A ll Right s Reserved
- R U TH W ELL CR OSS FR OM SOU TH EA ST . , THE
' ’ Photo ra h b M r J M o h o A n ti uarze s o Scotlan d. . C . on t meme Fellow o t e Soc iet g p y g , f y f q f Fron tiSpi
WITH A
SHORT HISTORY OF THE CROSS
A ND CRUCIFIX IN SCOTLAND
D D . FELL W THE S IE Y I U A RIE A M . T NT S T N A . O OF OC OF A Q OF SC O L D
E D l TOB OF T H E WOR KS OF N IN IAN w mz m'r ; “ ” “ A UTH OR OF T H E ISLE OF BUTE IN TH E OLD EN TIME TH E COVE NA NTE RS , , ” ” TH E NT G E G H C OU Y O RAP Y OF D UM FRIESSHIBE, m o.
LASG W : H N MITH O J S S N LTD . G O O , 1 9 1 4
D E D IC A TE D
JOH N CUNINGHAME MONTGOMER IE
E SQ UIRE O F D ALM OBE
C O MPAN I O N D URIN G MAN Y PILGBIMA GE S
T O T HE B UNI O B OO D S O F
R UTHWELL A N D BEWCASTLE
PR E FA C E
VE N ER ATI ON for t he Runic Roods and a grat e ful inte re st in my native shire Of D umfrie s have impe lle d m e to write this history Of t he st ate ly Cross
e re -e e e in t he P Of e t he of Ruthw ll , now r ct d with arish Church Ruthw ll , in
Of D e an Of t he ll a county umfri s , and to conjoin with it account twin pi r
r t he e e e a . which ado ns parish churchyard of B wcastl , in Cumb rl nd
The supe rb phot ographs Of the se t wo re markable monume nts which
h Of Mr M e mbe llish this volume are t he artistic work and t e gift J . C . ont
o m ri Of D T e e sub se e e e . O t h e e e g almor him , not e pr s nt writ r only , but v ry
e e e b e e t he ee e O i a qu nt stud nt in this subj ct , will und r d p st bl g tions for his
n n e I a Mr i fi it trouble in procuring such maste rpie ce s . wish to th nk
Ruthe rford Of Jardingt o n for t he use Of an e arly photograph Of Ruthwe ll
e t he O air Sir D F a Ke w a e Cross whil it stood in pe n avid r in , , for assist nc in
n e nde avouring to name t he flowe rs c arve d upon both monume ts ; G . N .
P n F - P h a a e D l k S. A Of t e e . e e Count lu tt , Vic resid nt Roy l Ac d my , ub in
R a d h R v . e v . Ge e e Of e e n t e e . . org York , forme rly Re ctor B wcastl ; J L
D M A Pa M a e . . ni Of R e e e inwiddi , , rish i st e r uthw ll , for many faciliti s gr nt d for pe rsonal e xamination of t he crosse s unde r the ir charge t he D e an and
Chapte r Of D ur ham for t he use Of illustrations Of re lics in t he C athe dral
Me 85 e s e e Library ssrs W . R . Chambe rs , Ltd . , for p rmi sion to r produc from
’ ’ Chamb ers s Encc Opoedia Canon T aylor s table Of ru ne s on Be wcastle Cross
Mr H D H M l h s . e e an d Mr H e t e u e O f . ood , ros , John Gibson , xham , for
M D s D mf r h r Mr . e D l . t e photographs ; John Taylor , ub in , J W od , u i s ,
Mi e Mo nt o m e rie D e an d Mrs D e e ss s g , almor , inwiddi , Ruthw ll , for kind
e e e e e ie h lp fr qu ntly giv n in the s stud s .
V1 ! THE RUNIC R OODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
l] B D I T h R v . . e O t . e e t e e e Jos ph Trai , , Roth say , am much ind b d for
h e a an d an d a ns a t e . re ding m nuscript proofs , for many v luabl sugge stio
Study for this book h as give n m e an e xquisite ple asure on account Of t h e a a t h e e Of a a e f ct th t , through court sy librari ns in London , O xford , L mb th , an d D i I w as e e e e ubl n , p rmitt d to handl and consult such pr cious Anglo
' a H - a M a The Lind s rn e Gos els The S e S e SS. s t a xon , ib rno xon , and oth r f p ,
' A lcuzn Bible The M acR e ol Gos els The M acD urn an Gos els Kin E thel , g p , p , g
’ ’ stan s Psalter ueen M ar aret s Gos el - Book The Book o B urrow an d e , Q g p , f , oth r
r e a e lib ary tr sur s . M I JA ES KING H EW SON .
F 1 14 R OTHESAY, ebruary 9 . C ON TE N T S
CHAPTER I — IN TR OD UCTOR Y A SH ORT HISTOR Y O F THE CRO SS A N D CRUC IFI x I N SC OTLA ND
CHAPTER II SITES : TRA D ITI ONS : EMERGEN C E INTO HISTO RY
a i n Run e -in m n ume n s at Ru e ll an d B as l T adi i ns Loc t o of scribed o t thw e wc t e . r t o Eme rgen ce in to history of R uthwe ll Cross ; it s de molition ; re storation as an ” an i n m num n Eme e n e in is Be as le Ob e lisk c e t o e t. rg c to h tory of wc t .
CHAPTER III DE SC RIPTI ONS O F RUTHWELL CRO SS A N D O F B EW C ASTLE OBELISK O R CR O SS
I De s i i n R u e ll C ss measu e me nt s d e s i t i n ane ls s ul u e La in . cr pt o of thw ro ; r , cr p o of p , c pt r , t - n n an d R un ic in sc ription s ; t he whee l head Sa dsto e .
II . De s i t i n Be as le Obe lisk measu e me n s de s i t i n Of an els s ul u e Run i cr p o of wc t ; r t , cr p o p , c pt r , c i i n s an d in scr pt o ; S stone .
CHAPTER IV THE IN SCRI PT IO NS
- The La in n Le e s . I . t Saxo tt r
II. The R un e s . An lian an Hi be n ian R un e s e tc . g , M x, r , h - md m 1 The R un e s On R u e ll C ss . u od R un es on t e ss e ad . The C on . thw ro t cro h ’ ” di m n D e am t h The al ea n . Ke b le s e e e e to The e R d . Di e t r g r f r c r of oo c .
- 2 The R une s on as le Ob e lisk. The l st ss e ad an it s R une s . Va i us . Be wc t o cro h d r o
eadin s an d e sul m a is n . The is i a l e s n a e s alle ed t o b e r g , r t of co p r o h tor c p r o g g mm e m a co or ted .
CHAPTER V THE SC ULPTUR E ON BOTH MO N UMEN TS
m i F lia l l e e a e ns. 3 . e us s u t u e . . G o tr c p tt r o c o c p r 2 In e a e n s . t rlace d p tt r .
CHAPTER VI SY MBOLS A N D DO CT RIN E
ss mb ia 7 . The is l The C . Fi s ss in N u C . . ro r t cro orth r ; hr t ’ t he sses St Cu be E t he lweald 8 . An in in t he L d s ee . cro of th rt, , o t g or f t - an A a h l ss 9 . n t he Ba d t e ee ead . J is cc ; wh h cro oh pt t.
2 The ifi Ea li e e se n a i ns 10. St u be . C u . e s C . r c x r t r pr t t o ; th rt h mis i i b s 1 1 T h Na i i t e s e d s t he . . e per v e ct ; or t v ty . h c a 3 . The Vin e . 12 . T e Ann un i i n t o .
4 Th e Fa n e an d H a k t he b i ds . The 13 . Th Visi a i n . . lco r w r e t t o i 4 h s l an h oen m le m s 1 . T e e S . e ag e d t e ph x e b . ho T Bi u ll 1 Th Fli in E 5 . e 5 h d s on R e C ss. . e Sacre rd thw ro ght to gypt . 6 T k - o i ai l 1 6 H Blin Man he A . A d r u . ealin d . . rche r s y g ; Mth c c t ; g of ’ i i M s s m m z a 1 7 t a b . s i n . e l y b ol of l ght ; od ac l S g for S . tth w y o m aul an d St An n De e b e la e id la o n t he 18 . St P c r ; t o try tho y. B 9 un -dial orders. 1 . The S . X TH E RUNIC ROOD S OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
CHAPTER VII
EARLY AR T I N NORT H UMBRIA
CHAPTER VIII
D ATES A SSIGNA BLE T O THE RUNI C R O O D S
’ Opin ion s of e arlie st write rs Of late r authoritie s for a se venth -ce ntury origin ; Rivoira s ’ pre fe re n ce for t he twe lft h ce ntury Cook s re fe re n ce of t he R uthwe ll Cross to t he ’ el t e n u TH E RAIS ON D E R OF M N UM EN P ssib le tw f h c t ry . T E THE O TS . o wi t b e in h la a his i h his i a e Kin S Cu t e e d ul . e in t e th th rt t r y of c t, . tor c g of g an Of t D s an in he n n u Im b ab le n n e i n i d S un t t te th ce t ry . pro co ct o w th
me m ials. NO m a i Of lan d e e in e s s. Pe a e otive for King D v d I . Scot r ct g th e crosse c or Th e B ne i in i al The la e s ie s a i i — ss s k an d e d ct e re v v . t t v w of uthor t e s Profe or Coo Le t hab Sir Ma in C n a an d Mr C llin d . y , rt o w y , o gwoo
CHAPTER IX
TH E D REA M O F T HE RO OD
The An l -Sa n e A e i al T ansla i n g o xo t xt M tr c r t o .
APPENDIX I — PLA C E- NA M Es RUTHWELL A N D B EW CA STLE
APPENDIX II
TH E MYSTERI OUS CYNEW ULF
APPEND IX III
AN GLIA N A N D AN GLO - DA N ISH SCU LPTU R E
APPENDIX IV
WE IGHT OF THE MO NU ME NTS
IND E X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE - ll C ss m t he S u h Eas . Ph t a h b . C . ont omert e. F ontis ie e I . Ru h e t w ro , fro o t t o ogr p y Mr J M g r p c TO FACE PAGE II Ce l i C sse s in Bu e . t c ro t
'
C n i ho ra h b . H ewz Ru h e ll Pa ish hu h e P w K. son 2 a se III. t w r rc fro t v w , g p y J ; ( ) p , ' ' n h side Pho t a h b . C . ont omeree ort , ogr p y Mr J M g
'
I Be as le Pa ish Chu h Cam Cas le . Ph t a h b . C . o nt omert e V. wc t r rc , p , t o ogr p y Mr J M g
‘ P ai s 1 i ls n 2 D un an 3 St Cu hb e 4 M Farlan t V. ortr t of ( ) N co o ; ( ) c ; ( ) t rt ; ( ) ; ( 5) S Dun stan
’ ’ - 4 d n s Ill a i R h ll 5—8 nn e l s Ill s a i n VI . ( 1 ) Gor o ustr t ons Of ut we Cross ; ( ) Cardo u tr t o s Of Ruthwe ll Cross
- I R h ll C b h v . D r D an . Pho t a V I. u e ss as t e e e e d t e Re un h b . t w ro , r ct y c ogr p y Mr J Rutherford
’ l e nhi at D OI 2 Bi ke s Ill us a i n 3 C u i Of Cha le ma n VIII . ( ) M r ; ( ) c tr t o ; ( ) r c fix r g e ;
’ (4) Vie t or s Illustration
’
X C n Camde n Ph t a h len t b R . D r Wils n D als I . s Le e t o ev t n 2 an d otto tt r , o ogr p y o , o ( 3)
’ Smith s Illustrations of Be wcas tle Ob e lis k 36
h b . l C O lisk e s a e . h C Be as e ss be W P t a . M on t omerie wc t ro or , t f c o ogr p y Mr J g 42
in s O f le R un es— l Smi h 2 H a d ns XI . Read g Be wcast ( ) t ; ( ) ow r ; ( 3) Lyso ; (4) Lyson s 48
a in s B l n s— l a han 2 ai h XII. Re d g of e wcast e Ru e ( ) M ug ; ( ) H g ; (3) Taylor ; (4) Co l lingwood
X . R u h e ll C ss S u h a e . Ph t a h b . O. on t ome rie III t w ro , o t f c o ogr p y Mr J M g
R u h ll C a t a C M on t om r XIV. e ss u e s. Ph h b . . e ie t w ro , fo r f c o ogr p y Mr J g
The Ch is n l C h t a s X . o Be as le an d Ru e l sse s. P h b C V . r t wc t thw ro o ogr p y Mr J . Mon t
- I . R h ll C ss m h s . h t a h b C XV u e S u We P . . M on t om er e t w ro , fro o t t o ogr p y Mr J g i .
X II le b e lis - t h b . Be as O k m h e s . ho a C V S u W P . . M n o wc t , fro o t t ogr p y Mr J o tg merie
l - X . Be as e Ob e lisk m h e s . h t a h b C V S u W P . . t III wc t , fro o t t o ogr p y Mr J Mon gomerie
XI THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
l on t omer Be as li . ho a C. ie e Ob e sk Eas a e P t h b . wc t , t f c ogr p y Mr J M g
Be as l li a . C. on t omerie e Ob e sk N h ace . Ph t h b wc t , ort f o ogr p y Mr J M g
l Runi Al h ab e s St all 2 an d 4 S i al C ss He ham Ph t a h b ( ) c p t , G ; ( ) p t ro , x , o ogr p y
hn Gibson 3 Ph a h Of Be as le Run es Ph t a h om Cast b Mr Jo ( ) otogr p wc t , o ogr p fr y
omer Mr J . C. M on tg ie
XXI a s D ra T b l i n s le be li k. wn b I. a e e xhib tin g various Re adin gs Of t he Run e s o Be wc t O y
K n J. . H ewiso
III . n i C C on t omerie 2 Lan b a R ks XX C b uru Ph to a h m ast b . . y g, o gr p fro y Mr J M g ; ( ) g r oc ,
Phot a h b . K. H s n 3 Be as le Ob e lisk Ph t a h b iss I sa ogr p y J ewi o ( ) wc t , o ogr p y M
on t omerie 4 Be as l e Ob e lisk Ph t a h b iss a on t ome rie M g ; ( ) wc t , o ogr p y M M ry M g ;
5 W kmen an d Cas Ph t ra h b iss I sa on t omerie ( ) or t, o og p y M M g
Re n s u i n Of R h ll C s D esi ned b . C . on t orn erie co tr ct o ut we ros . g y Mr J M g
1 Ru e ll C ss C u i i n S e ne 2 t he Ba is s on b h n um en s ( ) thw ro , r c fix o c ; ( ) pt t ot Mo t
A Be as le B Ru h ell 4 U e a O Ru h e ll C ss Ph t a hs ( , wc t ; , t w ) ; ( ) pp r p rt f t w ro , o ogr p b ' C . ile y Mr J . Mon tgomerie ; (3) Horus upon t he Crocod s
’ Be as le Ob elisk m - r C on t o merie N h We s . Ph to a h b . . wc t , fro ort t o g p y Mr J M g
e l s - fM on t ornerie B cas e Ob eli k m N h Eas . Ph t ra h b . C w t , fro ort t o og p y Mr J g — Be as le Lan ds a Ph t ra h b . O. on t omerie wc t c pe . o og p y Mr J M g
’ ’ 1 A a s C s C C I ll t ati n s len t b the D ean and ( ) cc ro s ; (2) St uthb e rt s offin . us r o y
ha te ha C p r, Dur m
XXX. rt h rian D D ha m No umb Crosse s. I llustration s len t by the ean and Chapter, ur
ERRATUM
lin 15 or O win in ead Oswinin . P. 65, e , f s g r g
AD D END A
35 lin e 21 42 lin e 14 1 1 1 lin e 4 add Pl . XV. Pp. , , , , , ,
2 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
a h h e e a t h e s our fore he ds with t e Sign of t e cross . From tim imm mori l cros
e e e e o f- wid es ad u se a a e at e a has a r v r nd mblem - me , with r ng l st from
M c Th M ill a t h e a h e . e Of o t e Of Thibe t to xi o studie s rt e , mong fun r ry re lics t e
e Of a led him e a t he e e a aborigin s Lomb rdy , to conclud th t in r mot st ntiquity
e e t im e Of the s c e e e a t , t he was e l b for th w m Chris cross a r d mbl m of a r igious i a a e us f h a e a e O u t e S s ct wh ch bhorre d idol try . Christians m d pag n ig n
be c e r e e ara moun t a o f . th eirJ a1t h e e e t he n _ e aus it p f ctly repr s nt d p f ct , whil l u heflu f s am s f C i n at e fi e i h a s fi i im o hrist a ity s i asfl
The a e E a h ad an e e Of a a nci nt gypti ns for mbl m s lv tion w ossfl ygithd afl
e e a a e t he an hh i . e . f e crux an sata . s h as e e loop d h d , c ll d ( li ) , or Thi symbol b n
as far as - e e I found north Nigg , Ross shir , and as far w st as Ardboe in re land . Anothe r form Of t he pre - Christian cross is that known as t t flhn g hp’
M h a h - OH I Of C rist . e t e es a a a l d PSIQB g dopt d from Gr co Bactri n L b rum , i ge ’ ” e nst antin e and e e e a e and authoris d by g o , h nc call d Const ntin s Cross . a The Rho attachme nt has be e n trace d to t he lo ok of hair Of t he Egyptian god
H h Mo ill a e . rt e t orus t e young r found this monogr m , but without t he Rho
e e a e di e e a e a attachm nt , imprint d on vas scov r d in Gol s cc ( Lombardy)
a 2 whi ch he date d on e thous nd ye ars be fore Christ . Two spe cime ns Of this
G e e e a a e a cross , in its Coptic ( r k) form , app r on Christi n tombston s t Kirk
' a e o hi e an d e e a e was e e in hi h m drin , in Wigt wns r anoth r x mpl discov r d W t o m
P The S a a an e a e riory . w stik is cut on rly C ltic cross in North Bute . The history Of t he cross in Scotland is simply t h e story Of Scottish Christ ianit fi The a e a e a e a h h y g Christi n r ligion could rriv in C l doni throug t e — same channe ls as Orie ntal myt hologie s came t he re ligion O f Gre e ce an d t he
O f M — b e a e i e S a cult ithra y m ns of Roman soldi ry , d scipl s from yri , mis
v an i a Th sio arie s E E t n e e . e e n from gypt , or m rch nts xact pe riod whe n t he
Of was e e e e e a b e e e Th first re port Je sus h r b li v d c nnot d t rmine d . e Church
e e was a e e e t he a in Britain , how v r , org nis d b for Rom ns withdre w from t he
country an d Of t he thre e British bishops who atte nde d t he Synod at Arle s
3 1 4 one a e . e e on e h in , h il d from York Cons qu ntly must look to t e north
be yond t he Rom an Wall and to t he wilds of Wale s for those une xplore d Christian re gions Of which Te rtullian ( 208 ) wrote In districts of Britain
ab iel De Mort ille t Le Si ne de la C ix avant te Ch istia nisme P is G r , g ro r , ar , 1 88 6, 17 4 o C ss the a an i in D Wa d Hist the e t c . L n d n 18 7 1 m H . . r , ory f ro , p g or g , , o o , , g . L 2 Mort ille t , e Signs, e t c . , 1 6. All n d D r se d The Ea l Ch i n . R mill e n a An e s n stia n uments o S tla J o y Jo ph r o , r y r Mo f co nd, Edinb ur h 1903 Dr hn S ua The Scu rtured Stones o S tland S aldin Cl , ub Edinb u h g , Jo t rt h f co ( p g ) , rg , Dr An de s n Sc tla nd in Ea l Ch istian Ti 1 867 Jose ph r o , o r y r mes. SH ORT HISTORY OF THE CROSS AND CRUCIFIX IN SCOTLAND 3
’
‘ a e e t he e r t ai t hCse t he in in cc ssibl to Romans , but subdu d to Ch is ; in l , k gdom
a ar d r e 239 a s e e t he a n d name of Christ e ve ne rat e . O ig n ( ) l o r f rs to p rtial
a Of h It e e a a e e t he Christianis tion t e Britons . is th re fore c rt in th t long b for time Of Pe lagius Ninian Palladin s an d Patrick ( 493)
a a Th a e n d t he w s e e e . e Christi nity was a pow r in Britain , cross in vid nc
e a e Kirkm ad rin e an d Whit h om e a monum nts to Christi n pri sts at , alr dy
h a h e e are a a e w t is St t e e . re f rr d to , ssoci t d ith e m sion of Nini n in fifth c ntury
i ar n e e a O f a e hi Crosse s with n circle s e i cise d on rud ston pill rs indur t d sc st ,
h a Pl II a h a O f e e . n d e vide ntly indicate t e f ith t e pe rsons int e rr d be ne th th m ( .
I a D a e fig . n ch ract e r the se signs re se mble those found by Burton and r k
1 I t h O f a hi in une xplore d Syria . n e case anothe r gr ve stone found in W thorn
’ P h h Rho a N O . e t e e e O f t he cross atee t e e riory ( wh re Gr k form p , with att ch d
t he O f e arm e hi a e e a to point a curv d , is incis d wit n circl surround d by con
e e t he e Oi t h e a e a an : LOC STI PE I c ntric circl , fac sl b b rs inscription TR ” AP T LI 2 U e U S O Pe e an a e e s e e e . e , indicating that t r , postl , r t d th r ndr ss d slabs and bou
a O Of e a e s e e e e e e for Christi n se rvice . n monoliths a gr t h ight cro s s w r l vat d “
E H Me a are e e e . M S . nhirs in Britt ny still surmount d by wood n cross s
c rucifix ar a e . e e e s e On some stone s e s e re re d and fix d Th s rud standing ton s ,
whe re on crosse s
o a O e a e O f a r e e e e e n e e . n we re incis d , fr qu ntly on f c only f c slab was o nam nt d
e e hi on e e e hi o n e with a d sign x biting gr at cross , or with sculptur in w ch cross ,
f a a Th w as al a e a O e . e e e or a se rie s small cross s , ppe re d ston so sh p d lik
The use Of e a e t he e a e e t he cross . int rl c d work in rly Church t nd d to
a O f r Of h O f t h e a e multiplic tion be autiful va ie tie s t e form e cross , many x mpl s
- are e e e S a . e e a s e e e of which pr s rv d in cotl nd Fr st nding , upright cro s s w r
e a a e e e — a e a e e a fixe d in rth or r is d on ston bas s squ r , trunc t d , s micircul r ,
1 R F C F T D ak U l ed S ia L n d n 1892 11 . 2 3 la s 28 i ha d . Bu n and . . . e nex e c r rto r , p or yr , o o , , , , p t , 4 4 29, 6, 9 . al al n P i b ea s a Pas hal Lamb a in a h l b ann e t he s a f of The ov se Of Whithor r ory r c c rry g o y r, t f hi h e min a e s in a ss i h a es e n o n t he de e side an d an e s ile six - a ed on t he w c t r t cro w t cr c t xt r , to r y
s The Lamb is b l din m t he h a in a hali e hi h e e i e s t he s e am o f b l o d . Sini te r. ee g fro t ro t to c c w c r c v tr o
- - - i The insc i i n e ads At t he b ase is a fle ur de lys with a three le ave d b ranch on e ach s de . r pt o r ” v n us C di as C S. Co n e t an d asse . 4 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e e a in I an d e e e e e st pp d , in hum n form and ona But cross s w r fix d in disuse d millstone s .
f a d a a a Th are O — e . e Crosse s two kinds simple n comp ct or f bric t d
- ' ' lus A . e e e arbor li n um a O T av b S. rod simpl cross is a tr trunk , , g , p , p s, , rood ,
a 1 h t he was e ai e e e e . T e e on which victim ti d , n l d , impal d , or p rfor t d wood n st ake re ne we d on Solway shore in me mory Of t he Wigtown Martyrs fit ly re pre
Th a a e . e w s O e e e e sents this gibb t victim ft n fix d to a movabl fr m work ,
atibulum hi w as e an d se t e e a S i p , w ch lift d into a tr with a bifurc tion or l t
Pl II m a b a Of a e . . e e e e e ( . fig What y r pr s ntation this port bl instrum nt
’ f e e a St a e a O t e e . tor ur is inscrib d on ston in Bl n s churchy rd , But An
n e was as a c ross upright monolith i scrib d with a cross re ckone d .
Th e crux com acta e e was Of e e compact cross , p , or construct d gibb t , s v ral
e e : 1 crux decussata A ndrean a di a 2 crux commissa vari ti s , , , or Burgun n ; , , crux an sata 3 crux immissa ca itata a The first - a e , , p , or L tin cross . n m d cross ,
a a e St e was a a e S a an d e X, ssoci t d with Andr w , f vourit in cotl nd , r mains on
h a a fla 2 h O f t h e a h t e . T e e e e e t e n tion l g s cond , in its form l tt r T , is c ll d Tau
’ St e e e cross , or Anthony s cross , b caus it is said to have be n e mbroide re d
’ t he e Of a a e e e t h e e h e h on cop th t s int , or to r pr s nt h rmit s crutch . W n t e
e an a e t h e E a an kh Tau cross is surmount d by oval or circul r loop , lik gypti n ,
a e t h e crux ansata a a e . Th e hi Of it is c ll d , or cross with h ndl t rd form cross , crux immissa ca itata a h as e a a e t he an d a , p , or L tin cross , a h d bov transom ,
a e e e a are Of t he e e t t he long sh ft , 1 Wh n shaft , h ad , and ch arm sam l ng h
as t h e e e The a h e cross is known Gr k cross , Latin cross is lso known as t
f a a H O P . e e h as a cross Crucifixion , C lvary cross , and ssion cross nc it double
- e e e e e t h e hi t he e was cross pi c to r pr s nt board on w ch sup rscription fixed .
ar a cr x im issa Th The re e above twe nty v rie tie s Of t he u m . e varie tie s of
e e e are e e and e i cross us d by arly sculptors and h ralds v ry num rous b aut ful ,
a e e e e b e e t he a - e t h e e e and p ssing r f r nc can only mad to p ll cross , lik l tt r Y,
Of e u a e Ma e e St a e a St cross J r s l m , lt s cross , cross of J m s , C puchin cross ,
’ ’ e e e e an d t h e atée formée a tonce otent or omme Cath rin s wh l , cross p or , p , p , fly, p
ddin S a S e e O f n croslet bu . , g culptors had impl m thod produci g a cross on a slab by cutting four oval or round hole s at e ach corne r Of an imaginary
e hi é was e t he e e squar , and t s cross form e much in vogu in arly C ltic Church .
1 Jus i Li si D e C u e Libri T es Ant v ise D XCV. i h ill us a i ns. t p , r c , r , erp , M , w t tr t o The thr e e cro sse s comb ine d on t he British impe rial flag are t he Scottis h cross Of St An dre w — a lain dia n al hi e ss o n a b lue un d t he En lish ss St e o e a lain re d La in p go w t cro gro , g cro Of G rg p t ss o n a hi e un d an d t he I ish ss f Pa i k— a lain dia n al re d ss on a hi cro w t gro , r cro o St tr c p go cro w te
b . A ta Pa l t. 54 7 7 xi . 406 u C . nd . . S 16 . 1 iii 6 1 0 gro f c r co , , c 13 , v . 38 ; , P TE 11 LA .
FI 2 G . . FIG 1 . .
FI 3 G . .
FI 4 G . .
FIG . 5 . FIG 6 . .
C I C CR O SS ES I N BU ELT TE .
Fro m d ra win s b J K . H w . iso g y e n .
T o fac e page 4
SHORT HISTORY OF THE CROSS AND CRUCIFIX IN SCOTLAND 5
g The use Of t he whe e l in sun - worship an d Oft hen imb us m ay have sugge ste d t he e e - e a e and hi se t wh l h d d cross , with without a short shaft , w ch was upright
- Pl II 4 e e a . . t h a w a . and fr st nding ( figs , , At first e he d s solid Four round or oval hole s we re c arve d through t he whe e l ; and b e autifully
’ e e e Of t he e Of St Mar I a an d Kild alt on ornam nt d cross s typ tin s , on , in
I a h S e e t he a e e O f a e e sl y we re t e re sult . om tim s circular rms w r not pi c
t he O f t he e e e e as t he with body upright cross , but w r ins t in sock ts , in Pl II h e xample pre se rve d in Rothe say ( . . fig . A mortise on t e top of
a a h h a Be wcastle O belisk indic te s th t t e he ad was fixe d into t e sh ft . Cross slabs an d free standing crosse s we re orname nte d with de signs othe r than
h O f a a e t e . e e e e e e cross Th s d signs w r four kinds , n m ly , symbols , orn m nts , Th a d a e a e . e e n . S e e figure subj cts , inscriptions om symbols r m in un xpl in d
a e are e e a a - ke - a e e a orn m nts g om tric l (pl it work , y p tt rn , st p , spir l) , zoo
hi a d Th e a i n e . e e re morp c , foliac ous figur subj cts h storic , mythological ,
I a Sa a e an d . in scriptural nscriptions L tin , Ogham , Runic , and xon ch ract rs
a re m in .
The e e e t he e ife Of t he e e an d cross nt r d into whol l p opl , was in constant
a a — a a h e . e e t e vide nc Cross s , pl in and orn t , we re e re cte d e ve rywhe re pre c ing
S t e t he Of t he t he e t he D e i s , on arrival missionary in church , to symbolis ivin
e t he an d t he a e a e e a e Found r ; on church in churchy rd , to d cl r th ir s cr d
e t he a e - a e a t he e e e e e e charact r ; in m rk t pl c , to dr w wond ring y wh r busin ss was associate d with re ligion on sce ne s O f me morable e ve nts at fords and
a e e a e e at a m n on highw ys , wh r s f ty inspir d thanksgiving bound rie s , whe re e re me mbe re d t he rights O f othe rs
In St ane m ure ane core o f s ane was se t to t , ” ub ai t he m a h hi wa ki is 1 Q r rc es Of t r t ng me t .
The n e w - a e was e t h e S Of t he t he a e born b b sain d with ign cross , and g d
a e e t h e a i e a a Me was l id to r st und r sh dow of th s mble m of s lv tion . ntion must a b e a e t he e a e e a e e O f S e an d lso m d of b utiful littl p ctor l cross s , mad gold , ilv r ,
e t he a as t he a h bronz , worn by f ithful , such gold Gre e k cross found mong t e
es an d e e a t h e e s e Of St bon b n th v tm nts Cuthbe rt . The re are more than 500 sculpture d stone s in Scotland associate d with
h f 44 are e e - a 2 a t e . O e se e 3 r cross th , compl t cross sl bs incise d with cross s , e
e e O e 20 are e - a 1 00 ar form d as cross s , v r brok n cross sl bs , and ove r e broke n
- a a e e e - cross sh pe d sl bs . Of r ct whe l crosse s 7 are comple te ; the re are 1 0
1 S e a C n S t u . 677 t w rt, ro . co . , . 6 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
a d 2 a a 1 3 e e e e e 20 S Of e shafts n he ds . The re re compl t r ct cross s , hafts cross s ,
an d 1 7 e a h ds .
’ In Ad amn an s Life O f St Columba we find p articulars Of usage s in t h e
Th a 3 60 e Church Of Iona in re gard to t he cross . e state me nt th t cross s
e I a an d 60 Of e e e t he se a e Of xiste d in on , that th m w r thrown into by ord r
b a 1 a t e e e t he S n Of ll e e . e y od Argy , cannot subst ntiat d Th t C l ic r ligious c ntr s posse sse d nume rous crosse s is prove d by t he D ialogue of Columb a an d Corm ac
H e a e in y , which d cl r s
O C mac b eau i ul is t h hu h or , t f y c rc Wi h it s b ks it s le a nin t oo , r g A d u i i a s s e vo t c ty w th hun dred cros e .
e was a e e e e e ak Th n it custom ry to bl ss , or sain , v ry obj ct or und rt ing with
h Of h i h i m alutare Th e i wa t e t e e n t e s n u s . e e s sign cross , th s b i g g church d fic
e a i The e Of St n an d inscrib d with de d catory cross or crosse s . cav s Ni ian St Me dan in Wigtownshire e xhibit incise d circle s cont ain in g crosse s and othe r Th ’ r e e . e e e e e t he e e t he Ch istian mbl ms hom , w ll , tool , v n butch r s knif ,
mi - a e O e e e e e i S hi e e e a lk p il , and oth r bj cts w r bl ss d with th s ign , w ch th s rly
e e e e a e e e C ltic Christians b li v d could b nish d mons , ch ck monst rs , unlock doors ,
e e a n t e e e e all e e a The giv h li g vir ue s to p bbl s , and r nd r e nt rpris s s fe . sce ne s 8 f a t h vexillum crucis Ce a O gre t e ve nts we re marke d by e . A ltic church w s
a Th e a e s r h re ct ngular in form . e Ori nt l ccle sia tics int oduce d t e cruciform
e Of a e a e n e e e e e d sign s cr d buildings , and l t r , in Britai , s v ral church s w r
a h a O f h — H Th de sign te d by t e n m e t e cross oly Rood and St Cross . e Church
’ Of t he e e e t he e a e are Nativity in B thl h m , and church ov r J cob s W ll , cruciform On e of t h e most famous crosse s he ld in ve ne ration in Scotland was t h e
f a Ma a H O S . e e e h oly Rood , or Black Rood cotl nd Qu n rg r t brought it with e r
E a e O f t h e e was e n e a a from ngl nd . A pie c tru cross nshri d within gold c ske t
' a It w as e in t he e a E i a sh p e d like a cross . k pt Tr sury in d n burgh C stle in
1 2 9 1 w E a I I as e e . t , but capture d and r mov d by King dw rd was with King
E a at his e e n e e t he St E e e Of S dw rd d ath , b i g inv ntori d as cross of l n cot ” a I he S h . t e e t e t l nd was r stor d to cots , but was r take n from e pe rson of
’ D a II a 1 . t e e 346 It was e e t h e in e King vid N vill s Cross in . th n plac d in shr
St e D a e e di e a ed a of Cuthb rt in urh m , wh r it re main e d till it sapp r bout
1 Pe nn an T u iii . 251 i in Sa ll . t, o r, , c t g che ve re R s ita S C lumb a 2 9 e e ve , V . o , 6 . 3 2 Ibid . , 1 5, 126, 127 , 141 , 147 , 15 1 , 231 .
4 - a s n Th Bla f l E l oc . 11 i 9 W e k R d o n T t . S . . . 1 06 7 eo e S d . a ans. Sc G rg t o , c oo cot , r o cc , pt , , — 27 46.
8 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
The re are not more than t e n re pre se nt ations of t h e Crucifixion carve d
a The e upon e arly crosse s now pre se rve d in Scotl nd . crucifix upon Ruthw ll
The Cam ust on s e a Cam o ust ie Cross will b e afte rwards de scribe d . Cro s , n r , h a a i t he e e an d wi t he s rude figure c rv ngs , with Christ on Cross in r li f , th
h e e a e a t h e . On t e e figure s Of two p e rsons be low cross r v rs , Christ pp rs in
a e a Of a e e . The glory . A fr gme nt Kingoldrum Cross indic t s a rud crucifix s m h m a b e a O f t he e Of M n ifie t h St rat hm art in e an d a a e . T e y s id cross s o , , L ssw d
Of Kirka ol e e h as a e Of - e a Tau cross p , Tir , figur Christ , in kilt lik tunic , upon
e e a - e e e e e a cross from which ris two l f cov r d branch s , whil two figur s st nd
a h - a O f e at be ne th t e cross . A cross sl b gr ywacke found Kirkcolm , Kirk cudb ri ht shire e a 64 e e 2 1 e a an d 3 g , m suring inch s in h ight , in br dth , in
i e di a a ed a e e a a . e th ckn ss , spl ys crucifi Christ c rv d v ry in rtistic lly Anoth r
S e e e a a 6 e e hi a e a ri lab , pr s rv d in C rst irs Church , f e t in he ight , x bits d d Ch st
t h e an n Sa a a e a e a upon Cross , but i scription in xon c pit ls sugg sts som wh t
a e a e s e a D r S a h as e e n e a O f Six l t d t for thi m mori l . John tu rt giv n d li tions
e t h e e H a a c ruc ifixe s and e a a e cross s in W st ighl nds displ ying , som ccomp ni d
t h e fi ure s— e O f e a ae - a a with usual g thos Kilk rr n , Kilmich l Gl ss ry , Kilchoman ,
’ Kilm o rie Oran sa Ma e I 1 e Of e se are Of , y , and cl an s Cross in ona . Non th
h a t e e rlie st type . At t h e R e formation crosse s an d c rucifixe s We re thrown down or
e e e e t h e e e H a e e e e e e e d stroy d , xc pt in r mot ighl nds , wh r som xquisit sp cim ns ,
as O f Kild alt o n I a e e e e e e t c . e e such thos , Campb ltown , nve rar y , , w r pr s rv d , an d in se que ste re d districts unde r t he p atronage Of powe rful Catholic land
a h h e s e . t own rs , in Ruthw ll Not only did t e Re forme d Church e njoin e
e a e he S Pa ia e 1 5 8 1 d molition of idol trous monum nts , but t cots rl m nt in
a e a e a e i e an d 1 656 a e an forb d pilgrim g s to popul r cross s and shr n s , in p ss d
h f c rucifix s Ma a a t e O e . e e e e Act abjuring worship rk t cross s , prob bly d f c d ,
a a 2 I h a a w e e e . n t e e e n e e e w r llow d to st nd Cov n nting g mark t cross s , such as that in Moniaive we re plain Shafts surmounte d by a ball or othe r
a a Th a Th a h e e e . e Of t orn me ntal fini l . r ligious symbols w re disc rde d fini l e e e a an d at n D e e Of l g nt imposing cross Thor hill , umfri sshir consists a
e P a On e O f t he a e a Of a li bronz e g sus . most h ndsom re stor tions pub c cross in
’ S a a O f D u e a e a e e t h e H S e e Of cotl nd is th t n din s nci nt pill r d ston , on igh tr t
E Mr a I a t he e e e . n e e e dinburgh , carri d out by Gl dston r c nt y rs C ltic cross ,
e a a e e a e a e a h as e e e e a with its l bor t int rl c d orn m nt tion , b n gr atly in d m nd
1 The S ul iii. lii lii. . lv iii. l . t St nes o S t . n ls iii. liv i c p . o f co , . , p . xxx , xxxv , x , , , xv 3 h ttish ket C s s i lin 1900 . n W. Small Sc a se S Jo , o M r ro , t r g , SH ORT HISTORY OF THE CROSS AND CRUCIFIX IN SCOTLAND 9
hi e a i E s a e for se pulchral me morials . W l in Roman C thol c and pi cop l church s
S a e c rucifixe s are e e e and in cotl nd cross s and much in vid nc , both within upon t e e e e e are a e a e P e e a h s dific s , th y now lso distinctiv orn m nts upon r sbyt ri n
e an d ar O t e e e hi e e e an d a e church s , e f n s n wit n th s sacr d buildings in st in d
a a glass windows as conve ntion l orn me nts . CHAPTER II
SITES : TRAD ITI ONS : EMERGENCE INT O H IST ORY
I N t he e a e e e E a S a a a e Bord rl nd , b tw n ngl nd and cotl nd , st nd two m gnific nt
e - e H - e t h e on e e n e e e e Pa run inscrib d igh Cross s , b i g pr s rv d in Ruthw ll rish
D e e an d t h e e a t he a s a O f Church , umfri sshir , oth r st nding in p ri h churchy rd
e e C e a e S a e i e B wcastl , umb rl nd . Ruthw ll Church is itu t d th rty mil s from
e as e an a e e e an d e - on e e B wc tl Church , in lmost w st rly dir ction , tw nty mil s 1 hi h - l III a P . . e e t e e a . e e from C rlisl , w ch li s to south st ( fig B wcastl Church
a a e e e - e a Of a e an d Six e t he a st nds bout sixt n mil s north st C rlisl , mil s from Rom n 2 a l Pl Th e an d Ma Of e are a W l ( . Church nse Ruthw ll pl ce d on t h e
e e e e t he S an d e n - a gr n v rg by olway , two mil s dista t from high w te r mark .
e t e t he li a Of e a e a B wcas l Church , high on rol ng upl nds Cumb rl nd , occupi s
a n e hi e a e a a a a e a comm ndi g sit wit n a gr t h x gon l Rom n c mp , whos n me is
e a an d e t he e a ad ad am a unc rt in , w st of sull n tr ct of Sp e W ste . Both churche s
e a St e t h e e Of - humb e rla d e had d dic tions to Cuthb rt , apostl North n , whos
e e e a a m a a e I a e e t e . R body , on its nforc d p r mbul tion , y h v r s d in th m n om n time s t h e dis tricts of Ruthwe ll an d Be wcastle we re inhabite d by Se lg ov se an d Brigant e s ; in British time s the y we re include d in Strathclyde an d Cumbria in English time s the y we re in Nort h um b ria un de r Oswiu an d his
e 655 an d at e 945 in t he S e r i ri succ ssors ( l r , from , cottish , or north n , d st ct
a Of Cumbri .
a e e an d e e e Of For wh t purpos , wh n , by whom w r two such sup rb works Christian art e re ct e d in so se que ste re d a spot as Be wcastle an d in SO unlike ly a a e e are e a e e a a e an d pl c as Ruthw ll , qu stions which long h v puzzl d ntiqu ri s
a I - a t he a e an d e e hi histori ns . t is se lf e vide nt th t circumst nc s v nts w ch inspire d t h e cre ation O f the se crosse s must b e shown to b e ade quate ly in
t h a e O f h O e a e e e e a e ke e ping with e gr nd ur t e bj e cts cons cr t d for th ir r m mbr nc ,
h a s an d with t e sublime ide as pictorially e xpre sse d upon the se me mori l .
