along this.

The clear lineament structures: Aswa Shear Belt, which is extended from the northwestern part to the central part of the processed image, could be clearly extracted as shown in Figure 2-10. Concerning the surface textures of plane which assume a dominant position in the study area, the northern part with smooth textures differs from the southern west part with well-developed granular textures. These differences are concerning to the geology and surface soil. Figure 2-10 Shaded Relief Image

2-5 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions 2.3.2 Land Cover of Lake Kyoga Basin

Land cover of Lake Kyoga Basin is shown in Figure 2-11. Sum of forests and woodlands is 8.5% as one third of the value of Whole Uganda, and grassland and small-scale farmland are 28.5% and 45.8% respectively, which are about 8% higher than the values of Whole Uganda. As shown in the figure, central part of the Lake Kyoga Basin is widely covered by small-scale farmland and most part of Karamoja region is covered by grassland. Forests spread only in some parts of vicinity of the Basin boundary of northern, eastern and southern parts, and around Lake Kyoga in western part of the Basin.

2.3.3 Geology

Geology of the Basin is shown in Figure Data Source: GIS data of National Biomass Study (1996), Forest Department 2-12 and its stratigraphy is summarized in Figure 2-11 Land Cover of Lake Kyoga Basin Table 2-1. Approximately 2/3 of the Basin is covered by Precambrian formations, which were formulated 3 billion to 600 million years ago. These rocks are metamorphosed by orogenic movements, which were activated during Precambrian. Although the geology is classified by the period, types, magnitudes of metamorphism and so on in each area, most of the rocks are classified into Gneisses and Table 2-1 Stratigraphy of Lake Kyoga Basin Granites. After the Era Period Epoch Name Age (Ma) Symbol Lithology Pleistocene time to now, the basin Quaternary Quaternary Sediments 0 - 1.6 P1 Sediments, alluvium, black soils and moraines to Recent Volcanic Rocks and Associated sediments; Cenozoic Miocene Volcanic 12.5 - 25 T area has been located on Nephelinite, Phonorite,..... Tertiary M iocene - Carbonatite Centre 20 -35 TC Carbonatite and Syenite the continental crust and Oligocene ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ never sunk into the Paleozoic Lower Permian Karoo System 256 - 290 KR Shales Aswa Shear Zone 600 - 700 CM Cataclasite, mylonite M ozambique Belt: acid gneiss, amphibolites, ocean except only once Karasuk Series 700 - 800 KS quartzites, marbles, and granulite facies rocks Proterozoic Kioga Series 800 - 1,000 K Shales, arkoses, quartzites, and tillite when the transgression Granite 1,000 - 1,350 G Mobilized and intrusive granites shales, argillites, phylites, mica-schists, basal Buganda-Toro System 1,800 - 2,500 B-T of Karoo was happened. quartzites, and amphibolite Metavolcanics, banded ironstones, cherty Nyanzian System 2,400 - 2,700 NZ The volcanic activities quartzites and greywackes began in the middle Precambrian Aruan Techtonic 2,600 A Banded gneiss Archean Granulite facies rock: charnokites, enderbites and Watian Series 2,900 W Tertiary: 23 million retrograded derivatives Undifferenciated gneiss and granulite facies rock in GC the north: gneiss, granite, amphibolite, Gneissic -Granulitic Complex -3,400 years ago concurrently charnockite, enderbite, quartzite GZ Granitoid and highly granitized rocks with the formulation of 1) The Atlas of Uganda (1962); Department of Geological Survey and Mines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral. 2) Uganda Geology (2004); Department of Geological Survey and Mines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral. 3) Geology ofEast Africa (1997);Thomas Schluter, Gebruder Borntraeger. 2-6 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions the Great Rift Valley. It formulated several volcanoes in the eastern part of the Basin, for example: Mt. Elgon.

Mt. Elgon was higher than the current Mt. Kilimanjaro (5,895m) before, and the rivers in Uganda were flowing east to west. However, after forming the Western Rift Valley, an elongated lake (Lake Obweruka) was formed including the current Lake Edward and Lake Albert, and Mt. Ruwenzori were uplifted. Therefore, the rivers couldn’t flow to west and formed Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga. The current River Nile was formed about 30,000 years ago.

