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Download Date 01/10/2021 21:11:16 An Assessment of the 2002 National Security Strategy of the United States: Continuity and Change. Item Type Thesis Authors Prince, Troy Jason Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 01/10/2021 21:11:16 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4312 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. An Assessment of the 2002 National Security Strategy of the United States: Continuity and Change Troy Jason PRINCE Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Peace Studies Department of Peace Studies University of Bradford 2009 Troy Jason PRINCE An Assessment of the 2002 National Security Strategy of the United States: Continuity and Change Keywords: United States national security strategy doctrine preemption terrorism WMD law Abstract The 2002 National Security Strategy of the US (NSS 2002) appeared to have presented a momentous approach to self-defense. To many, the doctrine of preemptive self- defense seemed to challenge the legal and political foundations of the post-World War II international order. Some saw in the US stated reliance on preemption a direct threat to the international system embodied in the UN Charter. The prima facie case that the US position was novel and even dangerous appeared persuasive. This thesis attempts to assess the exceptionality of NSS 2002 in its formulation and implications. This question of exceptionality is broadly divided into two sections. The first section deals with internal exceptionality, in terms of means (the deliberation and drafting processes) and ends (the US defense posture). The second section deals with external exceptionality in the broader terms of possible consequences outside the US. Section One begins by establishing the grounds for looking into the formulation of NSS 2002, and provides the background for that Strategy's mandated precursors. After exploring how National Security Strategy documents are conceived and framed, Section One discusses the Strategy as it was published, and examines a sampling of contemporaneous reactions to its publication. Section Two concentrates on the second part of the research question, and utilizes a thematic approach – in terms of the use of force, the international security environment, and international law. Possible consequences of the proposed US response to contemporary security challenges are considered in these three key areas. PRINCE 2/315 Preface...................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 7 Rationale........................................................................................................... 8 Methodology ....................................................................................................13 Structure ..........................................................................................................16 I. The 2002 National Security Strategy (NSS) of the US .............................................21 1.0 National Security Disposition of the US – Purposes ..........................................21 1.1 "Fixed" Purposes In Common With All Other States.....................................21 National Survival: Territory and Resources .....................................................23 Maintaining Or Expanding Power....................................................................24 Ensuring Economic Well-Being........................................................................26 Domestic Purpose ............................................................................................26 1.2 US National Security Parameters Arising from Its Status and Position ..........27 US Values and Interests ...................................................................................28 Protection of "National Security" .....................................................................30 The Post-1945 Position of the US and International Order ..............................32 Access to Resources .........................................................................................36 1.3 US National Security Adjustments Occasioned by Changes to the International Order...............................................................................................38 Cold War .........................................................................................................38 Post-Cold War .................................................................................................44 Technology and the Proliferation of WMD.......................................................46 Sub-State Terrorism .........................................................................................49 1.4 US National Security Adjustments Occasioned by Changes within the International Order...............................................................................................50 Rise Of China...................................................................................................50 Continuing Transition Of Russia ......................................................................53 Conclusion.......................................................................................................54 2.0 The Framing of US National Security – Structures and Processes.......................55 2.1 Structures......................................................................................................55 Congress..........................................................................................................56 Executive..........................................................................................................61 Ad Hoc "Doctrines" Or Reviews.......................................................................62 The NSC Structure/System................................................................................66 National Security Strategy (NSS) Documents ...................................................73 2.2 Processes.......................................................................................................74 Process Of Executive – Legislative Relations, Law-Making, and Budget Appropriations.................................................................................................74 3.0 NSS Documents................................................................................................84 3.1 The Post-1945 Tradition of US Presidential Pronouncements on National Security ...............................................................................................................84 Pre- 20th Century ............................................................................................88 Early 20th Century...........................................................................................90 Truman ............................................................................................................91 Eisenhower ......................................................................................................93 Kennedy ...........................................................................................................94 Johnson............................................................................................................95 Nixon ...............................................................................................................96 Carter ..............................................................................................................97 Reagan.............................................................................................................98 George H.W. Bush .........................................................................................100 PRINCE 3/315 Clinton...........................................................................................................102 3.2 The Place of the NSS in the Framing of US National Security Strategy.......105 3.3 The NSS as a Product of Negotiation and Compromise ................................109 3.4 Variables Affecting Such Pronouncements..................................................114 4.0 The 2002 NSS as Presented.............................................................................119 4.1 Features of the Bush Presidency in its First Nine Months ............................119 Contested Election .........................................................................................119 Bush's Agenda................................................................................................120 High-Profile Policy Decisions........................................................................121 4.2 Brief Overview of 11 September 2001 to September 2002...........................123 The Attacks ....................................................................................................123
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