1 R u e ll S a i n o n . S R ail a thw t t o G W. w y. 1 B am on Lo w Ro w an d ilslan d on Ne as le an d Ca lisle Rail a are n ea e s in s o r pt , , G wc t r w y r t po t n railway. P ATE 111 L .
R l Pa is FIG . 1 . u e l C u F Vi thw r h h rch ront e w .
Ph to a h b J K H e wison o gr p y . . .
FIG . 2 . R ut we ll Pa is C u in t he A t h C h r h h rch , Show g pse for e ross m t he N - fro orth We st.
Photo a h b M r C J . M on m . t o rie gr p y g e .
To ac a f e p g e 10 .
SITES 1 1
The most me morable e ve nts occurrin g in this re gion be twe e n t he time Of t he e vacuation of t he Rom ans an d t he ce ssion of Cumbria to t h e Scots in 9 45
e e t he a Ardde r d e 5 7 3 t h e a w r Christi n victory at y (Arthur t) in , mission ry m ove me nt of St Cuthbe rt ( 665 whose dioce se e xte nde d from t h e North
Se a t he S a t h e e a St Wilfri h 634 t he e to olw y , piscop l activity of t ( ravag s
O f t h e D a e ort hm en a d h Of E e n s and N , n t e succe ssful e xpe ditions King th l
s Th Of t h a a IEt h e lst an tan . e re sults e l tt e r we re t he Pe ace Of Esm bt fte r 1 in 92 6 subjugate d four kings who re nounce d e ve ry kind Of idolatry the re t he de fe at in 937 by ZEt he lst an Of Kings Olaf an d Constantine with the ir 2 a e at ru e e Bur swark n e e lli s B nanburh , now happily id ntifi d as n , ni mil s from Ruthwe ll ; and t he baptism in 943 O f t h e conque re d p agan King Olaf Ku aran
O f D in - i - law a O t he n n e f S . ubl , son of Const nti , King cots According to
- S e t he sa e e a a e a he Anglo axon Chronicl , in m y r fte r a good long int rv l
’ Ea a l a a In i e a ( King dmund) re ce ive d King R gn a d t t he bishop s h nd . th s y r
E un e li e e to St D a e e he e a King adm d d v r d Glastonbury unst n , wh r aft rw rds ” 3 e a e a Of t he a e first b c m abbot . This re ce ption Of two pag n kings f m d Hy Ivar of D ublin in to t he Church in Nort humb ria at on e pe riod must have
c ea e a a - a e e a e a r t d no sm ll se nsation . But nothe r e poch m king v nt th t y r , at
’ e a c n E — St D n a — was l st a cordi g to ngland s gre ate st ge nius living the n u st n , — ’ 1‘ t he birth Of Prin ce Edgar tantamount t o t h e birth Of Engla nd s pe ac e . Still anothe r important e ve nt is re corde d in 945 In this ye ar King
E d n a e e a d a all t o Ma a mu d h rri d ov r all Cumbe rland , n g ve it up lcolm , King ” f 5 a O S . In Sa e Lu ub allium is e cots xon tim s Lue l , g , now Carl l , was town
O f a I wa h i e he a e e e . t s t Of som import nc in e diocese St Cuthbe rt , and th th r c m
n se e an d a in st it u to fou d monastic hou s , quip schools , dire ct othe r Christi n
’
Erm r a a . tions . The re Quee n e n b u g a took t he ve il from t h e s int s h nds
e e at h a a a It s a For two c nturi s ast C rlis le w s n influe ntial ce ntre . bbot ,
’ Eadre d sum ame d Lulisc fle d 8 8 3 St e , , in to join t he pilgrims with Cuthb rt s
h . body . The re aft e r t e e arly history Of C arlisle for two ce nturies is lost
The Of h a a a H St Wilfrit h building t e gre t churche s t Ripon n d e xham by ,
Of in t he w as a a e Bishop Northumbria , se ve nth ce ntury , work of first import nc ,
1 - A n l S C illiam alme sb u id n i Ramo as D a . i it n ot ax. h n . n . 85 . W e ed g o ro , of M ry t fi t cor M ght b e Be wcastle Y 1 — S o tt t 55 . His Rev. v n . N 25 37 c . . , O. ,
A n - R ald k was in -kin in N humb ia i h Ola Sax Ch 8 9 . lo on . ii. 90 a n g . r , , g Of Yor jo t g ort r w t f Kuat an (j‘ ’
em ia ls o St D unsta n Vita Adela rdo 56 S ub b s e di . M or f ( ), , t t 5 l - Ch R b tla nd unde her Ea l Kin s a v A n Sax . n ii. 90 e s n S c . iii . i . g o ro , o rt o , co r r y g , p , 12 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE but it is now difficult to de te rmine how far north t h e influe nce Of his skille d 1 art ifice rs a e e e t e e . , n tiv or for ign , x nd d
all a h a a P In e Of e e t e e e e S. vi w th s f cts l t st uthority , rof ssor Alb rt Cook
h a f Of Y a e e s a t h e e t e e D I . O l Univ rsity , think th t p riod of r ign of King vid — Scotland ( 1 1 0 7 1 1 53 ) is by far t he most important e poch in which to look for t he powe r which e nable d an d sugge ste d t he production Of the se crosse s
S a e e P e D a e 1 1 07 1 1 24 e he in cottish Cumbri , wh r rinc vid rul d from till , wh n 2 a O a a e e a e be c me King f Scotland . V rious d t s hav be e n ssigne d for the s
e t he a e e e a e e e monum nts , commonly cc pt d opinion b ing th t the y w r produc d in t h e last quarte r Of t h e se ve nth ce ntury ; but this monograph will give re asons for t he be lie f that about t he middle Of t h e te nth ce ntury the re we re nation al Circumstance s c alculate d to inspire t he e re ction Of the se pe ace
e a t he e di e e Of St e an d t h e a k m mori ls in anci nt oc s Cuthb rt , that h ndiwor an d ide ographs displaye d on t he crosse s are most in harmony with t he
a Of h Angli n culture t e te nth c e ntury .
TR A D IT ION S
a e a e a e a a e e a t he O e Tr dition in B wc stl ss rts th t king is buri d n r b lisk , an d that t h e stone O f whi ch his me morial was m ade was brought from t he 3 a a a e e e fiv t h . L ngb r Rocks , bov Whit Lyn Common , ove r e mile s from e church
adi e e a e s Tr tion in Ruthw ll is mor rom ntic , and , according to it , Ruthw ll Cros was a e se a hi e e e e e a tr nsport d by , s pwr ck d , and cast ashor , b ing aft rw rds
a d h a A S a e n e e a a e t e S . e found , inscrib d ntir , in qu rry call d Rough c rr r sult
’ O f e a a e a was a e a d a a e t he a e a p s nt s dr m it dr gg d out n w y by ox n , till t ckl
e H e e h ad a n a t h e e t h e was e e a e an d brok , as av n ord i e d , t e spot wh r cross l v t d ,
e w as e a e b e e ov r which a church e re cte d . Anoth r tr dition mad it transport d
a 1‘ by nge ls and grow within t he church till it touche d t he roof .
TH EL — I A . RU W L CR OSS EM ER GEN CE IN TO H STOR Y
Th e Re forme d Church in Scotland did not c e ase to re q uyre idolatrie ” m on um e n t is an d e Of h a b e ut t e rlie e e with all plac s t e s me to suppr ss d , an e was a a H a The e e e dict which l rge ly disre g rde d in t he ighl nds . Ab rd n
e 2 9t h 1 640 a a a e t he e O f Ass mbly , on July , p sse d n Act n nt d molishing
1 B . F. ne Theodore and Wi th 1 7 98 106 124. G row , lfri , Lon d 8 9 , , 1 C k The D a te o the Ruthwell an B w tl C a C nn 19 12 306 oo , f d e ca s e rosses, Ne wh ve n , o , , 3 Mau h an A em i o w stle the R n ss at Be a L n d . 1 g , M o r f oman Statio n and Ru ic Cro c , o , 8 57 , 10 n 14 C e . . stea , ot f po . C stea f . po .
14 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
D e t he a e O f t he R e v . lia e minist e r in umfrie s , dr w tt ntion Wil m Nicolson , th n
- a t he e - e Archde ac on Of Carlisle and a we ll kn own antiqu ry , to run inscrib d ” 1 Pl s cross in ye Church at Rothwald (alias Re ve l) ( . V . fig . Nicol on
i 1 697 an d t h e e a an d visite d Ruthwe ll in Apr l , found monum nt r vishing “ H e n e E a Lhu d an d e e its inscription fair and le gible . i form d dw rd y G org
Hicke s e e t he a li e Hicke s Of hi s discove rie s . m ntion d f ct , and pub sh d four
’ in hi s e Of a I e a di table s Of t he inscriptions se nt by Nicolson , dition Jon s c l n c
1 a P III Of hi s Lin uarum c eterum Se ten 03 s . Grammar publishe d in 7 , art g p 1 I 2 II . T aurus Pl . triona lium hes ( . V fig )
’ 1 704 5 e dn e a We Nic olso n s D iary is e xplicit , July , W sd y
’ ro s d the at e e and e e an d e e c s ye ( ) Frith Bown ss b twixt six s v n , got to R v l I h hi a 20 e e e . e e t e e ( bout mil s from Ros ) at nin w nt dir ctly to Church , w th r t he parish - Cle rk quickly brought m e ye ke y an d havin g my form e r D raughts Of both ye Latin an d Runic Inscript ions I compare d my Transcripts (once
was o i a I e e n . s . more ) with t h e origin l . found th r e whole word ( UU Q ) omitt e d in t he fourth Le ge nd : which might probably ha ve e ntangle d ye
a f h The a e e e a t h u ar inte rpre t tion O t e whole . Char ct rs ( sp ci lly e R nic) e much large r on ye Stone itse lf than c an b e he re e xpre sse d But the se are t he F ac e s i Of ye four Side s as far as yir (the r) Le ge nds g oe . Be side s the se the re are some little Fragme nts Of ym (them) on ye he avy pe de st al Of this Cross wc h
’ which e M a e t he e a a e O f M a Ea ( ) li s in urr y s Quir , anti nt Buri l pl c ye urr ys rls
hi w as S a d d a O f e . O n un we il w Annan , now xtinct T s clumsy y th t e could not
v tha S (w(i)thout Crows or Le ve rs) re mo e it . But on yt ( t) ide wch lay to
e e e e e — ET INGR ESSU S E U vi w , w r th s words ANG L S which se e m to b e
a Of e H O f e a 2 8 p rt y istory y Annunci tion , Luc . i . . This pe de stal is about two yards an d a half long an d that p art (wch has be e n broke n fro this) whe ron are t h e e I 5 S for said nscriptions is about foot in le ngth . ome le sse r
e e e e a e e e e e we e Throu hs on s 1 pi c s , which s m to h v b n in y middl , found und r g t e a The adi in ye Churchy rd . common Tr tion of ye Origin al Of this Stone is this
’ It le t t e r d and e e a S e - a a was found , ntir , in ton Qu rry on this Shore ( good way
’ hi e Se a - Ma a e - S H e h ad a a m i wit n y rk) c ll d Rough carr . e r it l in long d r d whe n (in a D re am) a ne ighbouring laboure r was di re cte d to yoke four H e ife rs Of a
’ 1 i D i T ns o umb a a West Anti Soc . i N Bish N colso n s in a . C . nd . . . S 1901 r op ry r f q , , , a t . 1 , 35
als ls . ii . iii . iv . . A din t o Ni ls n Las n was M de a re sb t e rii sub o vo , , , v ccor g co o , o o r tor p y Archiepi ” las ue nsi l scopo G g Be fore ye Chur ch Of Scot and was run down b y ye Kirk. 1 Hickes Thesau us 5 O n. 1705 2 fol. , r , , xo , , 1 Throu hs ne s slab s t n u six s Th g t o we re se o fo r or hort pedestals. ey we re also calle d ” c s he n u an d un ll sl b s t hru h , w ro gh chise e d a .
EMERGENCE INTO HISTORY 15
’ e e e st O d ir c e rtain Widow yt (that ) live d ne ar him and , wh r th y p with y
their his e e e e ( ) Burde n , the re to slack T am , r ct y Cross and build a Church
I e e see a a ove r it : All which was done accordingly . wond r d to Comp ny Of Mode rn Pre sbyt e rians (as ye pre se nt parishione rs profe ss ym se lv e s t o b e )
a e l e e e t e t t h e SO st e ady in this Faith ; nd e ve n to b i v y farth r , y Cross was not altoge the r so long (at its first e re ction) as it was afte rwards
a a e i e a e e e t he O f t he But th t it mir culously gr w , l k Tr , till it touch d roof ” 1 Church . Nicolson probably informe d Bishop Edmund Gibson Of
’ ’ an d in Gibson s e dition Of Camde n s Brita n n ia it is sta te d
’ ancie nt monume nt re markable he re abouts is St Ruth s Church whe re is a ” P ll i e 1 In a i ar curiously e ngrave n w th som inscription upon it . nothe r e dition t he following words are adde d in grav e n with a D an ish inscription ” 1 upon it .
a M A is 1 26 e e . . e e e 7 Al x nd r Gordon , , visit d Ruthw ll and publ h d in , in his
Itinerarium Se ten trion ale or a Journ e throu h most o the C unties o p , y g f o f
Scotlan d and those in the N orth o En la nd c u Of t he C f g , a succinct a co nt ross ,
was a 1 Pl I NOS . V e e . 1 which illustrat d in two folio pl t s ( . lvii . , lviii ) ( . figs . H e O bse rve s That which I saw diffe rs from all t he monume nts hithe rto de scribe d It lie s flat on t he ground within t he Church O f R ut hv e l in t he
S e a Of a e O e e i a Of o t w rtry Ann ndal . This b lisk som th nk was origin lly ne Th I e e e e e e . e ntir ston , but is now brok into thr parts Runic nscriptions ,
t he e I a e a C e an d e e P a e round first two sid s , h v f ithft opi d , xhibit d , l t lvii .
e e a e e a a t e I S a but not b ing suffici ntly acqu int d with th ir Ch r c rs hall not , t ” 5 e e e e e ai e . pr s nt , pr t nd to xpl n th m
a l 1 60 1 8 2 The R e v . e ff e O f e 7 7 Andr w Ja r y , minist r Ruthw l from till , gave Pe nnant t he inform ation re garding Ruthwe ll Cross which h e e mbodie d in
A T r i Scotlan d c I ou n e t . O Of e e , t is an be lisk a gr at h ight now lying in thre e pie ce s whe n e ntire it was probably about twe nty fe e t high e xclusive of
e e a an d a a a e O f e a p d st l c pit l it origin lly consist d two pi ce s . Tr dition
a t he was e O e l a e e e says th t Church built ov r this b isk long ft r its r ction , and
was e e a e e e e e as it r port d to h v b n transport d by ang ls , it was probably
Se e t he a e re a t he Santa Casa Of e so cur d for s m son as Lor tto was , le ast it
1 14 1 — N . a T ns . Ca n . 5 1 . ra mb . , e tc . , , S. , rt . , 9 96 1 n d . 169 1 . Lo , 5, 9 0 1 Lo nd . 17 7 2 ii. 268 . The i ali s are u s. , , t c o r 1 L — d . 1 2 ii 1 1 n 7 6 . . 160 6 . o , , pt
Ibid . , 161 . 16 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
a i Th a e e e e a t he Of t he Should t ake nothe r fl ght . e pe de st l li s buri d b n th floor
I e e Of t he a e e t h e Church . found som fragm nts c pital with l tt rs similar to ” 1 an d e a O e S e an e a e e a e e . othe r , on ch pposit id gl , n tly cut in r li f
a 1 35 h e a e a a i e Rich rd Gough ( 7 t antiqu ry , wrot th t , not s t sfi d with
h a hi s I tin erarium e t he fide lity Of t e pl te s give n by Gordon in , and in ord r to
a a a Of h he e e t he e O bt in ccur te re pre sentations t e Cross , had mploy d v ry a a Of d ard o l e h as e e suflficien t l e e e C n e e s . e ccur t p ncil Adam , q , whos m rit b n y
di s a i hi s Pic ures ue A i ui i o Sco lan d t c e N OS . . e n t n t t es t e . pl y d q q f , Two plat s ,
5 4 an d 55 n e S e at e a a e Sum tibus Soc . , i scrib d , ton Ruthw ll in An nd l . p
A i ar Lo d i d l d l P h e n e n t u . n in e ard o e t e q . A . C nn e e . ublish d as Act dir cts , Ju
4t h 1 8 9 e a Of e a e e t e e 7 . Basir long with thre e page s r l tiv l t rpr ss by Gough ,
e e e 1 7 8 9 Vetusta M on umen ta or A ncient M on ume nts illustra w r publish d in in ,
h H i or and To o ra 1 Pl VI 5 e e tiv e of t e st y p g phy of Great Britain ( . . figs . Th r
t e a t h e a Of e s e Gough sta d th t Cross consiste d origin lly thr e divi ions , a bas , a a e e e e e a e an d a as sh ft fift n f t high , charg d with two comp rtm nts , a capit l ” e e e e t h e a His Of t ransv rs pi c total le ngth bout twe nty fe e t . account t h e top Of t he Cross is note worthy The re ve rse side Of this pie ce has t he inscription in Runic le tte rs round a bird like a parrot Sitting on a branch Pl 1 with fruit ( .
TO a e e Of t he hn 1 7 8 3—1 7 we are noth r minist r parish , Jo Craig
’ inde bte d for t he account Of t he Cross which appe are d in Sinclair s Statistical A ccoun t of Scotlan d in H e wrote The Church is an ancie nt frag
e e a s t h e SO Of an t h e a i e a m nt , p rh p most y in country it is long build ng r m rk a a an d h as e n a e hi was e bly n rrow , a proj cti g ile or win g j oin d to it , w ch form rly t h e a a e Of t he M a Co c Ol Of t h e a Of buri l pl c urr ys of p , and is now f mily
Stormont . A footnote state s In t he Churchyard Of Ruthwe ll a ve ry curious ancie nt monume nt appe ars although now broke n into two or thre e
a e e e a e all The e e e e fr gm nts , which how v r h v bee n pre se rve d . whol wh n ntir
e e a e t he Of an O e was 1 8 e e an d s ms to h v had form b lisk , and about f t long , t h e side Of e ach square is orname nte d with figure s in re lie vo de scriptive Of
a e . Our Sa e e e e e an d t he s cr d story viour is r pr s nt d in various attitud s , at bottom Of on e Of t he Side s his crucifixion is disce rnible t he borde rs on e ach O f t h e Side s are inscribe d with runick Characte rs much more ancie nt pe rhaps
1 Pe nn an A Tou D e s i i n a C ss at Rut hv el 17 72 Ch es e 177 4 8 5 8 6 t, r cr pt o Of ro , , t r, , ,
L d . 17 7 6 Ii. 96 on , , , 97 , 98 . 1 Vetusta n umen ta Soc . An v i . L n d . 178 9 n . ls . liv . l . Mo ( t q o , , , p , 1 — Ib id. , 1 3 . 1 i lai Sta t A E S n . cc. 17 94 2 din . 2 22 0 6 n e . c r , , , x , ot EMERGENCE INTO HISTORY 17
t t h di a i O e e t he e . e han figur s sculpture d upon ston Tra tion s ys that th s b lisk ,
e e e was se at a a e e Prie st wo o dside e t he se a in r mot tim s , t up pl c call d n ar , in orde r to assist t he vulgar by se nsible image s to form some notions Of
e i a e e a e e e e a r l gion , but was dr wn from th nc by t m of ox n b longing to widow ,
an d e t he a e e e a e ll t he e plac d in Churchy rd wh r it r m in d ti R formation , whe n by an Act Of t he Ge ne ral Asse mbly it w as orde re d to b e thrown down an d ” 1 e as a e Of u we e a a e 1 94 h brok n monum nt idolatry . Th s l rn th t b fore 7 t e
in a a Cross fr gme nts w s lying in t he churchyard .
TO a e a H e D 1 7 7 4 h noth r p rish ministe r , nry uncan ( be longs t e
Of e n e e e n an d e t he e Of t he honour pi ci g tog th r . r pairi g , r storing fragm nts Cross ,
an d e t Of re - e e t he e , aft r making up for lost par s , r cting monum nt as a comple te
e e h a a Of whol , aft r which e publishe d n e xact ccount this historic re lic . Whe n D uncan was ordaine d t o t he ministry in Ruthwe ll in 1 7 99 he found some frag me nts Of t h e Cross in t he grave yard ; an d soon afte rwards t he uppe rmost
t t he St an d t h e e I par of shaft ( John e Agnus) was xhum d from a grave . n
1 8 02 h e e e t e h a e e a Pl r c d t e re store d sh ft in his n wly mad g rde n ( .
In 1 8 23 a e he e e his e , id d by a local mason , compl t d work by d signing , adding ,
an d a In D e 1 8 32 D r fixing a sculpture d transom as it now ppe ars . e c mbe r D uncan re ad a le arn e d pape r on this re m arkable monume nt t o t he Socie ty 2 Of a e E e e T ransaction s Antiqu ri s in dinburgh , which was publish d in th ir ,
’ an d e i e a 1 En Of D a e a r publ sh d in se p rate form . gravings unc n s own tol r bly accurate drawings Of t he four Side s of t he re store d Cross and Of t he Runic
e t he a e e e inscriptions adorn d p p r . All this prais worthy work was som what m arre d by t he introduction Of an in te rpre tation Of t he Runic inscription
Mr Thorle ifur M A at e a - a Re . . by Gudmundson pp , , that tim sub librari n in
’ t he a e i a H e e i u t a e Advoc t s L br ry , Edinburgh . mad lud cro s mis k s , and a
e t h u a t he e Of Of wild gu ss that e r ne s re corde d gift , for xpiation an injury , a Christ ason a Of e e s e e t he p , or b ptismal font , le v n pound w ight , mad by a uthority Of t he The rfusian Fathe rs for t he de vastation Of t he fie lds Of Ashlafardh al ! N0 le ss amusin g was t h e e ss ay O f Profe ssor Finn Magn use n
s e D E On t he t e r an d t he (publi h d in anish and in nglish , Ru hw ll C oss Anglo
’ ’ S f Vo de n s e E a axon who made O fa , kinsman , transf r to sk s
1 Sin lai S A E . ta t. cc . din 1794 226 n e c r, , , ot 1 A — i 2 — r bid. 3 7 336. chaeol xi . o ia t iii v . Sco 2 ls. ica iv ii. 313 3 6 g , . pt. , p x , , xv , 1 A C Lette om un t o the R n i the Sha e o a r ss e t c . als cco f ema rkab le Mon ume t n p f o , o r fr Mr T horle udmundson Re E 18 33 3 la e s. D r D un an e an ab id men of if G pp , e t c . , din , p t c wrot r g t — ’ his a iv 221 227 i h W. Penn s e t h N t tla nd Edin . 1 845 . p p r for e ew Sta tistica l A ccoun of Sco , , , , w t y
fin e la e t he C Dr D h i in a Of t he a ish sa in s b anks. C . . . 0 . p t of ross. un can was t e or g tor p r v g f G J Dun - 1 an em i o D Edin . 1848 17 5 77 . the Re v H en D unca n B . . c , M o r f . ry , , , , 18 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
t he e Of t i and t he a e e e a e de scendant prop rty As , for marri g f ast pr p r in 1 t he me ant ime l
a e his Caledon ia a e e e t he Ch lm rs in dd d nothing to our knowl dg of Cross ,
ll e O f H a a h D 2 which he conj e cture d to have b e e n e re cte d by fo ow rs lfd n t e ane . — It fe ll to John Mitche ll Ke mble ( 1 8 07 1 8 57 ) to dise nt angle t he confusion and to ide ntify t he Runic in scriptions with line s Of an Anglo - Saxon poe m
e e 1 8 40 i e t h e e ntitle d The D ream of the H oly Rood . K mbl in publ sh d in ” 1 A rch l ia a e On - S e 1 8 43 a e a e eeo og a p p r Anglo axon Run s , and in s cond p p r
' e a e a t he e e t he e ntitl d Addition l Obs rv tions on Runic Ob lisk at Ruthw ll , ” 4 Of h D Of h H c i — D r m P e t e e t e et . oe The ea o m r am oly Rood , Th s p m o the H o Rood 3 1 0 e - was on e Of e 1 8 32 f ly , in lin s six po ms found in by Profe ssor Blume in a volume O f Anglo - Saxon homilie s pre se rve d in Ve rcelli
a t h Codex Vercellen sis 5 e e e e e . e e Cath dral Library , and h nc c ll d K mbl printe d and translate d t he poe m for t he IElfric Socie ty in D r D anie l Wilson gave a good account O f t he Cross in The A rchaeology
P i ic 7 I 1 8 5 6 D r D H H h a d reh s or A n na ls S lan d n . n t cot . e t e of ani l aigh , in
A rchaeolo ia E lian a e e e t h e a Of t h e i e t he , g , r f rr d uthorship l n s upon Cross to
ae 1 8 61 e e t he e The Con uest o Britain C dmon , and in furth r discuss d subj ct in q f b he Saxon s 8 The e t he e O f P y t . Cross ne xt occupi d att ntion rofe ssor Ge orge
- S e en e a e e a e The Old N orthern Run ic M on u s t ph s , Cop nh g n , wh n e ng g d on men ts o Scandinavia an d En lan d Of Th f g , which work e Ruthwe ll Cross , ” r hum b ria e c a a h a ” 1 6 t t . 8 6 o t e e . In S N , , forms ch pte r in s cond p rt te phe ns
e a e e an d a e The H ol R ood a D ream publish d this ccount s parat ly , in it g v y , ,
’ ae e e - La a a as C dmon s Compl t Cross y , with tr nsl tions , comme nts , and
‘ - e I 1 8 8 4 a fac simil plate s . n Ste phe ns also g ve an illustrate d account Of t he Crosse s at Be wc astle an d Ruthwe ll in a H an db ook of the Old - N orthern n i M m s 1 ° R u c on u ent e t c . St e e a , ph ns , h ving satisfie d himse lf that he h ad
1 A n nu le or N ordisk Oldk nd i hed o Hist ie 18 36—7 Re r f y g g or , port addressed by Royal Society of N the n A nti ua ies to its B itish and A me i an emb e s C e a 1 6 8 1— Ma or r q r r r c M r , op nh ge n , 8 3 , 8 8 . gnuse n als a e his ie s in Runa mo 18 41 o g v v w , . 1 i Caled n ia . o , 380 , 466 . 1 A hwolo ia — rc v iii. g , , xii . 327 372 . Pls. xv u . , v iii. 350 353 aken m D un an xx x ( , ) t fro c , , d n and Hick Gor o , e s. 1 — I bid. . ii 31 4 1 , xxx , . . 1 ’ ’ P in e d in A en di B Co s a b B Th 1 e Re on R me s Foeder . e 836 r t pp x , op r port y r , y orp , ’ - E. C d V lli e e e 100 104. In C k s di i 1 ll e n 56 . o x rc , oo t o , 0 The P et o he - t C dex Vercellen sis 2 2 3. 1 6 NO . . 8 9 L n d . 85 6 o ry f o , o , , , pt , 7 — Edin . 18 1 , 5 , 543 549 . 1 A h E li - — . ana i. NS 18 57 167 7 on 7 4 rc , ( ) , , 18 C quest, 3 0. 1 — L n d . an d C en ha e n 18 2 66 3 ls l 1 0. o op g , , vo . fo . , ibid. , i. 41 1 , 4 9 4 1 1 — L nd . Edin . C e nha e n 1 o , , op g , 8 84, 128 132 .
EMERGENCE INTO HISTORY 19
e e t he e ae t he‘ e t he at discov r d nam C dmon on Cross , dat d monume nt t 680 abou .
In 1 8 67 D r S a e Of t h John tu rt gav an account e Cross , with four e xce lle nt
a e in The Scul tured Stones o Sco land 1 pl t s , p f t . Of t he many antiquarie s an d philologists who have inve stigate d t he
e e e e e Of t he e e e e difficulti s conn ct d with Ruthw ll Cross , non arli r writ rs publish d
SO an d a a e an e e e D ie thorough ccur t account as Wilh lm Vi tor , whos work ,
N orthumbrische n Run en stein e a e he e s , cont ins laborate critical vie ws on t cross
at e an d a 1 PI III E a e . e e Ruthw ll B wc stle ( V . fig . xc ll nt photogr phic
ll u t h M a b Of e e . e e e e e i strations accompany t xt ntion , how v r , must lso mad
t he e Of a D e D is utatio de cruce R uthwellensi Latin th sis Fr ncis i trich , p ,
addita tab ula la ide excusa i e Ma 1 8 65 e e t he a p , publ sh d in rburg in , wh r in uthor ,
e e Lin disfam e e The D ream consid ring Cyn wulf , Bishop of e , to hav writt n
o the Rood a 4 1 a 64 a 9 . f , ssigne d a d te be twee n 7 n d 7 for Ruthwe ll Cross
‘ a e a h R v e M Farlan 1 8 45 To still noth r p rish ministe r , t e e . Jam s ( is t he world of art s and le tte rs inde bte d for t he housing and pre se rvation Of t he Cross in an apse spe cially built an d adde d to t he north side of t he church 1 1 8 8 Pl 11 h O f h i 7 . 1 i e i t e e t e in ( . fig . Th s was don w th cons nt paroch al
an d e e a he e n e e ccl si stic al authoritie s , t cost b i g d fray d by public subscription
a a 50 h l I £ a P e e . e and gr nt of from t e Tre sury ( . . , frontispi c ) A brass tabl t in t he apse be ars this inscription The Ruthwe ll Cross date s from Anglo Saxon Time s D e stroye d during t he conflicts which followe d t he Re forma tion Lay in t he e arthe n floor Of this Church from 1 642 to 1 7 90 Ere cte d in t h e Manse Garde n in 1 8 23 : She lte re d he re and de clare d a Monume nt unde r t h e Ancie nt Monume nts Act in 1 8 8 7 1
e h a Se e e 1 8 8 7 e r e t e Mr e . c Aft r a visit to Cross , Ge org F Bl k , in pt mb r , r co d d “ i e e n t h e . e som r adi gs of e rune s which he had e xamin d Th s was follow d , in
1 — Edin. 1 7 aldin lub . 8 6 n . xu S x . C e . 12 17 ls. xix . . xxi. , , , pr f xcv, , p , xx , , ( p g ) 1 a b u in He ss 1 — C ste e n 8 95 2 16. . o d . M r rg , , f p 1 l b I ndices Lection um A M arbur ensi Marb ur i n. d . Ti le s el e d as a e . cad . g , g , t p ov 1 ‘ M Farlan as an d an i ua was minis e of t he a ish 18 7 1 - 18 8 9 ames Mr , p tor, poe t, t q ry, t r p r , J ‘ M Fa lan Edin 1 892 i His su e ss hn L. Din iddie . A. is e ue n l M r , (pr vate ly prin te d ) . cc or, Jo w , , fr q t y hank s ude n s Of t t ed b y Victo r an d othe r write rs for valuab le assistan ce given to all t t he Cross. 1 Mess s Cam b e ll D u las Se lla s las e e t he a hi e s t he a se an d Mr r p , o g , 85 r , G gow, w r rc t ct Of p ;
- hn W. D ds s ul D um i s n all su e in e n ded t he re e e i n of t he C ss ames Jo o , c ptor, fr e , pe rso y p r t r ct o ro J ‘ — ‘ Fa la n 84 he C ss in 18 8 5. The se nd e di i n 90 . n t M r , Mr M Farlan pub lished a pamphl e t o ro co t o , wi h addi i — ut hwell C ss D um ies 18 96 28 ns an d illus a i n s a e d in l 8 96 The R . t t o tr t o , appe r ro , fr , , pp Le ld A i i an d uise i Cav a ari in 18 94 un de t he di e i n Sir R . . Smi h m ad e opo o r g G pp gn , , r r ct o Of M t , as s t he m n um P XXIII . fi . c t Of o ent for t he National Muse um s ( l. g 1 The A adem 1 Oc t . 1 225. c y, 88 7 , NO . 804, 20 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
Th D a Of h e 1 8 90 P e S. e e t e , by a le tte r from rofe ssor Alb rt Cook on t Ruthw ll ” e 1 900 N otes on the Ruthwell Cross hi Cross , which was follow d in by , w ch 1 e e e di e t he e The a e e h as e w r a valuabl ss rtation on subj ct . s m writ r form d 1 - P e . . The D ream of the R ood into a most in formative te xt book . rof ssor G F
e l t h 1 8 8 9 li e e a Brown , who visite d Ruthwe l in e autumn of , pub sh d his r dings in
D r lis e l a Of e Jose ph Ande rson , who had pub h d a ful ccount Ruthw ll
i l Scotlan d in Earl Christian Times a e Cross , with l ustrations , in y } coll borat d with Mr John Romilly Alle n in producing The Early Christian M on uments of It Scotland} whe re full justice is done to t h e Cross an d Similar monume nts . would b e impossible within t he comp ass Of this work to do more than make a passing re fe re nce to t he hosts of write rs who have de alt with this subj e ct but among t h e most re ce nt and notable contributions must b e me ntione d 6 - h e t e e . . e e e t e w ll illustra d articl s by G T Rivoira , who r f rs both cross s to
L h ab 7 M r a fi e e . . e t Sir t Con w tw lfth c ntury , W R y , and a in y In 1 9 1 2 by far t he fulle st an d most le arne d account Of t he monume nts
et is e e e The D ate o the R uthwell an d Bewcastle Crosses 9 y publ h d , ntitl d f ,
a e a e t he e n Pr e e t I a e pp r d from p of of ssor Alb r S. Cook . t is r print from
1 - 1 D 1 9 1 2 2 3 36 e c . Of Tran sac i s A m . t on o he Con n ec icu cade vol . xvii , , f t t t y
o A rts and Sciences It f . is adorne d with many photographs O f t he scul pture
e e e t he e an d e and run s , and with illustrations r lativ to subj ct , it produc s an
’ a Of e Of n Th O rray authoriti s and facts much i t e re st . e author s bj e ct is to prove his hypothe sis that both crosse s are productions whose e xiste nce is
e e a e e t h d f D a I e e an O . b st xpl in d by assigning th m to tim influe nce vid ,
P e ri a n Of S a — t he e I a rinc of Cumb and Ki g cotl nd to tw lfth ce ntury . n e rlie r
e P e n e h studi s rof ssor Cook , from li guistic consid rations , assigne d t e Ruthwe ll
1 The A a dem 1 Mar. 1890 NO. 930 153 N tes M e t c . in Pub od . Lan . A c y, , , ; o , , . g ssoc. Of — Ameri a ii. 367 90 . c , xv 1 O d At t he Clarend n P ess 1905 xfor , o r , . 1 T Mar 1 — he A a dem 8 . 8 90 NO . 931 170 1 P c y, , , . rofe ssor Brown e is now Bishop of B is l r to . 1 — Edin . 18 8 1 Se n d i s 2 2 , co Se r e , 3 246. 1 E — din . , 1903. In Pa I . i i D r An de s n de s ib e s t h C ss in P 111 rt , xx x xxx , r o cr e ro ; art . 443- 448 t he Rhind Le u e s for Alle n ull delin e a s it i in s l ( ct r Mr f y te , g v g a p en did su v e t he m n ume n in e i h h a hs ab le s un e s wi h t he ins i i r y Of o t g t p otogr p , t Of r , t cr pt ons in Mr All ull . e n had al e ad in The m n u enta l H ist. o the B it Chu h L f r y, Mo f r . rc , on d . , 18 8 9 159 209 e e ed t o t he sses n ow und i , , r f rr two cro e r re v e w. 1 The Bu lin t n a az ine i 7 xx . cix . A il 1912 . Ib d r g o M g , , , pr i . , cxi . 1 Ibid ii . , cx . 1 ale U ni e si P ess Ne ha en C nn e i u 1912 14 Y v r ty r , w v , o ct c t, , 9 pp. EMERGENCE INTO HISTORY 2 1
h an d h Cross inscription to t e te nth ce ntury , probably to t e latte r half of ” 1 that ce ntury .
EWCA STLE OBELrsx— EMERG EN C E IN TO H ISTO R B . B Y .
The lite rature in re fe re nce to t he rune - inscribe d monume nt at Be wcastle is also so incre asingly voluminous that only t he most important authoritie s
I 1 61 5 l a H e b e e e . n can cit d he r Lord Wi li m oward s nt , by Lord Arunde l ,
Sir t he e - e e O f to Robe rt Cotton run inscrib d h ad a cross , conce rning which
h i t e e e e his M t e S . Cotton made or ke pt follow ng no , still pr s rv d among S in t he British Muse um R H TNZES R IKE SD U (in Rune s) .
h e Of at Be ucas ll 1 61 This inscription was on t e h ad a Cross found t e in 5 .
h O f t he e — 1 6 Th The le ngth Of t he stone be in t e he ad Cross inche s . e bre adth ” — hickn s—4 1 1 2 h The t e e . a Of t he uppe r e nd yn c e s . inch s Cotton in le tte r a e a e e a e a l e e a e ppris d C md n , who had alr dy p r mbu at d Cumb rl nd and publish d
e e t he l O f a his Britan n ia Of this find . Camd n plac d s ip p pe r be twe e n
a 64 644 f i e e are e e e t he p ge s 3 and O his work , wh ch tog th r pr s rv d in Bodle ian ” a Th n e R IKZESD R YHTNZES h . e e e t Libr ry l tt r runs (in Ru s) , with e
E e e se d m r - h t n se s supe rscription in nglish l tt rs , rin s ( ) the n t he communic ation 1 re ce av e d this morning a ston from my lord O f Arunde ll
e . It t he e Of a at Be wcast ll s nt him from my lord William was h ad Cross e .
I a All t he le ttre s le gab le ar the s in on (e ) line . And h ve se tt to the m such as
I c an a e O f Al hab e t t s a e I c an g th r out my p th t lik an A find in non(e ) . But e e b e e e I so m what t 1 Pl IX w(h)ith r th s only l ttr s or words dout ( . .