410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000

A A W CM A W GC P1 R W GZ W P1 2 GZA W W GC A 380000 P1 2 W 380000 W CM W A GC W W CM W G W A A A GZ W 4W A GZ A A 02040608010010 P1 2 A CM P1 2 A A km A A A W T G W A A GC CMA P1 2KS 340000 W A A 340000 GC A A KS A GC W KS GC A TCT A A A T W A W A A A A

300000 A A KS 300000 W W W A P1 2A W A A W A KS TC A A A A A A A A A T A A A A G A A A T W A A CM A GC W W A A CM A 260000 W A A 260000 CM A A CM A W T P1 2 A CM KSKS A TC W T W CM P1 2 GC T W GC P1 2 A A KS A W 220000 220000 GC GC W W W P1 2 W W W A T T A W WTC A A B-K A P1 2 APA 1 2 P1 2 W P1 2 W T P1 2 B-K A

180000 W 180000 P1 2 CM W P1 2 B-K

P1 2 T P1 2 P1 2 P1 2 T 140000 140000 P1 2 T GC

T TC T B-T P1 2 GC TC

100000 P1 2 100000 B-T

B-TB-T

B-T B-T TC G B-T KR GC G SM-B B-T KR 60000 60000 M-B M-B B-T B-T GZ NZ B-T G M-B NZ B-T B-T NZ GC GC GC GZ P1 2 GZ B-T GZ G B-T GC NZ 410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000

Lake, Water body Formation Name Aswa Shear Zone Nyanzian System District Boundary Quaternary Sediments Karasuk Series Aruan Series Lake Kyoga Basin Alkali Volcanics Bunyoro Series and Kyoga Series Watian Series Carbonatite Granite Gneiss-Granulite Complex Buganda-Toro System Granitoid Karoo System Source:Uganda Geology (2004) Figure 2-12 Geological Map of Lake Kyoga Bsain

2-7 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions

2.4 Water Quality Analysis

2.4.1 Water Quality Survey

The Study Team investigated the entire basin except the restricted area to enter for security reasons, to examine the water quality condition of the water sources. The survey was conducted in rainy season and dry season as follows.  Rainy season; Survey was carried out from May 20 to June 10 in 2009.  Dry season; Survey was carried out from January 19 to February 7 in 2010 The analysis items are 25 items for understanding the basic aspect and pollution aspect as well as hydrogeological aspect. Sampling points were totally 200 points consisting of 10 lakes, 39 rivers, 95 deep wells (boreholes), 20 shallow wells and 36 springs as shown in .Figure 2-13

The average values of the important water analysis parameters for different types of water sources: lake, river, borehole, protected spring and shallow well in each sub-basin are shown in Table 2-2. Values highlighted in yellow and red in the table exceed the urban and rural drinking water standard, respectively. In general, both water types: surface water and groundwater is not so bad quality; however, groundwater is relatively better than surface water.

2.4.2 Analysis of the Existing Water Quality Data

Existing water quality data is available in reports from the water quality monitoring network and

Figure 2-13 Location of Water Sampling Points

2-8 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions well drilling reports from contractors. There are 30 water quality monitoring sites in the Basin, and measurements of lake, river, groundwater, urban water, and drinking water have been performed since 1998. On the other hand, water quality data of 1,532 wells is available from the drilling reports.

As for rivers, the Nile shows good water quality except for the existence of Coliform groups. The monitoring points for municipal and industrial pollution, however, are severely contaminated with turbidity, iron, Coliform groups values exceeding the MAC, and they show very high BOD and COD of 130 mg/l and 97 mg/l, respectively.

