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Kraft Pulping Process Pdf Kraft pulping process pdf Continue Sulfate or craft cellulose is one of the chemical processes of cellulose. Produced by alkaline method. Craft pulp is the dominant pulp production process in the world. Today, this process is most widely used with the production of 70-80% of the total volume of pulp. Raw materials: Although soft wood is mainly used, but any type of soft or solid wood pulp can be used to produce kraft pulp. The advantages of soft wood are that the pulp fiber is thin and long. Cooking chemicals is known as white liqueur. White liqueur contains active chemicals for cooking NaoH and Na2S. NaoH and Na2S are used to make wood chips in the reactor. In white liquor there is no fixed percentage of NaoH and Na2S chemicals, but it is better to keep 25-35% sulphide (based on total Titratable Alkali). Low sulphide percentage (especially below 15%) can affect the reaction rate and quality of the pulp. Black liqueur is used as a make-up liqueur to balance the need for liquid. The ratio of liquor to wood can be between 3 and 5 approximately. The concentration of liquor should not be more diluted, it can affect the reaction rate. In addition, steam is used to produce temperature and pressure. Pressure and temperature are very important for the cooking process. During the craft cellulose process above 360 ⁰F temperature strongly affects fiber strength and yield percentage. Below is a diagram of the craft pulp process Description of the digesting process is two types; party type and continuous type process. The reactor capacity can be 10-20 tons of pulp. In the process of batch type, the chips take a certain amount of reactor. Then a calculated amount of white liquor (contains NaOH and Na2S) or caustic soda and black liqueur (if necessary) are taken into the reactor, so that the preparation of the liqueur soak and cover the chips. Once the reactor is filled with chips and liquor, the heat is applied to the contents by cooking the liquor method of circulation, although the heat heater. The circulating liquor is collected from the middle point of the vessel through the pump and delivered to the upper and lower point of the vessel. Temperatures are controlled from 320 to 350 ⁰F. And the pressure control is 110 PSI to 150 PSI. To reach maximum temperature and pressure it takes from 1.5 hours to 3.0 hours. After reaching maximum temperature and pressure, the content is allowed to stay one to three hours to complete the cooking reaction. This time is called cooking time. Cooking time varies depending on the use of pulp. At this time, the chips soften. Once the cooking time is over, the contents are ready to be dumped into the shock tank. Pressure release control valve: B part of the vessel has a pressure control valve to release air and other non-condensed gases. The main advantage of the Kraft Kraft pulp process that used pulp chemicals can be extracted economically. About 90% of the chemicals can be extracted. International paper: Woodchips Craft Paper Factory for Paper Kraft Process (also known as Craft Pulp or Sulfate Process) is a process of converting wood into wood cellulose, which consists of almost pure cellulose fiber, the main component of paper. The crafting process involves the treatment of wood chips with a hot mixture of water, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S), known as white liqueur, which breaks the bonds that bind lignin, hemicella and cellulose. The technology involves several stages, both mechanical and chemical. This is the dominant method for paper production. In some situations, this process has been controversial, as craft plants can produce odorous products and, in some situations, produce significant liquid waste. The history of the precursor to the crafting process was used during the Napoleonic Wars in England. The crafting process (so-called because of the excellent strength of the received paper, from the German word Kraft to power) was invented by Carl F. Dale in 1879 in Danzig, Prussia, Germany. U.S. Patent 296 935 was issued in 1884, and the pulp mill using this technology began in Sweden in 1890. The invention of the restorative boiler by G. H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s was an important milestone in the advancement of the crafting process. This has allowed the rescue and reuse of inorganic cellulose chemicals in such a way that the craft mill is an almost closed cycle of process against inorganic chemicals, except those used in the bleaching process. For this reason, in the 1940s, the crafting process started the sulphite process as the dominant method of wood pulp production. The Process of The Continuous Craft Pulp and Paper Plant Impregnation Common Wood, used in the production of pulp, is 12-25 millimeters (0.47-0.98 inches) long and 2-10 millimeters (0.079-0.394 inches) thick. Chips usually first enter the presteaming, where they are soaked and warmed up by steam. The cavities inside the fresh wood chips are partially filled with liquid and partially air. Steam treatment causes air to expand and about 25% of the air to be excluded from the chips. The next step is to saturate the chips with black and white liqueur. The air left in the chips at the beginning of the ingesta of the liqueur is closed in the chips. The impregnation can be done before or after the chips get into the reactor and is usually done below 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit). Culinary liqueurs consist of a mixture of white liquor, water in chips, condensed steam and weak black liqueur. In impregnation, the brew liquor cuts through into the the structure of chips and low temperature chemical reactions with wood begins. Good impregnation is important to get a homogeneous cook and low rejects. About 40-60% of all alkaline consumption in process, takes place in the impregnation zone. Cooking wood chips are then prepared in pressurized vessels called reactors. Some reactors operate in a packaged manner, and some in a continuous process. There are several variants of cooking processes for both the batch and the continuous reactors. Diggers, which produce 1,000 tons or more of pulp per day, are common, with the largest producing more than 3,500 tons per day. In a continuous reactor, the materials feed at a speed that allows the pulp to break out by the time the materials come out of the reactor. As a rule, delegation requires several hours (1.5 hours) at 170-176 degrees Celsius (338 to 349 degrees Fahrenheit). In these conditions, lignin and hemicellulose degrade to give fragments soluble in the strongly core fluid. Solid pulp (about 50% by weight of dry wood shavings) is collected and washed. At the moment cellulose is known as brown stock because of its color. Combined liquids, known as black liqueur (because of its color), contain fragments of lignin, carbohydrates from the decay of gemichellosis, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate and other inorganic salts. pure reaction in the depolymerization of lignin by SH' (Ar and aryl, R and alkyl groups). One of the main chemical reactions that underpin the crafting process is the seion of ethereal bonds of nucleophilic sulphide (S2) or bisulfide ion (SS). The process of restoring excess black liquor contains about 15% of the solids and is concentrated in a multiple evaporative substance. After the first step, the black liqueur has about 20-30% solids. At this concentration, the pink soap rises to the surface and skim. The collected soap is additionally processed into a high oil. Removing soap improves evaporation of later effects. Weak black liquor additionally evaporates up to 65% or even 80% of solids (heavy black liquor and is burned in the recovery pot to restore inorganic chemicals for reuse in the cellulose process. During combustion, sodium sulfate is reduced to sodium sulfide with organic carbon in the mixture: 1. Na2SO4 and 2 C → Na2S No. 2 CO2 This reaction is similar to the thermochemical reduction of sulfate in geochemist. Molten salts (smelt) from the restorative boiler dissolve in the process of water, known as weak washing. This water process, also known as weak white liqueur consists of all the liqueurs used to wash lime mud and green sediment liqueur. As a result, the solution of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide is known as green liqueur, It is not known exactly what causes the liquor to be green. This liquid is mixed with calcium oxide, which becomes calcium calcium in a solution to regenerate the white liqueur used in the cellulose process through a equilibrium reaction (Na2S is shown since it is part of the green liqueur but not involved in the reaction): 2. Na2CO3 and Ca (OH)2 ←→ 2 NaOH and CaCO3 Calcium carbonate is poured out of white liquor and restored and heated into a lime oven where it is converted into calcium oxide (lime). 3. CaCO3 → CaO and CO2 calcium oxide (lime) reacts with water to regenerate calcium hydroxide used in reaction 2: 4. Cao and H2O → Ca (OH)2 Combination of reactions 1-4 form a closed cycle against sodium, sulfur and calcium and is the main concept of the so-called reaustoleization process, where sodium carbonate responds to sodium hydroxide regeneration. The restorative boiler also generates high-pressure vapor, which is fed to turbo generators, reducing steam pressure to use the mill and generating electricity. The modern craft pulp and paper mill is more than self-sufficient in its electrical generation and will usually provide a clean flow of energy that can be used in an associated paper mill or sold to neighboring industries or communities up to the local electricity grid.
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