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Navajo Code Talkers THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS 1942 - 1945 Fourth Edition An Anthology Compiled By: Major Paul L. Stokes USMC, Retired 3 March 2008 1 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS 2 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS Foreward Greetings Lad, On 17 May 2007, I had the privilege of attending the dedication ceremony of "Code Talkers Hall"; which is the name that was given to the brand new Marine Corps Network Operations and Security Command (MCNOSC) facility at Marine Corps Base, Quantico, Virginia. Code Talkers Hall is a highly appropriate name for the MCNOSCs' new venue because its' 21st Century mission of protecting the security of the Marine Corps Enterprise Network (MCEN) is just as critical as The Code Talkers mission of defending the Marine Corps Tactical Voice Radio & Wire Communications Nets from enemy interception & exploitation throughout the Pacific Campaigns of World War II. Finding themselves in a situation similar to The Montford Point Marines, The Code Talkers had to overcome many obstacles to "create from scratch" a code that would prove to be unbreakable as well as demonstrate to our Great Nation that they were worthy of the title of “United States Marine”. This is their story. Lest We Forget, Paul L. Stokes Major USMC, Retired Deputy Director for Operations Marine Corps Communication-Electronics School Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center 29 Palms, California 30 May 2007 3 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS 4 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS Table of Contents Navajo Code Talkers in World War II; History Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps . 7 Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet; Research by Alexander Molnar Jr., U.S. Marine Corps/U.S. Army (Ret.) . 11 The Navajo Code Talker's Dictionary; U.S. Navy History Website . 13 The Marine Hymn in The Code; By Jimmy King, a Navajo Instructor . 27 Navajo Code Talkers By TSgt Murrey Marder USMC . 29 CG, Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet Ltr dtd 6 March 1942; Subject: Enlistment of Navaho Indians . 33 Code Talkers Hall Dedication Ceremony Program & Welcome Letter dtd 17 May 2007 . 35 Biography of Colonel Eric L. Rolaf USMC, Commanding Officer, Marine Corps Network Operations and Security Command . 45 Biography of Master Gunnery Sergeant Walter J. Burgess USMC, Senior Enlisted Advisor, Marine Corps Network Operations and Security Command . 47 Photograph of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Peter Pace USMC, Meeting with Five Navajo Code Talkers at the Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia on 10 August 2007 . 49 Code Talker: Marines Magazine, Volume 36, Number 2, October-November-December 2007 . 51 5 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS 6 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS Navajo Code Talkers in World War II By the History Division, United States Marine Corps The Marine Corps’ Navajo Code Talker Program was established in September 1942 as the result of a recommendation made the previous February by Mr. Philip Johnston to Major General Clayton B. Vogel, USMC, Commanding General, Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, whose headquarters was at Camp Elliott, California. Mr. Johnston, the son of a missionary to the Navajo tribe, was fluent in the language, having lived among the Navajos for 24 years. He believed that the use by the Marine Corps of Navajo as a code language in voice (radio and wire) transmission could guarantee communications security. Mr. Johnston’s rationale for this belief was that Navajo is an unwritten language and completely unintelligible to anyone except another Navajo and that it is a rich, fluent language for which code words, in Navajo, could be devised for specialized military terms, such as the Navajo word for “turtle” to represent a tank. With the cooperation of four Navajos residing in the Los Angeles area, and another who was already on active naval service in San Diego, Mr. Johnston presented a demonstration of his theory to General Vogel and his staff at Camp Elliott on 28 February 1942. Marine staff officers composed simulated field combat messages which were handed to a Navajo, who then translated it into tribal dialect and transmitted it to another Navajo on the other end of the line. The second Indian then translated it back into perfect English and in the same form which had been provided originally. The demonstration proved entirely successful, and as a result, General Vogel recommended the recruitment into the Marine Corps of at least 200 Navajos for the code talker program. As a footnote, tests in the Pacific under combat conditions proved that classified messages could be translated into Navajo, transmitted, received, and translated back into English quicker than messages which were encoded, transmitted, and decoded employing conventional cryptographic facilities and techniques. With the Commandant’s approval, recruitment began in May 1942. Each Navajo recruit underwent basic boot camp training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego before assignment to the Field Signal Battalion, Training Center at Camp Pendleton. It should be noted that, at the outset, the entire Navajo code talker project was highly classified and there is no indication that any message traffic in the Navajo language- - while undoubtedly intercepted - - was ever deciphered. 