Water quality data obtained upon well has been organized to find average values per district. Many districts have Turbidity, Color, Ca, Mn, and Fe values exceeding the urban drinking water standard. Kumi and Namutumba districts have Fe, and Sironko has Mn values exceeding the rural MAC standard. Table 2-2 Results of Water Quality Survey (Surface Water) Basic Items Harmful Items Pollution Items Hardness Coliform SOURCE Number of Turbidity TDS Mn As (*1) F Fe E.C. BOD5 NH4 Subbasin pH (CaCO3) Group TYPE Samples (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (μS/cm) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (group/100ml) 3 Awoja 2 7.3 1.1 247 156 0.11 < 0.001 0.49 0.060 464 TNTC 1.5 0.11 Lake 5 Akweng 1 7.9 8.8 121 75 0.00 < 0.001 0.40 0.230 276 TNTC 2.8 0.08 7 Kyoga lakeside 5 7.8 8.8 101 53 0.01 < 0.001 0.27 0.352 196 TNTC 4.3 0.14 8 Mpologoma 2 7.4 17.6 186 110 0.00 < 0.001 0.28 2.140 261 TNTC 3.3 0.17 Total 10 7.6 9.0 149 87 0.03 < 0.001 0.33 0.639 271 TNTC 3.4 0.13 2 Okere 2 6.7 10.8 172 113 0.06 < 0.001 0.28 1.398 296 TNTC 2.5 0.13 3 Awoja 8 7.1 32.0 137 68 0.02 < 0.001 0.25 3.064 227 TNTC 4.0 0.22 4 Lwere 2 6.7 24.3 123 72 0.10 < 0.001 0.25 5.288 218 TNTC 6.0 0.08 River 5 Akweng 2 6.5 2,063.1 98 65 0.07 < 0.001 0.12 4.552 169 TNTC 2.5 0.27 8 Mpologoma 11 7.1 182.8 124 83 0.07 < 0.001 0.37 4.710 218 TNTC 5.1 0.09 9 Lumbuye 3 6.8 3.6 244 119 0.16 < 0.001 0.62 2.372 982 TNTC 3.7 0.06 10 Victoria Nile 6 7.3 17.9 205 101 0.01 < 0.001 0.25 0.662 241 TNTC 1.8 0.07 11 Sezibwa 5 7.2 17.0 65 45 0.06 < 0.001 0.27 2.440 238 TNTC 4.7 0.22 Total 39 7.04 193.0 140 80 0.06 < 0.001 0.31 3.133 283 TNTC 4.0 0.14 *1 TNTC means, 'Too Numerous To Count'. (Ground Water) Basic Items Harmful Items Pollution Items Hardness Coliform SOURCE Number of Turbidity TDS Mn As (*1) F Fe E.C. Subbasin pH (CaCO3) Group TYPE Samples (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (μS/cm) (mg/l) (group/100ml) 2 Okere 2 6.5 12.3 144 82 0.02 < 0.001 0.20 0.638 258 9 3 Awoja 13 6.6 13.0 300 187 0.02 < 0.001 0.48 0.660 538 31 4 Lwere 3 6.1 12.2 118 46 0.04 < 0.001 0.43 1.092 164 8 5 Akweng 4 6.6 29.1 145 70 0.01 < 0.001 0.33 1.311 256 7 Borehole 6 Abalan 1 6.7 4.8 105 41 0.00 < 0.001 0.33 0.525 180 2 7 Kyoga Lakeside 7 6.6 14.7 283 187 0.04 0.002 0.34 0.942 505 15 8 Mpologoma 35 6.4 4.9 316 183 0.01 0.001 0.43 0.441 469 ＜1 9 Lumbuye 8 6.2 6.4 154 72 0.03 0.001 0.35 0.146 247 ＜1 10 Victoria Nile 7 6.6 0.8 264 136 0.01 < 0.001 0.41 0.085 451 ＜1 11 Sezibwa 15 6.5 35.2 194 119 0.03 0.001 0.46 3.817 310 ＜1 Total 95 6.4 11.9 258 150 0.02 0.001 0.42 0.962 414 ＜1 2 Okere 1 5.6 55.7 60 28 0.12 < 0.001 0.02 1.335 99 1 3 Awoja 13 6.4 6.9 113 68 0.00 < 0.001 0.27 0.362 224 ＜1 4 Lwere 2 5.9 60.5 89 29 0.06 < 0.001 0.22 0.562 186 ＜1 Protected 5 Akweng 2 6.3 29.3 78 23 0.01 < 0.001 0.09 0.668 122 20 Spring 8 Mpologoma 10 6.4 13.9 133 76 0.01 < 0.001 0.27 0.507 237 ＜1 9 Lumbuye 3 6.1 1.8 185 98 0.02 < 0.001 0.43 0.068 286 ＜1 10 Victoria Nile 3 6.5 0.6 172 88 0.00 < 0.001 0.34 0.046 632 ＜1 11 Sezibwa 2 5.8 7.9 56 43 0.01 < 0.001 0.17 0.109 133 24 Total 36 6.3 13.7 121 67 0.01 < 0.001 0.26 0.397 250 ＜1 2 Okere 2 5.9 34.0 175 79 0.01 < 0.001 0.08 1.940 302 36 3 Awoja 2 6.6 22.5 212 148 0.01 < 0.001 0.38 0.890 359 ＜1 4 Lwere 1 6.4 6.1 220 73 0.01 < 0.001 0.42 1.453 321 ＜1 Shallow 5 Akweng 2 6.7 6.4 136 68 0.02 < 0.001 0.37 0.548 248 4 Well 8 Mpologoma 5 6.4 26.5 305 197 0.02 < 0.001 0.29 0.787 516 ＜1 9 Lumbuye 2 6.2 7.8 131 49 0.03 < 0.001 0.46 0.439 281 ＜1 10 Victoria Nile 3 6.5 0.7 359 194 0.00 < 0.001 0.40 0.038 654 48 11 Sezibwa 3 6.2 37.8 94 50 0.04 < 0.001 0.21 3.496 170 ＜1 Total 20 6.37 19.8 220 124 0.02 < 0.001 0.31 1.181 388 ＜1