H l n e his i a fig . oward a so commu icat d d scove ry to C mde n and Sir He nry
a 1 6 1 8 t he e e a Spe lm n in , and latt r , und rstanding th t t he Runic inscription
t he e e Of t he t he a was upon pistyl Cross , got rune s tr nsmitte d to D r O laf
t he D e e a Worm , anish antiquary , for int rpr t tion . Worm re plie d to Spe lman on 1 8th July 1 629 in the se te rms In scriptio e pist ilii crucis lapide ss Be au cast rie n sis e é Go t hic a se u a e st se d ab e a e d sc ri v r Runic , imp rito pl n e pt a
n e c e e st n e c 4 5 7 8 1 2 n ot es con fusio n e m e t de riv at io m nam int gra , , , , , p n e
1 o he R d In . xv u N tes on the R C C The D eam t . ss k 390 . oo , r f oo , tro o ro , 1 C D mi ia iii. . 37 an he ulius F v i n MS. n . . . 3 13 i t h s otto o t , xv f ot r copy, J , f , g ves e ame " eadin and the in m a i n ha t he Bucast le ins i i n was e a ed Clare nce aulx r g for t o t t cr pt o pr p r for Mr ,
C C The R une s o n t he L s He ad of B. b D r ame s Wils n umb a i e a de n . . C . nd W t m es . . . f o t y J o , - 7 Wanle inde ed he D mi ian M A nt N . 503 50 . t S. in i Lit e Anti Trans x . . S . . S t O q . , , , y x o t q p , xon . ,
1705, 248 . 1 l i Lib a MS Smi h i. Bod e an r ry t , 22 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
ffu r e d e e t comit at u ri a e xt ant e a e gé e . Quod tiam monum n o in B g ntino clarissimo Camden o de lin e ato conque ror : alio quin non hic ull o Opus fore t
V : P A Si le en dum Rl Is I» I 4 1 D RD M H Rin o ppolin e . Quid ita g R a f Rin O h OS R un ic os osuit i . s . in O e atu Run a stin a d . Lapide s p ( has pl c d
e 1 a e 1 705 was e e e t he a e the se Runic ston s) W nl y , in , a littl n ar r m rk wh n — e a h R n as Dr ht n e s m st e ria D i . e . e he re d t e rune s , y y y omini ( myst ri s 1 f h e O t Lord) . We are fortunate in posse ssin g A le tte r from Mr William Nicolson to
Ma e U e e e e t he Re ve re nd Mr Walke r , st r in niv rsity Coll g in Oxford , conc rning ” I B aucast l an d e a e . 2 t a Runic in scription at e e , dat d C rlil , Nov , 1 P iloso hica l Tran saction s a e a an d was publishe d in t he Oxford h p for th t y r , ’ E t he same volume contains Nic olson s account of Bride k Font . dmund
’ Gibson re publishe d Archbishop Nicolson s account in t he se cond e dition of
h Britan n ia e e t he e e e In t he t e , wh r monum nt is thus d scrib d Churchyard is a cross Of on e e ntire square stone about twe nty foot hi gh an d curiously
an t OO t he e e are e are cut the re is inscription , but l tt rs so dim that th y not
” 1‘ e h 1 695 f Bri an ia ar di . e t e e O n e le gible Ne ve rth l ss , in dition t the re Ad tions
a E a : The e e to Cumbe rl nd by dmund Gibson , in which it is st te d l tt rs of
h I e - a e are e e fe w Of e t e nscription at B au c stl still l gibl e nough . A th m (but ’ 1 6 1 8 kilq c o d e e a e hi e A D . un s y py ) w r communic t d to our Author ms lf , as
” ’ a H Nic l o s e a e ir H e e . e e e o s n e S e nry Spe lm n witn ss s th n quot s l tt r to W lk r , and afte r t he re fe re nce to t he run e s adds Be side s the se the re is a large inscription on t he we st : and on t h e south Side Of t he stone the se le tte rs
a a b b o E f h a h e are f irly disce rnable (G g U rlat) . O t e me ning whe re of t e Ge ntl m an a e e e t h e e Mr l e e who communic t d his conj ctur s upon r st to Wa k r , will giv
O at e H O f ort h umb rlan d Pa In t h e his pinion larg in his istory N e , rt fourth
’ e Of t he Britan n ia e e e e - dition , dit d with not s from Bishop Gibson s not books ,
’ Nic olson s e e e e an d h l ar l tt r is r print d , from that e dition t e fol owin g note s e take n 1 I was assure d by t he curate Of t he place ( a m an O f good se nse and le arning in gre ate r matte rs) that t he characte rs we re so mise rably
e e e e a e an d b m t i worn out that th y w r now wholly d f c d , nothing to e e w th
e . The e a Of i a I b e e worth my whil form r p rt th s re l tion found to tru for , though it appe ars that t he afore said in scription has be e n much large r than
1 Olaus Wormius D an icorum on umentorum Lib i Sex Haf ae - B ita n n ia , M r , ni , 1643, 161 168 r
L nd . 1806 iii di . u h . 455 l . i e fi . 4 t Go g , o , , , p xxv . g . 1 1 — A nti Dit. Se t. O n . 1705 248 . , . Vol 128 7 129 1 . q p xo , , . xv. 1 - 1 L nd . , n . d . , ii. 1027 1031 . 1 4 44 o Lon d . , 695 , 8 3 , 8 . 1 B ita n n ia Lo n 177 2 1 r , d . , , 8 0. EMERGENCE INTO HISTORY 23
Wo rmi us e e t at e e far has giv n it , y it is pr s nt so lost , that in six or se ve n line s ‘ “ none of t he characte rs are fairly disce rn able save only h F T I R an d the se
are e an d at a di a e H h too incoh re nt a gre t st nc from e ach othe r . owe ve r t e
E ist l a r a r H a his p y i m C acis ( s Si . Spe lm n in le tte r to Wormius has c alle d it)
t o d a a It on e e is this y noble monume nt . is ntire fre e stone of about fiv e
a e a e e i a e e y rds in h ight , w sh d ov r w th whit oily ce m nt to pre se rve it . A
e l h s a h d taile d de scription fol ows . On t e top t nds t e e ffigie s of t he B(le sse d)
t he e he r a an d e a V(irgin) with bab in rms , both th ir he ds e ncircle d with
h h a glorie s as be fore . On t e north t e following characte rs f irly
e 4 8 X N h l gible 1mP1 E h P D Ryn b uru . This e inte rpre ts to b e e ithe r ” ” e c oem e t e rium cad av e rum s ulch rum 1 burial of run s , or , or e p .
t h e a H i ii : H On south t he following de c ye d inscription {4 h B l x R MT ,
m a a a r a i Latrones Ubbo vicit U b b o e e e G Ubbo E l t . e . it y r d thus g , ( conqu r d 2 t h e The e ditor also adds But se e ing t he cross is of t he same kind with that in t he arms of t he Vaulx we m ay suppose that it has bee n ” e e e 3 r ct d by some of that family .
e e Britan n ia at e e Gough , in his s cond dition of , st s that wh n Bishop
s was e e a his a 1 703 h e e a e Nicol on h r ag in in visit tion , , tri d to m k out this i h . a. . 3 t e e e e a at i e he ( fig ) on w st sid , but though it promis d f ir a d stanc could
a I a e e b e e e t h not m ke out e ve n this inscription . t k th m to thos giv n on e 1 6 1 k h H a 5 D m . i e e . t e e . . o . 7 . h ad of cross (k , Cott Lib , xviii , oward Run s) ,
a a e ne e e as a p rt of it now a gr v sto , though Bishop Nicolson consid rs th m p rt
t he t h i t h e e a t he u e t he e e of ruins of e inscr ption ove r h d of fig r on w st sid , plainly confounding t he tran sverse pie ce of t he cross with t he upright of t h e ” 4 cross itse lf .
I 1 42 1 69 e e s a i e n 7 Ge orge Smith ( 3 a comp t nt chol r , publ sh d in
’ The Gen tlema n s M agaz in e first of all a copy of t h e Runic inscription take n
e e e e e a u e a from a v ry curious Ob lisk , r ct d for mon m nt in Churchyard ” 5 I PI . X . a t he a a e e a e a e . in Cumbe rl nd , ch r ct rs be ing n tly ngr v d ( fig
This was followe d in two subse que nt numbe rs by two full - page illustrations
t he e l a e t he e t he e t h e of ob isk , vi w of top , copi s of run s on north and south
6 2 3 In a e P fi . a l IX . s e a e e s . side s , and xpl n tory l tte rpr s ( g , ) corr ction of
’ Nicolson s R YN BU R U on t he north face Smith says U pon t he whole I
1 ’ b ra is a i s mis ake K n buru . B ita n n ia L n d 1 7 72 18 0 . R n u n e r , o , y pr t r t for y 2 3 d 179 bi . . Ibid. , 18 1 . I , fi s 1 2 3 4 L d iii 4 l . i . . . n . 1806 . 55 o , , , p xxv g , , , ’
entlema n s a az ine xii. 132 . G M g ,
d m i i 174 1 e n a ed b A. Pe nn k. Ibi . 1 6 29 D b S h n 3 8 3 9 5 . a n , , , ( r w y t gr v y oc ) 24 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
IB R UK t he D a e r Se al re ad it KUN U , which in old nish Languag impo ts p ” 1 hrum Re is H e e t he e i n c g . dat s it in ninth c ntury Th s transactio 8 9 1 h e . e happe ne d about 8 50 ye ars ago (i . and none be li ve t e obe lisk to
a a t he e t D e n e e b e olde r th n 900 . Th t monum n is anish app ars i cont stabl from ” 2 he e e t c . t charact rs , In 1 7 7 5 the re appe are d in The Lon don M agaz in e an article e nt itle d
e lis t he e e An Account of a Curious Ob k in Church yard of B wcastl ,
a E h 3 The Il at e n e e . e t c . e t e , lustr d with l gant ngraving of four sid s write r state s What is he re re pre se nt e d is 1 5 fe e t high ; be side s the re
e e t he t 0 a e o ff a b e e e as has b n on p cross now brok n , p rt of which may s n a
a e e t he e The e a are e gr v ston in sam churchyard . figur s and c rving v ry
u h t he t he t 0 fair b t t e inscription which is on we st face is not le gible . At p
’ of that face is a figure with a mitre be low that anothe r in a prie st s habit
wa h e h e a m an the n s t e inscription , and b low that t e figur of with a bird ,
b hi s P1 a e St Pe e . s id to t r and Cock (cf .
’ Nicolson and Bum s H istory of Westmorlan d an d Cumberland in 1 7 7 7
a he l I a e : In t he adde d no n e w f cts re garding t obe isk . t e rrone ously st t s
a e on e e e a fiv e e e an d a churchy rd of this plac is a cross of intir ston , bout f t
l i e e t he at t he t 0 ha f h gh , two f t broad at bottom and an half top , in which p ” 4 a cross he re tofore was fixe d .
In 1 7 94 Mr a H e t he Willi m utchinson , gav a full account of
e The H istor o the Coun t o Cumberlan d e e ob lisk in y f y f , and includ d an ngraving h 5 ’ t e e . H hi e e S e i illustrating four sid s utchinson , w l acc pting mith s r ad ng of t h e e e e e e e e t he e e t e run s , mploy d a fri nd to d ciph r th m , r sult b ing hat som ” e e b e e e e e e he e e w r found to confus d and imp rf ct , whil oth rs acc pt d with
a H e gre t doubt . conclude d that t he figure at t he top of t he cross was
t h e t he e holy Virgin with Bab .
In 1 8 0 1 Mr H e H e a e e e e nry oward of Corby Castl , C rlisl , s nt a d tail d a t he e t he e e e Na le r t h e ccount of cross , with copi s of run s , to G org y , York
H e t e e a t o t he S e e Ma 1 8 0 1 rald , and his pap r , r d oci ty of Antiquari s in y , a h A rchaeol ia 6 H e t e o . e : app rs in g e wrot Runic Column at Be wcastle .
’ 1 en tl men s z ine 1 e a a x11 . 369 . I id G M g , b . 3 Au . 17 75 li 388 : u h sa s i was i b s B n n 1 i . t e n G. A m n . ita ia 806 ii. g , x v Go g y wr tt y r tro g r , ,
455. au h an s a e s ha Ca ain A ms n a su e was b n at Low ran e a mile m M g t t t t pt r tro g , rv yor, or g g , fro t h m um : m i 1 e n en e 0 . o t M o r, — Hist , ii. 47 8 9. 5 Ca lisl 1794 i - 9 r e . , . 80 8 . A chwol ia L 1 xi — r o nd. 808 v . Art . 1 13 1 18 Ob se rv a i ns on B ide ki k F n and g , o , , ( t o r r o t, on t he Runi C lumn a B as l i C t e e n umb e land tc . c o wc t r , e
EMERGENCE INTO HISTORY 25
I e e e e e e Of this ce le brate d monume nt have se n s v ral ngravings , non of th m accurat e but I unde rstand that Mr d e Card onn e l has publishe d a faithful I a i I e e e . de line tion ; wh ch , howe ve r , hav not had an opportunity of s ing
h t he e a e e se nd you t he ve stige s of t e inscriptions , r sult of two d ys mploym nt
h l I e an d e a e e . P X . on t e spot ( fig . A d scription m sur m nts follow
a e e e e e t he H e continue s To this (shaft) a cross pp ars to hav b n add d ,
e h ri see P socke t of which is obse rvable . Som parts of t e insc ption ( late
a t he e e e e e e e e xxxiv . fig . prob bly owing to ston b ing th r soft r , hav b n
aff a t h The l n e are t he e e e e e . mor ct d th n r st third , fourth , and fifth i s most
h a On t he t e e a hi b e e . pe rfe ct . Towards low r part scarce nyt ng is to m d out
e e e e e a t he e e e a t he whol , ind d , littl mor th n v stig s of this inscription r m in pe rpe ndicular parts of t he le tte rs are disce rnible and have prob ably be e n
e e e e t he a t h a an d e a ar a e e . d p n d by r in , but e horizont l oth r p rts e ne rly oblit rat d
In a t he I l t h e a e a as e t king inscription fo lowe d s m pl n at Brid kirk , working t he p ape r in with t he finge r at t he e dge s of e ve ry part of t h e le tte rs with t h e
e t he a e I e a e a e p ncil , so that in p p r s nd you h v all that c n b e e ithe r see n or f lt Th . e on Ibid . of this inscription North inscription of e line only ( . fig
e e e e e e t he h as f r b ing compl t ly sh lt r d by Church , suf e e d ve ry little injury from
e I sa a t he e e e e a e t he e a tim ; and , must y , th t diff r nc obs rv bl in ngr vings
h a a e t e e e a an d e . giv n to public , must h v ris n from want of tte ntion e xactn ss
h a h On t e S e e e e t I bid . outh sid th r is a fille t lik th t to e North ( . fig but a f w b e a h a e e e e t e e re hi e o ff . l tt rs only can m d out , r st c pp d or worn away
I e e e a Sir e e t he h r qu st you , my d r , to pr s nt to Socie ty t e original trace ry of ” e e a m h S 1 th s inscriptions t ke n by e on t e pot .
I 1 8 1 6 h R v D a S e M a n a Bri an n ia n t e e . e t ni l Lysons and amu l Lysons , in g ,
a l a h e e produce d nothe r fu ly ill ustr te d account of t e obe lisk . An ngrav d ” l t e e a t he a son f ci 2 a h L s dc lt . ct e t . e t e p a b rs sign ture 8 . y A re pre s nt tion of rune s on t he we st side some what re se mble s t he transcription by H oward l P . XI . . 3 The e e a e ( figs , According to Lysons , fe male figur is so d f c d that nothing more than a ge ne ral outline c an b e distinguishe d : what sh e
he r a a h a e e e e e n d . holds in h nd is much b tt r pr s rv d , is t e holy l mb
In 1 8 40 M a A lo - Saxon R un es . e e e n John K mbl , in his diss rt tion on g , confe sse d himse lf un able to inte rpre t t he hardly le gible re mains of a long ” 3 a runic inscription which may still b e trace d on t he obe lisk t Be wcastle .
1 See n 5 24 e . . ot , p ’
a n a Brit L n d . 18 16 iv . i . S. L s ns d a in s are ese e d in t he B i ish M g , o , , cxc x y o r w g pr rv r t
use um . v M , q . A rchaeol ia i o ii . 347 . g , xxv 26 THE RUNIC ROOD S OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
t he a e t he e a 1 8 56 a e e Thus m tt r stood till y r . This gr nd inscrib d monum nt
’ e a e e a e a a e E a e a e a a s r m in d unr d , unr d bl by ngl nd s gr t st schol rs , and
e as t h S h a a a e . e t e e e myst rious phinx Th n , on dv nt of two antiqu ri n cl rgy m h R en t e e v . D a e H H a 1 8 1 9 E i a a , ni l . igh ( of rd ngton , ne r Birmingh m , a d h R M n t e e v . a A B a e 1 8 36 t he John augh n , . . , Re ctor of Be wc stl (
e a e e e t h e e e a e e e an d t he subj ct ssum d fr sh compl xions , sculptur b c m int lligibl ,
a b l II 1 e e X . . e e e e e a d e a e P . run s w r ll g d to cl arly le gible n inte rpr t bl ( figs ,
The a e Ma a 1 8 5 n e M emoir on the l tt r , ugh n , in 7 wrote a inte r sting
R oman S a io R un ic Cross B c 1 he t t n an d at ewcastle e t . , , in which found it his
’ p ainful duty to make obse rvations upon H aigh s ve rsion of t he in scrip
a e a f 2 Ma a e e a e tion , which m t ri lly di fe re d from his ugh n by r qu st had forw rd d a H a h e e I e a a e a t h e rubbing to igh , but confe ss s , took sp ci l c r th t rubbing should not b e pe rfe ct an d satisfactory in those p arts whe re I had not de cide d
’ 3 - as to t h e corre ct re ading H aigb s ve rsion was first communicate d to t h e — Antiqu ari an Socie ty at Ne wc astle - upon - Tyn e in Janu ary 1 8 5 6 the re afte r 4 his vie ws we re publishe d in t he A rchaeologia E lian a an d The Conquest o Britain 5 I t h e h e a The t h e f . n e latt r work s ys first (inscription) on
e e e he at e e e a w st rn fac of t Cross B wcastl , in Cumb rl nd , is simply a
e a Alcfrid was a e t he m mori l of , who associ t d by Oswin in Kingdom of North
a an d e a 6 umbri , di d prob bly in
Ma a a a e a e a e t he use ugh n , who be c me n nthusi st for run s , ft r laborious
e e a e t h e a e 7 1 8 54 all a e of nov l m ns to d ciphe r ch ract rs , had in parti y nnounc d
e e 8 i a a e he e t h e M emoir a e his discov ri s , wh ch in m tur r form publish d in lr ady
h a t he t ran sla e e . e e a e a e a a e e m ntion d Th r in pp r d t ble of t m in run s , with
H waet re d Waet h ar Alwfwold se t i a e tion + , g , up th s pill r in m mory of
Alc frid a a d w P a e e S e n e n Os . , King , son of y r y thou for th m , th ir ins , th ir ” 9 h 664 Ma a a H a a t e e . n souls . e fixe d t h e d te fte r plagu of ugh n lso fou d on t h e e a i a t he e a t he e rid w st f ce four l n e s re ding in first y r (of r ign) of n ,
hi A D 6 0 i e a w m a a i . e . . 7 e King of t s Kingdom of Northumbri , . , , in wh ch y r y ” wa 1 0 conclude this monume nt s e re cte d .
In 1 8 95 a he n Vict or ate the re appe re d from t pe of Wilhe lm , illustr d with
1 A moi 1—44 e e t c . L n d 18 57 . M r, , o , 1 I — 3 bid . , 3 1 38 . I bid. , 3 1 . 4 — 5 — N as l 1 5 L n d . 1 861 37 40 . e e 8 7 149 167 . wc t , , i . o , , 6 Ibid E i h n line e e au an un d EAC . 37 . H ai u FRI TH A n t se e , gh fo n d ALC ( ) e v th wh r M gh fo
H ai h un d R OETB ER T . OSWIU . au an u L ERI i t h u lin e e e M gh fo n d A G n e fo rth , wh r g fo ( ) So t he doctors diffe re d 7 8 l x i A hae l i a l u na . Ibid . 17 1 8 n Ibid. 1 7 , , ote . , rc o og c Jo r , 9 Ib i 1 ° 2 d. , 1 8 . Ibid . , 7 . EMERGENCE INTO HISTORY 2 7
a e e The R un e - Ston es o N orthumb ria e a e photogr phs , a tr atis on f , xh ustiv ly
h a d t h a t h e s e e a n e xamining t e cross n e re dings of critic , v n to trivi l i cisions
h 1 H is e e e a an d e h as e on t e stone . d structiv p rson l t xtual inquiry rightly l ft
h a n e e a — a fe w CYN IBU R U G GESSU S little of t e im gi d pit ph words , ,
CR I TTU S U H WE TR E D an d CYNI e a e S S, S , [ ] , GAR Q ; As v ry prob bl ’ 2 I re gard Maughan s ALCFR ITH U as we ll as OSW(IU It is a
’ small tithe of t he cle rical le arning His critical me thod justifie d H oward s o bse rvations ne arly a ce ntury b e fore . Be wc astle Obe lisk is de scribe d an d illustrate d by D r John Stu art in T d 3 he Sculptured Ston es of Scotlan .
a e e - a e e a t he e a e a An inform tiv , w ll illustr t d diss rt tion on ob lisk pp rs in
N r r Crosses in the r sen D iocese o Carlisle otes on the Ea ly Sculptu a l p e t f , 4 M h a R v ia S e a e e . e e r by t e l te e . Will m lat r C lv rl y This work was dit d by
M A h as a e t h e e s e . . n . . W G Colli gwood , , who lso fully d alt with sam ubj ct in
The Victor ia H istor o the C oun t o C umb erlan d w e a 5 y f y f , ith sup rb illustr tions Pl II X . . ( . fig
Th M a a fe w u a e h as e e e ve rsion of augh n , with nimport nt me ndations , b n a e e e as S e e a e e li cc pt d by such authoriti s t ph ns , C lv rl y , Col ngwood , Bishop
H h am s a d a o far 1 8 8 9 e C n e n e . S Brown , odgkin , p y , m ny oth rs back as
Mr J . Romilly Alle n shre wdly obse rve d : Unfortun ate ly t he inscription on t he forme r ( B e wcastle Cross) is so much oblite rate d that it cannot b e ” e an e a 6 Th a a a e r ad with y d gre e of ce rt inty . e obe lisk ppe rs to h v stood undisturbe d whe re it now is until in 1 8 9 1 some re pairs we re e xe cut e d a h t e e . The a e was a d e e bout bas nci nt church , howe ve r , re store d n re op n d for worship on 3rd Nove mbe r Be side it are pre se rve d two e arly
e e e 8 P monum nts with cross s incis d upon the m ( l .
1 D ie N orthumb rischen Rune nste ine b — ar u in H esse n 18 95 13 16. , M rg , , 1 Ibid 16 3 E — . . din . 18 67 ii 1 6 18 ls xxi. ii , , , . , p . , xx . 4 mb nd A A a West. nt . and h C . a i Soc E . S i s v l. K n al . a e e o xi. d 18 99 q rc xtr r , , e , 5 s min s i - 2 — We 1901 . 254 25 7 7 7 2 e 78 . t t r, , , M on H o . ist . B it. Chu h 2 8 f r rc 0 . 7 ’ J. F. Curwe n St Cu hb e s Chu h B as l C a nd A n T West. ti . Soc ran 1 e e in mb . a . s 1 . , t rt rc , wc t , q , 2 2— 4 254. 9 The se slab s me asu e e s e i e l 4 ee 9 in he s b 1 3 in e s an d 2 e e 1 1 in he s b r r p ct v y f t c y foot ch , f t c y
1 6 in he s. The ss on t he me s n e is 4 n i l . d t h n e ee Un e e di e D . foot c cro for r to ov r f t o g r r ct o of Mr J. Vallan e of t he R al S ish use um Edin b u h uise i Cav a n ari an d ame s I in D c , oy cott M , rg , G pp g J rv g yce , in Au us 1913 m ade as s of t he Be as le Ob e lisk h a i g t , c t wc t for t e N t on al Muse um s. CHAPTER III
I — D ES IP I F . CR T ON O RUTH WEL L CR O SS
UTH WELL R OSS Hi - e e - a e e e R C is a gh Cross , fr st nding , laborat ly carv d on four
e e di n t he e e sid s , construct d of two sti ct blocks , low r shaft b ing of local dark “ a Pl 2 purplish s ndstone ( . Unde r date of August 5 in this ye ar
‘ ’ ( 1 8 8 7 ) the re is t he following e ntry in Mr M Farlan s pocke t - book
The e t e n e w S Mr D D e Cross compl d in its it e by ods , umfri s
e e e 1 8 e e 1 . Compl t h ight , f t inch I 9 n e i e . sock t , nch s
It a 1 7 4 all a i e . st nds fe e t inche s , showing th t was orig nally shown on bas ” I 1 6 h 2 The are Mr t e e 5 e e e t e . stood b for , f t inch s from grass following
’
. e e e e a 1 7 e e e J Romilly All n s m asur m nts Tot l he ight of cross , f t h ight
e 3 e e 8 e e 1 0 e 6 e e e of bas , f t inch s h ight of shaft , fe t inch s h ight of h ad ,
2 e e 1 0 e e 2 t f t inch s width of bas , fe e t 3 inche s width of shaf at bottom ,
1 9 e t 0 1 1 foot inch s width of shaft at p , foot inch width across transom ,
3 e e 1 t o arm 9 e i e a e 1 t 6 n e f t inch width of p , inch s th ckn ss of b s , foo i ch s
hi e 1 6 h t ckn ss of shaft at bottom , foot inche s ; t ickne ss of shaft at top , ” 9 M - h e . di r D re e e e t e it inch s Accor ng to ods , who r ct d Cross , was origin 3 ally forme d of two portions The shaft or lowe r se ction is fully 1 2 fe e t
‘ 1 James F n m i Edin 1 92 3 a la A e 8 8 . M r ( M o r) , , 3 Ea l Ch ist M fi A . on . . iii. 442 Cf . 101 . r y r , pt . . g ‘ 3 Le u h 4 F b 1 D Mr M Farlan he ab o e me asuremen s e t o a 1 t h e ua 19 3. Mr ds a e t tt r t or, r ry o g v v t
hen t he C ss was e ss f - i n D r D un an s a e d ha t he h le le h of t he w ro in proc o re e rect o . c t t t t w o ngt illa is 17 ee 6 in he s of hi h t he l e s ne me asure s 12 ee 6 in he s and t he u e 5 ee p r f t c , w c ow r to f t c , pp r f t A nt ( ccou , The followin g addition al measure me nts show t he detailed proportions o f t he Cross
South face b re adth at b ottom he ight of first horiz ontal margi n he ight of first pan el b re adth b etwee n first and se cond panel he ight of sec ond m argin height of second panel b re adth of pe rpe ndicular margin he ight of third m argin 28 P ATE V I L I .
R U C O R E - C BY R E R U CA V . D THWELL R SS , ERE TED THE D N N .
Pho to ra h b M r J R h . ut er o rd g p y f .
T o a e a 28 f c p ge .
30 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
h a hu di Of t S Of e e . e portion e h ft is a dark r Accor ng to Bishop Brown , it See ms not impossible that this uppe r part about 5 fe e t 6 inche s high was t he ” 1 t he e 1 2 e e a e a fe w e e . original Cross , and gr at shaft f t high , was ( dd d) y ars lat r
Mr h a a 2 Jame s Barbour s shown th t this vie w is unte nable .
~ Both monume nts at Ruthwe ll and Be wc astle are obeliscal in form and
t e t he e e e E e charac r , and this is first point of r s mblanc with gyptian m morials t he e e are e e an d t he e are e e e s cond is , th y pan ll d third , th y inscrib d , sp cially
t h n on e margi s .
PA N ELS
e e are e e a a a e t he e e t he a Th r six incis d r ct ngul r p n ls on obv rs of sh ft , now h e t he e e e a . T e facing south , and six similar pan ls on r v rs , f cing north transom was a i h arm are prob bly pane lle d l ke t e top . All the se pane ls
be e n di vide d into thre e pane ls - t he lowe r pane ls e xhibiting figure s now much
e t he e e e e detrit d , oth rs fill d with ste ms of vine s and othe r plants whos p ndu
are e e e a al e lous fruits b ing d vour d by birds and nim s . The se pane ls re se mbl
Flat margins round t he p ane ls on t he obve rse and re ve rse have be e n
e - Sa a a Se e e e e incis d with Latin xon c pit ls to form nt nce s , or r produc Bibl
a t he e t he e e e e . te xts in L tin , which d scrib r lative subj e cts Similarly dg s
t he a e t he e and on e a are e t e e round p n ls on sid s m rgin incis d wi h run s , som
e e a e hi a e e e e he e The D ream und ciph r bl , w ch displ y ight n lin s found in t po m ,
The o - a of the H oly Rood . top stone on n e side Shows Latin S xon capitals
a e an d t he e e de ciphe r bl , on oth r run s disputable .
— I . OBVERSE : SOUTH F C A E (Pl . XIII . )
1 The Cr i xi . uc fi on
The lowe st pane l conside re d this t he m on e S a cross
1 The C n ve si n o the H e ta h 1906 o r o f p rc y, 206. 2 The u e b l k is s aine d b l d -re d b ut t h ain s ot ass ui e h u h t he s ne pp r oc t oo , e st doe n p q t t ro g to , an d one a e e ains t he e n e al hue a ir ums an e hi h dis se s of the su e s i n ha t he f c r t g r , c c t c w c po gg t o t t b l ks e e ake n m di fe e n ua ie s and of t he he r ha t he Cr ss is t wo di fe e n oc w r t fro f r t q rr , t o y t t o of f r t ” —T n Dum s a s. ies N a . i pe riod . r fr t H st. Soc. , xv i. 30. 1 in f i - 1 C ll 1 9 27 C . t he S e o Is 147 1 7 i B it as Guid E t 90 0. s e to . f hr ) n r . M . gyp o , D ESCRIPTION OF RUTHWELL CROSS 3 1
“ n o 0 v a w - V Th g . . e e E h g g gw m fig figur , b e ll e dan d c a e a e a a e a e us oldly mod a cur t ly c rv d , is p rti lly nud Tr c s of a nimb e e t he e h e t e e . e ncircl h ad , which slightly r sts on right should r Faint st indica
an d a a Th ar a a e e . e e m e e e e tions of locks b rd pp ar l ft , xt nding n k d from w ll
l e S e e e b e e t he e e at t he e a mou d d hould r , s ms to ti d to tr lbow , or to p ss through t he e a 2 Th a e b Th . e e e e v ry tr nsom . e bice ps is promine nt ch st lso s ms to
as t h - ar e e a h e e . bar , we ll sh p e d le gs from t e kn e e s downward undoubt dly The only garme nt is le ss like a colobium re aching to t he kne e s than a loin
a an d e t he It e e a cloth , bro d knott d on right side . is mor lik kilt , short skirt ,
- Th ar . e as e e h a c rucifix s . e e e e or s mi tunic , s n on t e l te r e l gs not cross d Two
e e are a e a e h a . O e m a e e e t h e round d obj cts c rv d bov t e tr nsom n y r pr s nt sun ,
a e b a a e h e t he a . clos d g , or wat r jar ; t e oth r , moon , or crown of thorns On both Side s of t he cross faint outline s of figure s an d of a sm all crucifix are
a e a e D r D a a tr c bl still . unc n conside re d the se to b e re pre se nt tions of t he two
’
e e e . In e t h t he Sa e crucifi d thi v s oth r picture s e soldie rs , or viour s moth r a d St ar h a n e h t e . e John , shown at t e foot of cross A simil r but mor e l e e t h e e e —c aborat conc ption of Crucifixion sc n ross , orbs , nimbus , drooping
e a e e e a a h e e — e e t he h ad , n k d arms , f t p rt , t e two thi v s is found d pict d in Syrian Gospe l of Rabula but t he figure is clothe d with t he colobium
a 3 down to his nkle s .
2 Th n un cia ion . e A n t
e xhibits two c arve d fi t he o n e
e r right arm see ms to
’ m hft e d h e r a a a ar t e t he e e p to bre st . G brie l s rms e lif d till hands m t in t he e a h e a e e e a a re e t h e attitud of pr ye r . On t margin bov th ir h ds incis d
e e a , l tt rs (some ve ry faint) INGR ESSU S ANGEL (U S) . This obviously is p rt
1 The an e l me asu e s 35 D r An de s n e e d in s a in The s p r 1 in che s b y 22 inche s. J. r o rr t t g , fir t l ane n ains a sim l t in Ea l Ch ist . Tim es 2nd S. 234. p co t p e cross o f plain Latin form z Sco . r y r ( 3 The Ch is lls t he e n e of t he an e l t he u e b e in 35 in he s l n an d a ss t he b e as r t fi c tr p , fig r g c o g , cro r t
18 in he s. T is b e ad h su e s s t h li a u as e laine d b Li sius in D e C u e ca . iii. 61 c h r t gg t e g t re , xp y p r c , p v , An e 1695 s kn t h C ss . ame s Ba b u a hi e D umf ie s who m u a e n e tw rp , Mr J r o r , rc t ct, r , t h v ow ro for hal a e n u in 1900 hus d s i s : A la e ss i h t he u i e d Ch is hi h f c t ry, , t re cor his v e w rg cro w t cr c fi r t, of w c nl he li b t m s e main O si a i f a smalle ss. At t he o f t he ss o y r . n one de in dic t ons o r cro foot cro e e a u h i u e s. H l d a ame t he i u e on e i e side t e nn e w r gro p of fig r e avy fo ds of r pe ry fr p ct r th r , r e d es n e in at a in in t he e n e an d a in ide l at and b m as if b i le n e g co v rg g po t c tr , p rt g w y top otto y v o c — e il m l 1 99 1 31 e n Soc N . 16 8 900 e e n The T ans Dum ies and . N . H . and A ti . . O v of t p r t r . fr G q , , , , 1’ - C . ostea 7 f p , pp . 9 101 . 32 THE RUNIC ROOD S OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
‘ e 2 8 t he e e I n ressus A n elus of tEEQQEBQl St Luk (i . ) in Vulgat v rsion g g —s ” ” ad eam dixi ave ratia lena domin us tecum b en edicta in in mulieribus t , g p , , ,
1 e e e e a he r H a art e e (Gabri l) , having nt r d , s id to , ail , thou th t ndu d ” O t he t h e Lord is with the e ble sse d art thou among wome n . n e dge t he le tte rs are worn away on t he le ft a fe w scars mark the ir
a M e a e t he e e e pre se nce . Bosio re cords an An nunci tion sce ne ( ary s t d) in c m t ry
St P e e 1 of riscilla (s cond c ntury) .
3 Chris healin h Blin d M an . t g t e — The a e e v is- a- vis t he on e — di third p n l shows two figur s , Christ stin
- uishe d a e t h e t he m an . g by crucif rous two raye d nimbus , e oth r blind
’ Christ s right fore arm an d hand are e xte nde d upwards t h e finge rs of t he
are e e ar a le ft hand visibl b low the se . Both e clad in tunic and m ntle both
a t h e Th h e e . hav h ir falling to should rs e inscription on t e right margin runs ,
ET PR AETERIENS VID I t e e h e an d ca cum T ( ; h r t e ston is much broken ,
e a e t he e a n NATIBITATE ET SA navit ea rn a oblit r t d) ; on l ft m rgi , A ( )
INFIRMITATE a e e a a n e e . e B , r f r nc to John ix thus p r phras d And passi g ” H a fi m by e (Christ) saw a man blind from his birth and he le d him of his in r ity .
’ Lundy re produce s Bo sio s se cond - c e ntury picture from a fre sco in St Callixtus
n e a t he ” showi g Christ h ling blind man .
e 30 e e a d 1 4 e 1 3 This pan l , inch s in h ight n tape ring from inch s to in
e e n n e e e e e e br adth , in its low r part is u fi ish d , appar ntly having b n pr par d
a The ar h for n inscription . indentations e not such as conve y t e ide a that
h as a t he inscription be e n chise lle d way .
’ ‘ ? T m n a i ri F i he Sin o a n o n in Ch s s ee . f ful W t g t t — The fourth p ane l displays two figure s t h e one t he st atue sque form of
h Sa e a a a e t he - e t e viour w ring l rg nimbus , with thre e raye d cross incis d upon it t he othe r t he re pre se ntation Of t he he ad an d bust of a woman with h e r right hand e xte nde d an d holding t he e nd of a long tre ss of hair upon t he
’ a e e e S viour s l ft foot , wh nc it Lord is
Pe lif e n oble . ndulous locks touch up t d
a Hi a a - finge rs is r ise d to ble ss . s le ft hand pre sse s to His bre st book like
O e e t h e a e Of D e a e Me a - Be l bj ct , not unlik T bl t stiny associ t d with rod ch , who
1 tteran R m Roma So ea ( o a, 54 1 . 1 d n umen ta l Ch istian it B S t 249 H iib n r illus a Lun 19 si R ma t . . e es t he y, Mo r y, ; o o , o o , tr t a e of B V in Na i i a e m a s n e at Llan i b e a in ro erabit and m an he at e xch ng for t v t t fro to tw t r g p p , fro ot r
a in ro arabit b la e s b e in in lam a i : I nscri t. 63. Margam b e r g p p , oth p c g G org n sh re p , PLATE VIII .
’ kc s T a b e t h e Run e s o n R ut e ll Hic l C ss . 2 . M i a G . FIG . 1 . e n h r t D o l . FI of hw ro
’ Vic t o r s l ll us t rat io n H e ad o f R ut we ll l ss . C C FIG . 4 . C m a n . IG . a le e F 3 . rucifix of h r g of h o
T o face page 32 .
DESCRIPTION OF RUTHWELL CROSS 33
a t he e l e a t h S a ar e e . e e love s to r is d ad to if , ccording to ol r cult Apostl s
a h s shown with this symbol to indic te t e Go pe l .
The e 2 3 e e an d a a e tun ica figur of Christ is inch s in h ight is cl d with lb ( ) ,
a d a li Th an a alla hi a aen ula n . e e e ch suble (p ) , p l um wom is dr ss d in p w ch
a s h r a also p rtly cove r e he d .
Th e a e e e : A ttulit a laba circum mbi nt inscription , l gibly incis d , runs ( ) STRU M VNGVENTI STANS RETR O SECU S PED ES EIU S LACRIMIS ’ ri COEPIT RIGARE PED ES EIU S CAPILLIS CAPITIS SVI TER GEBl “ — h an a a a e e an d a i e S e brought l b st r cruse of ointm nt , st nd ng b hind ” v w “ ’ S feet w it h her e a an d she e His fe e t M t rs , wip d with ” " “ h a h e r e a e v 1 7 37 t e h ir of h d ( Luk ,
5 The isita tion . V
The a e e e an d e a e fifth p n l , much d fac d brok n , shows two hum n b ings ,
a a vis- d - vis a a e a e e a e s e . e un with rms cl sping ch oth r in mbr c , th y st nd Th y
E a a a h Ma a d . h lla doubte dly re pre se nt t e Virgin ry n liz be th Both we r t e p . The de scriptive le tte rs have be e n too much oblite rate d for e arlie r write rs to
The e e e e i a e h a le re cord . most int r sting f atur in th s p n l now is t e prob b
e e e als e e s sabots t he r pr s ntation of sand , lik wood n hoon , clogs , or , worn by 1 I E e t h e a h a a a wome n . n gyptian pictur s str p fixing t e s nd l make s t he sand l a a e n ppe r lik a shoe with ope mouth .
e e e t h e e e e St a e P Bosio r cord d a fr sco , from C m t ry of V l ntinus or ope
e t h e a an d e a e an d t he a e e t he Julius , d picting Visit tion mbr c , d t giv n is fifth 2 ce ntury .
6 Th A r h r— Ero . e c e s
The e e t he a e an e e r upp rmost pan l on sh ft d picts arch r , from a b nt bow discharging a tippe d b arbe d arrow to t h e right at an angle of forty - fiv e h e e e . t e a h a The e t e e . e e d gr s Only bust appe rs . quiv r h ngs by right sid Th r are di a e i Me e n e e a a e s in c tions of littl w ngs . r i d ntations r m in in pl c of le tte r .
The a t he e e a e a e t h e tr nsom of cross , with its thr p n ls , m d to
D r D e a a e e e b e e e e as a uncan , as alr dy llud d to , n d only r f rr d to
1 l - C s made Of alde d b ir h e t c . are a a u i e m o f e a s ill in og , r woo , c , , f vo r t for foot w r t D um iess i fr h re . 1 i R ma S tt h 2 . M on . st 05 . 579 u d in Lun d C o o , ; re prod ce y, r , 34 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE work in artistic an d not ne atly corre spondin g with t h e corre ctly angulate d
a e hi he I fin e i e e e e fr gm nts to w ch unite d it . n , it is sl ghtly too xt nd d as C ltic
e ar cross s e made .
Th Fin ial M a n an d Bird 7 . e
The a e t h e h as a a a e e a a e p x of cross sm ll p n l xhibiting hum n figur ,
all a a a a a a e an e e - to appe r nce s be ing tt cke d or ppro ch d by agl like bird . A clue to t h e subj e ct is give n by a fe w re m ane nt le tte rs on t h e e dge s : IN
PR IN ci io era v er BVM— a a St 1 I h t . t e n ( p ) quot tion from John i , n e b ginni g ” was t h P a h e e e is t he e Word . rob bly t e id ogram h r inspire d St John with
a H ad h i a e h e e . t e e e e t e e e his gl fac of th s fini l b n turn d to north sid , th n
m a e e e e e a St Ma e an d t h e e this sy bol would h v b n b sid th t of tth w , oth r t he e — a e t he e E e e a a pho nix bov Arch r or ros , wh r n tur lly it should b e found . Of much import ance is t he se gme nt of a circle pre se rve d on t h e top
e we are e a e a at e e t h a hi ston , by which n bl d ccur ly to gaug e circular p ne l w ch 9 a h a a 3 . e t e . . oste dorn d tr nsom Cf p ,
— ERSE N ORTH FA CE P X II . RE V ( l. I V. )
1 The N ativit . y
Naturally on e would e xpe ct a de lin e ation of t h e Nativity on such a
a e an d on e c an e a n e t he pictori l monum nt , this , in c rt i lights , trac out of
a a - t he e a h T e e e e e t e e . dam g d , w th r worn sculptur in low st p n l of e re v rs h e
P Le h ab figure s of animals re m ain . rofe ssor t y found on studying this Nativity
” 1 a e a t h e O f t h e e was a e e e p n l th t to right this on r turn coil d s rp nt . A 2 - a picture of t he Nile God in his c ave rn is e ncircle d by se rpe nt .
