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Returning to Tunisia Stephen Garrett SIT Study Abroad SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2018 The Draw of Revolution: Returning to Tunisia Stephen Garrett SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the African Studies Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Migration Studies Commons, and the Politics and Social Change Commons Recommended Citation Garrett, Stephen, "The Draw of Revolution: Returning to Tunisia" (2018). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2842. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2842 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Draw of Revolution Returning to Tunisia Stephen Garrett Academic Director: Mounir Khelifa Advisor: Mohamed Limam Georgetown University Regional and Comparative Studies Tunisia, Sidi Bou Said Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Tunisia and Italy: Politics and Religious Integration in the Mediterranean, SIT Study Abroad Spring 2018 Abstract Having left Tunisia for different reasons, some expatriate Tunisians chose to leave their old lives behind and return to their home country when Tunisia began its democratic transition in 2011. This report focuses on the experiences and perspectives of three returning Tunisians. Understanding these individuals’ views provides a new framework for understanding the path that Tunisia’s democratic transition has taken over the past seven years. Comparing their perspectives on themes relating to their shared experiences reveals differences and similarities. Interviewees largely differ with regards to their lives before the revolution, their previous political activity, the details of their return, their current occupation and personal views of best way to contribute to the democratic transition, and their initial expectations. On the other hand, interviewees largely hold in common their motivations for returning, current feelings about the transition, feelings about the future of the transition, reasons for remaining in Tunisia after seven years, and feelings about the role of returning Tunisians in the transition discourse. Understanding their journeys also reveals the emotional pull of the Tunisian revolution on Tunisians living abroad, a pull that changed their lives. Garrett 2 Acknowledgements There are several people I want to thank for helping me complete this report. First is Mounir Khelifa, the Program and Academic Director for SIT Tunisia & Italy and also a wonderful mentor and person. I also extend supreme gratitude to Mohamed Limam, my ISP advisor, for providing sage advice and generally guiding me. Of course, I must thank all of my interviewees for their honesty and patience, and also for their sacrifices for Tunisia. I am awed by the work they, and many others, are doing to make Tunisia a better place. Finally, I thank my parents for their constant support in spite of their busy schedules and their being thousands of miles away. Garrett 3 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................... 5 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................... 10 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 11 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................................................................. 23 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................................... 24 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................................... 26 INTERVIEW: KHAWLA BEN AICHA ...................................................................................................................................... 26 INTERVIEW: HEDI BEN ABBES.............................................................................................................................................. 27 INTERVIEW: OMEZZINE KHELIFA......................................................................................................................................... 29 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Garrett 4 Introduction Tunisia is a country with a history of migration. Located at the African continent’s northern crest, along the Mediterranean’s southern edge, it is a country at a geographical junction between land and sea, and between Africa and Europe. For centuries, people have moved through the country, and with them goods, languages, cultures, and ideas. As a result, Tunisia has a very diverse identity. Ethnically, it is primarily Amazigh and Arab, but black and European Tunisians are also present. Arabic is the official language, but Tounsi Arabic is the primary spoken language, and owing to its heavy use in education, French is also commonly used. Evidence of cultural exchange with Europe is readily seen in the Tounsi Amazighen and Arabic dialect, which also has Latin roots and includes loanwords from French, Italian, and even Turkish. Carthage, located near Tunisia’s capital city of Tunis, was ruled first as Punic and then as Roman city for centuries before the Arab’s took control in 698 A.D.. More recently, Tunisia was ruled as a French protectorate from 1881 to 1956. This is all to say that Tunisia’s place at a geographical crossroads has had a significant impact on its politics, its culture, its language, and especially its people. Recently, Tunisia’s geographical proximity to Europe, as well as the prevalence of French, and to a lesser extent Italian, in the country have made emigrating to Europe an exciting possibility for many Tunisians, despite it being for some time a destination country for Italian and Maltese citizens. The reasons for emigration are as numerous as the number of migrants, but some major factors are job seeking and education. According to the Office of Tunisians Abroad (the French acronym being OTE, or Office des Tunisiens à l’Étranger), the Tunisian diaspora’s population numbered around 1.3 million, or 12% of the total Tunisian population.1 Many of these Tunisians hold dual-citizenship and are firmly settled in their new countries. However, the 2011 Tunisian revolution2, which saw the 1 Administrator, “Tunisians living abroad, figures and statistics of OTE,” Citoyens Des Deux Rives, December 28, 2015. 2 Many speak about “a coup” (révolution de palais), others speak about “political revolution” Garrett 5 removal of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali after 23 years in power, inspired some of these Tunisians to return to the country of their birth. They returned to participate in Tunisia’s democratic transition and to contribute to a broad movement towards renewing the country. They are a fascinating group with diverse motivations, opinions, and world-views. Tunisian expatriates who returned to Tunisia in the wake of the 2011 revolution, many of whom continue to contribute to the democratic project to this day, hold uniquely informed perspectives on the country’s democratic transition. Overview My objective for this project is to examine the experience of some returning Tunisians and to gather their perspective on Tunisia’s democratic transition. Specifically I examined characteristics of subjects’ accounts that tied individual accounts together or set them apart. The demographic I am addressing in this report is quite specific, so for clarity’s sake I will make it clear what I am not focusing on this paper. First, I am not focusing on members of the Tunisian diaspora community, though all of the subjects were a part of and connected to that community. I will discuss the community in general. Second, I am not focusing on Tunisians who returned prior to the revolution or Tunisians who left Tunisia solely for educational purposes and then returned immediately following the end of their educational experience. I am examining Tunisians who left Tunisia before 2011 and returned, perhaps leaving their old lives behind, after the revolution in order to contribute in some way to the project of democracy
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