Basic Items Harmful Items Pollution Items Hardness Coliform Turbidity TDS Mn As (*1) F Fe E.C. BOD5 NH4 Standards pH (CaCO3) Group (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (μS/cm) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (group/100ml)

Standards for urban treated drinking water 6.5‐ 8.5 10 NTU 500mg/l 500mg/l 0.1 mg/l 0.05 mg/l 1.0 mg/l 0.3 mg/l 0 /100ml Rural drinking water Standards 5.5 ‐ 8.5 10 NTU 1000mg/l 600mg/l 1.0 mg/l 2.0 mg/l 1.0 mg/l 0 /100ml Rural drinking water Maximum Allowable 5.0 ‐ 9.5 30 NTU 1500mg/l 800mg/l 2.0 mg/l 0.5 mg/l 4.0 mg/l 2.0 mg/l 50/100 ml

WHO criteria (drinking water) 5 NTU 1000mg/l 0.1 mg/l 0.01 mg/l 1.5 mg/l 0.3 mg/l 0/100 ml 1.5 mg/l Drinking water criteria (Japan) 5.8‐8.6 2 NTU 500mg/l 300mg/l 0.05 mg/l 0.01 mg/l 0.8 mg/l 0.3 mg/l Nｉｌ Ambient Standards (Lake, Type C :Japan) 6.0‐ 8.5 Ambient Standards (River, Type C :Japan) 6.5‐ 8.5 5mg/l *1 As for Arsenic, the values in the table shows the test results obtained in japan. *Evaluate Average Value： : Over Criteria value (Urban drinking water)、 : Over Criteria value (Rural drinking water MAC) * As for average of Coliform Groups, '<1' means there are some sites which result is ' TNTC'. 2-9 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions

2.5 Hydrogeology

2.5.1 Hydrogeological Analysis

Data from NGWDB were used for hydrogeological analysis mainly. The numbers of data, which were used for analysis, are shown below. Table 2-3 shows the summary of drilling depth, static water level, well yield, and depth to bedrock of each geological unit.

 Drilling Depth data: 4,709  Static Water Level Data: 4,094  Pumping Test Data: 4,416  Depth to Bedrock: 3,834  Water quality (TDS) data: 1,530

Table 2-3 Drilling Depth, Static Water Level, Well Yield and Depth to Bedrock of each Geological Unit

Drilling Depth Static Water Level Well Yield Depth to Bedrock Formation Name Symbol Average Average Average Average Data No. Data No. Data No. Data No. (m) (m) (m3/h) (m) 1Quaternary P1 2 190 66.1 166 16.2 178 1.9 151 26 2 Alkali volcanics T 49 64.6 47 15.9 46 2.3 32 28 3 Carbonatite TC 17 58.7 16 19.4 15 2.2 11 35 4Karoo System KR 5 78.9 3 16.0 3 4.6 5 28 5 Aswa Shear Zone CM 53 64.9 51 8.0 53 2.5 50 26 6 Karasuk serise KS 15 78.8 15 29.4 14 1.7 7 11 7 Kyoga Series B-K 65 69.4 58 20.9 62 4.0 50 39 8Granite G 75 55.2 71 12.6 72 1.9 57 31 9 Buganda-Toro System B-T 338 69.9 238 19.5 302 1.8 284 35 10 Nyanzian System NZ 98 55.1 86 13.7 92 2.5 69 32 11 Aruan Series A 77 85.2 64 23.3 71 2.0 62 24 12 Watian Series W 75 71.4 63 21.7 66 2.7 49 34 13 Gneiss-Granulite Complex GC 3551 62.5 3127 13.9 3345 1.9 2946 28 14 Granitoid GZ 101 56.1 89 15.3 97 2.0 61 28 4709 63.5 4094 14.7 4416 2.0 3834 29