2 The Fli ht int o or R eturn from . g , ,
Th a a h Ma he r a e a a e se cond p ne l cle rly e xhibits t e Virgin ry , with b b ( p rt
a e a n e h r a as sh e S e of nimbus r m i s) h ld by e le ft h nd , its with flowing rob s
’ an ass e e a are e e e as are a e t h e as upon , whos long rs quit disc rnibl , tr c s of s s
e t h e act a t he e - a e a e a an d e are l gs in of w lkin g . At l ft h nd corn r h d n ck shown
— e I e a e a e a e a e t h e thos of Jose ph . mm di t ly bov th t h d b gins inscription
' 3 M I ET I se a e an d e e e a . e a e 1 AR A O( ph) . Tr c e s of l gs f t r m in A d lic t ly
’ carve d curl falls on Mary s le ft shoulde r : he r square - cut mantle is se e n on
1 1 M us uide to E t. C ll 1909 8 . M B it. . Bu lin t n a xxi. 1 1 1 4 r g o g , , 1 6. r G gyp o , ,
8 - C 12 1 lik a he ad m a b e a e e to . . stea s me nsid ha t he b e e f po , o co e r t t o j ct y tr p
THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e t he e — The e e all animal pass s oth r and thus forms a cross X, l tt rin g is but
e e p rf ct still , and re ads thus
The e e t he e t e e inscription translat d is 1 J sus Christ , judg of righ ousn ss h wil d be asts and dragons re cognise d t he Saviour of t he world in t e de se rt .
Th e n hi s e d t h e e sculptor , in copyi g guid , wrongly ivide d inscription as w ll as
e l ike word d se rto .
1 Th e E This incide nt is re fe rre d to in t he Apocryphal Gospe ls . gyptian
e hi e b e e 2 The e mod l for t s subj ct will r fe rre d to aft e rwards . low r monolith
was n e t he fi ish d with fourt h pane l .
5 St i . John the Baptist carryin g the A gn us D e
The e hi t he a a e sculptur on t s , fifth pane l , is not so badly d m g d as its
c e t h e Th a e e ount rpart of south face . e full figure of man , massiv of h ad , with
1 ‘ Evan elia A oa E e e sub i de ha Tis hen d e di z i 8 76 iii. 8 5 8 6 t g p yp , c orf t Leip g, 1 , xv , cc to
s e lun a e e ssi sun mul i d ac ne s u ri ae nimi im e exclamav erun t . p c gr t t r o , q os vide nte s pue pr o t or Tu e su n Ie s pe dib us suis ste tit ante dracone s illi autem adorav erun t eum et comit ab ant ur ” c um eis in de se rto . 1 Cf. stea P XX l . V fi po ( . g . PLATE IX .
’ C n s N t e t o Camd e n . 1 . FIG . otto o
’ ’ m i s Illus a i n . mi s Illust rat i n FIG . 3 . S t . t FIG 2 . S h o of h tr t o s Be wcast le C ro s .
To fa ce page 36 .
DESCRIPTION OF RUTHWELL CROSS 37
e e d i n e di its long hair , b ard d , ign fie d with a imbus , with his f e t stan n g upon
e e e ie His e a h two orbs , is pr s nt d to v w . l ft arm and h nd uphold t e figure of a e I - l lamb whos he ad is e ncircle d with a nimbus . t s le ft fore e g is uplifte d
t a e t he - l The e a r c of right hind e g is visible . Baptist is rob d in albe and Th h h chasuble . e symme try of t e figure be ing impe rfe ct sugge sts t e loss of a i h a a t h h sl ce of t e uppe r sh ft whe re it appe rs broke n . On e le ft e dge t e only
e t e e e are a D OR AMVS a e e e e are l t rs now l gibl ( ) but tr c s of oth r l tt rs visible ,
’ and h ar M E R I NR on t e cast t he y e TNONCV . Ste phe n s re ading was O N N D ORAMV N E H 1 S TNO V .
6 St M h w and he A n l . att e t ge
Th e a e a h The sixth pane l displ ys two human figur s f cin g t e spe ctator .
e h a Th a Th t e r . e upp r portions of bodie s only e carve d e sculpture is w ste d .
e t h a a Th on the ca p rson on e right side holds t ble t or book . e othe r ( st) has
Ma e Th b e e . . e St e trac s of wings e subj e ct may tth w , whos symbol was an ang l ? NO inscription is le ft to indi cate t he the me
Th - a a e e e e b e e e e e e . cross b m n d not ag in r f rr d to , it b ing mod rn
The Fin ial The Ph oen ix 7 .
The t Op pane l of t he cross - he ad is fille d with t he figure of a strong - be ake d
e a e fruit I NE bird holding in his l ft t lon a branch lad n with /L N ” is t he Ph oenix of t he S an La r s M y incise d characte rs on thee dge son e ithe r
e h III Th h sid of t e bird . The y re se mble rune s . V . fig . e cast e x ibits l n w (P am e um e e e a e e 1 lie rm e n t é a wht eu r . ate som of th m d monstr bly But th ir d ci asc gre y p ‘ h 1 v e rs no e e e an d b e e a e w rd s y , y nd d , to tr ted qfa ft r ar
[ IL— THE EAST SIDE
The a e l e — e e all one Cross is p n l d on both side s the r be ing four pan ls in ,
e a e e a Of t h The a e e e a e on ch sid of ch e two monoliths . c rving proc d d no f rth r
t h e e t he Pl The e a e 8 e e e than n ck of Cross ( . low r p n l , f t high , is fill d
t a e a ia e - e a a e wi h long st m of fol c ous , blossoming , and fruit b ring pl nt , whos
1 Handbo k l 130 a e . o , , p t 1 — — The figure of a man an d a b ird t he symb ol of St John o n t he so uth face shoul d stand ab ove his u e in Ma i f Ma k lled l e ese n St he . In se ue n e t he l n o St uld ha e t he e t fig r r pr t g tt w q c , o r wo v fi ft pane l of t he transom t he ox o f St Luke t he right pan e l and t he circular pane l might have had a lamb Ch is for r t. 1 1 — C . stea 123 C stea 52 4 5 1 5. f po , . f . po , , 0 38 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e a he e e t e e e aff e e e r e littl br nc s , in sw t al rnat curv s , ord p rch s for birds and lac tin ? cre ature s whi ch de vour t he blooms an d grape s or figs The se fioriat e d fruit
a ar Th e e e e e e e . e b aring pl nts , on both sid s , vid ntly of conv ntional d sign
e a t h e a e e e e e a e e e t he e low st p rt of p n l , b ing d fac d , l v s it doubtful wh th r st m
was a e e e e e e e t h e m d to ris from arth or out of a J ss , wh nc sprang symbolical Tre e of
a B h a ran c rise , Whose sacred flowe r with fragran ce fills t he skie s ’ ’ Th e e ial S iri o e r it s le a e s shall m e th r p t v ov , ” An d on its t o s ds h i D 1 p de ce n t e myst c ove .
The e e e 30 e a e t h short r upp r pan l , inch s high , is simil rly carv d with e
a t he a t he a e All h tr il of plant , but p rt of p n l is a mode rn rough inse t . t e
are e e e e e e a margins cov r d with run s , som no long r de ciph r ble , othe rs as
e e t h hi e e e e a e h cl ar as wh n e c s l l ft th m , as obs rv bl in t e illustrations . As will b e t he e a e t he e e t he t h shown in n xt ch pt r , run s incis d on e dge s of e lowe r
S e e The D ream o the H ol Rood e haft corr spond with lin s found in f y , b gin ” ” 1 i rii ae k 3 e e es hin ae alme ht t i an d e c cn n in e . ning , g r d God g , follow d by y g ? The plants and fruit will also re ce ive se p arate tre atme nt
- WEST SIDE I V. THE
The we st side diffe rs in almost no re spe ct from t he e ast side save in a
a d Pl variation of t h e attitude s of t he furre d n fe athe re d spoile rs ( .
On e t he a h as e e an d e a both sid s c rving b n , som still is , sh rply and
a a F w e a e e xquisite ly finishe d by m ste r h nds . e monum nts a thous nd y ars
such love line ss of de sign an d e xe cution .
e e e t he e e a e are t he e e upp r dg of low r shaft , cl rly visibl , run s b gin
wees t h e e e ning , Crist on rodi Christ was on Cross , corr sponding to lin s 5 6— T 62—64 59 e D r m ar i e . of h ea . And the se e followe d by l n s
TH E WH EEL- H EA D
re can e xist little doubt now that t he Cross Of Ruthwe ll was of a whe e l
a e at and pe rfor t e d in many re spe cts similarly to thos Gosforth . M hi i t e e D u an d e a e . e onast rboic , rrow , Tuam , oth r pl c s T s h th r o
e e a e e a a e a e h as a e e fin e unnotic d f tur , or , at l st , f tur which not c ll d forth a d it
e e Mr Mo t o m e rie he w t he pronounc m nt , was notice d by J . C . n g as stood ith
1 ’ Isai h i - a x . 1 . P s essiah. C i al nsla i n stea . e Lin 2 . e T a op M e s 39 4 . f M tr c r t o , po 1 - Lin e s 44 49. P tea os , 56. DESCRIPTION OF RUTHWELL CROSS 39 a e a t h e fin e a t h e C t h e a a M e D uthor x mining c st of ross in N tion l us um ublin ,
1 9 1 2 s a in . A e rching e xamin ation h as brought out the se fa cts a slight protube rance on t h e e ast fac e upon t he curving of t h e cusp indic ate s that
e e e t he e e t h e e e O from this point th r issu d s gm nt of wh l now de stroye d . n t h e we st Side e xactly oppo site to this protube rance t h e stone be ars thre e de e p
e e t he a t he a n - cuts , vid ntly fin l touche s of m so with his sharp pointe d chise l
e e at t he e a t h e a h wh n r moving , first r stor tion , unsightly rough re m ins of t e
e - O ff e e O f t h a brok n s gm nt e whe e l . A line dr wn upward along t he oute r arris of t h e e ast fa ce of t he block would cut into t h e protube rance a bove
’ e e Th is ar r f rre d to . e ch e l cuts e vi sible on Mr Mon t go m e rie s photographic
a Pl VI a . r a illustr tion ( X . ) The re e lso indic ations upon t he topmost stone
a e e a e e e e e e th t improv m nts h v b n ff ct d the re .
’ It was on a ccount O f t h e fact that D r D unc an s m ason did not unde rstand
e t h e r a h e a e t he e an d t h u d sign of C oss th t mispl c d top ston , thre w e c rve s
t he e e a e as e a e a wi e of low r cusps out of th ir pl c s , th y now pp r th brok n outlin e .
Th e e e e a a t h e a e n e e a e e ie t h e xist nc of p rt of sm ll c tr circl , c rv d in r l f upon
a ni a e n ow e ai e t he e e e t he e an d origin l fi l ston r m ning , giv s tru c ntr of circl
e e . s a e e a e h a wh l Working from thi , cusp s n bov t e p ne l e xhibitin g St
Ma e an d e Mr Mon t o m e rie a e n e e tth w , oth r points , g , ft r infi it troubl , has pro d uce d a ni e e e e t he e u qu , p rf ct d sign , which is now shown for first tim on
h a P a e I . A S t e e e t he e l t XX V Cross stood in its p rf ct form , prob bly c ntre
e had an e a e e 1 4 n e e e t he e e circl inn r di m t r of & i ch s , out r , inch s wh l ,
e a e e 2 9 9 e e 3 8 2 i e t he e e t he inn r di m t r , 1 3 inch s , out r , 1 6 nch s ; from c ntr to
2 an d h a 40 e a 0 e t e . pe x , inch s ; across tr nsom , inch s
TH E SA N D ST O N E
The rock from which t h e Ruthwe ll Cross was made is a comp act indurate d
h a Th P a Ne w R e d Sandstone found in t e p rish of Ruthwe ll . e e rmi n Se rie s
O f brick - re d sandstone s e xte nds from Cumb e rland through t he Nith valle y
In Mid - a e e a e a e a e at into Ayrshire . Nithsd l gr y c lcif rous s ndston s , qu rri d
’ Auch e n kn i ht e a D rumlan ri an d s a a e a e g , n r g , King Qu rry , C rronbridg , h v
u Th a e se e . e e long be e n in for building purpos s ston is hard , full of l rg
a a d a f he a a a a s n . O t e ngul r pie ce of qu rtz glimme rings of mic s m form tion ,
e e e e a a an d e a e - e e but much fin r in t xtur , with l ss ngul r mor w t r worn pi c s of
a an d a t he a e e hi h as qu rtz , tiny points of mic , is s ndston rock of Ruthw ll , w ch
In t h e assume d a dark re d h ue owing to t he de e pe r infiltration of fe rric oxide .
d h a d h a e a e s e are a same b e both t e lighte r n t e d rk r sh d of ston found , so th t 40 THE RUNIC ROOD S OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
1 t he e an d e a Of t he a m a b e t h e a e both low r upp r p rts sh ft y out of s m quarry . The rock visible at Clare n ce fie ld is lighte r in Shade than that found north
e Of e S far a e a t h e a w st Ruthw ll tation , not from hous on l nd with signific nt ,
a a il 1 8 4 - 5 a e e e Cro ss ls . 9 0 a was prob bly r minisc nt , n m of g About qu rry
e e a a a at a 300 t t h e a op n d by r ilw y contractor a spot bout yards nor h of st tion .
Th e - i a e e e . H ston is of indigo pink colour , turn ng gr y ft r e xposure e re in t he
Gle n (Gill) O f t he Cross could t he D re am of t he Rood be come re alise d
a Mr a a D e . e e e e upon ston A comp t nt uthority , J m s B rbour , archit ct , umfrie s ,
a t h e e e e e t h e a e Co mlon on e found th t fr ston dr ssings on C stl of g , in Ruthw ll , as an d e e e e Of t h e e a a e a h to colour t xtur , w r id ntic l m t ri l out of which t e Cross
Of t he h I fe a d was forme d . Cross e write s t dif rs in colour n in ge ne ral
a a h r d It a a app e r nce from t e common D umfrie sshire e stone . is hard s nd
e of e e e and - e a e e ston , coars t xtur , a purplish gr y colour , m rk d with glimm rings
a The a t h e e hi e S e e of mic . form tion of ston is c fly ilica c m nte d with oxide of iron t he pre dominance of t h e latte r occasions t he blood - re d stain
i a a b a I a . h e e e e e e . n t e t h e d scrib d L m pp rs to bs nt comp rison with Cross , pie ce of stone obtain e d at t he qu arry ne ar t h e Ruthwe ll railway station is
e e a e an d al e a e e e e e p rc ptibly d rk r in colour , so p rh ps clos r in t xtur but th s app are nt diffe re nce s are not gre ate r than may b e accounte d for by t he ble aching and wasting incide nt to t he Cross through t h e long e xposure to
h a The e e e e e e e e Of which it s be e n subj e cte d . pi c of ston b for r f rr d to is t h e a h Th a e ar I a e t e . e e s m formation as Cross f cts stat d , submit , f irly conclusive of t h e ston e having be e n O btain e d from a local quarry an d it follows that in all prob ability t h e Cross was sculpture d an d first se t up in t he ” 2 3 vi e e e e a cinity whe re it stands . Ruthw ll Cross w ighs thr tons and a h lf
II — D ES IP I OF E S E E IS OR SS . CR T ON B WCA TL O B L K CRO
hi e a a e i a e e - a i an d T s e l g nt me morial is monolith in ob l sc l form , fr st nd ng ,
d a Th It a e Of a re e . e sculpture d on four Side s . is m d out light s ndston top
h a t e a an d a a e . e e was a of sh ft is slightly broke n , fr gm nt is missing Th r
t he a e e 8 e e 7 e e e cavity on p x , m asuring 1 inch s squar and 1 inch s d p , which
1 The lowe r part Of t he shaft h as all t he appe aran ce of a carb on ife rous san dston e of a kin d hi h is un d in D al T ld u f D al n is b uil out o f s n e simila to ha of w c fo ton parish . he O ch rch o to t to r t t R u h ll C ss t we ro . 2 ” R m ies and e a din t he O i in o f t he R u e ll Cr ss in The T ansa ti ns o D u Call. g r g r g thw o , r c o f fr
N at. Hist A n Mr Ba b . and ti . Soc. No . 16 18 99 30 1 . The i e a ee s i h u in his q , ( , 3 wr t r gr w t r o r l 3 n usi n C . A n di IV. . 173 . co c o . f ppe x , p
42 TH E RUNIC ROOD S OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
h a a m an a Shows in high re lie f t e figure of t ll , without a nimbus , st nding
a a a e a a e e a a be side n lt r or pe d st l , gr sping with his low r d right h nd rod or — a d a a a e e e e e e e arm a a a pole , n h ving pp r ntly p rch d on his l v ll d l ft bird h wk ,
— 5 Th e a in e a e or an e agle me asuring 9 in che s by . c rv g is too much d f c d h a a a e e e a a e . T e to w rr nt de scription of his rob e . Th r is no xpl n tory titl ? e a e e e e e a e a subj ct , m tt r for conj ctur , is consid r d ft rw rds
2 T a b Th I n scri tion a n d let . . e R un ic p
e e e t h e a d a a flat S a e e a i 32 e s B tw n lowe r n middle p ne ls p c , m sur ng inch
an d 1 7 e 1 5 n e s a h ad e e e as a high from inch s to 1 i ch bro d , b n l ft obviously
a e t h e e n e e a t t bl t for inscription found upon it , incis d in ni lin s , with bou
e a n a a i d fin it e n e ss e e e e e e . a e n e tw lv run s in ch li The se ch r ct rs v ry , som b ing
an d a e an d b e e a e much de trite d obscure d . The ir v lu import will x min d ? ? again The rune s m e asure from 2 2 inche s to 3 in che s in he ight
The Chris Blessin 3 . t g
4 The e a e al - e a e e a 47 e hi and s cond p n l , so round h d d , m suring inch s gh , in
e a 1 4 1 2 e a a e e e t he Sa br dth from to inch s , displ ys boldly conc iv d figur of viour , a a e a a t h e e if e lmost r plic of th t upon Ruthw ll Cross , with nimbus , upl t d right
a h h d a e H i t e e e t e e a e a an e . e s h nd , roll , f t upon h ds of b sts , oth r simil riti s
a s a d a H i a a a a e e e n . e s e n rob d in lb , cha ubl , p llium Abov h d , upon bro d m rgi , are incise d le gible rune s in two line s x M 11 H N d ‘ rfi R 111 “M t
’ Kri i . ssus s u i . 9 Ge t t s e 3 . . s e e e 1 , J sus Chr st Christ s figur is inch s in h ight
The e e - e 8 e di a e thr ray d nimbus is inch s in m te r .
’ 4 S with St O wa H . t Cuthb ert s ld s ead
The a e a 34 e e e . Th third p n l is in r ctangul r form , and is inch s in h ight e
e hi a m an e a e a m e a e figur wit n it is that of , b rd d , without ni bus , rob d in lb ,
a e an d a a e t h e e e are e e e ch subl , prob bly stol ( f t not s n) , and holding in his l ft
1 C stea 1 1 2 . . 0 C . stea l f po , f po (P . 1 H ai asse e d he a l six in hes l n on t he n h a e ! A ch . AEliana gh rt t y we re ne r y c o g ort f c r , 2 i. 15 . 1 Man y of t he pan e ls on e arly Coptic se pulchral tab lets h ave se micircular he ad s : Guide
l B M — - - E t. C l. it. us . 278 2 4 T shr in e de di a e d t o Osiri s b Pa Su e n Sa 2300 gyp o r , 8 . he c t y t (
dis la s a e d in e lie t he od s a din in a un d - he ade d ni he t he ma ins b e in e e d p y , c rv r f, g t n g ro c , rg g cov r i i e hi l h de s e all 74. i hi E . e Ba 1 NO . 1 N . s. B i Mus . w t cr pt v rog yp c r t. , gypt G ry, y , P ATE L X .
BEWCASTLE CROSS : WEST FACE .
M o t om erie. M J . n Photograph by r . C g
DESCRIPTION OF BEWCASTLE OBELISK 43
a an O e 6 e e d 5 e di a e e . h nd bj ct inch s long , e ncircl with a nimbus inch s in m t r
e ff as a h a t h e e e Authoriti s di e r to wh t t e subj e ct is , and wh t obj ct born also
h e . S H h an d e a e e e t e is Nicolson , mith , utc inson , oth rs h v consid r d figur to
e e e t h Ma a h e H hi Ma a e e r pr s nt e Virgin ry c rrying t oly C ld ; ugh n , Calv rl y , and late r write rs conclude d that it was St John t he Baptist be aring t he
A n u D i e a e i a s e . On P e n g this point rofe ssor Cook , r lyi g upon p rson l xam n ” t an d a a a e : Th e m an e a e a ion photogr phs spe ci lly m de , writ s w ring b rd
a e a d a e a a his e arm and moust ch , clothe d in tunic n m ntl , supports l mb on l ft ,
a a Th a e a which is conce le d by t he drape d m ntle . e man pp rs to hold t h a - - a The a e l mb by its fore le gs t he hind le gs se e m double d be ne th it . nimal
’ ” 1 i a e t he e a an d a t h e a . e e w ars nimbus , is f cing m n s right Armstrong d l n t d ? figure Of a mitre d e ccle siastic Lysons saw a fe male holdin g in he r arm ? t he H oly L amb Th e some what similar figure s on Ruthwe ll Cross have e a a ch nimbus .
ar a i e e m e e a The re e ce rt in distinctions on th s figur which l ad to inf r th t i
e e e St a n e a t he e a St a . it r pr s nts Cuthbe rt , c rryi g in his l ft h nd h d of Osw ld
The e a a e e e - e —an e h d , without nimbus , is cov r d with a low h ad dr ss arly
’
e e e c a Th e s e t he a . mitr or a sh ph rd s p . e pri tly dr ss is unusual for B ptist
e e are a h The e a a t he e Th r indic tions of t e stole . suppos d l mb , lthough h ad e e e e e e e e e e n e e e e ncircl d with a nimbus s ms w ll x cut d , is uniqu in b i g r pr s nt d h e a e n a as t e e . upright , inst d of b ing show st nding , on Ruthw ll Cross , or lying
e a e e e e e St in e a e an d A b utifully x cut d statu tt of Cuthbe rt , his piscop l rob s , c a in e a t he e a St ll e a in situ t he rry g in his l ft h nd h d of Oswald , sti r m ins on e a e : M Pl S a e - t h ast g bl of e lrose Abbe y ( . V . fig . t in d glass windows in e
e D a e E e a a s re re Abb y Church of urh m , York Cath dral , and d nh ll Church l o p se nte d a similar collocation ?
Ma ee e e t he a e e ughan found thr l tt rs on margin above this p n l , nam ly ,
1 C k The Date 2 oo , , e tc . , 36 1 The L ndon a az in e li . 388 At t h to of ha a is a a . o M g , x v e p t t f ce figure with mitre 1 M a na B ita n n ia iv i g r , . cxc x . 1 A din t o t he Rites o D u ha m se e al in d s in t he Ab be Chu D u ham i u e d ccor g f r , v r w ow y rch of r p ct r St Cu be i t he head of St Os ald in his le han d or ain e d on b as E e St Cuth th rt w th w ft p t his re t yr , be t 284 28 5. k had a simil a d id 2 7 E C d Win : ib . 8 . In de n all h u ill 1808 a in r , , Yor r ow , h rch , t , w ow i h Cu hb e b le ssin i h hi s i h han d h ldin a as al s a f in his le and ha in w t t rt g w t r g t , o g p tor t f ft, v g ’ ’ St Os ald s ne d he ad e s in o n his le arm was e se ed : ibid 28 8 i in L s n s w crow r t g ft , pr rv . , , c t g y o ’ umb e la nd 192 . I un d L s n s sk Ed al i C r , fo y o e tch of t he e nh l w n dow among his drawin gs in t he B i is use um : N 9462 o . fol. 152 153 . In t he same lume L n s d a ske h r t h M , , vo yso pre se rve tc of t he Ba is a in t he lam b as he in e e ed t he u e s on B 1 13b . pt t c rry g , t rpr t fig r e wcastle Obe lisk : fol.
His d a in s are e ll - finish r w g w e d works drawn to scal e .
The a ms t he b u h of Ki k udb i are A l m had i h t he sail u l d in t he s e n r of rg r c r ght y p w t f r e , t r ” St Cu hbe se a ed h ldin on his kn s h h ad of t he m a s l ee t e e St O a . t rt t , o g rtyr , w d 44 THE RUNIC ROOD S OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
K h e e t h KRI T 1 SS e e S US. , which imagin d form d part of word
a The scratche s are no longe r de ciphe r ble .
II —THE EAST FACE
Th a he e a S e h as on e e e whole sh ft on t st id compartm nt , from base to top fille d with a curving and alte rn ate ly re curving ste m of a le af flowe r and
- a a t h e e are e e e fruit be ring pl nt , upon which in curv s xhibit d d vouring birds a a Pl X IX The e e i n d e e e e . e l c rtin cr atur s ( ) conc ption , d sign , and xe cut on a a a h at 'Th h re simil r to those illustr te d on t e Cross Ruthwe ll . e de pth of t e
a carving is 3 Of n inch .
[ IL—THE N ORTH FA CE
Th a fiv e e e l e a i f e north f ce has pan ls , ach fi l d with d f e re nt de sign Pl ( .
1 The e a e e a . low st p n l shows an xquisite de sign of two pl nts , broad
e a e e fan - e e e e e l v d , flow ring with lik blooms , rising in tripl curv s to m t
h - a h a e e t e e e e . On t e ach oth r , and in h art sh p d ce ntre inte rtwin d m rgin 1 e i e e a e e M a e e e abov th s d sign app rs a lin of run s , which augh n d ciph r d as
‘ ~ Hi I.) l f B D Rflfi KYNNBU R TH U G e CYNIBURU G , ( ) ; Ke mbl ? ; Bishop
e KUN t h e e e e SKUN IBU R G KUN IBU R G Brown } NBURUG pr s nt writ r , or P III l . . ( XX fig .
2 The a e e e e . se cond p ne l is occupie d by a ve ry simple but ff ctiv patt rn of
a - a a e ar int e rl ce d work forme d out by a fourte e n cord pl it . Above this p n l e
‘ 1 e M a e e e e e : H 1» 14 1 M P P, indistinct run s , which augh n , how v r , thus int rpr t d b KYNESWI TH A 5 ( ) .
3 Th hi a a e e Of e e . e t rd or middle pane l displ ys sple ndid xampl ch qu r — — e - fiv e e e e t he e a e work tw nty s ri s of ch cks , four to lin making coll ction of
’ e e e M a e O f t h i e e littl Gr k crosse s . augh n s r ading e ind stinct run s abov this M 6 e i N , MYRCNA e . pan l is M Q R k} F i i IH KYN G , King of rcians
4 The a e a e . fourth p n l cont ins anothe r inte rlace d de sign form d by a
- a h P0 i PH N R N, e e . On t e a M e sixt n cord pl it m rgin above , aughan mad out FH ER E 7 WUL .
1 em i 14 T i The m a in is 2 in he s . h s ane l m as 41 b 15 b 14 in s e u s e . M o r, p re y y ch rg g c b ad The de t h i is iz 1 1 in e s b 4 in he s : n umb e . e a n i ch . S e e ro pth of c rv g e n of flow r, ch y c r 9 0 Of, 1 2 ir 2 3 M3io 8 . ii 47 . A rchaeolo ia i . 3 , g , xxv 1 5 The C n ve si n s 18 b 14 b 13 in es. e tc . 209 . em i 29 . It e asu e o r o , , M o r, m r y y ch 1 i d Ibid. 29 . It m e asu e s 39 1 1 s ue s 1 in e s s ua e n e e . , r 1 b y 3 t o 1 in che ; che q r 1 ch q r , 1 ch p 7 Ibid . 29. I m asu 1 , t e re s 01 b y 1 13: t o 10} in che s. DESCRIPTION OF BEWCASTLE OBELISK 45
5 Th a a flowe r an d i - e a n a curv . e fifth p ne l has fru t b ri g pl nt , with
e i e ing st e m and re curvin g branch s , from wh ch hang bunch s of fruit ,
Th e e are e a e t h e probably grap e s . flow rs of conv ntion l d sign in all
Th n t he a e M pane ls . e broken inscription fou d on top p n l by aughan ran
1 ‘ 1 1 1 1 i e ‘ ' GESSUS F 94 P1 1 1 PH. +1 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 1 . . H 1
e hi e a r t he a S Abov t s pan l is a sm ll po tion of sh ft , on some ide s showing
flut in a e t he e ? ar g , similar to what pp ars on tabl t of Ame ni Two corne rs e broke n off .
—T T FA CE I V. HE SOU H
The e e t he e l i e fiv e e a a e south rn sid of Ob isk is div d d into r ctangul r p n ls , Pl all fille d with diffe re nt de signs ( .
1 Th e h as a e . e lowe st pan l an orn m nt of inte rlace d work of intric ate
e d e a e e - a i e t charact r , ma by doubl ight cord pl it , w th no x ra cords .
On t he e e a e e are e dg bov this d sign trac s of an inscription , which , accord
Ma e e e + ( 5 ing to ughan , Bishop Brown , and oth rs , r ads Fk 1 Pp x M I R, M E h ” 1 e t e e . FRU ANG AR , which signifi s in first y ar
2 Th a e e e m e . e se cond pane l cont ins an xquisit d sign for d by two vin e
e at t he e e e e vin i st ms , which , starting two low r corn rs , ris obliqu ly , cur g tw ce ,
a e e e an d e n d e cross e ch oth r , thus forming a figur ight , in two lov ly blooms .
Th e are e ll e e e e unoccupie d spac s chast ly fi d with flow rs and clust rs of grape s .
Ma a e t he e e KYNINGE On t he margin above ugh n mad out l tt rs signifying S, i ” 1 e . . . King
h a a e a e a I a Th e s e e . t 3 . e third pan l simpl r orn m nt of int rlac d pl it is
- - a e a s On h e . t e double four cord plait , or ight cord pl it , without xtr cord
a M a e e e R ICES TH ZES m rgin above this de sign augh n d ciph r d ( ) , of this ” 5 Kingdom .
4 The e e a e t he a a a a . fourth pan l is r mark bl for combin tion of flor l n d
e t he a t he a e a e u ge ome tric d sign in form tion of orn m nt l subj ct . A fr it
a e vi e e b e aring pl nt with curving and r cur ng st m , from which on e ithe r sid
e i e e e a e e - e e droop p cul arly b autiful flow rs , nds in a gr p clust r or torch lik flow r ,
a a The a o an d two le ve s crowne d with bunch of fruit . lowe r h lf of n e of
- a a t h e a e . Th di t h e curve s is occupi d by a sun di l , w nting gnomon e l is in
1 i m asu s 44 b 0 9 n he s. em i 30. It e e 1 t o M o r, r 1 y c 1 E R m No 245 i Mus . 1 . . . B . r t , gypt oo , 1 em i 27 B n e The C n ve si n e t c . 208 . The size the ane l is 26 b 16 M o r, ; row , o r o , , of p y to 151 2 Th d f h a in is an in s e e o t e h. inche s margin in che . pth c rv g g of c 1 em i 27 . The ane l me asu e s 45 b 15 to 13 in e s. M o r, p r 1 y 1 ch 1 2 I id 27 . This an e l measu e s 18 b 1 t o 1 1 in he s. b . , p r 1 y 1 1 c 46 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e a e se Bo rc o v icus t he a s micircul r form , lik tho found in (on Roman W ll) ,
e a a H e a e rchom n e s an d e Al x ndri , rcul n um , and O e , lik othe rs e xt ant in Old ll hi hi 1 a a e E e a e e . Byl nd , Kirkd l , and dston , in Yorks r , w ch hav inscriptions
’ In t he Appe ndix to Coope r s re port on t he Feedera the re is an illustration of 2 a - n e ighth ce ntury horologe with twe lve divisions . The Be wcastle dial is divide d into four space s by fiv e principal
e are e e t he a e lin s , two of which incis d with cross s at points to indic t
9 a m - d a a t h a e e . . e t e ti rc ( ) and se xt (mid y) , ccording to oct val sys m of
h The e are e ma h e e t e Angle s . four spac s again subdivid d to rk t e tw lv hour day .
In t h e e t h e are e a e e a e pan l blooms thos of uniqu flow r or pl nt , hith rto
h M a h a e a e a e . On t e e t e e of un sc rt in d v ri ty margin abov , augh n found run s ” 3 “. l H Ec fri h F flECGFRIT U t . N K R , g
5 The a e e a e e e e . fifth p n l displays a simpl p tt rn of int rlac d work form d by
- Ma a a e . e e e e e a six cord pl it , without xtra cords Abov it w r run s r ad by ugh n ‘ m ” 4 s H I E a e . l l l N , L C d ad body Above t he be ading round this pane l and t he ape x of t he cross the re are
a a e e a e t h e t he appe r nc s of carving on anoth r p n l , but this portion of shaft on
o ff right corne r is broke n .
T H E SA N D ST O N E
Th e s andstone block out of which t he Obe lisk at Be wcastle is sculpture d h l of . a re d ue e a a e a e e is light , of l ss h rd m t ri l than that of Ruthw l , l ss
a d t l ce s a Ma n 1n e . e e e gritty , rich in y p of mic ughan dr w att ntion to a hug ' “ a e a e e t he Lan b ar an block of s ndston on long ridg of rocks call d g , on e e e an d e e a e e e a xt nsiv , still un nclos d waste c ll d Whit Lyn Common , bout
fi e e 1 5 e v mile s from Be wcastl Church ne arly fe e t in l ngth , and which is t he ve ry counte rp art of t he Be wcastle Obe lisk in a rude and undre sse d state ” e 5 Ma al unque stionably twins from on e and t he same par nt . ughan so stat e d that t h e m arks made by t he we dge s of t he quarrie rs we re still visible
h a The e e e 1 6 e e 5 e on t e Langb r block . block in qu stion m asur s f t inch s in
e a a d i e i a l ngth , and v rie s in bre adth n th ckne ss , in its ob l sc l form , from
2 6 2 5 h a 30 2 1 e t he e inche s by inche s at t e b se , inche s by inch s in middl , to
1 H ub n e Inscri t Br 66 Th a 49 1 b 1 1 t o 9 in he s. i 65 . e ne l e asu e s r, p . t , , p m r } y } 1 c 2 ' “ Fende a A Oro lo ium Viato rum . The . A 1 1 l cx u. fo l 237 odzce A u ien si r , pp , 6 : p . c . , C g , g adius of t he B i he s r e wcastle dial is nc . ’ 3 ‘ 4 em i 2 mozr 2 l asu e s 14 b 9 t o 9 in he s. 6. e h 6. T e ane me M o r, M , p r y 5 c 5 m i 1 e 0 n . 14 M o r, , .
CH APTER IV
TH E INSCRIPTI ONS
— I TH E A TIN - SA X O N LE TT E R S U PO N UT H WE LL CR o ss . L R
T H E inscriptions in L atin on Ruthwe ll Cross are incise d in m ajuscule le tte rs
of t h e L atin - Saxon type (for t h e most p art) in use in England for se ve ral
e e . e e are e e hi m a b e e e e c nturi s Th r two l tt rs w ch y consid r d minuscul s ,
d Th a a a a e an . e e s n m ly , 5 h lph b t is follows
+AA A B E D E E PG h l LLMt HM N Hoo PQ RS T VBCB 1-A A A B C D E E F G H I L L L M M M N N O O P Q R S T U X &
It is asse rte d that t he form of the se le tte rs is characte ristic of those in use in
h a a t he e e e an d a e e a a a t e l tte r p rt of s v nth c ntury , th t th y b r close re se mbl nce to those inscribe d upon t h e coffin of St Cuthbe rt an d upon t he wood of his
a e a as e as e e h a port bl ltar , w ll to thos work d upon t e stole n d maniple of St Frit h e st an with which King ZEt h elst an inve ste d t h e body of
St e an d e t he T extus San cti Cuthberti Li disfa Cuthb rt , to oth rs in , or n m e
1 Th e a a Gospe ls . dmission of the se f cts is of he lp in de te rmining t he date of
t h e a t he . e e e a in e e m king of Cross L tt rs id ntic l form , but carv d in re li f ,
- s a 1 0 a - hi a H are e e . e r s n on a cross l b (No ) in Tarb t , Ross s r , and e style d ibe rno 2 S e e are t he a a e t h a S . e axon imilar l tt rs cut on Ard gh ch lic , Cross of S mson
- Ma a a d t h a a i e n e . t Ll ntw t jor in W l s , on Alnmouth Cross
Th a - S e e e a e 2 e L tin axon le tt rs on Ruthw ll Cross m sur inche s high . Many of the se le tte rs be lie ve d to b e archaic we re in use in t he te nth
’ e e e A st le s The Ori in an d Pro ress o Wri in 3 c e ntury . A r f re nc to g g f t g will
h a a prove t e long continu nce of rchaic style s . A (form h is in a charte r of Kin g Eadmund
1 2 3 u t he H a 905 A ( , , ) is str ck on coins of York o rd (
1 l i. ll A ata . o S ai C iii . v C R n e St uthbe t et se ls i. n . ee n e t nes D u , r , 50 q . , p . , , , Gr w , f o rham — — 133 156 wi la e s Bu lin t n a az in e A il 1913 iii. 3 17 . , th p t r g o M g , pr , xx
R . All n Ea l Ch 4 l . 96A . e ist. on . iii. 9 J. , r y r M , , p l Ibid 1 12 Tab x d . . . xi As e L n 1784 . . No . 1 1 . t , o , , . 5 ’ ue b e Handb k o the Coi e o Gr eat B ita in 2 1 l . iv . Nos. 1 16 1 17 120 122 2 Gr r, oo f nag f r , , p , , , 7 ,
Nos. 159, 160. P ATE L XI .
’ ’ FIG . 1 . m i R S t s e ad in . FIG . 2 . H a d s R a i h g ow r e d n g .
’ ’ FIG . 3 . L s n s R e ad i n m M B rit is M m S use u . FIG 4 . L s n s R e a in y o g (fro h ) . y o d g .
R A I G O F R U O B CA C O E D N S NES N EW STLE R SS .
T o ac e a 4 f p ge 8 .
THE INSCRIPTIONS 49
a M M ir C This form of C is found in Be de S. ( acles of St Cuthb ert) o f h 1 I s a e t h e a e St Frit he st an e t e ninth ce ntury . t al o pp ars on m nipl of n arly
a a ce ntury l te r .
’ 9 a e a e Ex osition o R evelation e e b e F ( ) pp rs in Augustin s p f , ord r d to w ritte n by St D unst an circa 940 G This min uscule G is found in t h e Gospe ls of Abbot Mac D urn an
— 2 h a a e a I is a ( 8 8 5 9 7 ) which Kin g ZEt e lst n g v to C nte rbury . t now in L mbe th
a e e a a D a 940—962 Palace Libr ry . Astle r produc s it from ch rte r by St unst n ( )
a a a a 3. M 8 55 Th s e e e e S. minuscul , but as m juscul in Winch st r ( e
I a loop is not close d in e ithe r e xample . t is found close d in de e ds d te d be fore
8 8 8 a d 9 8 6 n in .
h h t h a u H M H T e minuscule for e m j scule is common in late SS. 4 h a a It appe ars among t h e majuscule s on t e T rb t Stone .
M M e Pe a a an d E This form of , us d by lasgi ns , Osc ns , truscans , was
’ It a e t h e e - a e MacD ur a common in t he e ighth ce ntury . pp ars on titl p g of n n s
’ 8 I a e a a H iib n e r s e G ospe ls ( 8 5 t doe s not pp r mong arly inscriptions .
The a a e M a e a in a e t he N rch ic N , lik , still pp rs ch rt rs of te nth c e ntury .