7 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS Initially, the course at Camp Pendleton consisted of training in basic communications procedures and equipment. At the same time, the 29 Navajos comprising the first group recruited devised Navajo words for military terms which were not part of their language. Alternate terms were provided in the code for letters frequently repeated in the English language. To compound the difficulty of the program, all code talkers had to memorize both the primary and alternate code terms, for while much of the basic material was printed for use in training, the utmost observance of security precautions curtailed the use of the printed material in a combat situation. Once the code talkers completed training in the States, they were sent to the Pacific for assignment to the Marine combat divisions. In May 1943, in response to a request for a report on the subject, the various division commanders reported to the Commandant that excellent results had been achieved to date in the employment of Navajo code talkers in training and combat situations, and that they had performed in a highly commendable fashion. This high degree of praise concerning the Navajos’ performances prevailed throughout the war and came from commanders at all levels. Although recruitment of the Navajos was comparatively slow at the time the program was first established, Marine recruiting teams were sent to the Navajo territory and a central recruitment office was set up at Fort Wingate, New Mexico. By August 1943, a total of 191 Navajos had joined the Marine Corps for this specific program. Estimates have placed the total number of Navajos in the code talker program variously between 37 and 420 individuals. It is known that many more Navajos volunteered to become code talkers than could be accepted; however, an undetermined number of other Navajos served as Marines, in the war, but not as code talkers. 8 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS The unique achievements of the Navajo Code Talkers constitute a proud chapter in the history of the United States Marine Corps. Their patriotism, resourcefulness, and courage have earned them the gratitude of all Americans 9 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS 10 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet Research by Alexander Molnar Jr., U.S. Marine Corps/U.S. Army (Ret.) Prepared by the Navy & Marine Corps WWII Commemorative Committee Related resources: American Indian Medal of Honor Winners Navajo Code Talkers in World War II: A Bibliography Navajo Code Talker Dictionary Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Peleliu, Iwo Jima: the Navajo code talkers took part in every assault the U.S. Marines conducted in the Pacific from 1942 to 1945. They served in all six Marine divisions, Marine Raider battalions and Marine parachute units, transmitting messages by telephone and radio in their native language -- a code that the Japanese never broke. The idea to use Navajo for secure communications came from Philip Johnston, the son of a missionary to the Navajos and one of the few non-Navajos who spoke their language fluently. Johnston, reared on the Navajo reservation, was a World War I veteran who knew of the military's search for a code that would withstand all attempts to decipher it. He also knew that Native American languages--notably Choctaw--had been used in World War I to encode messages. Johnston believed Navajo answered the military requirement for an undecipherable code because Navajo is an unwritten language of extreme complexity. Its syntax and tonal qualities, not to mention dialects, make it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training. It has no alphabet or symbols, and is spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest. One estimate indicates that less than 30 non-Navajos, none of them Japanese, could understand the language at the outbreak of World War II. Early in 1942, Johnston met with Major General Clayton B. Vogel, the commanding general of Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, and his staff to convince them of the Navajo language's value as code. Johnston staged tests under simulated combat conditions, demonstrating that Navajos could encode, transmit, and decode a three-line English message in 20 seconds. Machines of the time required 30 minutes to perform the same job. Convinced, Vogel recommended to the Commandant of the Marine Corps that the Marines recruit 200 Navajos. In May 1942, the first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp. Then, at Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, California, this first group created the Navajo code. They developed a dictionary and numerous words for military terms. The dictionary and all code words had to be memorized during training. 11 THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS Once a Navajo code talker completed his training, he was sent to a Marine unit deployed in the Pacific theater.
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