2.5.2 Results of Hydrogeological Analysis

(1) Drilling Depth Distribution A drilling depth distribution map of the existing boreholes is shown in . Figure 2-14 Although each borehole has been drilled in different conditions, this distribution appears to indicate the actual depth of the aquifer that is needed to secure sufficient amount of water. Therefore, a drilling depth roughly represents the well construction cost. The average drilling depth is 64 m. The central and southern parts of the basin have relatively shallow drilling depths. On the other hand, the drilling depth is deeper in the Karamoja area, north-eastern part of Lake Kyoga Basin, Apac district, Nakasongola district, Kumi district around the Lake Kyoga, and Kapchorwa district in the northern part of Mt. Elgon.

2-10 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions (2) Static Water Level Distribution Static water level distribution of the existing boreholes is shown in Figure 2-15. The belt-like zone from north-northwest to south-southeast in the central part of Lake Kyoga Basin show shallow static water levels. On the other hand, the static water levels are low in the Karamoja area in the north-eastern part of Lake Kyoga Basin, Apac district, Amolatar district, Nakasongola district, Kayunga district, and Kamuli district around the Lake Kyoga

410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000 410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000

010 20406080100 010 20406080100 km km 380000 380000 380000 4 380000 4 Drilling Depth Static Water Level (m) Sub Basin (m) Sub Basin

340000 - 5 District Boundary 340000 340000 - 15 District Boundary 340000 Lake, Water body 15 - 30 Lake, Water body 5 - 10 30 - 50 10 - 15 50 - 75 15 - 20 300000 300000 300000 75 - 100 300000 20 - 25 100 - 125 25 - 30 125 - 30 - 260000 260000 260000 260000 220000 220000 220000 220000 180000 180000 180000 180000 140000 140000 140000 140000 100000 100000 100000 100000 60000 60000 60000 60000

410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000 410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000 Figure 2-14 Drilling Depth Distribution Figure 2-15 Static Water Level Distribution

(3) Well Yield Distribution Distribution of the well yield from the existing wells is shown in Figure 2-17. The results of constant pumping tests are used as well yield data for this analysis because this parameter is available for many wells from NGWDB.

The Karamoja area in the north-eastern part of the Lake Kyoga basin, Sorotit, Amolatar, Apac, Dokolo, and Kaberamaid districts in the northern shore of Lake Kyoga have a large yield per well whereas the southern area of Lake Kyoga has a relatively low yield.

(4) Water Quality Distribution (TDS) A distribution map of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) is shown as a water quality map in Figure 2-16. TDS is a good indicator of the comprehensive water quality including salinity and iron content. Surroundings of Lake Kyoga, especially the Apac district, Amolatar district, and Kaliro district shows a high value in TDS, which indicates high salinity in the ground water.

Figure 2-18 shows a typical trilinear diagram obtained from the water analysis performed in this survey. The key diagram in the middle of the figure is divided into four areas as:

2-11 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions

410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000 410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000

010 20 40 60 80 100 010 20406080100 km km 380000 380000 380000 4 380000 4 Yield TDS (m3/hr) Sub Basin - 150 District Boundary 340000 340000

340000 District Boundary 340000 - 0.6 150 - 200 Lake, Water body catchment_subbasin 0.6 - 1.0 200 - 300 1.0 - 1.5 300 - 400 Lake, Water body 1.5 - 2.0 400 - 500 300000 300000 300000 300000 500 - 700 2.0 - 3.0 700 - 1,000 3.0 - 5.0 1,000 - 1,500 5.0 - 1,500 - 260000 260000 260000 260000 220000 220000 220000 220000 180000 180000 180000 180000 140000 140000 140000 140000 100000 100000 100000 100000 60000 60000 60000 60000

410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000 410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000 Figure 2-17 Well Yield Distribution Figure 2-16 TDS Distribution