’ 0 The e arly diagon al form of O is found on St Pe te r s coins min te d in York ( 9 1 9
Th e a e S t he e e e an d S ntiqu form of , common in s v nth c ntury ,
h e al a e t he e - e in use in t e e ighth c ntury , is so displ y d upon t nth c ntury stole
Frit he st an as e as t h e a e ZEt h e lst a an d maniple of St , w ll upon coin g of King n
Th a e a e a a IhS an d XR S ET e only bbr vi t d word , p rt from , is or
M e e e e an a e an e e as CU , which is r pr s nt d by old Tironi n sign lik inv rt d f) , or ,
8 h a e e e e , t e e . e e in this cas , by a l tt r lik or num ral 9 Th s Tironi n signs we re 7 use d down to t he e le ve nth ce ntury .
L h ab a Th . e t e e e Profe ssor W . R y , in an rticl on Ruthw ll Cross , write s I would point to one rathe r re markable coincide nce re gardin g t he contrae
R O he e t he G e e H e re re H X S. n t tions I S, Ruthw ll Cross r k is improp rly p ” 8 h a ir E M h On t e e S . . t h e e e . se nte d by l tt r oth r h nd , Thompson points out that t h e name of Je su s Christ w as always wri tte n in Gre e k le tte rs by
e a d a e 1 H G e e a s me di aeval scrib s , n in contr ct d form C X PC in r k unci l .
1 le The O i in e t c . xix . i. H ub n e I ns i t 8 3. Ast , r g , , r, cr p , a 3 l The O i in et c . 106 Tab . xix. . Ibid. xix . . iii. Ast e , r g , , , v , v 4 All n Ea l Ch ist. on . 94 fi . 96A . R . e J . , r y r M , , g 6 1 I id l N b . . . o . 159 ndb k 2 1 No . 122 . . Grue b e r, Ha oo , , , p v 7 eek nd Latin Pa lceo ra h 8 5. Thompson , Gr a g p y, 3 i. 145. 1 12 xxi . cx Burlington M ag , 9 , ( ) 50 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
Whe n the se words had to b e writte n in minuscule le tte rs t he scribe s tre ate d
e e e e e e e th m as pur ly Latin words writt n in Latin l tt rs , and transcrib d th m
“i o r i a h t: t s x m H e e e t he e a t he Ihe sus w s t e ( i . nc aros id a th t form
e on e a a h w a n e corr ct , and by false n logy t e le tt e r h s introduce d i to oth r ” 1 e e as Ih ru al m Ih ro im us e a e e IhS was e s e . prop r nam s , , e n Furth r , in l t r tim s “ ” — “ M ” suppose d to me an Je sus H omin um Salvator Je sus Saviour of e n . 51 e e e a e 1m , a e 944 a e e e t he e e Astl giv s an x mpl of 29 of d t , in a ch rt r wh r l tt r 2 a a I all h L - S a e e e . n fin e t e N is also of an rch ic typ , atin axon lphab t us d by t he l Ruthwe l sculptor was in use in t he middle of t he te nth ce ntury .
II - H E UN E S . T R
e e e e Old a n e e D a e S e e Run s w r us d by Ge rm ns , A gl s , Jut s , n s , w d s , and
a Th t he e e e . e n c a e Norw gi ns Ru i alph be t , or Futhorc , so call d from first s v n
e t e e t i S - e a e E e a t he l t rs , is probably of T u on c origin in outh st rn urop bout e n d t he e A D a a e are e t he of first c ntury . . Runic ch r ct rs not id ntical in four
t he a a a — E hi a S d forms in which lph be t appe rs arly or Got c , Angli n , can i
a a Ma Th a t he are I x . e n vi n , and n e only le tte rs id ntic l in all forms R , , and L ;
TH an d are e a e e a . The U , , T n rly ide ntical ; oth rs vary consid r bly form in use ge ne rally in England from t he s e ve nth ce ntury onwards was what is
as a e - e hi a known Angli n , consisting of tw nty four charact rs , to w ch four ddi t io al r I a a ia t h e e e e t he n e e e e e . S e l tt s w r add d n c ndin v numb rs d cr as d , and
3 Th a a e e Vikings use d sixte e n le tte rs . e lphabe t inscribe d upon larg iron knif
t he e 1 8 5 7 an d e e e t he M e found in Tham s in , now pr s rv d in British us um ,
i e e - e e e e e e n a e O cons st d of tw nty ight l tt rs , r pr s nti g , n m ly , F , U , Th , , R , C ,
H I Y YO P s E N G D M (E A .E G , W , , N , , , , , A , , T , B , , , , L , , , , , U (Y) , 4 EA . The e e hi l h O dat assign d to t s re ic is t e fift h or sixt h ce ntury . n
e e e e e a : YO S D ( E Ruthw ll Cross tw nty of th s l tte rs ppe ar Y , , A , , , and U are t he e h l The e e P e not found in sam form on t e Ruthwe l Cross . l tt r do s
a e a t he Th a a h E ni not pp r on Cross . e lph be t in t e Code x xo e nsis is not quite
e a t he M a a e e are e e id ntic l with Ruthwe ll rune s . odific tions of v rious l tt rs s n
e ff E a M S 8 8 e e . e e e t on ston s in di r nt part s of ngl nd A S. pr s rv d in Gall ( 7 )
1 Th m s n eek and Latin Paloe r h 1 2 o p o , Gr og ap y, 0 . 1 1 2 l As le 1 . xxi t , , p . 3 - - U . . Die e i h Run e z W n S z k 1 44 v i . : F T ra h S hat S h lm 8 . U h O R t r c , p c c , toc o , , v x , , , , ,
‘ K H N I A S T B L C K rl i r D e Ru R . or . P et Bor . ii. 369 a l Obe e t ne i n enden ler , , , , , , , , , M, p o . , . r , lcmci des N ordens 47 i e s nine n i i , , g v tee pr mit ve ch aracte rs .
S e he n s Handb k o the Old N rthe n n uments et c L nd . 1 8 84 1 1 1 i h ill us t p , oo f o r Mo , o , , , w t t Run M on Old N th. . . 361 iii or , , . 159 . THE INSCRIPTIONS 5 1
a e e e e A becedarium N 0 rd e t h t cont ins what is t rm d th r in , a tabl of e Nor he rn
e hi l e w h i M run s , w ch is a most id ntical ith t e Angl an se rie s while anothe r S. 1 270 e a a e e i e i ( ) has run s showing slight v ri tions . Th s cod c s , show ng rune s in
use t he n e m a e e e e St al e t he e in ni th c ntury , y hav b n l ft in G l wh n mbassy of
K e wald 92 9 1 I n e e t h e Pl . XX . . y , bishop of Worc st r , visite d e monast ry in ( fig Rune s are found on some Me rcian coins (Sce at s) so e arly as t he time of
’ Be ada on East Anglian coins down to E the lbe rt s time on Nor
’ t h um b rian coins till Ean re d s time ( 8 07 and while all t he le tte rs m ay
e e e e a t he e t he t e e fe w t h not hav b n us d p st b ginning of nth c ntury , a of e
a a e are e e t he 3 Runic ch r ct rs found on coins subs qu nt to Norman Conque st .
n t he e e e ffi a e e e D e a an d Accordi g to Taylor , run s w r o ci lly sup rs d d in nm rk
I e t he e e e S e e t he e e e an d E a c land in fourt nth c ntury , in w d n in l v nth , in ngl nd ” i 1‘ e a e e . a a a e u e at a much rl r tim A s ndstone cross sh ft , c rv d with r d figure s
an d e a e e was e a e e e - le - S e e e int rl c d d signs , which un rth d in Ch st r tr t , is inscrib d
i t h e Ea a e a e e e a 5 w th word dmund bov hors and its rid r b aring shie ld .
e t he e e at e a ar M an d are a u e Fiv of l tt rs l st e Roman , two , N , Angli n r n s , and
b The a t he U may e e ithe r a Latin capital or a rune . re lic prob bly com
me mo rat e s t he Ea t he E e 94 1—2 e he e e victory of dmund ld r in , wh n r gain d
o h u b ria h N rt m from t e Northme n . Anglian rune s are found on two stone s in t he Isle of Man of t he many othe r Runi c inscriptions found the re t he charact e rs are of Scandinavian
Mr Ke rm ode n D r E a e S origin . According to , quoti g . Br t of tockholm ,
wi t he e e M ae 1 04 t he a a e t he th xc ption of ich l , , Runic lph b t of John
P e M e t he e e t he I e ri st , aughold , was us d through whol Runic p riod of sl of ” Ma 0 Th e H S a w h O n . e e r e t e e e l tt rs B , , e n forms ; run s A , , N , A , T hav
e e o e t h e e e e not th ir distinguishing strok s on ne sid only ; sixt nth run , R , is
’ Th a e found e xce pt in o ne spe cime n at Andre as . e vari tions e x mplifie d in
h M a e are e e e e an d e e an d t e anx lphab t not re pr s nt d at Ruthw ll B wcastl , it m ay b e conclude d that Manx sculptors had no share in t he e re ction of t he
a Northumbri n crosse s .
w a e e I e e Fe Runic inscriptions h v be n found in r land , two only b ing known
1 ’ iii. 6. C P d Ofi 18 69 ls. i i . 8 5 8 Re on R me s Foedera . Re ce oope r, port y r , cor f , , p , , , 1 b s St D unsta n l Miillers es hi hte der S hweitz i. 28 2. Stub , , xxv ; , G c c c , — 11 - l i ix C C l i s 1 8 7 In d. i. 14 S. se e 8 6 an d P l atal. En . ins An Ke ary oo e , g o ( g o r ) , , tro , xxx v ; k 1 H ndb 1 8 1 . Grueb e r, a oo , 8 9, 3, 1 Ta l eeks and ths Lo nd 18 79 89 . y or, Gr Go , , 5 S e ens Handb k 246 247 ill us . t ph , oo , , , t 11 C K anx C sses L nd . 1907 78 . P. . . ermode M , M ro , o , , 7 Ibid . l. i . 165 . , p xxx x , 52 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE at Th e e e e a e a pre se nt . run s inscrib d upon a bronz fr gm nt of sword found 1 - a W m a ne ar Castle Be llingham are of a Scandinavi n typ e . e y furthe r hypo t he sise that Hibe rnian artists we re not calle d in to fabricate the se wonde rful monume nts .
a - e I h e The re re also Cryptic rune s and Bind run s . n t e latte r form se v ral c e b e e e e e e e e as t a e haract rs may j oin d tog th r on a singl st m or l tt r , is illus r t d o n e e 2 t h e e e e e e d t h e Be w a ston at Andr as , and on g n rally acc pt d r a ing of 3 ’ TH e in S castle inscription whe re on conjoin d with U appe ars . But mith s re ading of t h e same inscription at Be wcastle the re we re at le ast e ight such 1 4 1 t h e e e e . composite s in 7 . Non app ar on Ruthw ll Cross The characte rs now visible upon both monume nts are re pre se nte d in t he following alphabe t
S ” ’ ‘ FBh H MPXHIrMIU ”RU K! TPDHPPQ T fi rh lx
A B C D E F G H I K K L M N NG O R S T Th U Y WZE CE Ea Thu K K
The se Runic le tte rs are all care fully incise d an d me asure (on an ave rage )
t he R e 2 e e e e t h e e e on uthw ll Cross 1 inch s in h ight , or th r by} and on B wcastl 2 5 O h Obe lisk from % inche s to 3 inche s in he ight . n t e Ruthwe ll Cross t he
e are e re e e e e e t he run s cut in s ts of two , th , and four l tt rs , xc pt on top margins , an d e e e e e - e e u th y d sc nd v rtically in tw nty ight lin s on narrow e dge s . An n finishe d table t on t h e south side has be e n pre pare d for an inscription similar t o e e t h e e e e e e that s n on B wcastl ston , wh r in e ve ry instance t he rune s follow e ach othe r late rally in line s .
1 . The Run es on R uthwell Cross
Re pre se ntations of t he main inscriptions appe ar in t he disse rtations on t he e Hicke s D e e S e e subj ct by Gordon , , Gough , uncan , K mbl , t ph ns , Bishop It e e . e e e a Brown , and oth rs has long b n all ge d that Runic ch racte rs we re
e t h e - e t he e visibl on top ston of Cross , running v rtically on two margins of t he
6 In e a e e ar h e . e e t ap x c rt in lights th s still visibl , but e pre se nt write r is of
o a e e e t he e Car pinion th t manipulation has r nd r d charact rs unce rtain .
1 C ui Celt A nti in Dublin Du li f de to . . b n 191 9 of e y, G q , , 0, 3. 1 anx C sses 2 l ii Kermode 16 . . , M ro , , p xxxv 1 E l ul C l le N tes on a t. C sses 44 C d a e S llin Vi t ia Hist. o Cumb nd v r y, o r y c p ro , o gwoo , c or f erla ,
2 8 . 1 90 1 , i. 7 1 Some horiz ontal lette rs on t he e ast side me asure 1} in ches other ve rtical lette rs vary from i 21: in che s t o 22 n che s. 5 H ai m ade t he une s ne a l six in he s l n A h. rEliana i NS 1 857 152 gh r r y c o g rc , . ( ) , , . 1 i Now turne d t o t he n orth s de .
THE INSCRIPTIONS 53
e e t h a h e ICCZED MON donn l dr w e inscription for Gough re ding on t e right sid ,
t he e ZEFNR OD O } Ma n us n e e e t he in scri and on l ft margin g e , how v r , r ad p
’ OFA D H MED he a Ofla e tion thus VO O K ON , which tr nslate d into , Wod n s
’ a ri Ma e t he kinsm n . Ke mble thre w dicule on gn use n s atte mpt to de ciph r
u e e Card on n e l n i e a e e r n s giv n by and , unfortu ate ly for h ms lf , ss rt d that “ ” on e e e e e e a a e e e no h r has v r h rd of such an e ngr ving , and furth r d clar d
The a s i t he e h fa Erin c re d c pital on wh ch prof ssor finds t e words Of , Vodo , ,
e ar e e an a a e show no trac s now of such characte rs , nor e th r y Runic ch r ct rs ” 2 h h a S e e whate ve r on t e face s of t e pill r to which those capit als be long . t ph ns
’ e e e n e Card on n e l s e promptly and amusingly put K mbl right , and r pri t d sk tch ’ 3 t he e S a h e >K F H P f , of disput d words . te phe ns re d on t e right sid ’ ‘ CAD MON an d t h e e e N5 P Ffl9 PF ME FAU (ETH O a on l ft sid , , th t is , 4 t he ME e a - e CAD MON ME FAWED b ing bind run ,
H a e S e e as e e t he a e e a e e igh wrot to t ph ns , r cord d by l tt r , und r d t Octob r
4 1 8 63 t h e e CAD MON MAE FAU OETH O e a as I a e , giving run s as , x ctly h v ” E l v 5 a a D M MA ° e n . s ON E FA TH g Bugge tr nscribe d the m GO /o O . Vig ’ fusson s e e was ED MA MA E C 7 The is m ndation K FA (or ) U O . stude nt
a e a a a t he e t he a e ar fortun t in h ving dr wing of le tt rs by c r ful tist who , in
’ 1 8 67 ll a e D r a Scul tured Ston es o Scotlan d e e e , i ustr t d Stu rt s p f , wh r in th y 8 “ ow - a are e xhibite d thus h N F1 l? 1 R F M W5 . An inte rpre t tion is impossible .
I 1 8 8 M G a e The A cad em e t h n 7 r . e e e e F . Bl ck , in a l tt r to y , r cord d r sults
e a n a a a h e t he a e ae of an x mi tion , s ying th t found n m C dmon has all but dis a a fiv a Th e e e e e e e e e e e . e e pp r d , b ing r pr s nt d by p rp ndicul r strok s oth r words m ce ceutho are e i t he e e t h e a 0 ce utho f quit d stinct with xc ption of l st in f , which ” a 9 I 1 8 90 Mr G a e n . . e e is not so cl r . F Brown , now Bishop of Bristol , aft r m ny e a t h e e e : I a e a e e a e e a xamin tions of e run s , d clar d h v alw ys b n littl sc ptic l a t h e Kadmon m oe au ce tho t he ke t he m ac au cetho bout f on topmost y , but f is ” Kadmon I a a a Th e . e e e e e c e rt inly the re . e could not m k out But ft r r p at d t sts
’ h a I all -K d m o n 1 ° e st te d : Thus got without at inte nding to do so 1 e .
’ In 1 8 97 Bishop Browne state d I re ad t h e rune s which form Caedmon s n ame
1 1 A rchaeolo ia iii 37 1 . M on u n ta ls 4 55 . . Vetusta me . 5 , p , g , xxv 1 1 d n b k 132. S e e ns The Ruthwell C ss 9 46 la es . Ibid 17 Ha t ph , ro , , , p t , oo , 5 Bu e Studies o N the n th examined b Ste hens Edin . 1 88 3 357 . H ai als gg , f or r My ology, y p , , , gh o se nt t he in scription to Ke mb le . ‘1 Bu e Studien be Gette r u H elden Sa en 18 89 S. 495 . gg , u r . g , , 7 3 — l ii 12 16 l . Vi f i se R 4 Vo . . . us n I ela nd P ea de 44 . g so , c c ro r, , p xx
1 Oct . 18 8 7 , No . 804 , 225. 1 ° — The A a dem Mar 1 90 N 9 1 170 17 1 . c y, 8 . 8 , o . 3 , 54 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE in a m anne r diffe re nt from that of e arlie r inve stigators my re ading
’ ‘ h a ae a e Kedmon m ce auodho hi of t e p ssage with C dmon s n m is 1 f , w ch is
a e a ae a e e ae was t h e e s id to m n , C dmon m de m e wh th r C dmon po t or ” 1 on e c an sa . e 1 8 98 e a e e sculptor no y Still positiv in , Bishop Brown v rr d
ar M e a The ir pre se nce h as be e n de nie d : but the y e the re . y r ding is KED MON MAE FA ET ” 2 1 U O H O .
a a a le d e e a e A minute n lysis of t he in scribe d ch racte rs Wilh lm Vi tor , ft r
a a e t h a a n e t he e a comp r tiv study of e v rious re di gs , to off r following r ading
R ? D (D ? ) E p ( z ) E 3 ( J43 r) (F) AYR 1 0 .
e e an t h e e a t he e This int rpr tation , without y re fe re nce to m ning of words , forc d
e e Kadmon Kedmon e a e t he e a him to conclud that , whil or was unt n bl , r sidu l le tte rs might produce YR pO = WYR pO a gloria in excelsis on t he top of
h Pl II a t I . h e . H Cross ( V fig . e thought t e Cross e arlie r th n
P t he e e e e t h e e S. : S n rof ssor Albe rt Cook write s ummi g up vid nc , th n ,
’ n ar as ae h as e e t h e i dications e follows . C dmon s name ne ve r b n on ” 5 M . On t he e t he e a e e e r cross oth r hand , myst rious ch ract rs so impr ss d
‘ M Farlan h e e t h t he e t h e a that carri d e top of monum nt , pre cious p rt
’ e aed a t he a e a e h e e e which b ars C mon s n me , into m ns for s f ty , and ros mor than once during that night an d we nt out to ke e p guard ove r t he othe r ” 5 fragme nts .
Card onn e l t he t he e e t h furthe r e xhibite d on shaft , on ast sid , on e
a t h a i on eredoe hin ce t he i e margin bove e le tte rs re d ng ( ) g , follow ng run s
N X l 1 X P = ID E I E F S a e e e On t he P 1 F G SG . imil rly K mbl wrot right
a t he a a e t he a e t he e e hand m rgin of comp rtme nt , bov horizont l lin , stand l tt rs
D o r M E GISGE On t he a e a t he a t he ( ) . tr nsve rs rim cross shaft st nd four ” e E E 7 H a a ID E b e e e run s , G R . igh sugge ste d th t A might compl t d into L FR D A C I E . D a e e a e e uncan lso r produc d the se le tte rs . Bl ck d ciphe r d
D AEGIS GAEF GIS AEFT a d E AL A a . Bishop Brown e foun d C n SC G (gealy
= 8 The a a h gallows) . l tte r write r also found on anothe r f ce of t e uppe r cross
a a e — IND NIUM he e e e IN Latin words in Runic ch r ct rs , which int rpr t d as
D MI I M 9 H If I a a h O N U . e wrote e ve r ag in h ve time to work at t e upp e r
1 Theod re and Wil rith 2 o f , 39. 1 Less n s m Ea l En lish C u 1 h h H ist 106 and n e . o fro r y g rc ory, ot 1 Die N orthumbris n 1 che Ru id. 4 nensteine , 1895, 12. Ib , 8 . 5 Co k The D r m o t ea he R d O d 1905 e . xv i. o , f oo , xfor , , pr f xv, 5 ‘ em i o mes F 7 A a a l n rchaeolo ia iii. 2 a 8 8 . 35 . M o r f J M r , g , xxv 5 A dem 1 a No . 9 1 1 Ibid c y, 3 , 70. . THE INSCRIPTIONS 55 shaft I hope to e st ablish t he claim of t he cross to p arts of anothe r stanza ” 1 t he e a e e t he of b autiful poe m . This is re f r nce to ninth and following in e The D ream o the Road a t h e ord escea t l s of f , which cont in words f g f
‘ ’ e raco es The a : (cr ation) and f (o) gealya (fe lon s cross) . transl tion runs All t h e W e h a h firm am insom ange ls of t e Lord g ze d upon it through t e e nt . Nor
t he e e a il In a e e was that cross ind d of n y e v doe r . noth r work Bishop Brown asse rts I have found on t h e he ad of t he cross t h e word gallows and othe r
a e e an d I h h ad t he e a e e suit bl run s be lie ve that t e cross , in upp r p rts wh r h ’ ” 2 t e e are e a a t he . run s no longe r l gible , this st nza bout outcast s gallows
The e e pr s nt write r has not be e n able to disce rn the se finds . On t he right margin of t h e e ast side of Ruthwe ll Cross t he Runic le tte rs form t he followm g Inscri ption
ge re d ae hin es Go d alm e ht t ig pa he walde on galgu gist ig a modig fore (all ae ) m e n
I 3 Pl V . bug . ( . )
e e li e e e 39 40 4 1 The Drea m o the R ood Th s n s corr spond with lin s , , of f in
’ t he Ma b l i Ve rce lli nuscript (Ke m e s e d tion ) , thus — On gyre de hine t age ong H asle t t ae t wees God aelmiht ig strang and st it m od ge st ah he on ge algan h éanne o m dig . — Ke nne dy translate s t he passage thus The H e ro youn g H e was Almighty — o ff e f e a . t he God did his garme nt , st ad ast , stout of h rt With valour in
a H t he t a e H e sight of m ny me n e mounte d up upon lof y g llows , wh n ” a 1 would fain re de e m m nkind . On t he le ft m argin we re ad
ic r ucn ae Kyn in gc h a a a h aeld a ic i d or ae e fun aes bl f rd n st . Bi m r u k m b a se ad r s ae aedu ng e t e t t g e . Io ee mi b lod ae b ist e mid w s p , b igo t en of
1 1 The Con ve si n o the H e tarch 1 6 206 Theodore, 245. r o f p y, 90 , . C k T B d n an d D un an de se ur a i ud for he i o he D ea m 3 n e . e o e o , r , , ot oth Gor o c rv gr t t t r in li accuracy de neatin g t he run e s. 1 The P ems o C w l d 1 1 307 . o f yne uf, Lon . , 9 0, 56 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e e e e e 44 45 4 8 49 The D ream Th s lin s corr spond with lin s , , , of
' o ee ic arasre d aho f ic ricn e K n in R d w s y g ,
’ h ofan a H lafo rd h ld a m e y n e n e dorste .
B sme re don hie ee eed r Eall ic ee b lod e b e st e me d y unc butu t g e e . w s mid , b e got e n of
The translation is As a cross was I lifte d up I bore aloft t h e righte ous
h H a e I m . t e e e . e e e King , Lord of v n dar d not bow down Th y mock d us
’ I h H e s e e . e e e t e both tog th r All b d w d with blood was , gushing from ro ” 1 Side . Above t he right m argin of t he we st side of t h e Cross we re ad
ee e t he w s on th n , on margin rodi H we prae pe r fusee fe arran cwom u ee ilee ic ee al b ih ald pp til anum p t e . Sare ic wees mipsorgum gid roefid hn ag
The a i e 5 6- 5 9 m nuscript has , l n s
ee o Crist w s on r de . H wee t e re peer fuse fe o rran cwo m an
’ ’ o am E t e lin e ic ee all b h éo ld t p g p t e e .
’ Sa e ic ee d f d e re b ua . r w s mid [sorgum] g e , g
The translation runs t h Christ was on e Cross . Ye t a e a a h P souls h st d from f r unto t e rince . I all S e wa be he ld it . or ly s I smit with ” 2 e . sorrow , yie ld d
On t he le ft margin appe ars t he inscription
m i st re lum iwun d ad p g . Ale gd un hiee hin ee limwoerign ee gist odd un him set his lic ees he afdum bihe ald un hi ee pe r heafun
e 62 63 64 h a Lin s , , in t e poe m re as follows
e all ic ee st reelum fo rwu d od w s mid n . Ale d on hie t eemlimwéri n e e st od on hi m ee h g , g t his lice s e afd um b e hé old on hie seer he of n s D r h e e y t e n .
1 The P ems o C newul L n d 191 5 0 307 . I id o f y f, o , b . , 308 . THE INSCRIPTIONS 57
a I e e The translation is All wounde d w s with the ir darts . Th re th y
’ a Him a an d at His e a e a e l id down , we ry of limb , body s h d th y stood and g z d ” h H a 1 upon t e Lord of e ve n . Ke mble ve ry accurate ly re ad an d inte rpre te d t he stanzas upon t he “ e is t h e e hi s i e a On - Sa Ruthw ll Cross , publ hing r sult in d ss rt tion Anglo xon Rune s in Furthe r e vide nce of hi s scholarship was give n two ye ars
a a e e a a a e T he l te r by his ide ntific tion of th s st nz s with portions of po m , D h M 3 ream e t c . e t e li e e r e , , includ d in Ve rce l Cod x publish d by Coop r , which Mr Ke mble e dite d in Ke mble conclude d that t he diale ct of the se
e t h e a e a t he e e e an d lin s (on Cross) is th t of Northumb rl nd in s v nth , ighth , ” 5 a a a h i c ri e ve n ninth ce nturie s . Ke mble illustr te d his sse rtion th t t e n s p tion e vide nce d marks of gre at antiquity from t he use of as for e in oblique
a e a o t h e e a as an a n on t he a a e c s s , of for , infinitiv or for , for , du l ccusativ
h a i — n k H e e h a of t e pe rson l pronoun c u g et . furth r discove re d t e cryptogr m
n e t he e E e n an d in t he Ve rce lle sis of Cy wulf both in Cod x xoni sis Code x n ,
ar a e a h - a a H which e tre sur s of s cre d poe try in t e We st S xon di le ct . e ide ntifie d t he a an a Me de h am st e d e Pe e a an d uthor with bbot of , or t rborough , schol r ” “ H e e 1 0 1 4 an d a e e e w e poe t . di d in , ccording to my vi w , K mbl rot , is ” a e e e a a a l a 5 Mr more like ly to h ve compose d th s po ms th n n e r ie r uthor .
” 7 e e a e t he e at e K mbl , in his Addition l Obs rvations on Runic Ob lisk Ruthw ll ,
1 8 42 e e The D rea m e e e e in , in r f rring to , rightly dr w att ntion to its vid nce s of gre ate r imagin ation and more cultivate d style than othe r spe cime ns of
’ a as e as t he e o wn e i l a e its cl ss show , w ll to po t s subj ctivity , wh ch is not il ustr t d
h ae His in t e works of Be owulf or C dmon . mature r opinion whe n e diting t he e e e was a e a a e e an a a a V rc lli po ms , th t th ir l ngu g do s not supply y d t th t c an b e re lie d on to se ttle e ithe r t he time or t h e loc ality to which we o we ” “ 5 a T he H ol R d— the m . While tre ting of y oo a D ream h e write s : It
a e a a e e a e a e a an d a a a cont ins som p ss g s of r l po tic l b uty , good de l of f ncy
I e e e e a h a e m e t h a a e a e nd d , w r nyt ing still w nting to convinc of e comp r tiv ly l t
The P ems o C n e wul L 1 nd . 910 308 . { o f y f , o , , A rchce olo ia iii 27—372 3 . E g , xxv . ’ ’ 5 3 1—46 P R e s d in Ibi . C C R t m a d . . . e s e on Foe era A e n di B n s , xxx oop r por y r pp x , co t ” lli d It s — — 41 a s t he E . Ve e C e . n e n s are Le e n d St An d e 47 8 9 11. 34 F te rc o x co t t g of r w, , of — ’ — T e l e A s le s 90 92 11. 190 D e a ed S ul s Add e ss t he B d 93 96 11. 249 Ble sse d w v po t , , ; p rt o r to o y , , ; ul 9 —7 ll 8 9 a — T H l R d D — The 6 9 . a e n 98 99 11 92 he a am 1 1 4 11. 3 10 S m . e 00 0 o , , ; fr g t, , o y oo , r , , ; n i n f t h C ss 1 — 1 2 In e o e 05 138 1 . 648 . v t o ro , , 1 K mb l The P et o h d x ercellen sis E lfric i d . . e C . e t e e V S e L n . 18 56 J M , o ry f o ( oc ty) , o , 5 5 A rchaeo l ia ii K m l T e ix o i. P . . i . 357 e b e he P t e t c . . e g , xxv . , o ry, , pt , r f 7 A rchwolo ia 5 T P t ii . 33. he e e t c . . i. P e . v . g , xxx o ry, , pt , r f 58 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e e e I t h e e an d e dat of th s compositions , should find proof of it in ton charact r ” 1 of this ve ry poe m .
P e H e S e e e in m ee fau cet ho rof ssor nry w t whil discard g , also “ a — E e t he a e ae e e an S e e e a s s ys v n n m C dmon is not quit c rt i , for t ph ns r d
Cadm on a a t he a e ae , which is an nomalous form . But ssuming n m C dmon , it c an only b e take n as that of t he sgg lptg r who de vise d t he orn ame ntation and e h a t h a h carv d t e cross . All th t e l nguage te ache s is that t e inscription ” a e b e a a t h h 2 H e a c nnot w ll l te r th n e middle of t e e ighth ce ntury . lso con e e a t he e t h e e lf an d ort ion 'of t he e e lud s th t po m is work of Cyn wu , a p pilogu
t h e Elen e h li M i h i a h i a t e e e S. e e e t e n of of V rc l , wh ch th nks is r c nsion of orig l 5 P a h a h a e . e S e e e t e e t e e e e e t xt rof ssor k t r f rs di l ct to ighth c ntury , and d cl r s that t he poe m (doubtle ss by t h e poe t Cyne wulf) is pre se rve d in a ” M a 1 P t e e . e much late r Southe rn (or We sse x) copy in a S. V rc lli rof ssor Alois Brandl give s re asons for his impre ssion that to date t he poe m as of t he be ginning of t he e ighth ce ntury involve s no undue straining of t he ” a 5 H a f cts . e s ys
In h lli Ma a e a e e 1 56 e an d t e Ve rce nuscript it pp rs compl t , lin s in all , is
e t h e est Sax on dia c u suall e e e e . e writt n in W l tw y mploy d by scrib s of its p riod
a Th e h i e e e . e e t e e (l t t nth c ntury) oth r v rsion is in old r spe ll ng , but contains
e a a e n e t h e t he e a e e only four s p r t groups of li s from body of po m , c rv d in pur
r h M are in No thumbrian diale ct on t e Ruthwe ll Cross . ore ove r the se line s
e e e e e a e a an d o n e a e compl t in th ms lv s , p rtly in m tric l confusion . in p ssag e e t he e a a 5 e v n se ns t ke s a some wh t diffe re nt turn . Th y show a con
E di a h a siste nt arly Northumbrian le ct . At t e ve ry le ast a particul rly ancie nt ” a a a 7 t he e e li e stock of writte n forms must h ve l in t bottom . As to V rc l po m h e continue s : To e nable us to fix t h e date of its composition t he be st crit e rion at our dispos al is t he prg sen ce or absence of t he d e fimt e article ” a a a a ub ah ifr 8 The be fore we k dj e ctive with s st t e. re sult is as follows
T i n 5 r n a 1 0 e r he Vis o e e e . e e . , without articl , p c t with rticl , p c nt
B o lf 1 = l 6 ° 6 e wu , 3
So as Beowulf a t he a e e e a that , on ccount of Christi n l m nts it cont ins , cannot b e t e e e a t h m t he e e e o n e h as da d arli r th n e iddle of s v nth c ntury , good grounds
1 T he P et e t . c . In d . ix . Cf. stea 61 7 4. o ry, , pt tro po , , 5 Old En li T 1 C b 1 1 18 sh exts 2 s D ia le ts am . 19 . g , 1 5. Engli h c , , , 5 On t he Ea l N humb ian P e m A Visi n of t he C ss of Ch is ansl. and r y ort r o , o ro r t (tr is d h T an o t B e n 1905 b D r C a les Mac he r e e m t e s. he e line A de r iss nscha r v , fro r f r r ca mic de W fie , , y h r p T tt — s he S . H ist. Review ix 4 2 on 19 1 . . 3 1 9 147 l s . ), co , , 3 , G a g , 5 7 5 I 1 w i Ibid 142. bid . 39 ilw t l dua m. I d 14 . . bi . 0 , ; cf pp ,
THE INSCRIPTIONS 59
n h ision a t he h for assigni g t e V to bout be ginning of t e e ighth ce ntury .
e n ot hi n a a n ort h um b e rlan d As forM c , _ g can g i st N t h e fixe d home of Ceedm o n an d of his school of re ligious Profe ssor
' ’ a n h h d v P om P I e t t e o e St e e e Se . Br dl surmis s at isc ry in t r s , R , by ope rgius , a t e a in 7 0 1 a a e a t h e e a a e f r vision , of l rg fr gme nt of Tru Cross ( fact llud d
e e an d e e i e e e e Ce lf d to by B d ) , its xposur for publ c v n ration th n , wh n p ri ,
We arm out h was e a e e t h e e Abbot of , visiting Rom , may h v stirr d North rn
a a as t he e a e e t h e e t h E a im gin tion , just discov ry g v ris to F stival of e le v tion 5 h Th a a h li n D min i i P M of t e Cross . e rriv l of t e g um o wh ch op e arinus se nt ‘ t o E lfre d 8 8 3 e e a e e a King in was mor lik ly to h v caus d stir .
I n 1 8 90 P n e e h a rofe ssor Albe rt S. Cook co t nd d that t e di le ct re corde d on t h R ut hwe ll was as a e as t he e e an d a e Cross l t t nth c ntury , prob bly poste rior t o 9 50 5— a a e e e a h e a a e conclusion which , ft r full r inv stig tions , m int in d in “ In his Note s on Ruthwe ll Cross Profe ssor Cook says The Ruthwe ll write r may we ll have be e n a Northumbri an adapting a poe m in a more Southe rn d e a a e ta a e t e e ial ct , consciously rch ising in c r in particul rs , y inadv rt ntly
” ’ 7 In e T D admitting forms be longing to his mode l . Cook s dition of he ream of the Road i e a e hi b e e e h e e e a e , wh ch l v s not ng to d sir d , r p ts his form r conclusions t hus : While t he ge ne ral asp e ct of t h e in scription has le d many pe rsons
e e an e a e a e t h e a a e e to r f r it to rly p riod , it l cks som of m rks of ntiquity v ry re al m ark of antiquity c an b e p aralle le d from t he late st docume nts : some o f t he phe nome na point to a pe riod subse que nt to that of t he Lin disfarn e
a A D an d t he D urham Ritual A . D . 950 an d e Gospels ( bout . . ( non
a s M e e a h in flatly contradicts such n a sumption . or ov r , a comp rison of t e scription with The D ream of the R ood shows that t he form e r is not an e xtract from an e arlie r poe m writte n in t h e long Caedmonian lin e which is postulate d
Vi fusson P e Mr St 0 fo rd e e t he e a ie a e by g and ow ll , and by p Brook , sinc rl st d t d
e e e t he e t he - v rse is in short lin s only , and sinc four of lin s in Cross inscription re pre se nt short line s in The D ream of the Rood ; it shows that t he latte r
- s a an d e e e e i e b e is more se lf con iste nt,more rtistic , th r for mor l k ly to , or to
e e e t he o r al an d a e a t he t he a e r pr s nt , _ _igig it shows th t c rt in of forms of l tt r se e m to have be e n inadve rte ntly re taine d by t h e adapte r who se le cte d an d
1 “ 1 5 On t he Ea l N humb ian P e m e tc . 143. Ibid . Ibid. 146 147 . r y ort r o , , , , 1 5 - A de m a ii. 1 . C ns ii. 66 67 . 53 A u Sax h n . Tra g . ro , , , c y, xxxv “ 5 Pub M od La in . . n . A ss c . o A x n C s D . 1900 me i a v s c . Note s on R uthwe ll ro ( e ) g o f r c , — 3 75 390 .
7 di i n of an ie n ne ss is t he n al as und hi e e n ime s an d Ibid . 38 8 . The lea e s in a , c r t c t o c t fi fo t rt t , un i a s fo d tw ce . 60 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e a h e e h r rrange d t e lin s for ngraving on t e Cross . All this harmonise s with t he e e e a an d t he a vid nc from gramm r , with conclusions dr wn from t he ” 1 a e t h e a I P a e e . n fi e e char ct r of sculptur d orn m nt n , rof ssor Cook l id down t he propositions that t he inscription was de rive d from The D ream ; dat e (prob ably t h e latte r half) ; t he m script ion doe s not re pre se nt a poe m
' " ' ‘ eedm o : T D r m d h a mo of C n he ea an t e Cyn e wulfi n poe try had a cdifi n
” 2 a his I hi The D e e e e . n s e e ate or s riously imp ir d judg m nt most r c nt .work , o the R uthwell an d Bewca stle Crosses at e P e r f which is fully illustr d , rof sso
e e i e e e e e as a e r Cook do s not r s l from his form r judgm nt , xc pt to d t , but furthe
l a e a e e t he Un ket e e il ustr t s it by full r xposition of word g , which K mbl thought “ ” e e e a hi h as a e 3 of xtr m ntiquity , but w ch Cook found in l t works . As 4 U n et t h e h e e a e t h e e lli His fi e are gg on Cross d cl r s sp ng bungle d . n al r sults
The t h e e e e e an e arl d at e an d t he a forms of Runic l tt rs do not r quir _ y , f ct a
a S di a e a t e e 900 an d a th t no can navi n m mori l inscriptions an dat , th t Runic
n E a a s a e as t he e e a e dl a inscriptions occur i ngl nd l t tw lfth c ntury , ssur y f vours
a h v h The la a e of t he h el a d ate much later th n t e se e nt century . ngu g Rut w l inscription indicate s a date not e arlie r than t h e te nth The me tric al p e culiaritie s of t h e poe tic al ins cription on t h e Ruthwe ll Cross show that it w as rathe r a clumsy adaptat iop of c e rt ain li n e s of The D ream of the w R a e far 1 1 50 e a a e t he ood . A d t not from would p rh ps h rmonis all ” a b a 5 indications be tte r than an y othe r th t could e n me d .
P a d P D r . . e e e e n e ro C W K nn dy , of rinc ton Univ rsity , supports quot s f sso r a a e t h e a e ae b e e Cook , st ting No tr c of n m of C dmon is to found
The a a e t he n t h e a k u pon t h e Cross . l ngu g of inscription upo Cross l c s some
a a is a a e The D ream o the R ood of t he m rks of ntiquity , prob bly l t r than f
a o f e an d i s b e a e at e a e as t he e e inst e d e arli r , to pl c d l ast as l t t nth c ntury an y claims for t h e attribution of The D ream of the Rood to him (C aedmon) ” “ 6 D r a b e e . e e e m y e dismiss d at onc K nn dy discuss s facts which , a e t he e C n e wulfian a The ccording to him , mak th ory of y uthorship (of ” a 7 D ream ) prob ble .
1 i r B i 4 5 En Lit. be e N i u n C . P e or . 3 . The D eam O d 19 5 xv t. . . r , xfor , 0 , xv , ( q ot g o p o , ; g for t Conques , 2 In d. xv i xv n xl xli. Ibid . , tro , , , , 3 l e si P e ss Ne a e n 1912 245 Ya e U niv r ty r , wh v , , 5 The Da te 358 I bid . , 246. , 7 T ms o C n ewul In d . 64 he Poe f y f, tro ,
62 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
Ruthwe ll an d Be wc astle t he s ame conse rvative te nde ncy would b e in e vide nce in t he te nth ce ntury .
2 The R un s on Bewcastle Ob elisk . e
On t h e e e i t he e 2 3 e B wcastl monol th run s , from % inche s to inche s in h ight , are e a e a t h e a a n a e t he e a d a incis d l t r lly on horizont l m rgi s bov pan ls , n on table t sp e cially de signe d on t h e we st side to re ce ive nin e line s of Runic
Th h - a a e e . e e e t e e e a e e e as e l tt rs Runic l tt rs on cross h d lr dy r f rr d to , s nt by
lia H a e e R l k P ‘ N R A H ‘ a d e e Lord Wil m ow rd to Cotton , w r 1 T i F 1 , n w r
R n a D r h es e e e e s tn h h . inte rpr t d rron ously y y , signifyin g t e myste rie s of t e Lord
‘ ’ a e a e R I k l! 1 f l h Rfi lw l V l t rin o atu Ol f Worm r d th m as l T ( ,
tin a d se t e e run a s e . ) , signifying , Rino up th s Runic ston s W . C . Grimm said ” ? 7 e e e e R I l~ P t H R A H 1 I 4 rie ses dr htn oes the y r pr s nt d , y , signifying , of
h hi a a t he powe rful lord (t e monume nt) . As t s fr gme nt could not b e a p rt
l e e e 1 h e e e e . of t e Ob isk , it n ds no furth r consid ration h r
The a e t he e a e e e e e e e t bl t on w st f c is cov r d with run s , many asily d ciph r
- a Pl XXI . . 1 68 5 t he a a able to d y ( . fig But in cur te of Be wc stle re porte d
a b e e a t h e a e e e to Nicolson , wh t Nicolson found to tru , th t ch ract rs w r
” ’ a a e e e a Nic o lso s so mise r bly worn out th t th y w r now wholly de f ce d . n h R p e rson al e xamin ation re sulte d in t e discove ry of the se six le tt e rs , 11 P T 14 “ FTSR hi h e a e e e e an d a e a a e e a U , w ch , s id , w r incoh r nt gr t dist nc from ch ” h e a e t he e a e n x x N F N othe r . At first tr c d on north rn f c B R ,
h a as R YN BU R U e h e e e e b whi ch e re d , whil pr f rr d to thin k it should e
a a h h BU R U e e e . S t e e e R YE , signifying c m t ry imil rly , on south sid got
» EiEZX R ” 1 l l a a U BB E H H fl T w s e GAG O . e e r ? B , which r d as RLAT furth r 7 7 Rf 4 ‘h N 7 t h e e I KR e i e . K KIA EL found on w st sid . U U ET
e e b e t he e t h e a e a d a t h e O which s ms to third lin on t bl t , n p rt of fourth . n e import ant obse rvation made by Nicolson was that t h e stone was washe d
” ’ a 2 ove r with white oily ce me nt to pre se rve it . But on Nicols on s re turn in ” 3 1 7 03 he e e e hi a i could not mak out v n t s inscription , condition wh ch
’ ’ a Nicolson s a a e e i a Gibson , prob bly on uthority , st t d in his d tion of C mde n s ” Britan n ia 1 695 The e e are ar in l tt rs so dim that the y e not le gible .
’ Ge e S l a t h e are e e org mith s i lustr tions of Runic inscription p rf ctly cle ar ,
a all t h e e ar e a a d a Th a lthough l tte rs e not d te rmin te n re cognis ble . e char cte rs
1 C . an t f ea, 4. 7 Phil T — ’ . an s. O f d . 12 7 90 B ita nn 1 r , x or , xv 8 ; r ia (Gib son s 030. 3 B ita n n ia L n d . 1 806 iii. 4 l i 55 . . r , o , , , p xxv THE INSCRIPTIONS 63 are e t h Ma e a 1 i , h , k , , u , , w , a , t , r , b , o , s ( nx) , g , , 1 , u , g , with some bind
Pl I H a h X . . e rune s ( . fig found on fille t on t e north side ‘ r l m4 B I) R n and wrote of it Upon t he whole I re ad it
KUNIBU RUK t he D a a a e s se ulchrum , which in old nish l ngu g import p
” ‘ re is 2 H a a e a e t he e rt 6 7 7 ‘ 8 17 Rf) x g . e lso illustr t d fill t on south sid thus , i KUN B R U G 3 an d an e t h e t he e . a. N U , oth r at bottom of south sid , “ b R RKN n a a t he Accordi g to C pt in Armstrong , inscription ” hi t he e a e e e e e e w ch is on w st f c is not l gibl , in This vid nc is
r a t he e s was a e an d a a d a e impo t nt , for witn s surv yor dr ughtsman , n nativ h of t e parish .
The e e e a li a H in 1 7 94 a e ar a n xt d lin tor , Wil m utch son , in , pp s to h ve
t he e a d a e e a e t h e e . visit d Ob lisk , n lso mploy d fri nd to copy inscription While
’ “ a e n S e a he a Mr S e a h s cc pti g mith s r ding , s ys mith d lin e te s t e fir t thre e e e IHN a vi as e as we a e e a a l tt rs . L te sitors w ll h v gr t doubts whe the r n y such le tte rs we re e ve r le gible A frie nd took o ff t he inscription on north side it was ve ry confuse d and unpe rfe ct but appe are d much in this
’ we e we ar a form A \ n t B H 8 11 w, of which conf ss e not able to give ” 6 a di H a s a e a h a prob ble re a ng . e l o ss rte d th t t e inscription pl ce d by Smith
h e a e a on t e south sid was irre cove r bl by n y de vic e .
’ H oward s atte mpt to re ad t he oracle s in 1 8 0 1 we re no more succ e ss ” “ Pl I h h a h X . . t e e e e e . e t e ful ( fig On whol , writ s , littl mor th n ” a 7 On h a h ve stige s of this inscription re m in . t e first line of his pl te e
e e a O t he e n e e e e e are e : shows no l tte r r ad ble . n s cond li thr l tt rs cl ar on t he third line four le tte rs are de finite : on t he fourth line fiv e le tte rs are ' “ — a -_ a i D P de ciphe rable on t he fift h t he cruci l lin e his re d ng is I I T4 45 FRI,
FITLBFR I H a a he la e a a e a h i O . e e t t e . U . v rs , Tow rds tt r p rt sc rc ny ing
a H a KYNIBU R U G t he e is to b e m de out . e cle rly shows on north sid ; but re garding t he fille t on t h e south side h e state s that but a fe w le tte rs
“ ‘N w ' l : only I R t Ll l l I c an b e made out ; t he re st are chippe d off o r worn away 3
’ t h e a e was e e H a d a If t h e inscription on e w st f c unint lligibl in ow rd s y ,
e Sa e 1 8 1 6 a e it must have be e n much more so wh n mu l Lysons , in , so c r fully
h M a a Bri an n ia 9 H is a e s de line ate d it for public ation in t e gn t . origin l sk tche
1 7 1 2 Ibid 318 369 . en t x1i . 3 . G . M ag . , , 3 2 Ibid . 9 Ibid . , 319 . , 5 . 5 3 C n d 5 8 6 Land H ist o C un t o umb e la 8 . M . li 38 8 . a . . g , x v ory f o y f r , , 7 3 A rchwol xiv 7 Ibid . 1 18 . ogia , . 1 1 . ,
B i M . a na B itan nia 18 16 iv . i D awin s No . 9462 if . 109 1 13 . us M g r , , cxc x ; r g , , , , r t 64 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE a M a a h ri re e e e t he e an d e e e e e t e e . pr s rv d in British us um , h v b n x min d by w t r
a e a e t a a e e e an d e e a e Lysons only m d out p rfe c Runic ch r ct r h r th r , n m ly ,
I H a H Hi a scri U O T an d . s t r n , L , G , , T , A , , F , R , , K , B , U , N , prob bly p t t h a a h e t h e e e e e hi ion of e f mous inscription bove t e figur of R d m r , w ch now a e a a a e li —GESSUS KR ISTTU S pp rs in this unp rdon ble form of sp l ng ,
a fe w a e e t e e l consists of scr tch s , ' Lysons l f b autiful w l L. U I
e e a e t h e e e e an d e a finish d scal dr wings in p ncil of B wcastl Ob lisk , oth r f mous
Pl I . 3 e e a . X . obj cts in Cumb rl nd ( figs ,
’ e e hi s a e - Sa a din H a K mbl , in p p r on Anglo xon Rune s , llu g to ow rd s a d a a h a a a an e . t e e e e ccount pl t xxxiv , s ys h rdly l gibl r m ins of long ” H 1 o b e a e . e e e . e Runic inscription may still tr c d proc ds Of fig , but n
2 a e e e an e e . . n e l tt r R is now l gibl Fig , which contains indistinct tr c s of ni
e e an d hi t he m a b e a b e a a e ffe e e lin s of run s , of w ch loss y s id to irre p r bl , o rs h r
an d a e Fi h a e e e e e e . . 3 t e th r l gibl l tt r or two , but no mor g on contr ry is still in p e rfe ct pre se rvation unfortun ate ly it supplie s us with only on e
an d a a e e — CYNIBU R U G CYNIBUR UH hi word , th t prop r nam or , w ch
a e a e e e e a a H e a a e cont ins unqu stion bl vid nce of gr t ntiquity . [ dds footnot to this e ffe ct BUR UG and BY R U G are t h e usu al Northumbrian forms of t he “ e - a R H Wh o a W st S xon BU . ] this l dy was it would b e absurd to atte mpt ” o H is a ar a t gue ss . ne xt st te me nts e ve ry re m arkable when comp re d with t h e subse que nt in te rpre t ations by critics who we re not Anglo - Saxon or
e e I a h l i h 2 m a Runic xp rts think th t t e fifth in e n t e inscription in fig . y also possibly have containe d h e r n ame while t he se cond line of t h e s ame comme ncing with le tte rs which app are ntly forme d t he word CRIST re nde r ” e a as e ll as t h e a was a a 1 it lik ly th t this , w e Ruthw ll pill r , Christi n work .
h h h R e v Ma a e t e e t e e e e e t e . n Wh n in middl of nin t nth c ntury Joh ugh n ,
e e e set e e a t h e e e a a R ctor of B wcastl , hims lf to cl r ston , by ing nious pr ctic l
a d a h a a a e n e t he e e e e e . m thods , to cl r up myst ry , rriv d at st rtling lit r ry r sults 2 In a Me t h e e a e he e a moir on subj ct , fully illustr t d with woodcuts , xpl ins his me thod : I cove re d t he inscribe d p arts first of all with soft mud and s fe w i e e e t he a ods for a months , wh ch proce ss e ntir ly r mov d thick co t of moss
e i t he e e e e hi e e and lich ns with wh ch l tt rs w r so t ckly cov r d , without doing any h ” 3 t e e . H e e a e hi e e un sat is injury to ston n xt m d dry rubbings , w ch w r f a a e an d a an e a e t e t he ctory m d a mould c st , without y gr t r sul coa d
1 h A rc eeolo ia iii . 347 . g , xxv 7 A em i on the R ma C t L d and Carlisle 1857 . n Stati n R s at Bew as le n . M o r o o and unic ros c , o , 3 I bid. 10 n e 14 . , , ot
THE INSCRIPTIONS 65
e n e e i t he e le e le t run s with pai t pre sse d soak d pap r sl ps in incis d tt rs , the se h e . e e e e dry , th n took rubbings Th n conclud s From thos rubbings ,
e t h e e e an d e e e e t he combin d with e pr vious proc ss s , a r p at d dw lling of e ye upon t he le t t e rs an d countle ss tracin gs of t he de pre ssions and marks with t he point
t he e I a e e e e a e e t h a of fing r , h v succ d d in g ining such knowl dg of e lmost worn - out characte rs that I now ve nture to offe r a ve rsion of this inte re sting ” 1 inscription .
’ M e a t he 1 8 54 t he l aughan s r ding of inscription in was fol owing , in four 2 c ouple ts
1 Thi si b ac . 1 s g e n 1 This pillar Thun se tton sle nde r se t up s et re d Waet hgar Alwfwolt hu H waet re d Waet hgar Alwfwolt hu Aft Alcfrit hu in me mory of Alcfrit h Ean Kyn iing an e king Eac Oswinin g an d son of Oswy 4 Ge b id h e o a P e e . sinn 1 ray thou for th m , th ir sins
a hula e . S w . th ir souls
In e e e 1 8t h e 1 8 5 6 he e e setton t s a l tt r of dat F bruary corr ct d in o etta, and 3 l II . X . 1 geb id into igebid (P . fig
Th e i Ma e e e e t he e othe r run s wh ch ughan discov r d w r , on we st side GE US KR I TTUS K a KR ISTUS SS S e e . SS, p rt of , and f , as shown b for
7‘ t he H a e e e e t he T his most unusual spe llin g of oly N m s r nd rs it susp ct . On “ “ 0 t he e M a was t he n t I l\ I! 1m t p of south fac , according to augh n , i scription ,
I E i e e a an d e a e e e L C , . . d d body on ach horizontal m rgin b low it , in d sc nding ’ " e N RN V R s EKGFRI TH U ; RI MW ! PM H R IKES ord r , H , [ ] , ‘ ‘ f ‘ ' 4 o m ii l I3 H Ps M WKYNINGES kin H R n PiZH X M F R, of t his kin gd ; , , g ; e M E t he e . The e ) 1 FRU AN G AR , in first y ar four lin s on this (south sid ‘ o the rei n of t h e Cross are to b e re ad thus in the first year ( f g ) of
’ D 67 0 i e rid i a t . e . A . . , n , king of th s kingdom of Northumbri , in wh ch y ar ” a 5 S e e e we m ay conclude that t he monume nt w s e re ct e d . t ph ns improv d FR ITH ES an d a a e t he on this inte rpre tation by adding t h e word , tr nsl t d
“ - - - - - RIC e l H IS se nte nce thus : In t he FIRST YEAR of t h e KIN G o f (r a m) T
2 1 Ibid . 17 18 19. emo i 17 n e 2 1 . , , , M r, ot , 2 MS This le e is ull e imin a i ns of Mr H ai h . M s Addl. S Brit. u . , tt r f of r cr t o g ’ f xxi. fi . 13 sh s ii. a . u d A in court in H ist o A rt b its n umen ts, L nd . , 1 847 , , t g , Se ro x g , ory f y Mo o ow
- b P e le s in II . in 1 144 t o t he a crucifixion with GESUS on cross he ad on fron t of altar give n y ope C t C C ss C k e e s an ie n D anish e nse s as e ll in Umb a. P e athe dral , Citta di t o , ri rof or oo r f r to two c t c r a i un e s Gesus K ist an d Gesus Krt and t he us m a s e llin g of Gesus in t he e n gr ve d w th r , r , T , to c to ry p 5 2 h n ur : The Date 249 emo i , 7 . thirte ent ce t y , M r 66 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
1 E GFR ITH - LIE li = m a Alcfrit h lie S a C ( e y ) in frith (in imil rly , on
‘ ‘ t he a e e e e : t t ‘ ' GESSU S north f c , in d sc nding ord r l N 1 1 ;
‘ ' WULFH ER E Wulfh r M D R h t F iii n 1 N MYR CNA , e e KYNG , King of “ ‘ M a it h l N 1 Pl t KYN ESWI TH A K i ha 67 3 r ne sw t . . e rci ns t [ ] , y (cf pp , 7 ) H 2 KYNN BU R (T U )G .
’ Ma a e e a a e e a a e a as it ugh n s r construction is c rt inly a m rv llous f t , pp ring
’ doe s imme diate ly afte r his quotation of t h e note in Gibson s e dition of t h e
Bri an n ia 1 695 e e t he e e are t ( ) Th r is an inscription , but l tt rs so dim that ” 2 ar Of t he e t he all - e the y e not le gible . run s composing important nam
ALCFR ITH e e e t he e t he e - e , on which larg ly d p nds th ory of s ve nth c ntury
t he e e R I are all h a origin of cross , only two l tt rs , , found in t e tr nscriptions be fore
’ Ma a d a h e e e e FR I are H a a d ugh n s y ; t r l tt rs , , give n by ow rd n Lysons .
h e Ma a h as ALKFR I TH U H a W e r ugh n ( ) , ow rd and Lysons re ad N LBFR IR
H ETBER T a TOR BOR O 2 t he e ar e aigh , ; T ylor , ( run s e mix d) . Thus
M e t he a t he e Alc frit h a d aughan introduc d unusu l C or K into nam of , n found t he e a TH a a e t h e e a e e - e i t rmin l tt ch d to U , which form d p culiar cas nd n g .
e t h e e e e ill h No stud nt of Runic Ob lisk , how v r , w wonde r at t e odd
a e at Mr Ma a e h e e a a a h re sults rriv d by ugh n , wh n r ds n ccount of t e imposition — — practise d upon him a gullible e nthusiast re gardin g t he alle ge d Baron spike H l ill M az e r . . and g Runic inscriptions , of which W G Collin gwood write s Mr Maughan h ad be e n for ye ars t he e nthusiastic Runologist of t he country
e e a e e t he e a e a a his sid , g rly xpounding B wc stl Cross , circul ting mong
a hi e t he e e e a all a d a e s p ris on rs story h r r told , t lking to n sundry bout his the ori
P ria a a d a - a I e e a a n e he is on e t n n pl ce n me s . n som oth r ntiqu ria matt rs
v It was his a a t he Ma e n Wa known to have be e n de ce i e d . on uthority th t id y
t he a e Ma a north of Be wc astle was laid down on Ordn nc p, with m ny forts ,
c e e e h as w b e a a . e e e e t . , which r c nt inv stigation sho n to im gin ry Th r is r ason
a h t h e e a his e e e e o f to think th t e was e victim , sp ci lly in lat r y ars , of a s ri s
ld a a e e e e a . O e e practic l joke s ro ds , p v m nts , ruin d forts (cottag s) w r found for him by t h e ze al or rogue ry of his ne ighbours and the se rune s are the ir
e are t he a e e e e cre ation . Th y not work of Runic scholar ; th y w r concoct d by a
’ h ad t he e a e e a e a e cle ve r Cumbrian who re ad r ctor s p p rs , h ard his t lk , p rh ps us d ” 4 a d e e e at e e e . his books , n , lik his countrym n , laugh d nthusiasm and lov d a jok
h h t h R v D e Still more incre di ble is t e tre atme nt of t e subj e ct by e e . ani l
H t e a M e aigh , who , according to his con mpor ry , aughan , had vi ws , suspicions ,
1 R on 1 H 2 — M . . 403 andb k 1 m i 26 30 . Old N . . 30 e , oo , . M o r, 2 E l Scal C se 2 1 1 . N tes on a . s s 5 3. Ibid . , o r y p ro , , 5
68 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
In t he Conquest he modifie d his re ading thus
1 THIS SIGBECUN This me morial SETTAE H WZETR ED H waet re d se t EM GE RFE B O LD U and carve d this monume nt E FTAER BARZE aft e r t he prin ce YMB CYNING ALCFRID ZE afte r King Alcfrid I E ZED H M s 1 G C G EOSU pray for the ir soul . AWL M S U .
Maughan re cords othe r two rende rings by H aigh to this e ffe ct s e t r d Wit aer Fe lwold an d R oet b e rt se t e a e e , g , , up this b con of victory in m mory ” “ P a d a s Hwae r d h Alcfrid . n e e t t e t e of ray for his soul , This m mori l in ” R Pr 2 o Alcfrid e l . gre at pe stile nce ye ar to et b e rt to Kin g e . ay for th ir sou s H aigh conside re d that t he two crosse s at R uthwe ll and Be wc astle we re t he
t he e an d t he e e a e a e t he work of sam artist , that Ob lisk at B wc stl m rk d
’ place of Alcfrit h s buri al in The re ading of Canon Isaac Taylor contains a mixture of Gothi c and
a e e hi he e e a e his e Angli n run s , and oth rs for w ch giv s no quiv l nt in articl
II . Hi h h i Pl X . s e e t e t e e on Rune s ( . fig r nd ring of fifth , crucial , l n in t he main inscription is ? )R A and in t he se ve nth R D E ALKF I G . line ,
Th Ma a e e e e fe w e ve rsion by ugh n has b n ge n rally adopt d , with a minor
S e e a e e li Pl . XII . . e me ndations by t ph ns , C lv rl y , Col ngwood ( fig Bishop
n e Ch am n e s D r H e an d t he a a a u Brow , p y , odgkin , and oth rs , usu l tr nsl tion r ns
- se t H waet red Wot h ar Olwfwolt hu This victory column , thin (or lofty) up , g , ,
Alcfri h a e n a d P t h hi a fte r t once (l t ly) Ki g n son of Oswi . ray for e gh sin of ” 5 Th m a a D r H . e e e e e his soul ost r c nt and r put bl uthority , Thomas odgkin , “ d a t he e t e e e e clare s th t inscription , though not y d ciph r d be yond
d e e a a t he e e as a e a Alchfrit h isput , c rtam s ys th t ston was rais d m mori l of ,
’ sw e E t he e di o O e . e n e son of y , and afor tim King v n should r a ng of
e a b e a e e f e e we a e line prov too f nciful to cc pt d by utur stud nts , h v in t he othe r utte rance s of this monume nt e nough to in ve st with a pe culiar ’ ’ ” 2 h sw a d - i - inte re st t e name of O y s son n Pe nda s son n law .
1 C n uest 2 37 . em i 33 36. o q , M o r, , 2 A h E L i. 1 63 17 6 rc . , , . 1 ’ Cha mbers s Enc clo ce dia 1 2 y p , 89 , ix. 24, 25. ’ 5 N tes on Ea l S ul . C F C A n t sses 44 llin d s a i les . P . Soc. i . Ne as le o r y c p ro , . or o gwoo rt c cf roc q , wc t ,
- — i. 3 s 1904 No . 25. Vi t ia H ist o 2 ( ) , , c or . f C umb . , i. 254 257 , 277 78 . 0 P liti a l H ist . o En la nd L nd 1 o c f g , o . , 906, i. 172.
7 0 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
Alcfri h e t e UAFTALCFRI E n ? : S Of t , Vi or not s F ] W a um R mith ; UZE ? )FR H oward UH] L(O) R : Maughan ( 1 ) PITUOF ’ TOLCD (translate A for both O s) Maughan U R ZETBERT (translat e O
H 1 U ZEFTZER BAR AE H a - ine for A) aigh ( , igh (U , with cross l )
ZEFTAL all a e I e a CFR I ( , dam g d , but , as think , xt nt) (this with a 1 stroke ne ar it on t he right ? and pe rhaps also TH ? on t he
H a a H e also note s that igh lone found ALKFR ID ZEG in t h e se ve nth line .
’ Vie tor only conside re d Maughan s ALCFR ITH U an d OSW(IU 2) ve ry
a 2 prob ble . Th e only word which all t h e obse rve rs re corde d in some form or othe r
h a YNIBUR U G CUNN BUR U G CYNIB R YG 3 all C U . is t e n me , , or This in
a h e e e e as t he e Th e prob bility was t nam of B wcastl , s que l shows . e thre le tte rs FR I e xpande d into A lcfrith might as we ll have forme d a part of othe r ” a a a e frith e a e Eald rith t he n e qu lly or more import nt n m s , such as , p c , f , ki g ,
Wil rith Guth rith o rt hum b ria Frithestan f f , king of N , bishop
a Alcfrit h t he e he e e e an d othe r pe rsonage s mong whom is obscur st , b ing a m r
’ spe ctre flittin g ove r o n e chronicle r s p age an d myste riously p assing into
t he a e a a e e e a oblivion without a comme nt . But pp r nc of v n a p rt of his
a CYNIBURU G e sufli cie nt e name , long with , upon a monum nt was a clu to an imagin ative antiquary for re calling that we ll - known p assage in t he H istory
e e e e e P e Pe ad a i Pe a Me a was of B d , wh r it t lls how rinc , son of K ng nd of rci ,
’ e e a e e e e t he a Osw s Alchfrid chi fly pr v il d on to r c iv f ith by King y son , who
” : ' e - in - and e for h e h ad a e his s e C n e b ur was his broth r law fri nd , m rri d si t r y g , ” h P a 1 t e daughte r of King e nd . The re afte r this story le nt itse lf for popular
a li In e t h a a and rom ntic e mbe l shme nts . fac of e f cts now dduce d it would b e hazardous to sugge st an y translite ration or int e rpre tation of t he old but
e . a e t he e e e i now mutilat d inscription Wh t now app ars is mod rn r c ns on ,
a which is v lue le ss .
The u se ZEFT a e in memor o t h of AFT or , ft r , to signify y f, found on e
e i e S a i a e e a larg inscription , ind cat s c nd n vian influ nc , or prove s imit tion of
a e t he a e n e e t he I e Man t he simil r usag upon l t i scrib d Runic cross s in sl of ,
e are a e t h e e e e e an d I dat s of which ssign d to l v nth c ntury late r . n various
—after a t au t e t a tir e tir o tir ai tir i t an d i tir— t he forms , f , f , f , f , f , f , f , f , f word is found
1 D i t u 2 e N h R nensteine Ibid . 16. or . , 15. , 2 ’ This las m is P e ss Bald in B s adin : Bu lin ton M a xiii. A il t for rof or w rown re g r g g , x pr
1913, 46. ’ ’ 1 B st E t A n e da Hi . co. en . . III xxi 55 Plumme s edit 11 . 176 198 5 ll , G g , . . , ann o 6 r , , , 40 Se ar s
ans B hn 180. tr , o , PLATE
TH E C I O B CA L A A R U B C O HR ST N EW ST E ( ) ND THWELL ( ) R SSES .
Photo ra hs M r J b . C o o g p y . M ntg merie .
To ace a e f p g 70 .
72 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
l rid = b urh Ealhflaed Ost hr t h Ec frit h frith (A chf Cyn e (f) , y , King g
=E h lt hr h Eorm e n b urh Ealdfrit h 2 E lfwin e ( t e yt and ) , King ( ) , 1 la a dux ma n i cus D 9 68 - 9 5 f d e Os c w s e 7 . E l flae . Anoth r g fi in ira in
EA LHFR ITH Alchfrid e e e D e ar e C n e b urh , , all g d und rking of ira , m ri d y
e Pe Me a t he a e t he daught r of nda , king of rci ; took Rom n sid on
ilfri h 2 E e W t . aste r que stion ; pupil , fri nd , and patron of , bishop of York A
4 Ealhfri h di a a a 66 e t e t e . t p e stile nce occurre d in . Th re af r s pp rs To ccoun for this e xtinction Maughan wrote It has be e n pre sume d that Alcfrid If ' h a a e . e e t o su os e fe ll victim to this pl gu so , it is not unr asonabl pp e that
a e h is Sa e e an d h e was d bre th d his last in xon city of B wcastl , that burie
” 1‘ 2 The e e e Ealhfrit h are e e he re . chi f authoriti s giv n for B d and Flore nce . It is ge ne rally suppose d that Ealhfrit h an d King Ealdfrit h we re diffe re nt
di 2 Th e at t he a a vi . e e in duals writ r is not satisfi d th ssumption is w rrante d .
As e e was i e e e a e t he di e e Ealhfri h B d not born for th rt n y rs aft r sapp aranc of t , and was e e a e Ealdfrit h a e e t he e his only ight y rs old wh n sc nd d thron , te sti
i a e e a mony is not ind sputable . L t r writ rs and many good schol rs have
e e Ealhfrit h Ealdfrit h e e e e a f- id ntifi d with , who succ d d his young r h l brothe r ,
Ec frit h 68 5 e D riflie ld 5t h D e e e King g , in , and di d at on c mb r
EA LD FR ITH was an l e e Osw I i l gitimat son of y and an rish woman , and
e a e I e a e e he e a e a an was duc t d in r l nd , wh r b c m f mous as alumnus of Abbot
A d amn an , and as
Flann Fin a, Son of Osa, ’ A h -d E rc octo r in rin s le arning .
1 - C . Se a le A n lo Saxon Bisho s Kin s and N bles Camb id e 18 99 3 f r , g p , g , o , r g , , 03. 2 Ibid. 290 303 304. A din Bede Alcfrit h in d , , , ccor g to , jo e his cousin Oidilwald in a re b e llion his a h Kin Osw : Ecol H ii a ains e . ist i. xiv g t f t r g y , , . 2 ’ em i 24. Vic to r Die N o th. Runensteine 46 ll s M o r, ( r , ) we ays Se lb st we nn Al hfrid s To d ni h s n 670 s n de n e s s ate r e l ist m uss dahe di Kun s ll c t cho , o r r t p rfo gt , r e tvo e Ve rb indun g irischer ” mit n in e n ale O n ame n ik un d fi iirliche r Skul ur auf se ine m ab mal in E s aun co t t r r t g pt Gr r t e n se tz e n . 1 2 ’ Beda iii. 14 2 1 24 25 28 . Plumm B de e s e ii. 2 , , , , , r , 63 . 2 S a n Tu ne m ake s Al e d (MS. C . Ves . D t he ille i ima e son of Osw m a h ro r r fr ott p g t t y , rry
C n e b ur a : Hist. A n . Sax 7 h L . t d . 1 2 i n 8 5 . 2 1 C F 3 . K g , , . . e a an d R . S. P l y g ( o ry ( oo e ), in A Cata l o E l sh oi i B — n i ns n it. as . C . , L n d . , 18 8 7 l iii iv sa s of Aldfrit h Ealdfri A f g r M o , x , y ( ii, lhfrid , ” Al e H e ar i d C d , m e n e b ur d au h e Pe n da. ue b e als e e s t o he se a fr ) r y g , g t r of Gr r o r f r t f cts, Hand b k o in s 14. The e are o i f Al n ns fri h . oo f Co , r co o c t One coin of Aldefridus is pre se rve d in t he B i ish use um an is i e n i a e han ds. illiam r t M oth r pr v t W of Malme sb ury state s that Aldfrit h ( n o t Al fri ” c t h) b e in g ille gi ima e an d an e lde son su eeded t he un e c rid le i ima e l b t t r cc yo g r g t t y orn , an d ma ied Kineb ur a : D e G t es is Re . A n e di g . , . S ub b s i. 57 58 e di . S e e ns n rr g g t t , , ; t t v o , 1854, 44 4 l , 5 . F e n e make s Alhfrid of t he Whi b C n e e n e su e ed Ec fri t h d or c t y o f r c cc g , an Al hfrit h re x Nort hanhimb rorum die at D riffie ld : ona hi Ch on c i n edi . Th e 1848 23 25 2 M c r o , t orp , , , , 6, 46. ’ ’ Al ure d s A . S. e si n Bede i es Ealhfrit h and Ealdfri h : b k t v . v r o of g v . , Smith s edit. 7 R ee e s St C lumba li . 1 85 18 6 7 v , o , x v , , 3 8 . THE 73
s e Acircius he a e Cut hb urh e In i Al o call d , m rri d , sist r of , king of We sse x , who
a a h e if e a e e a e e K n e b ur . s p r t e d from him during l e . Oth rs ll g th t marri d y g
S a an d was e a e e e e t he uch a schol r king most lik ly to h v inspir d , or b com
e a found r of , a Northumbri n cross .
Th e Alcfrit hu al e e e t he e e e word , l g d to r main on Ob lisk (in f minin
a e t h was a a ri Ealh c s ) , is not in e form in which it ncie ntly and usu lly w tte n .
e e A lch rid e A lh rid an d A lh rid e e A lc rith A lk rith frith is sp ll d f , th n f f , n v r f or f
’ e a M a d 1 if B l rith SS. e n In E i L e isho Wi in rly of B de othe r write rs . dd s of p f ’ We A lh ritho A luch ritho A lch rithus Ea lh ridus Fride o d a s find f ( f , A) , f ( f ) , and in g
i e e e A lh ridus A l ridus 2 In a e e t he L f (t nth c ntury) f ( f ) . littl work includ d in
D a 1 1 30 D a works of Syme on of urh m (fl . ) e ntitle d e R egibus Saxon icis (s id b a M e t he a e A lc ridus by Cotton to e S. of Sym on) n m f stands for King Ald ‘ 2 h i a a A h a ri h In t e L ber Vitae e e lc rith n d A lt t . frith . (ninth c ntury) pp r f f
Ald rid A lch rid e t he i i e e Be e f , not f , is includ d in l st of k ngs app nd d to d M M 5 ( S. ) .
It e a e e e e all e he di a is r mark bl that , whil B d omits m ntion of t sappe ar nce
e Alcfrit h e a e e he b e e ai or d ath of , or r sons for ith r , should so unc rt n of Ald “ frith as to re cord : Aldfrid succe e de d n rid s aid to b e brothe r of ” rid Osw 2 was a a a a h . e e e n d t e n , and son to King y B d not lw ys ccurat , in
c e e e e a e on e m a e e e Alcfrit h e fa of th s discr p nci s y w ll doubt wh th r , und rking
D a t he 7 e e n e e e e e e . of ir , myst rious pri c of B wcastl , v r liv d
CY N EBU R G e t he e e e Alcfrit h a e e t o , aft r d c as of , is ll g d have be come
e a an d 963 t he e a he r e St C n e s abb ss of C istor , in bodi s of this s int and sist r y P 2 with we re transfe rre d to e te rborough .
1 B 2 1 24 25 28 iv . 26 1 2 7 2 5 u . I Pl mme r, ede Ecol . Hist , , , , ; ; v . , , , 9, 1 , 1 , 18 n ’ ’ M d A lch rido Alh r Alc h S ee s lis of n ame s in Be de s H isto S. 7 37 are un ido riod w t t ry ( M ) fo f ( f ) , ( )f d de t En lish T xt 1 h added b e di A lc h ridi A lc h ri Ol s e s 39 140 . y tor) , f , f g , , 2 Wil ridi E is i 1 1 1 2 1 15 . i st a ii. ta Ra n e Hi . I . ii. c . v Vi , , , p , f p cop , , , “ ” 2 : S meon is D une lm us f id n ui e n um xix . Post Ecgfrid um frate r e j Al c r us te t r g annis y . ” ’ um i ad s d us I S m s l O e a Su ee s 1. 210. In Hist . Be t e . 10 Alfri . n eo n e e p r ( rt g r , p , y tt r to ” D n H u h w ad Missus st ilfrid us ab Al c frido ra e in allias ut ordin are t ur E isc o us ea g e re , e W ( ) g G p p ,
1 2 . The is an inse i n t he edi . p . 3 c rt o of tor 1 S Old En Texts 1 . ee . . 54 w t, g , 2 b d I i . , 148 . 2 ’ Be de iv 26 Se lla s an s 28 7 . , . ; r tr ,
7 - Se a le in A n l Sax n Bish s Kin s and N bles Camb . 18 99 i e s t he ll in W. G . r g o o op , g , o , , , g v fo ow g E ld 4 au h i ie s : Ealh rith Be da iii. 2 1 24 25 28 : a rith Be da iv . 26 . 18 S ee 1 8 t or t for f , , , , , for f , , ; v ; w t,
- - i 2 t uthb B d a ita S C . A C F R. . 37 2 2 ii. n . Sax D E l e S me n 3 6 15 e V g . hron . , ; ore n c y o ( , , ; ; , , - E h B iii 2 h . 24 2 C n ebur a . 1 Fl A . S C n : fin. ; Be da Plumme r, ii. 3 1 : for y , e d , ; ore nce ; . ro , for
- Cuthburh A . S C Fl n r i. 267 n . . . e n e La e be O e , or c pp g tt , 2 A u -Sax C 2 ii i. 21 . 6. g . hron . , 9 7 4 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
E GFR ITH Osw an d Ean flaed 645 a C , son of y , born about , succe e de d s
d 2 h Ma 68 5 670 an e 0t . fourte e nth kin g in , di d on y
O LEE BE E n Me 659 e St C n b ur a d W , ki g of rcia ( broth r of y e g n
h a h St C n e swit t e e . e e a Wulfh r y , was found mong nam s Th r was e e , bishop
8 54- 900 of York , in .
WILFR ITH e a H a was a Wilfri h e e . t I , a pri st , ccording to igh , m mori lis d . was a e e 664 664- 669 an d 68 6—69 1 ord in d pri st in bishop of York , bishop
S S 68 0- 68 6 e e e 692- 705 H e a of outh axons , bishop of L ic st r , bishop of xh m ,
05- 9 ilfri h II was 1 8— 2 W t . 70 . 7 7 3 . Wilfri h I 7 t . bishop of York , , of Wor
1 8— 45 Wilfrit h 92 2—92 8 oe e 7 7 e e . st r , of Worc st r ,
’ H E TR ED S a e a a H uaet r d h H T W n m ppe rs . A e is on t e roll of monks in
i D Wiht re d e e h Liber V tce e . t e of urham (ninth c ntury) , king of K nt , di d in li 8 52 Th hi 25 Wiht re d e . e i e e e 7 . Abbot v d in most l k ly poss ssor of t s nam
Wiht re d Wi re d was e t e - le - S e e 92 8- 944 was or g , who bishop of Ch s r tr t in , in
’ a E the lst n s re ign .
H A Wi h ar E a S WO T G R . t e n e e t e g , a minist r of Ki g th lst n , visit d Gall n in
a E a Kuaran LWF e . O . Olaf was common nam in North ngl nd Olaf ” Cwira a t he re d a t h e a a was t h e n ( n ) , Ol f , or Ol f of s nd ls , son of Ki g
Sit ric Cao ch a e D n at a 937 n or G l of ubli fought Brun nburh in ki g of York , 940 an d again 949 profe sse d Christianity in 943 e xpe lle d by Northumbrians 2 8 1 9 H . 95 I a e . e e e n e in ; re tire d to on and di d , prof ss d Christia ity Oth r
a e a e e e e e Fe lwold n m s h v b n sugg st d without much warrant , such as and
R oe t b e rt . , of whom nothing is known
CE D M ON Ke dm on a a e a e e b e n e t he - e , or , is n m ll g d to i cis d on top ston of Ruthwe ll Cross on t h e north face ; and m any have ide ntifie d this in
ae t he e and r a halch a d a dividual with C dmon , po t monk of St e n e s n
The D rea m o the Rood I a a e e a . t e e e e r put d uthor of f is r m rk bl , how v r , to
fin d t he a e Cadmo n a e e a a Ead re d Wulfric n m ( ) pp nd d to gr nt by King to ,
S D a a at a a 94 6 e t k n e . broth r of unst n , of l nd Wor i gton , lso in Cumb rl nd , in
The a e e as Gadmon a e a e a e a s m witn ss , , tt sts noth r ch rt r long with Abbot
D His a unstan in st tus is not give n . Admitte d that CYNIBU R U G or CYNN BU RU G is inscribe d on Be w
a e e s e t he e e 2 I h a e a e c stl Ob li k , what do s t rm d note s it t e n m of p rson or of a place 7 Quee n Cyn e b urh h as be e n alre ady re fe rre d to as a like ly pe rsonage
1 S i B A Goldast us t. er te nu s em o D n . ma . ii. 11 153 156 u e d b S ub b . St unsta , cr p , , pt. . , , q ot y t , M f , i lxxv n . 2 Bi h Ca t. San 11 . 577 N 1 i o . 8 5 ii . 8 rc , r , , 3 , No . 8 83 . Cf. postea.
7 6 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
The e . e t hus shir has a burh , a borough For choic it stands at a ford (Be wcastle rise s ove r Shop - fo rd = sce ap- ford Shire and burh are knit
Th hi t he : t he e e t he hi e e . e e e tog t h r s r maintains burh burh d f nds s r . Just above t he bridge rise s t he mound that is in t he narrowe st se nse t he h ” 1 a The e e e t e e . burh of C mbridge . castl has com and gon old burh r mains
It ffe e e e : a e e a - is di r nt at B wcastl c mp , castl , bridg , m rke t cross , and church
e e t he e t he borou h e e t he i b sid ford r main , but g , c ntr of mil tary , political , and
e o f an e e e e e e cont e n civil busin ss old Bord r county , is transf rr d ls wh re , if this
b e a e a e Kun iburh t he - S he n tion cc pt bl , that is Anglo axon name for t Roma
a e e hi t h c mp at B wcastl , w ch was made e site of a re gularly constitute d
borough .