I. Ca (HCO3) type: river water and shallow groundwater

II. NaHCO3 type: freshwater of artesian groundwater

III. CaSO4, CaCl type:

IV. Na2SO4, NaCl type: seawater, fossil water, hot spring, mine water

Since most of spring, shallow and deep groundwater obtained in this survey is plotted within I and II, their origin of water seems to be surface water or shallow groundwater. (refer to the supporting report for more detail information)

10％線 100% 10％目 外枠L 中央線 Sub basin 2 10％線

Cl+SO4 Ca+Mg 10％目 （Ⅲ） 外枠R 中央線 10％線 10％目 縦横比 0% （Ⅰ） （Ⅳ） 0% 矢印C 矢印L 100%0% 0% 100% 矢印R Boreh （Ⅱ） Spring Na+K Shallo HCO3

Mg SO4 River Boreh Spring Shallo 100% River 100% 100% 0% 0% Boreh 100% 0% 0% 100% Ca Cl Spring Figure 2-18 Piper Diagram (Okere Sub-Basin)

2-12 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Summary- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions 2.5.3 Direction of Groundwater Flow

Groundwater flow can be estimated by drawing curves perpendicular to contours of the groundwater surface level. Figure 2-19 shows that most of the groundwater flow toward Lake Kyoga, but there are some exceptions with local water storage.

2.5.4 Hydrogeological Condition by Geological Unit

Geological properties of the gneissic, sedimentary, and gneissic-granitic areas in Pre-Cambrian, volcanic-rock areas in Tertiary, and sediments in Quaternary are described below.

(1) Pre-Cambrian The Pre-Cambrian in the Lake Kyoga Basin can be categorized into gneissic-granitic and sedimentary rock areas. The gneissic-granitic area occupies a very large area in the central basin. The sedimentary rock area corresponds to the Buganda-Toro System, Kyoga Series, and Karoo System in

Paleozoic. It is distributed over Figure 2-19 Direction of Groundwater the north shore of Lake Kyoga and small parts of the Mukono, Jinja, and Bugiri districts.

1) Gneissic-Granitic Rock Area Granite is a coarse-grained igneous rock. Gneiss as a metamorphic rock has coarse grain and banded structure. The original rock seems to be granite in this area. Characteristically, granite or Gneiss is easy to be weathered and has many fractures near the surface. Weathered granite forms sandy state near surface. Clay mineral called “Kaoline” derives from weathered granite. The low land such as pocket or small basin accumulates the clay. Although the clay formulates aquiclude layer, this is good material for brick. Therefore, brick production area seems to be bad groundwater recharge.

Additionally, fractures occur not only vertical but also horizontal in granitic rocks. Many small

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hills of granite called "Inselberg" with more resistant rock masses, which formed through weathering process, are observed in granitic area.

Groundwater in weathered zone, which can be regarded as stratum water, and fissure water in fissure zone are expected in the granite area. However, both of these aquifers are different from ordinary aquifer in stratum like sand or gravel layer. It is more complex structures. Therefore, thickness of the weathered layer or the place which has much more fissures has to be investigated for groundwater development.

2) Sedimentary Rock Area Although these rocks are sedimentary rocks, these were formulated in Pre-Cambrian. Since they have very high consolidation and cementation, it is not expected that the pore zone in the rock has water. Therefore, fissure water is expected in the bedrock as the same as granitic rock. However, if the weathered zone is relatively thick, deep groundwater is expected around the lower part of weathered zone and the upper part of bedrock.

(2) Volcanic Rocks in Tertiary The areas distributing volcanic rocks are eastern part of Lake Kyoga Basin, Kapchorwa district, Sironko district. Water level is very deep, and it is difficult to apply geophysical survey. Development of spring is suitable in this area. If protection facility for taking the spring water will be constructed, it can be avoid the contamination by constructing protection at the place where the spring is flowing out from rock or confined water is coming up directly.

(3) Sediments in Quaternary Sands and gravels layer in alluvium are very suitable layer for taking shallow groundwater. In Lake Kyoga Basin, especially around Lake Kyoga, alluvium area becomes swamp in rainy season, and it is difficult to develop groundwater in such an area. However, Karamoja area is higher than wetland around Lake Kyoga, and much alluvium area along rivers. It is reasonable to develop shallow groundwater in Karamoja area.

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