1 T hi nd B r h Camb . 1 7 owns p a o oug , , 908 , 3 . P ATE XVI L .
7 8 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
E OM ETR I C PA TT ER N S : T H E H E UE R S l . G C Q
The simple st ge ome tric de sign upon t he Be wc astle stone is a primitive
e e a e e a e t h e e out t he e e on e of univ rsal pr v l nc , n m ly , ch cks on north rn fac
Pl e e a e e e e e e are e a ( . Bishop Brown d cl r s th s simpl ch qu rs , ( ) p rh ps
h i e a t he e e e t e most difficult th ng to xpl in on whol cross , wh th r as to ” 1 P t he f e as e . e purpos or to dat rof ssor Cook finds his way out of di ficulty , 2 a a at t he t he e e an d following Rivoir , by ssuming th cross is of tw lfth c ntury , 2 h are a . a e a t e che que rs orn me nts This ssumption is unn ce ss ry . From time imme morial che que r p atte rns have be e n use d for orn ame ntal an d symbolical
e e e an d e purpos s on pott ry , wood , ivory , mosaics , ston s , t xtile s . The y we re
h a e a e e a a an d Pe a are t e f vourit orn m nt of rly Assyri ns rsi ns , and found through
h a - a ar . e e e a out t e Orie nt . Watt rs s ys Che que r p tt rns ofte n use d with gre t e f e all e t he e e a e t he t e f ct , at p riods , from g om trical v s s down to four h c ntury , ” 4 h h a a a the ir usual position be ing on t e ne ck of t e v se . The y ppe ar on e rly 2 e a a am ho rse e 2 a e e 7 Ath ni n and Corinthi n p , Cypriot quaichs , Rhodi n v ss ls ,
S a e 2 and t he e a e t he e e e a P t ud n dish s , on sign d cr t r of gr at Gr k rtist , y hon ( 350 The y are worke d on me tal obj e cts of t he e arlie r bronze age of 1 0 I E h D e . t e e o n e t e e e nmark is in gypt , how v r , finds ch qu r fre que ntly
e e e al e re h io us e an d us d , sp ci ly in conn ction with g subj cts , probably with some
- l a e a . The e e h e t e e e e symbo ic l m ning wood n coffin of Am n p, pri st at Th b s
( 2500- 1 700 is cove re d with p ainte d che que rs ; anothe r coffin of a lady h a a a 1 600 B fl s e e . 0 co i fin e ly p int d n ckle t forme d of che cks ( . ) and a third n from t h e te mple of Ame n - R a ( 1 200 e xhibits a ne ckle t of varie gate d " e co flin - e h as a a t he e e e o u t ch cks . A small cask t p inting of tr of lif growing
a a e e t he e e a 1 2 of box orn me nte d with ch qu rs , and out of tr a fe m le e me rge s . Still more re markable is t he use of thi s de sign in t he te xt of t he Book of t he
D a e 4t h e e e e e e e e hie e d , wh re ( vign tt ) Osiris is s n s at d on a thron whos c f orname nt is che que rs in colour ; while be fore him is displaye d t he sacre d
1 2 A 11 Lomb . h . 83. C nve si n o H e ta ch 194. o r o f p r y, rc , 2 The D ate o the B C sses 298 f R . and . ro , 1 m i C C i e ase O midh a i. 254 fi . 7 Hist . o A n ien t P tte Lo nd . 1905. . 6. f c o ry, , f ypr ot v fro r , , g 2 — In B i ish use u 1 a Ro m Case s 33 36 A 40 1 Case 20 . m . V se r t M , o , , , c 2 — 659 m Enk mi C us 1500 1000 Case 46 . 966 6th e n . , fro o , ypr ( , c ( c t 7 II . Va R C 47 1 9 1372 he ue s i h animals e s se m ase s 10 1 1 Nos. 13 36 e tc . oo , , , , , , c q r w t , flow r , 111 R m E 424 . oo , . 2 As m le an use um Sudan R m dish m Fa as No . 442 . h o M , oo , fro r , 2 M . B i . us IV. Vas F 14 e R 9 . r t , oom, ° 1 I ndust A Worsaee . ts o D en k 7 , r f mar , 6 . 1 1 B i Mus 1 E . . . . R m Nos. 67 10. r t , gypt oo , 1 2 Ib 111 E id. . m . R No . , gypt oo , THE SCULPTURE ON BOTH MONUMENTS 79
‘ — t e n surm o un t e d b e H t h e e n lotus with its he ads , y four childr n of orus g n of t he de ad ; an d t h e door of t he Fune ral Passage s has for its distinctive 1 a Mr e e e e t he m orn me nt che que rs in colour . Ow n Jon s r produc s de sign fro
2 e s a e ar h t he portico of a te mple in Egypt . Notch d qu r s e carve d on t e door
t he - e e as e Vasuki Assuri t he a a l e post of sun t mpl of B d o ( ) , in Chin b V l y , 2 I a Th e a a e t h e a e e a ndi . Rom ns in Brit in us d p tt rn in th ir mos ics , as at 4 D I t h e M e at a an e a H e msworth in orse t . n us um C iro rly Coptic ste le e xhibits a a e a e an d t he M e a b ckground incis d with squ r s , in British us um is se e n
’ a e e e e e e e an d portion of Coptic stol mbroid r d with sc n s from Christ s lif , 2 Th a e e e e e . e e a e t he a e squ r s of lin n work d with figur s of dov s C lts lso us d p tt rn ,
’ a t h Lin di fam e t he e a e a a St a s se e n in e s e Gosp ls , on rly s pulchr l sl bs in Bl ne s 2 e o n t h e a e t h e S e M a 1 023 t he Churchyard , But , c s of tow iss l ( and on
Ma e a Lo n d o de rr fi P an d a e a doorway of gh r Church , n y rior G rdn r cknow
h e e e o f a d a a 2 a le dge t e xist nc che que r n pl it on Angli n stone s . Stu rt
a a a H a 10 Th h illustr te s che que rs c rve d on stone in e xh m . e fre que nt use of t e
a e a a e e an d t he a e e p tt rn by Norm n rchit cts is w ll known , l t r history n e d not
a he a h b e l boure d he re . T signific nce of t e che que re d p ane l m ay b e conne cte d
a s Th a e t he G e a with its sugge stion of m ny cros e s . e m ntl s of r e k F the rs
e e e e a e G e e e t he a e a w r cov re d with clos ly arr ng d r k cross s , producing pp ar nce 1 1 of che que r - work an d t he artists of t h e mo n aste ry of D aphn e place d ” a The sun - a t he crosse s within che que rs on the ir mos ics . di l on southe rn
b s a a h fac e will e discus e d fte rw rds among t e symbols .
2 IN T E R LA C E D PA T T E R N S o n N OT W O R K . K
e e are fi e e a t he e e Th r n e sp cim ns of inte rl ce d work upon B wcastl Obe lisk .
e e e a e a e e an d e Th s int rl c d p tt rns , carve d with pr cision car , display no characte ristics diffe re nt from those which pre vaile d in those late ce nturie s
he H e a a - i w n ib rni n mon stic inge nuity turne d simple plait work nto a puzzle ,
i t he was a a in wh ch cross made distinctive fe ture .
1 Ibid. Case F a simile t h P r us , , f c of e apy . 1 ramma o O name t L i 1 n n d. 18 68 l. v No . 6 . 8 . G r f r , o , , p . , p 2 Oldham Sun and Se en t , rp , 30 . 1 M s u B i u S ai a . sai i tes eroe i s an d ta s . . se s n h e e s of s e ue sse . r t , t rc Mo c t r row , w th ch q r cro 2 Mas Guide da isi u B it M uide 1 V te 1 12 2 2 fi 7 1 . us . 64. e 9 3 . p ro , r, e tc . , , , g r G , 2 H n Bute in the Olden T i 2 fi e is ime 21 l . ii. . w o , , . (p g 7 k n u E fi S s a d Pl ke a l Ch st A r eland 1 1 1 2 . 7 e n i . t in I 9 8 3 to tt, r y r r , , , g 2 I id b . 144 fi . , , g 79 . 2 A A n - 2 n i u e ul tu E la nd amb 19 1 120. u t o M ed . F C S e in n . cco f g r c p r g , , , 1 ° S t e 1 1 1 cu a St n s i l ed nd L Art . 24 . i. . i Mrs am s n Sa a . 3 . h o , , p xc v . J e o , cr , 1 2 ill Le de e onastére Da hn i 67 . M t, M p , 8 0 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
P - e e e t he a e e e art lait work , rar in arly tim s , found in classical g of Gr k ,
u a a t he a e e t h was in common se as de sign mong Rom ns , sp cially for e borde rs
M a a e a E a 1 e e e e e e . of mosaic pave me nts . any x mpl s h v b n un rth d in ngl nd
I a t h n E e e e e e From t ly e patt e rn spre ad i to gypt , wh r it b cam a promin nt 2 h f ar e e e t e t e e . e ature in Christian t . Th nc it follow d Cross into nor h rn r gions Inte rlace d orname nt was use d in t h e churche s of Syria in t he se cond an d third 2 a as Th t he t e I e a e e s e e . e e e e c nturi s , w ll in G orgia d v lopm nt of pat rn in r l nd
e e e e t he e e e is most re markabl , but th r is nothing p culiar in xample s at B wcastl 4 t he e H a Th u a a to prove that styl is pure ly ib e rni n . e s rf ce is too we the r
e one e e t h e e a t he E a t h e worn to p rmit to say wh th r doubl b nd of gypti n , or
h I a a a a a a Th ar a i t e t w s e e . e t i e tr ple band of t li n r ists , f tur of l byr n thin
a was on t he e H e a a as t h inte rl cing e of glori s of ib rni n rtists , displaye d in e
B t he D t he H e - Sa Lin disfam e ook of Ke lls , Book of urrow , ib rno xon Book of ,
e e e a and othe r famous manuscripts . But th r is no good r ason for sse rting t hat only An glian and Irish sculptors could e xe cute t he simple ge ome tric — de signs upon Be wcastle monume nt simple in de e d compare d with t h e
r - a As e The hi accompanying figu e c rving . Rivoira w ll says ghly com plicate d inte rlacing of t he Lin disfam e Gospe ls was done at a time whe n t h e Com acini an d Lomb ard guilds had long be e n accustome d to produce ” a a 2 p atte rns of t h e most varie d and intricate ch racte r in c rving .
I b e e e e a e e t o e t will subs qu ntly prov d th t n ith r in manuscript nor on s n ,
a e t he e e e an a e a for long ft r s v nth c ntury , did y Angli n or C ltic school of rtists
a h a a l a e a e a e all illustr te t e bility to dr w , mou d , and c rv gr c ful hum n figur s at
a Th a a e a a comp arable with those now unde r inve stig tion . e most c su l x min
t h e a e int e rlacedw rk S e e t h e tion of illustrations of c rv d zo in cotland , xhibit d in authoritative book of Alle n an d Ande rson on The Early Christian M on umen ts o Scotlan d e a n a a all e a e e f , prov s striki g f ct , th t on rly monum nts xce lle nt
1 -B i ish M T m as an R man t sai Pavemen ts Lo n d . 18 8 6 W d e s e s ho Morg , o o r o c , , ; oo ch t r hows
- k i ue a al s ll b i d s e kin ui 74 n I Wi h lai - k b i . i pla t wor , tr q tr , flor cro , r p c g fr t, ; Morto ( of g t) , p t wor , rds
kin e s 234 lai - k at H orst on an d Lin ln 136 138 Bi n al s ll 205 pe c g flow r , p t wor co , , ; g or, flor cro ,
nh all s ale a e n like sf h Cr ss 18 0. The B i is use um has m sai a m Le ade , c p tt r Go ort o , r t h M o c p ve e n ts C a e s win in la d k S ai as N s 23 27 m a h e e e o . . fro rt g ho g t r c wor t rc , , 2 — uide Cai e 231 8 2 7 fi . 74 as 3 . M pe ro , G r , , , g 2 k s an d Plunk Ea l Ch ist A r in I e nd 2 i i E S e e . t la 8 . W d un d t n he sus : Dis to tt, r y r r , oo fo p
E L n d . 18 7 7 14 s . 1 coveries at o , , 8 , fig , 3 . 1 ide el - C fe u C t. A n ti D ublin 1 10 of y. G q. , 9 , 8 14. 2 mba d A hite tu e d 1 1 i L n . 9 0 ii. 14 Ri as u h e e sse d s li L 5. a h e hi b e e a o r rc c r , o , , vo r f rt r xpr f th t m li a e d in e la in was unkn n in an a of S lan d b e e t he ei h h e n u an d co p c t t r c g ow y p rt cot for g t c t ry, th at b oth Be wcastle an d Ruthwe ll Crosse s date d from n ot e arlie r th an about t he first half of t he ” u Bu lin n a A il 2 l h e n t . 191 cix . xxi 24 . twe ft c t ry r g o M g , pr , , .
8 2 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e xample on t he north face of Be wcastle Obe lisk much re se mble s an orname nt.
a di e 505 A . B . e e a s carve d on n ivory ptych of dat , wh r a portr it of Christ crown
a 1 The e t he e a h e . e t e two int e rbl nding pl nts mploym nt , by anci nt Assyri ns ,
Pe a an d e e e e s e t rsi ns , Gr ks , of a curving st m with t ndril , flow rs , and frui h ad t h e a e e e e e a ma e as e e h ppi st d v lopm nt in rly Ro n d coration , s n in
P e e e on e e e e e e omp ii , wh r finds lov ly scrolls with l av s growing out of ach oth r ,
e e e t he e a e and p ndulous flow rs and fruits , whil through curv d br nch s wild 2 a a e si n s e s e a e cre ture s c re e r . W ig g on Ruthw ll Cros and B wc stl w - Obe lisk are e le me ntary c o mpare d m y m m gM E d n t he
a t he e a a 2 carve d sh fts on w st front of Chartre s C the dr l . That t he e arly sculptors of Northumbria an d Me rcia could produc e foliace ous sculpture m ay b e admitte d ; and t he alle ge d cross of Acc a ( 7 40
e -e e e e e e e e with its w ll x cut d combination of vin s int rtwin d , grap bunch s ,
e a e an d e t h e a H e 2 l v s t ndrils (but without birds) , cross sh fts of xham ,
S a 2 a 7 an d e a e e e e e e e 2 t mfordham , and J rrow , oth r fr gm nts pr s rv d in B ck rm t , ” H e e a an d e lac e s are e ed e e t he a i e v rsh m , oth r p , acc pt sp cim ns of b lityof North rn
a e e a e e as e e e an d a e t h e c rv rs to produc foli c ous as w ll g om tric d signs , in ft r
ilfri h Pl 2 a a a s a XI . e t W t . time of S ( X figs . , Rivoira dmits th t om wh t
a a e a b e as e a as t he simil r c rv d sl b , built into Britford Church , might rly 1 e 0 an d he a e a was t h e e a e e a e ighth c ntury , ss rts th t it st rility of n tiv g nius th t force d Be ne dict Bisco p and St Wilfrit h to introduce fore ign artists into “ a The e e a e e a Engl nd . simpl r d signs might we ll h ve be e n e x cutabl by n tive
e N ait an i t he P e e e e artisans , such as thos , k ng of icts r qu st d to com from
A
1 K -K ll i h he uns am e Be lin . d C e n in t Ashm l In t m Cf. We s e e an use um t r, r twoo o ct o o M ,
a P A Of. t h sa la F I . 5 ls 0 h 1 2 133 . 8 . 8 d . . Soc. 4 un e 6 e e d n in . Oxfor , ; o roc i rc , J , cr p t Oh l La esse se en h u F . d e Pa is 1 8 3 i l . iii e n . R aul t e u 8 . oh ry, M , r , , , p xxxv , of v t c t ry 2 n e s Gramma o O na men t l. i . In 1909 t he i e saw b e au i ul e s lls Jo , r f r , p xx v , wr t r t f flow r cro on t he ce iling of t he portico of t he te mple of Jupite r in Baalbe c also t he vine carve d on a c apital in a u f a a A m ha si a e am le of lia e us a t he ruin e d syn gog e o C pe rn um . so e w t mil r x p fo c o c rvin g on a curvin g an d re curvin g ste m is displaye d on a m agnifi ce nt e arly Asokan pillar (Buddhist) ove r hi h s ill in situ in a e a e m le in Sam at h In dia e e n l e a a e d b t he G e nm n 1 6 fe e , , r p , , r c c v ov r e . t g t g t t t y x “t y t his ill a b ab l 50 ee hi h me l a e en i e sa s : It is e ne all an e d Of t p r, pro y f t g for r y, r c t wr t r y g r y gr t ” a n o n e ie e a in was e e d ne b In dian kmen . Times o India 1 O b r th t fi r p c of c rv g v r o y wor f , cto e
1 13 illus . 9 , t 2 O b e k P m ei i n se e i inem Ge en L i z i 46 fi . 274 Ma a J. v r c , o p baitd , et c e p g, 1875, 8 , g rri ge , The l tu es o Cha t es Cathedral C m a b . 1 44 ls 1 17 Scu p r f r r , , 909 , , p . 6, . 1 ld a d 4 H av erfie n ee n ell Ca l S C th Lib Du ha m 5 55 56. Gr w , ta . culp t. Stones. a . r , , , 2 7 Ibid . 70 . Ibid . , 68 . , 2 Cal e le N tes on C ss 2 Ibid 202 v r y, o ro es, 8 . . , . 1 2 1 1 A ch ii. 180 fi . 95 4 e e t s . Lamb . r , , g 5 . Ibid. , 1 6 q PLATE XVII .
- B CA CR o ss F OM SOU W . EW STLE , R TH EST
M r M o o ri e o r J . Phot g aph by . C ntg me .
8 4 THE RUNIC ROOD S OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
t M e e hi h e arch in t he Church of S aria in Vall , at Cividal , in Friuli , w ch
62- 66 a attribute s to artists from Rave nna in 7 7 . But J ckson also points
e e an d t he M a istri Comacin i out , when discussing Lombard influ nc , g , who
a e e e e e t he we re simply Rom n not Lombard craftsm n , in r f r nc to work in
ll e e e t he a e Baptiste ry of Ca ixtus at Cividal ( ighth c ntury) , that orn m nt is
l e e a t he a e e me n e xce l e nt , e v n b utiful , but tt mpts at figur s of and animals
If t h e e e t he e e u are be ne ath criticism . sculptur d ornam nt of ighth c nt ry
a t h e e t he e a b e comp re d with that of fourth , as shown , for instanc , in rly
a a on e e al e t he a e di n t he Christi n sarcoph gi , r is s bj ct con tion i to which arts ” 1 I t h e e h ad sunk in taly during int rval . The inte rlacing of vine s and t he introduction of de structive cre ature s
t h e E a stel oe ar h we re the me s of gyptian sculptors , and m ny e pre se rve d in t e
M e i e e e — in t e rlacin s i ke use um at Cairo which xh bit th s d signs g , b rds , y
2 h a e e . t e patt rns , figur s with nimbus , and Christian symbols Among fr g m e nts of Coptic archite cture found in t he ruin s of t he conve nt of St Je re my
Baouit and t he M e E are e e at , within small towns of iddl gypt , sculptur d ston s
a he be aring de signs simil r to those on t two monume nts unde r re vie w . The y ” ar a e a Ma e e a e e e hi e orn me nt d , s ys sp ro , with h rb c ous st ms or foliag , w ch
a e e e e e i di s now run in dir ct lin , th n r curv in rolls and w n hg crosswise ;
e a e e and through th m p ss proc ssions of figur s , animals , amorous figure s ,
e re id s e a e at a e N mount d on dolphins , holy cav li rs full g llop on hors back , and ” l a a 2 O ambs amid f nt stic monste rs . n e could not find a be tte r mode l for t he se Northumbrian floral de signs than a portion of an apse from a Coptic
e a e E a 700- 900 t he M ‘ shrin t k n from sn ( and now in British use um .
The e e a e e e outsid bord r is c rv d with symbolical fish , birds (p acocks) , l ave s
e e are e e e - e a e e within curving and r curving t ndrils s n vin l v s , grap s , dove s , a
h a h e e e e t c . t e e t e . figur , flow rs , sh lls , , occupying curv tur of niche
— - — This Orie ntal de sign t h e vine or foliage scroll c ame n ort hward t hrough
G a ar E M d e e e . e ul , in which many xampl s found , into ngland . Caumont give s a be autiful e xample on a moulding found in t he ruins of t he ninth - ce ntury
1 B zan tine and R manes ue A hit e tu e 2 15 2 16. P ess W. R . Le hab a y o q rc c r , , rof or t y lso refe rs t o t he C ma in i as e s ediieval A rt who are su se d t o ha e a ie d o n ar o c M t r (M , ppo v c rr chite cture in ” N h I al an d ha e b ee n es nsib le t he su si i i us s l ea l L mb a d art ort t y, to v r po for ppo t t o choo of r y o r , we re ” me e l an ass ia i n or uild of mas ns i h no e e en e t o a e n e at C m r y oc t o g o , w t r f r c c tr o o and that ” t he Ma ist ri C ma ini he ar d of in t he se en h e n ur e e of n o s e ial im an Th g o c v t c t y w r p c port ce . ese
a smen of t he I alian uilds e e ee t o a el as he did in o t he Wes . cr ft t g w r fr tr v , t y , t t 2 ' ’ W. E. u C m Catal. General us C u ts Ca ée da Cai e. o tic on men i 1902 Steles r , M r p M , ro , ,
Nos. 8 265 l . 39 8 673 l 47 , p , p . , e t c . 2 - Tran sl. F e n h uide M us C . ai e 2 2 7 fi s 74 75 . r c G r , 36 3 , g . , 1 S u he n E i ll an a e Ba 32 No . 1 104 o t r gypt G ry, y , THE SCULPTURE ON BOTH MONUMENTS 8 5
St S - - e Euro e e t he e e e t e t he church of amson sur Risl ( ) , wh r s rp ntin ndril of 1 a a a d It e e vine be rs fruit like an acorn and also gr pe s pe e ke by a bird . r ach d
ort humb ria a d a a — e a b e e e e N n C le doni . A trough how rly cannot d t rmin d
e a e - e a e e e t he M e sculptur d with vin scroll , from Gr t Orton , is pr s rv d in us um ,
Tullie H e a s e a - e - e e s ous , C rli l , along with an e rly cross shaft having vin l av
a at Cro t hom e e and gr pe s boldly carve d upon it . A cross p of dat
8 00 e e e a e a a - e a , r s mbl s th t at Ruthw ll , having simil r cross h ad , and flor l carving
2 Th a e a a a e t he on front and side s . e comple x form be c m f vourite orn m nt of
e t h e e s e an e e a e e North rn sculptors . Within e dioc s of Carli l l g nt xampl of t he scroll an d re ve lling cre ature s is se e n on t h e broke n cross - shaft in H e ve rs 2 a u kirk e a . S a e e t nn ham Church imil r work is pre s rv d N y , Northumb rl nd}
t he la 2 In t he a e and in church of Auck nd . church of Jarrow is a small fr gm nt
a e e e showing dove s pe rche d mong t he vine s . A lov ly sp cime n of sculptur of
as was db ur h A ala? f l i g l c n e . l flit h ts y this cl s found at J g g flg i j fit l h i g y gy i g y yygg g y e ar a t ndrils , amid which e c rve d
works of o n e mast e r or t heW 9 ; QM If t he three are e a a t he e e an e a a cont mpor ry works , d ting from t nth c ntury , xpl n tion of t he appe arance of this supe rior work in Je dburgh m ay b e found in t he fact t a e t h e a Ea his e e e h t , aft r de fe t of King Olaf by King dmund , conf d rat
a was Ead re d 952 Wulfst n , Archbishop of York , by King in brought into ” t he a e d b ur h 7 The e a a e t he f stn ss at Je g . b utiful flor l sculptur on south door
t he e St e ae at G a of chap l of Jos ph of Arimath a l stonbury , and that of fruit
a h a a a 2 t e re e . The and birds round north door , ttribut d to Norm n artisans
an i t e a e e e j amb of arch in Britford Church , W l shir , is m d up of old r sculptur d
an d o n e e e e r e t he e e work , pi c , v y lik brok n shaft of a cross , has carving lik
a e a 2 th t obs rv ble at Ruthwe ll . The se works of art at Be wc astle an d Ruthwe ll e xhibit a high de gre e of h e e e e t e e e t he e e e e . xc ll nc in x cution of scrolls , flow rs , fruit , and littl cr atur s
1 ’ ’ Abe eda i e ou Rudimen t d A rchéo lo ie C 7 c r g , ae n , 18 68 , 8 . 2 Cal v l Ea l S ul C s 2 e e t h . . ses 202 . A h E lian a xix . 1897 1 92 r y, r y c p ro , rc . , , , , p oto 1 I bid . . 8 l iv b i 1 98 35 . . This am l s in ds. , xx , , , p e x ple a so has an arche r hoot g r 2 P i n d dn e A - - a a M ed l . ce . o Fi u S u u e ii 3 fi 95 . e t . 1 1 . r or G r r, f g r c p r , , g 2 All en Ea l hr ist. n I i N 4 5 ua S ul t . C s P . C I I. . 434 fi 4 l 418 o . 3 S t 45 . . a s , r y Mo , , , g . f o , t rt, c p S ii l tones . . iii , , p cxv . 7 A n l -Sax n Ch le l 11 n i ans . 9 1 . g o o ro c , tr , . 2 Vetusta umen d 17 i n ta Lo n . 96 ii . l ii s. i. i . Mo , , , , p xxx , xxx v 7 . T . Ri i A a L mb . h. 1 1 ii 9 0 . 18 fi 5 59 . G vo r , o rc , , 0 , g . 8 6 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
as h The re is no grote sque ne ss nor e vide nce of unre fine d t te in t e conce ptions .
Th a a d The e a i a e m . e e e e n p rv d ng inspir tion is almost mod pois of l f , flow r ,
a an d e e t e are e e e fruit is n tural , th ir d s ructiv visitors d ftly balanc d on th ir
Th e hi e e e a e are a e e pe rche s . myt cal mbl ms of rly monum nts lmost ntir ly
h rs m st on e e e e . a t wo e rgnal ect s nra‘ gea y of a s ttl d discard d sa g a p y L m y ygey y y
e a e . and pumr Christi n Gosp l M m ) , Th e origin afi tl m e of their de dic ation might b e e asily arrive d at if on e could indubitably sp e cify th e symbolical plants which are re pre se nte d on
Th t b lic al e e n t h e 1s a the m . e e mof has mo tr o e Ob isk robuster th n that s m l “ Jt ' a a h rear i o e ont e e and t we v e c rve d upon s ss . e e e g curv s form r on
Th ls . e t e d n by Christianity for symbo da , accor i g to
P was a h H a The m t . e orphyry , symbol of e soul in ie r polis pal was pictur d in
he e a a e t h E a Th e E e e a e t he t fun r l g rd ns of e gypti ns . mp ror V spasi n us d
a a a h h s me s cre d symbol on coin s comme mor ting t e ove rthrow of t e Je ws .
The a ort hum b ria t h e e e e n e rtist in N , in t nth c ntury , might hav i troduc d
a Th e cluste rs of row n be rrie s to influe nce Northe rn myt hologists . rowan
e e a n - P rus aucu aria e e e e BM on tr or mount i ash ( y p ) , long r v r nc d in
e lie t h e ace d eesofI a— th M i s Catechu h a s vi w , al d to s r tr ndi e and t e p la a or
- 1 arn a e e . The a e e a h fir h a p tr row n tr was s cre d to t e e god Thor . T e f bulous ” e e a t he n t h e r a t h tr haoma of which som , dri k of immo t ls , was e juice ,
’ e an e a e e e e t e n a e a bor gl p rch d upon its top , whil fish w tch d Ahriman s liz rd ,
t he e - e which was harv st spoil r , se nt to thou
h a a E t e same e xpl n tion . arly
was e a Th Christianity syncr tic , and e arly sculptors illustr te d what e Road me nde r of Michae l Fairle ss we ll says We c an ne ve r b e too Pagan whe n we are u t h ar t h tr ly Christian , and e old myt hs e e te rnal truths he ld fast in e
’ ” Church s n e t . The be autiful flowe r so de licate ly and so ofte n carve d upon both monu
1 Sir . N man L k e Stonehen e and the B itish S e uments : sac ed ee s . J or oc y r, g o r r ton Mon r tr , xx — 201 2 1 1 , 320 .
8 8 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
a an d a art Northe rn school of rtists to form multiply simil r works of ; so that ,
ar e b e t he e e e if the se two roods e re ckon d to productions of s v nth c ntury ,
l a the y are maste rpie ce s of a rare ge nius who c ame and passe d ike me te or .
4 IG UR E SC ULPT UR E . F
The craftsme n who de signe d and e xe cute d the se monume nts we re
a e a e e accustome d to h ndle huge blocks of ston , ccomplish d in figur and a a a e e e e i e an d e c n tomic l drawing , xp rt with v ry kind of ch s l , gift d with artisti
! a h a of h r t he an d e t ste in producing t e re fine d f ce s t e Ch ist , Virgin , oth r holy
Th e a t h e a e an d e pe rsonage s . e re pr se nt tion of f c form of Christ is asily
e e Th e a P e a e e e e e a e r cognisabl as that of e Gr t r ch r , with s r n count n nc , flowing
ea e a e a a e e e e a e e t he locks , b rd d f c , which rtists h v d light d in sinc it pp ar d in
a a 1 mos ics of t he e arly b silicas . sugge stion of life and <>w r t h re nowne d maste r ie c on p a“ y e a “ e a e Le Bon D ie u arw a e a Ami ns C th dral , and simil orks on Ch rtr s C th y y
‘ h a i a Th a a h T are m éil f e e . e e e e t e W p rom an rlymod l mutil t d , cl ft f c of Virgin at Ruthwe ll still shows that t he artist h ad conce ive d a ve ry love ly
e e e at t he a he h as a e maid n , whos shrinking mod sty Annunci tion m rv llously e xpre sse d upon t he stone an d t he figure too is comparable with t he Madonna
’ d l An u cia io The a o n in a ar e e n n t n of Amie ns . fac s ft r re e k g e ha m e,a e G nds e all t he e o ti N arly figur s n y w Wl Ero s t h e a e t he act of sh i his arowt he st o ead on , rch r , is in pph r , ri , t he t h o l a Th e e n e e e e n e e e . e e cross , is corps of crucifi d , mod ll d v ry d t il w ll ” a d a Th a n e e e are a e . e e e cut gr c ful v stm nts lso not worthy dr p ri s , say
P e a e t he l an d a e e a rior and Gardn r , h v ful foldings m ssiv mod lling of l te
e an d e e a l t he e e a a e i e as classic d sign , g n r l y t chniqu shows pr ctis d ch s l , we ll as t he a e e a e a e W ssur d m thods of finishe d school in figur and de cor tiv de sign . e do not re ach such te chnic al attainme nt again in English work until close upon t h h ” 2 e t irt e e nth ce ntury .
On e e e e a may w ll ask , wh nc and how rose such corre ct draughtsmanship 7 and e le gant work on t h e be nighte d Borde rs The quality of drawing of t he
e as l a e t he e e a e human figur , i lustr t d in b st works of rly C ltic illuminators , and on such Angli an stone s an d buildings as have survive d from t he se ve nth
e e c ntury , do s not sugge st e ithe r a n ative source or an e arly date for such
1 Sir ke Ba liss Rex Be um L C mas m B sil S. s nd . 1902 xi : n is ie e r a . S and Wy y , g , o , , x x fro t p c f o o mi D a an .
2 2 C . Carot t i A H ist o A . rt 11 . 27 3 2 4 A e tura Revie w xu. 8 f , f , , 7 . rchit c l , . P ATE XVIII L .
B WCA O OU AC E STLE CR SS : S TH F E .
Photo a h b M J C M o gr p y r . . ntgomerie .
90 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
a d a a e e e e n . e e e carving e xpre ss mor fuln ss , n rgy , vit lity Th s lat r ch rac t erist ics e vide nt at Ruthwe ll sugge st that t he sculptor the re ne ithe r worke d
e e e e e e e a e e from simple sk tch s , nor v n d licat ivori s , but from l rg mould d
a b a e e a e e . e a e figur s pr p r d by a mast r hand This m st r , or cr ftsman , might
a e a e a e e e e . classic l , Biblical stud nt , with hi r tic manual to guid his xp rt chis l
a a a Such manu ls e xiste d for e arly Christi n rtists .
’ Th t he a e e e e e e e iconography of princip l sc n s of Christ s lif was arly s ttl d , and t h e a e e e a a e as b e e t h e arr ng m nts of d t ils practic lly fix d , can prov d from a h e an d e e a ar a e an d simil ritie s of t e subj cts th ir d t ils in works of t . Byz ntin
wa e e S r a e as on e a a We ste rn art s influ nc d by y i n mod ls , finds by comp rison of t he illustrations of t h e Syrian Gosp e ls of Rabula (5 8 6) with those of t he
a E schmiad z i e - e t h a li a e Arme ni n t n Gosp l book , and thos of e C ro ngi n Gosp l
1 e e a books of t h e ninth c e ntury . But th s pictori l re pre se ntations and mode ls
e a e e e affe e I e e e do not app ar to h v r ach d or ct d Britain and r land v ry arly .
S e Me t a hrast e s t he e e e e t he e a im on p , in t nth c ntury , compil d Liv s of arly s ints ,
M was a e t h e E a II 97 5 and out of the m a e nology m d for mp e ror B sil . (
a t h e a a e e - This inte re sting m nuscript in V tic n , now r produc d in photo litho
a a e e e e t he a t gr phy , cont ins ov r two hundr d miniatur s sign d by various r ists
l a h a di t h e adi a 2 Did ron a who il ustr te d t e Live s ccor ng to tr tion l me thod . found
e a a S hi m e n on hi a a a hi r tic manu l at p g , Athos , w ch was compil tion by monk
D t he M e Pan se lin os e a a a e ionysius from works of anu l of Th ss lonic , a p int r of h 3 S h t h t e e e e e . t e e e e e l v nth or twe lfth c ntury om e of subj cts , such as pisod
t h e e St St Pa hi e in liv s of Anthony and ul , for w ch minut instructions to a ar h e e e are a e e . t e rtists giv n in this guid , c rv d on Ruthw ll Cross Thus a e St a St P e a e him rtist is instruct d Anthony h ving found aul mbr c s .
: Pa t he e e m at hi e him t he A grotto ul Th ban , w aring a , w ch cov rs from shoulde rs to t h e kne e h e an d St Anthony e mbrace a rave n p e rche d on t he t 0 t he e e a a Th e r p of tr holds bre d in his b e k . bi d a man on
r t h e e y of d se rt . mode l for t he Maj e sty of Christ
e a stelce t he P e e e e e H t he that most b utiful of of tol maic poch , r pr s nting orus ,
1 H e b e Illuminated an us i ts 34. r rt, M cr p , 3 Il en lo ia di B li . T asi ii in 1907 Co d . Vat . e M o g o, , or o, ( Gr co , 3 ’ Didron Ch istian I on ra h B ii — hu s an sl . . 189 A . ii. 265 399 . , r c og p y, o tr , ; pp THE SCULPTURE ON BOTH MONUMENTS 9 1
Sun - t he e e e e e god , standing upon h ads of two crocodil s , which is pr s rv d in 1 h M a Pl . t e use um t Cairo ( . XXV . fig — To re ve rt t o Southe rn influe nce s on British art Me ssrs Prior and Gardn e r asse rt that Roman sculpture had no radical influe nce on any phase of English ” ar 2 i e e t he t . Th s is born out by our xamination of monume nts found along
’ H a 3 Th e e e e e e h drian s Wall . sam writ rs , whil r f rring to t e fore ign art ific e rs
n e Wilfrit h an d e e importe d by Augusti , , Th odor , conclude that Be wc astle
a e a a e e e n a i a n Cross is suffici ntly w rr nt d sp cim n of A gli n art , st ll st ndi g ” e e se t t he e t he a e wh r it was up as monum nt of Christi n conqu st of Cumbria , i a b a a e . e e e . Y and th t Ruthw ll Cross must simil rly d t d ( et the y hold , “ b e e e a a I it is to conj ctur d th t not from G ul or taly , but from furthe r e ast , ” a a 4 c me t he hands which wrought this de lic te work . The y are right e xce pt
a h a as re g rds t e d te .
Mr O M D a e t h e e e e e t h . . lton consid rs that xc ll nc of e sculpture unde r re vie w may b e accounte d for by t he influe nce of importe d ivory carving Th e Italian art of t he se ve nth ce ntury is not such as to e ncourage t he
e e a e e t he e be li f that a cont mporary sculptor could h v produc d figur s , though t he possible influe nce of illuminate d manuscripts n e e d not b e ove r ” 5 I t h e a It c a a e . n e e e n b e e look d a lat r work sam writ r s ys h rdly doubt d , t e e e e e e a a e e a h r for , that this m t oric app r nc of a monum nt l sculpture in
a a h Nort humb ria must b e scribe d to e xte rn l influe nce . To t e que stion from what quarte r this in flue nce proce e de d the re is only on e probable answe r : ” h t he e t he Me i e a e 6 it must in t e first in stance have come from ast of d t rr n an .
’ The diffe rence be twe e n t he ide a of a carve r e n gage d on St Cuthbe rt s coffin and that of t he sculptor of Ruthwe ll Cross is t he dive rge nce be twe e n
a It t he art of Old Mort lity and that of Canova . se e ms impossible to be lie ve that t he supe rlative ly love ly art of Be wc astle an d Ruthwe ll could b e e xe cute d
h a Aldfrid t he e a e a a t he I e e in t e ge of King , l rn d Fl nn Fin of rish monast ri s ,
1 — m 4 n C N 7 S his e is. H au 0 . 5 ce . M us 4 4 o . 4 50 as uide . ai e 7 M pe ro , G r , ; c t gr t t
itect Review ul 1902 xii No . 68 7 . A rch . , J y , , , 3 In use um Tullie H use Carlisle an d use um Ches e s . M , o , , M , t r 4 k A n A unt o i Review ul 1902 xii No . 68 7 10. Of. he i e e n A h tect . rc , J y , , , , t r r c t wor , cco f
- C 12 It see ms im a i e ha we assi n t he s ul u e M ed Fi u e S u e amb . 19 ii. 1 18 . e . g r t r , , , p r t v t t g c pt r l an a e hen at an a e el h - e n u b uildin s ul ure h ad not de el ed o f Be wcast e t o g , w y r t tw ft c t ry g c pt v op ’ e u he st a e . 120 ha Wilfrit h s u a an d Bees ibid . 1 17 . Th as we kn ow it at D rh m St , y f rt r t , p , t t ’ a a i a e ea b l ks s ne n ot nl i h ain e s e van gelisation b rought t he c p c ty to c rv gr t oc of to , o y w t p t r ’ l n b u i h u e s u e s of lassi di ni an d m i e s of ien al and go dsmiths patte r , t w t fig r po t r c c g ty ot v or t ” e le gance . 5 l o Ca vin s o the Ch istian Era L n d . 1909 xi. D al n Cata . o I v to , f ry r g f r , o , , xxx, xx
n B zantine A rt and A rchceolo O d 191 1 236. D alto , y gy, xfor , , 92 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE and ye t that across t he English Channe l in Man and in Ire land no similar e xample s of pe rfe ct art of t he pictorial Gospe l should e xist in a Church as
a Th a e i - e I la a e e . e e much liv at th t tim m gnific nt h gh cross s of r nd , with
e a e e M S e an d P e a the ir l borat sculptur , which iss tok s Count lunk tt ssign to
a e e a e a t he e e an d as a e t he hi e e e d t s not rli r th n t nth c ntury , l t as t rt nth c ntury , still display t he in artistic an d rude figure s of t he Ce ltic m anuscripts alre ady
e ‘ re fe rr d to .
In t he n e o - Orie ntal art which re vive d afte r t he pe rse cutions of t he
a t h e a e an d e e a e an d e d an iconocl sts , cl ssical typ s pos s r m in d form iconography 2 i a a t h e e t he e e wh ch be c me de finit e ly fixe d tow rds clos of t nth c ntury . Nor can t h e gre at impe tus give n to s acre d art by Charle m agne an d his advise r
b If a a a a e e . e e e e e Alcuin from York forgott n Ch rl m gn d spoil d R v nn , in
8 4 a - la - a e l e we m a b e e a a t he a e e he 7 , to dorn Aix Ch p l , y c rt in th t rts and sci nc s
a a a The e a e ncour ge d m de the ir influe nce fe lt in Brit in . six gr t schools of ill umination in t he Frankish e mpire in t he ninth c e ntury we re not pouring
a e e i a a e a e out the ir tre asure s in v in , wh n r producing in th s C rolingi n r n issanc
a a a a a all that was re fin e d n d be utiful in cl ssic l rt . Alcuin ne ve r ce ase d corre
o i h t he e e 3 u a e e sp n d n g with t e cle rgy of dioc s of St Cuthbe rt . O t of wh t v r quarte r t he inspiration c ame to cre ate the s e noble re pre se ntations of t he holy
e a e t h e e e a e a a e e e a p rson g s of Gosp l , th y indic t an ttr ctiv th ology visualis d by
a o n a d h a h h e e e . t e n t e e e a r fin d , po tic mind For s m tim t e m j e stic Christ of t e ” e an d t he e e t he e a t h P e Ob lisk of Cross , in ston so lik h ro , is lso e rinc of
t h a D r m o H Glory sung by e uthor of The ea f the oly R ood . And might not t he de signe r or sculptor an d poe t also b e on e gre at Anglo - Saxon
1 Ea l Ch ist A r I nd T H i C s m aini . t in ela 108 . he h se s s ill e n in I e lan d are r r y r r , g ro t r g r fo ty
fiv e in n umb e hi - hi h are i hl n ame n e d an d e i h of hi h be a ins i i ns r, t rty two of w c r c y or t , g t w c r cr pt o
re a din e s n a e s who die d b e ee n 904 an d 1 150 : ibid. 108 . g r g p r o g tw , 2 i His A ii Car t t t. o rt . 92 93 . o , f , , 3 F B n e A lcuin o k 132 135 137 . He e e n se n a b e of h le silk t o e G . . row , f Yor , , , v t ro w o cov r i n : ib h d f ur l a N i a Ninian at Wh h id. 01 t e b o o h he n St 3 . o y o y f t r y g ( ) t or ,
CHAPTER VI
SYMB O LS AND D OCTRINE
TH E Cao ss A N D CRU CIFI X IN NO R TH UMB R IA
1 T e Cr ss . h o “ TH E dat e of t he first appe arance of t he sign of t he holy cross in North
t he e t h e e a a e b umbria is known dat of app r nc of a crucifix must e infe rre d .
e e e e t he t he e e D e nise sb urn H e B d narrat s that n ar spot on battl fi ld at , or ave n
fie ld e e a e e an d , wh r King Osw ld re ar d a wood n cross praye d for victory in
635 t he e e H a ulst ad H e a a e a a d , br thr n of g ( xh m) ft rw rds built a church , n
i e e e e was t h e a a th s with good r ason , for it app ars th r no sign of Christi n f ith ,
a a e t he n t he Be rn ician s e no church , no lt r re cte d throughout all ation of be for 1 that n e w commande r se t up t h e cross Mr Ch ampn e ys an d othe rs
e e e e a t he e e e a e - ask cr d nc for th ir assumption th t l gant , d cor t d high cross of
wa a A D t he e e a Bewcastle s e re cte d soon fte r . . and still mor l borate ” 1 a a - fiv e are e Cross of Ruthwe ll little l te r . Thirty e y ars a short p riod to pe rmit of t he de ve lopme nt of t he simple cross into so orn ate and m aj e stic
e e e e . a typ , unknown lse wh r
On t he e e St e Lin disfam e E e all g d body of Cuthb rt , bishop of from ast r
68 5 M 6 8 D a a e e e to arch 7 , on its e xhumation in urh m C th dral , th r was found
e e t h e a a e a e e e e e e e susp nd d to e n ck sm ll gold , d cor t d , j w ll d , p ctoral Gr k cross ,
a l Th e e with e qu l arms hol owe d out in parabolic curve s . lat Archbishop
E e a e e a e a a e e e an d yr , l arn d antiqu ry , without h sit tion disc rd d sk l ton cross ,
’ t h n a e although found with e sai t s coffin , as h ving no conn ction with St ” a e t he e Cuthbe rt . A some what simil r type of cross app ars on d corate d
St e e e An ilb e rt M in 8 8 5 A J 4 altar of Ambros , pr se nt d by Archbishop g of ilan J .
’ e e e e a St e e e e a e Th r w r lso found in Cuthb rt s grav som wood n fr gm nts which ,
e e e e e e a pi c d tog the r , show d an incis d Latin cross , with hollow , round d ngle s
1 Be de Ecol Hist iii. o 2 B hn ans] 109. , . , . ; o tr
A hu C. Cham ne s I ish E l . A hite tu e Lo nd . 1910 84 . rt r p y , r cc rc c r , , , 1 The Hist S C 2 2 19 18 87 18 18 . . of t uthb ert, Lon d . , , , , 3
Se u o A rt ii. B A in u Hist . t af. i. . ro x g co rt, f , , xxv 93 94 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
a a e e e l e n t of t he Northe rn e rly type . But C non Gr nw l is car ful to poi t out tha
t he e e t he c ofli —a the se pie ce s do not be long to lid , sid s , or nds of n fact
P L t h ab e t e e e e rofe ssor e y omitt d to no in an account of Ruthw ll Cross , wh r in 1 ’ h as t he c o ffin . St e e [ E e t e cross is de line ate d part of Cuthb rt s succ ssor , th l
a a b e e an d we ld cause d stone cross of curious workmanship to mad , dire cte d that his own n ame should b e e ngrave n upon it as a me morial of ” t h D a e e a a hi . I was e e e mse lf t de capitate d by n s , th n r p ir d and const ntly ” h D a 2 St e e . carrie d about with t e body of Cuthb rt , till both r ache d urh m
a e e This cross was small if it was port bl ; of uncommon typ , if it was of
curious a hi 7 2 1 We a e t he t h workm ns p in . h v also me asure me nts of e
’ ” ’ St e a e St e se t e holy re lic of Cuthb rt , c ll d Cuthb rt s Cross , up n ar Ne ville s
hi a e ae a e e e v er lar e a a Cross , w ch m di v l writ r consid r d y g b e ing f ir cross
e an d e a e e two ards i e e of wood , fin ly wrought v ry l rg , in h ight y , wh ch th r long ” 3 ’ a e stood n d continue d . This do s not corroborate Profe ssor Le t hab y s state me nt that we know from sufficie nt authority that tall crosse s we re se t ” E l t he e e e a i up in ng and during s v nth c ntury , an sse rtion wh ch he supports “ a by re fe re nce to a Life of Willibald (born 0 . 7 whe re a gre at cross and t he custom of t he Saxons having t he standard of t he H oly Cross lifte d up
ar 4 Th on high e me ntione d . e fact doe s not imply more than t he e xiste nce
t he hi - e a an d e a e e e t he of gh cross s of alt rs , proc ssion l cross s on stav s , lik h h t e e e e m e e e t e S . e e Cross of Cong , with l vat d pro in nc giv n to ign For xampl , t he e pitaph of Bishop Wilfrit h an d he place d he re t he trophy of t he cross
hi o re f e i — e i - e of s ning upli t d h gh , doe s not sugg st a h gh cross of silv r or
’ 5 The hi e e e gold . cross w ch se ve n of Gre gory s pe opl carri d from Rom to “ a h e e a e t h e A ltus Prosator t he e a Ge m St Columb , calle d in t pr f c to Gr t ” ill a t h e e e e t h e a of Colum c e , w s pre se rve d till sixt nth c ntury in isl nd of Tory , ” 6 h e crux ma n a v ul o a ellatur . whe re it was known as t e Gr at Cross , g g pp
a e e a e It could not b e large to b e so port ble . A chart r m ntioning Gr at
7 e are e e a e Cross at Me de h am st e de is a forge ry . Cross s uplift d on gr t ston s
I I e e a a Pl I . . in Britt any to this d y ( . V fig But th r is no proof th t tall
ar i e e a e e e e e crosse s , f le ss h gh , ornat , sup rbly fabric t d cross s , n v r to m ntion
- o rt humb ria t h e e e e . The t he whe e l cross , e xiste d in N in s v nth c ntury fact
1 C ite t Review xxxu. 18 9 60. ll a l 155 A h . Gree n we , ta ogue, ; rc c , , 1 C xii 642 e di . S e ens n . m 0 . . n Hist. hu h D u ha Symeo , rc r , , t t v o 1 Hi o t Cut i in Rites o Du ha m 25 Su e e s Soc. E e st . S hbe t 313 , yr , f r , , c t g f r , ( rt 1 S. Willib ald 4. B l n u in Pal. Pil. Texts The u in t a . cxi 146 r g o M g , . , q ot g , 5 i Ree e s Ada mna n 319 . Be de , Eccl. H st , v. 19 . v , , 7 - x h 27 Anglo Sa . C ron . , 11 . .
9 6 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
” 1 a d i monuments which e xhibit this style of de coration . With e qu l e fin t e ne ss
M M S e an d n P e e e e e - e iss . tok s Cou t lunk tt conclud As l v nth c ntury monu me nts the se crosse s of Ruthwe ll an d Be wcastle would naturally fall into the ir
e t he e e e t he t e e plac in d v lopm nt of ar s of sculptur and d sign during this p e riod , ” 6 hi e e e - e e e are e e w l as s v nth c ntury monum nts th y abnormal and xc ptional . The some what similar Runic high - crosse s of t h e Isle of Man are assigne d by
h R v a a e a e The a e e e e t e e . J . G . Cummings to l t d t g of th s cross s must lie
d 1 2 66 ar h a A D 8 8 8 an . e e t e e h be twe e n . . Th y probably of l tt r part of t e ” 3 e e e e e e e . e e e e ar t nth , l v nth , and tw lfth c nturi s All th s pronounc m nts e
a t h e P e Le t h ab a out of h rmony with conclusions of rof ssor y , who cce pts — ’ B e wcastle Cross as a date d work (670 1 ) along with St Cuthb e rt s coffin
a t he e is in f vour of priority of Ruthw ll Cross , and is satisfie d that
“ ” ’ ar 1‘ P h a its t typ e s we re de rive d from Coptic source s . rofe ssor Le t b y s
a e e e ” m a p p r ntitl d“ 9 3 illustr tions a ” I ske tch
while ackn owle dging that e xce lle nt sculpture dating from t he se ve nth ce ntury in England is n aturally disconce rtin g ” ’ e t h e a P e Le t h ab s e t e to fore ign stud nts , in m in supports rof ssor y vi ws , con nds
a a e a an d a e In scri for a c p bl Angli n school of sculptors , ctually ass rts p
di a e 67 0 as a t he a e t h e e a e an d 68 0 t tions in c t bout d t of B wc stl Cross , as abou ” 6 that of t he Ruthwe ll Cross . Much more acce ptable than this is t he re ce nt pronounce me nt of
P e e e e e e a e e rof ssor Cook that th s cross s , with all th ir d t ils , wh n consid re d
he t e e e a a e e e e r e in t light of cultural an c d nts , n tion l n c ssiti s , and nvi onm nt ,
t h e e t he e e t he e D point to middl of twe lfth c ntury , wh n rul of avid ” e t h e e e e e e n e was at its h ight , as p riod most lik ly to hav inspir d th ir fou d rs
7 ar e e e e e and sculptors . But the re e othe r weighty r asons for a pr f r nc for
a an e arlie r d te .
1 M on H ist o B i hu h . C . f r t. rc , 159 . 6 Ea l Ch ist A rt in I ela nd 1 1 1 r y r . r , 9 , 109. 6 The R un ic Rema in s o the I sle o M an 18 57 8 f f , , . 1 A hitect. Review ii . 18 9 61 63 Bu lin to n M a cxi. xxi. 146. rc , xxx , , r g g , , 6 ” A hite t. Review xii. 189 62 The Ru h ell C ss. rc c , xx , , t w ro 6 u i M B l n ton a xii . xxi h ll C sse s . 193 The B le an d Ru e o . r g g , c , , e wcast t w r 7 The Date, etc . , 361 P ATE XX L .
B CA Cno ss : NOR FA C EW STLE TH E .
hoto a h b M r J P gr p y . C . M ontgomerie.
To face pag e 96.
98 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
1 2 6 h a d D e a e . t e e e e w s Lin say , Ande rson , r ws , and m ny oth rs And d v lopm nt
a far from be ing r pid . Ve ry graphic all y Canon Farrar state d t he co
vi ea m a e st ip n ab ect . In t he e e e e bound l i ng , _not d d ; j qg i n arli r c nturi s f ‘ b t h e transie nt anguish was ne ve r C ontemplate d save as t h e condition of um
' m - h s h a d a a ut in t e e e . v r t e r t e nding n unim gin ble joys . B t nth c ntury ew se
‘ t he f flo d e ali i art : Then x fi t e e e e e . in - ull o of r st c gs did Christians v ntur to r pr s nt ” 4 - r a I a e he sa s : i In t h e e e e e Ch ist de d . n anothe r pass g y t n h c ntury th r t M v ar e _c rucifixe s ut t h e Crucifie d e e e e in l e 1 1 6 0 e. som , b is r pr s nt d ong rob s , 1 13631
b fic Th a was a e t h re e n e n t . e e and e e ide lways that of Christ r ig ning from j ,
a — avi li n o In according to t heold re ading of t he ps lm regn t e g . al a n d t he - h du lly strippe d off , a _ p ysic
crucifix indicate s t he change from t he old
h n w 6 j oyful art and the ology to t e e and dole ful .
e t he e 1s a a e e Cl arly crucifix sculptur d on Ruthwe ll Cross of l t typ , dis
a t h e a e a e pl ying hum n figur but parti lly clothe d with a short skirt , knott d
- as e e e a E i o e - e loin cloth such is s n on rly gyptian se rv t rs , or s mi tunic r aching fl __ t h e a e c fi d 1 S a e 1 s from w ist to abov M e s de ad . uch figur
a e e a art l a e St rz o wski o n e illustr tiv of rly Coptic , i lustr t d by yg , not is a 7 u ifix M d a . c r c . iss Stoke s could not fin a single e x mple of a crucifie d Christ
1 - Sketches o the H ist. o Ch ist. A rt L n d 18 47 90 9 1 i in R a ul R e f f r , o , , , c t g o och tte ,
D is u s 60. co r , 6 The Ea l Ch i tian n s umen ts o Sc t i. ii . In d . l i n e 3. r y r Mo f o , pt , tro x v , ot 6 The h ist- th l . C an s L nd . 1 1 1 i i z C 9 160 n De e l h ist. Ikon o ra hie 1894 r My , tr , o , , , c t g t , r g p , ,
392 sqq . 4 The Li e o Ch ist as e esen ted A rt L in n d . 1894 4 1 4 2 f f r r pr , o , , 00, 40 , 0 . 5 Ihid 401 . In an he inf m a i e assa e Fa a wri e s 355 : In t he s e e se n a i ns , ot r or t v p g rr r t , fir t r pr t t o of Chris u n t he C ss He is al a s l he d in a l n l bium hi h was a slee e le ss uni like t po ro w y c ot o g co o , w c v t c k ex mis t he e e . It was i inall a se n a ial uni a e a ds ad e d b ie s s an d m nks. Gr o or g y tor t c , ft rw r opt y pr t o The a is s of la e d a s did n ot sh ink m e e se n in Him nl i sh uni an d ul im a el rt t t r y r fro r pr t g o y n a ort t c, t t y i h n hin b ut a in c u e Fle u l w t ot g c t r ( ry, xxvii. 6 ’ Re he hes u se vi a l histoir is 2 ur oil a a u e de la eintu e t c . Pa 18 79 1 9 Le o c rc po r r r P r , e , r , , j pp r t e nfin sur le s m n ume n s le Ch is crucifié b ie n de s am es d u e n ét re b le ss e s fut mme o t r t , r t é cc co ’ ’ ’ d ai d l idé une éf te e al . L image douloure use e t sanglante allait occupe r dans l art n ouve au ’ ” 1a meme la e ue le Bon Pas e u a ai u d p c q t r v t occ pée ans l art primitif . 7 K tis he Kun st Vie nn a 1904 304 af i op c , , , , t . xxx v. SYMBOLS AND D OCTRINE 99
h a r I 1 Th a upon a cross during t e e r of pure e a ly rish art . e s me may b e said
e a l The i w as a a d of pur e rly Ang ian art . cruc fix an orn me nt n obj e ct of
e h - a t h l d votion in t e Anglo S xon Church . But of e nume rous il ustrations of t he e E e t he e e e an d a e cross s of North ngland figur d in works of Gr nw ll C lve rl y ,
on e a he h dead h not be aring crucifix with t C rist upon t e tre e is re pre se nte d .
An d e t he e t he e t he Crucifie d all a e s wh n crucifix is mad , figur of , in inst nc a e a e l e an d e a e e e i e E a s v th t of Ruthw l , is rud , in som c s s v n h d ous , both in ngl nd an d a a h P n i cal E b rh Y S . We e t e o t c e o t cotl nd h v in fi of g , Archbishop of ork
7 32— an ffi h i I a a ( 7 o ce for t e ded cation of a cross . t is the re in ddre sse d s
t he e e i trophy of Thy victory and our re de mption . But th r is no ind ca ” a a e a an e i e a u tion th t crucifix is m nt , or that y obj ct d ff re nt from cr x , or
— h — u 6 t e e e s . lignum crucis , or lignum tr was in e
The e a e e a e sam conclusions hold good for Scotl nd . Only nin x mpl s of t he e e e are e an d a e - crucifi d Christ carv d on ston catalogu d , noth r cross slab
a a m a b a t h 6 e e e e . e e e e e in C rst irs y dd d to numb r All of th m , Ruthw ll xc pt d ,
a e e e e fi ure » d rawin b e as a indic t l m ntary art in g g , and must e class d l te pro d i D r e n e a e ar re re uct on s . Jos ph A d rson sse rts that the r e no known p se n t at ion s of t he crucifie d figure sculpture d in re lie f be fore t he ninth ce ntury
— h or l h a In e xce pt two t e crucifix of S o o and t e S nt o Volto of Lucca . all othe r re pre se ntations of t he Crucifixion e arlie r than t he ninth ce ntury t he ” h a h 4 e t e S a e e e e a e e t e . figur of viour is p int d , ngrav d , or n m ll d on cross
1 Ea l Ch istian A rt in I ela nd 1 — 22 r y r r , 17 1 . An e amina i n hi h b rosse s an d sh in s e d in I e lan d le ads t o in e e s in re sul s x t o of g r e prese rv r t r t g t . The ss Muire dac h ab b n as e b i e 900 dis la s a C is ali e i h u nimb us cro of , ot of Mo t r o c ( p y hr t, v , w t o t , i l l e d a d a a u u s a sh unic . T i wi e s n e n n de . The n u s le h e e s e t he s de s th g t , pp r t y co to r ft, ow v r, gg t ort a s ll an d b i ds an d i ss f n as b i e t he C is s be as s a n ui On t he S E. o e h how cro , r t e t g fr t. cro Mo t r o c r t mb is ai d d s a a l n h - n u k is i h u ni us h n e an e e ed and is nude . It i als n e e e . w t o t , c f tt r , o r y t t c t ry wor
The hi - ss Tuam m t he s hal of t he e lf h e n u dis la s a b e a de d Ch is gh cro of , fro fir t f tw t c t ry, p y r r t, e ain l de ad an d e a in an O ie n al n an d nam n ed a n u in t he kn ee s. This c rt y , w r g r t crow or e t pro to ch g “ ” Crucifie d is like a n ude Oran te trea din g upon a se rpe nt on t he Egyptian ob e lisk o f t he La e an b asili a an d als like a n ude u e on an old Nub ian e m le at Kalab che Lun d t r c , o fig r t p y,
160 fi s. 63 65 66 . The s in e St Mau han t he e l e n u s s u e s i h l n , g , , hr of g , of tw fth c t ry, how fig r , w t o g
i -lik a s T - h he Ab be o f Cl n s E an e e . e e a l in l hs The sil e domna c m t e gypt f c h y w r o c ot . v r fro y o , of l n e l e n ur b e a s a Ch is s kil A ss in Gle ndalou h is a d h e e ve in a h . e t e th or tw fth c t y , r r t ort t cro g c rv C is lad in a sh a with a h r t c ort pron . 6 li t - u tees Soc Pub a i n 1 53 xx . S r . c o , 8 , v u. 1 1 1 1 13 6 l Ea l Ch n C 252 Monifie t h 265 Kin l R . Al ist M o S o t Ca t o n ss J . en , r y r . . c . mus ro , ; go 226 257 Ab e n e h 3 1 1 St rat hm art in e 252 Ki k lm 482 3 Lass ade 423 drum , , ; r t y ; r co , , w , Kirki l i ua i s ill us a i ns o f la e sse s R u e ll 442 5 15 o . . ii n e . S e thw , , p , pt , xxv ot t rt g v tr t o t r cro ‘ ’ at Kilke an ii liv Kilmi hae l l iii Kil h m an l i M Le an s I n a lii Kilm orie iii rr , , ; c , v ; c o , xv , o , x , xxx
Kil m an i Oransa iii Kirki o l 1ii lassa l iii Ki k lm lxx. Ca ain cho , xxx v ; y, xxxv p , G ry, v r co , pt u s u s in We s Whi e in A hae l. Sketches Edin . 18 75 sh s crucifixe s i h sh ni on e t , rc o , , , ow w t ort t c fig r t la s ix xv i ii Hi h n d ls. . . g , p , , xxx
in . l iii n . Ibid . . i. r d 3. , pt , t o x v , THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
The crucifix whi ch be ars t he stronge st re se mblance to that on Ruthwe ll
t h e e e e - - a e e e e t h e Cross is e gold p ctoral crucifix pr s rv d in Aix la Ch p ll , wh r on
r ifi d e e e t he a e a hi C uc e with crucif rous nimbus app ars as if d ad pron , r c ng to
h hi 1 h a ar h e e t e e . T e e e e . t e kne s , is knott d on l ft t gh rms outstr tch d straight
Hi ar a s e n e . The be rde d Christ has flowin g locks . limbs rou dly mould d h 8 1 4 PI III III t e e e e . . Otto . , it is said , found it in grav of Charl magn ( 1 ) ( V
re l e a hi a e e was t e an d fig . But it is mo ik ly th t t s s cril g not commit d ,
’ that t he pre cious be j e we lle d Carolingian re lic date s from Otto s time ( 98 3 La Croix de line ate s an almost ide ntic al spe cime n' in a Byzantin e
e a t h e I e e M j e we lle d r liqu ry brought from b rian monast ry of ount Athos , and
h 2 Th ar datin g from t e te nth ce ntury . e arms e be nt t he crucife rous he ad
h h e e e e is de ad ; t e apron is knotte d in t e ce ntre . N ithe r of th se xampl s — — has t he orbs sun an d moon which late r artists made to re st upon e ithe r
a h side of t he tr nsom of t e cross . On e rounde d obj e ct appe ars on Ruthwe ll
I a c an e a a e e e Cross . magin tion sily tr nsform into figur s , such as w r commonly
h e e t he a e e and e a e de picte d in t e Crucifixion sc n , sh p l ss rough protub r nc s on
e t he . e di e e e t he e t h e stone on both sid s of crucifix Th y in cat ith r two soldi rs ,
Ma . h a . e t e two male f ctors , or ry and John A small crucifix is visibl In the ological an d historical writings t h e n e w word crucifixum is of
Th e e e e e e e e D u e ve ry lat e occurre nce . arli st r f r nc giv n by Cang is to John
S Bert e e 8 7 7 e in u Chron Sith . . e e Ipe ri s ( . ) , und r dat , wh n K g Charl s s nt a
m cruci xum P e I h a aureu n . n t e e e t e golde n crucifix ( fi ) to op Joh chart rs tt s d ,
e St D a t he e e e rse if not writt n by unst n , in t nth c ntury , ve ry Latin and G co
t h e e cruci xum f e e . In t he Li e o St D un stan Latin word for cross xc pt fi is us d f , whe n his biographe r Osb e rn ( 1 070) re fe rs to t he incide nt of t he crucifix
e a e e h e e a D omin ici cor oris forma sp king at Winch st r , us s circumlocution , p — ’ v exillo crucis infixa t he figure of t he Lord s body fixe d in t h e standard of
h — t h e e e e a d t e cross , as if crucifix w r an obj ct so uncommon as to h ve no e
e e . In a e e e Eadme r scriptiv t rm simil r paraphras anoth r biograph r , — style s t he crucifix crucifixi D ei imago sign o crucis afiixa t he image of
e t he t h 6 crucifie d God fix d in sign of e cross .
It t e a t he a o The D ream o t e H ol is also wor hy of notic th t uthor f “ qf“h y Rood e e a e m a b e e a a Cros x , what v r d t y assign d to th t work , saw s , not a crucifi ,
1 . H . Ke ssel es hi htli he ittheilun en ube die H eili thumer der Sti skirche z u A achen J , G c c c M g r g fl ,
18 74, 70. 1 Les A ts au o en A e 1 33 fi 8 9 r M y g , , g . . 6 S ub b s em rials o St Dunstan L d t , M o f , on . , 1874, 1 13, 212 .
102 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
h t he P e e . 2 3 e of grape s re pre se nte d t e j oys of romis d Land (Numb rs xiii , grap s
E t h e e e e e n t he e of shcol) , or ucharistic joys of thos f di g upon Christ , Tru
Th a e e t he e e e e e e e . e e e Vin , partak rs b ing r pr s nt d by dov s sportiv cr tur s ,
e a e e a e in t he e a t e er squirr ls , l c rtin nimals , d spoil g fruit , whil p r ly a r mind of
h a ol b e t e little foxe s th t spoil t he vine s (Song of S . ii . might survivals
h E v ant in e e a t he from t e olde r myt hologie s . To a or Al x ndrian sculptor
e - N ectarin iidce e e li a t he e littl sun birds , , r v l ng mong fruits and flow rs , would a f Th e on t he e e e e f ord a sugge stive e mble m . e figur of e of birds clos ly r s mbl s that of t h e misse l - thrush whe n se e n in autumn clinging to a twig lade n with
- e e . It . rowan b rri s , too , is a migrant
4 Th Falconer an d H a wk . e
P e e t h e e a e e The e rof ssor Cook , d scribing B wc stl Ob lisk , says low st ” a a 1 figure is that of a f lcone r with bird of pre y on his wrist . To illustrate this subj e ct h e offe rs e laborate re fe re nce s to Anglo - Saxon and to “ e E an d a b e e a a e e arly nglish hawking , s ys it would not unr son bl to assum that this pane l was e xe cute d whe n Norm an landown e rs h ad se cure d influe ntial
E a an d a positions in Northe rn ngl nd Southe rn Scotl nd . No sculptor
a a a a a a s would h ve comm e mor te d me re profe ssion l f lcone r on such cros . It is conce ivable that if such a royal or noble pe rsonage had be e n re sponsible for t he e re ction of t he cross h e might have be e n portraye d upon it e ithe r at
a e as a e t h e a the e his own inst nc , or complim nt on p rt of sculptor or of som ” a t he an d 6 a e ccle siastic l body inte re ste d in monume nt its purpose s . An e rly — pre ce de nt e xists for such an association t he portraits of t he Empe ror Justin an d t h e Empre ss Augusta be in g figure d on a cross in t he Vatican pre se nt e d ’ 6 P a l a by the m to St e te r s Church . A much e r ie r e x mple is se e n on a wall
e e e e a h a a a painting from Th b s , wh r on scribe of t e roy l gr n rie s is de picte d
e an d a t h e e e e with his hawks amid birds , fish s , lotus pl nts during ight nth or nin e te e nth dynasty ( 1 600- 1 200 But Profe ssor Cook doe s not sugge st a h - a name for t e noble huntsman . The re did e xist a We st S xon Nimrod in t he e t he e e e a middl of t nth c ntury , of nobl st origin and position , a l ndowne r
t he e all t he e e e t he e e h in vicinity , who satisfi s r quir m nts of cas , e v n to t e
a t h e E I wa Wulfric h e . t s long locks of h ir worn by nglish th gn , probably t e
e a a e t h e a e Ea Eadre d most pow rful l ym n of his tim , f vourit of Kings dmund , , and Ea miles min ister comes the n rin ce s e e a dwig , , , , g , p p , who re c iv d more gr nts
1 Date 237 4 I , bid. , 28 1 6 4 Ba e 122 . B i M s E m I a . u . . C . R I I se I. y t, r t , gypt oo , , SYMBOLS AND DOCTRINE 103
a a e e a e an d a h of l nd th n any oth r courti r of that g , brothe r of t e gre at abbot who guide d and was to guide t he spiritual de stin ie s of unite d England ” 1 Wulfric ild a St D a . The a C St D a unst n portr it of , prob bly by unst n , is 2 e Th a Ead r d a pre s rve d . e ch rt e r by which King e gr nte d to him in 946 (on
e t t he e e t h e his conqu s of North) land b sid fort of Workington , forty mile s
e a e an d e - e in o I from B wc stl , tw nty four from Ruthw ll , is a strik g n e . t was s e a t he t he ign d by C dmo , without sign of cross , and among othe rs by ” ' H h l lf H h r fa i - ot se e Osu ae e e . e . e e e Bamb o rou h r gulus , g ( high r v at g ) , ” D a 6 Was Wulfric a unstan bbud . pl ce d the re as a warde n of t h e m arche s ? Thre e ye ars afte rwards we fin d Gadmon atte sting a grant to
E t he lm aer a i e an d e a t he t he in Buckingh msh r , th n m king sign of cross . Was 4 t [Et h e lm ser an d - a e In 9 5 6 we Ea his an artist rood m k r find King dwig , in t he e e a e a a Se a e D un n high st t rms of pr is , gr nting l nds at l and yn ghe fd to
e a most famous H UN TE R a e Wulfric — meo di my d r , faithful , , by n m lecti , ” deli amossissimo venatori n omin e Wul rico ma n sam et dimidiam 5 fi , f , f , , etc .
a ulfric a e t he Th The re fte r W dis pp ars from charte rs . e de ath and burial (in
’ M s e e e D un an Glastonbury ona t ry without a dat giv n , of st s brothe r
” ’ t h e 6 e e e e e e e e e . I g rman , a pow rful r v , is r cord d in saint s Lif t was t hus possible for a royal re e ve in Cumbe rland to e re ct a cross to com
a a a e e t h e me morate p st triumphs , and not bly th t m ntion d in grant of
t h e e e a t he e a e n Eadr Workington , r c nt ssumption of North rn di d m by Ki g e d —“ primo te mporalis cicli lat e rc ulo quo sce pt ra diade m at um A n gulsaxn a — cum N ort hymb ris Pagan orum cum Bre t t on ib us gub e rn ab at an d also to h 7 have himse lf comme morate d on t e monume nt . The re are othe r e xplan ations more in ke e ping with t he othe r sym bolical
1 C 72 47 5 576 W kin n 58 1 594 iii 1 Bi h a t. Sat 11 . 4 3 55 600 . 3 155 rc , r , , , , ( or gto ) , , , ; , , e t c . 6 ian Libe San ti D unstan i H al n MSS. B dle . In r c , to , o ’ 6 l h Bce da 2 C 15 K mb c ccc xi Smi s A . t San ii. 576 No . 8 e e 77 . ar . , , , t , pp , 4 C an iii. 38 . art . S , The Brusse ls Re liquary of t he flue Cross has this ins cription (tran s ) Rood is my n ame
I b e t he mi Kin re mb lin b ed e e d i b l d . T is d had E t he lmeer made of old or ghty g , t g , w w th oo h roo , ” b t h l Ch is t h s ul ZElfric e i b lw ld his e to e e e . This an d ZEt he o roth r, g ory of r t, for o of th r roth r D k D ate 24 d i The eam o t . C C 7 24 2 a e s n e n ce h he R d . 8 3 I cle arly shows corr po w t r f oo f oo , , , ( , t t he e m e t he Be n e di ine d and t he ead of t he am us s h l f is n ote worthy that r for r of ct Or e r, h f o c oo o ’
e s e in A hb is D un st an s da was [ Et he lwold I . m e l ab b Ab in d n art in Win ch t r, rc hop y, , for r y ot of g o , H was a e d b is Win e s e in 963 an d u ie d h Fle ur . e nse of t e see an d student at y co cr t hop ch t r , occ p
- His life was i e n b ZElfric . Se a le A n l Sax n Bisho s 72 i in 1Elfric Li e o till 984. wr tt y r , g o o p , (c t g , f f ii 1 k inks uld d a i ab i i i i Elien . . Co n o e e e t e ns n St E thelweald n Lib . , o th xp rt wo t ( ov cr pt o ) ” li an 1000 Date 248 This at le as i e s us An l - Sa n make s a d e ar e r th , , t, g v two g o xo r of roo
u t he e ar 1000 or e arlie . ab o t y , r 5 4 ita S D unst ni 2 . b b s V . a 8 C 1 5 156 No . 968 . S u t Sa iii. 5 ar . n , , , t , , 7 — C ii 576 7 No . 8 15 . Sa . art. n , , 104 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
h The o ne t he e lie - re pre se ntations on t e O be lisk . cock was of ar st bird symbols , an d Miss Louisa Twining give s an illustration from a b as- re lie f in t he Cata
i a a a St Pe e a combs wh ch displ ys cock p e rche d upon a pill r , with t r st nding 1 an d t h e S a h e a e e a him e a . by , aviour lso , t l tt r app ring to warn of his d ni ls
Th e Anglo - Saxon Chronicle re cords in 946 : Eadre d aethe ling re duce d all Northumbe rland unde r his powe r : and t he Scots gave him oaths that Th e all a h a a e e e . e th y would th t e would . Simil r o ths had prov d illusory b for
was Th e a e a a e e . e e e e . symbol of infid lity ne de d th r f lcon r l cks nimbus , how v r The re is anothe r symbol which would appe al to an Orie nt al syncre tistic
- a e e a e e a a a e a a e . rtist , or to a p ac m k r r ring Christian cross in s mi p g n r gion ” t he a e a a a i e t - was According to nci nt Acc di n f ith , a d vin s orm bird , which al a e e e fire an d t he e e so bird of pr y , brought from h av n lightning , , knowl dg
fir a h h a a e e s t e e t e e . e e e e of , as w ll pow r to re ad futur Th t r v al r p ss d into t h e Z n t he Se t e was i P e e an d t he of mi ic poch , and ak n to rom th us Thoth
E a d h M e an e . e t e e e gypti n scrib inv ntor of writing N bo , minist r of rodach
B l wa a a P H h e s e a e e . e e t e ( ) , giv n some wh t simil r function to rom th us wrot
a m en t h e e e e e e a e a - was first book , t ught l m nts of cultur , b c m sun god , and t h e a a a The a f he e e e r pre se nt tive of Babyloni n le rning . st f wie ld d wh n
a i t h e a a h h H marsh ll ng hosts of he ve n be c me t e rod of t e scribe s . e too w as a a a 2 accomp nie d by s cre d bird .
hi s t he M e e M a e Sab az ius Cumont , in work on yst ri s of ithr , illustrat s ,
a a d a hi s a 6 Th a e n e e . e e st ff in his l ft hand , bird p rch d upon right h nd s cr d h M 4 bird is shown pe rche d upon t e mantle of ithra whe n he kills t he bull .
M h a Be l - - hi e E a it r ism , worship , or sun wors p surviv d long in ngl nd and on t h e e e e t h e a e e M a a e as t he e e Bord rs , wh r Rom ns l ft th ir ithr ic t bl ts , s qu l Anglo
e agle was de picte d
5 The Sacred B . irds on Ruthwell Cross
South Face - . . e as a a a a a A This bird , carv d if tt cking or ppro ching man , is usually ide ntifie d with t he e agle - symbol of St John t he Evange list an d
1 S mb ls and Emblem s L d . 1 2 l n 85 17 8 l . xviii. y o , o , , , p xx 1 — Sa e H ibbe t Lect. On the O i in o Reli i n B b 1 7 2 G d Le a lon 8 8 93 4 o ct. Rel yc , r ( r g f g o , y ), , ; ilf r ( . A E — nc . t 1903 2 gyp ) , , 36 364. 6 Textes et M on . M stéres de ith a B ll s 1 22 8 94 as . 11 . fi u e e 0 . 50. y M r , r x , , f c , g 4 Ib id iii 5 . . 317 fi . 179 365 fi . 2 1 S mb ls nd l 5 . T inin a Emblems 64 . i. , , g , g w g , y o , , p xxx
SYMBOLS AND D OCTRINE 105
e t he a t he are e t h e R ve ale r , on account of fact th t round margins inscrib d
I P I IPI E UM The a re mains of t he words N R NC O V RB . pose is pe culi r
’ for such a we ll - known symbol of t h e mystic al stude nt of t he Lord s divine
s tone s
an d e S a E a I e a as e are e e t h e cross s in cotl nd , ngl nd , and r l nd , just th y s n in E 2 old Coptic ce me te rie s of gypt .
N orth Face — The e e - e i a - a e B . agl lik bird clutch ng fruit l d n branch is
a t h e oe e e t h e a e — P e most prob bly ph nix , mbl m of immort l ris n soul sych
E h a Pl III M a a a a e t e e . . . e usu lly ssoci t d with ros , rch r ( V fig any h v sur
mise d e an e e i a e t he it to r pre se nt agl clutch ng thund rbolt , symbol of
- 6 St as e e e e e e e a e a e . John , r pr s nt d in a t nth c ntury v ng li ry in Bruss ls Birds
M a e t he c o ok ithr ic sculptur crow , ,
a ar The e a le thunde rbolt e se e n . is a a - Th a a E was e e . e e e ssoci t d with sun gods h wk , sacr d bird in gypt , p rch d 4 a a h - H In I e an e a e e e on pe de st l be side t e sun god orus . ndia a figur of gl p rch d on a pe de stal is e xhibite d in front
a Ma e r e a Si he lm i S e e And Willi m of lm sbu y r cords th t g , b shop of h rborn ,
t he a e e a e e I a an d took lms , p n tr t d succ ssfully into ndi , brought back
’ ” a o ur Ma h in S e P e t e . p rt of aviour s Cross , s nt by op rinus to k g
e a e a e a e a t he n a e P e An gl , holding thund rbolt , pp rs on coi g of tol my
1 ’ ’ ’ a Etud es d H ir Reli e 4 i i i Reli i ns de l A n ti ui P. H isto e ieus 3 5 i n Gu n aut te och rt, g , , c t g g , g o q ,
Pl . 158 bis, No . 68 3a . 6 All n var. o uide Ea l C ist n i B it lo . h . A t . as . e . 8 8 , G r y r q r M , 6 La i Les A rts da en A e 45 7 . cro x, Moy g , 4 uide M us C i e fi a 47 . 1 15 . 474. G . r , 50 , g , p 5 ld m T un nd the e en t L 1 5 1 . O ha , he S a S rp , o n d 90 , 8 5 The tympan um of Stoke - sub -H amdon Church shows o ne b ird on t he top of a tree and two b i t h b irds n e ran che s. 7 ’ A - n l Sax . Ch on . ii. 66. In 8 01 H a un al R asc hid s Cali h Pe sia e se n an g o r , ro ( p of r ) pr t of e le an Cha le a C B Al uin o k 9 2 24 El m n e a i e d at u n e 28 30 3 . e han s ph t to r g rr v o rt row , c f Yor , , , p t are u ed on e a l t s um s fig r r y Sco mon e nt . 1 06 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
a a I a h e e II a d . n t e e e . n e Al x nd r B las , Antiochus , N ro h rmony with b li fs of t he sun - e t he e a e A uila e a e an a a e worshipp rs , gl ( q ) b c m stronomic l symbol us d
e e e t h e e l e e a e t h e e a A ltair to r pr s nt wint r so stic , b c us v ry bright st r in that
a 1 sign of t he zodi ac be tte r indicate d A quarius and t h e ide a of t h e n e w ye r .
The e a e e t he n e w — t he t h e gl symbolis d both Apollo Christ , light of world
S 1 2 — a d h t . n ( John viii ) t e Apostle John . form of t h e Christian
t he a a book Apostle John is de picte d sitting and we ring nimbus . A flying
e a e e a in a a . gl , with nimbus , b ring his t lons close d book , is drawn Two
i a e ima o ae uilae sic O I S I OHANN ES inscr ptions , n m ly , g g ( ) , and AG O
t he a e - Sa a - e e a an d e e ( l tt r in Anglo xon c pitals) , prove how ill v rs d in L tin Gr k t he a h ad e e a e t he e illumin tor b e e n . Oth r C ltic illumin tors utilis d figur of an e e e e t h 4 agl to r pr se nt e le tte r G .
’ t he a t he oe t he e e t he But f bulous bird , ph nix , was Christian s mbl m for
that
The
oe was l e t he a H a ph nix al i d to h wk of orus , who B by ” - - a Nin i Me a Be l an d w as e t he S e Sun . loni n sun god p or rod ch , styl d outh rn ” e a a i a u 6 The An gle st nd ng on pe rch was t he symbol of t he Southe rn S n . myt h of t he ph oenix afte r de ath rising immort al from its ashe s was in circulation among Christians a s e arly as t he date of t h e first e pistle of
St e e e a ob St e e e t h e Cl m nt of Al x ndria ( . and Cl m nt us s myth to conve y t h e ide a of t h e re surre ction an d t he triumph of t h e re de e me d soul 7 ove r de ath .
1 E . . Pl ke A n ien t Calenda s 1 un L n d . 903 66. M t, c r , o , , 6 E t N s. 8 636 8 67 Strz ski Ko t Ku C C n n i . ow . nst N 7 2 u atal. Ge . A t o 3 yg , p , o . 3 3 r m , q gyp , , , Pl s 40 41 a e 47 . t , , 6 A H s in i t. o A t fi u r ii. i. . 14. g co rt, f , , xxv g 4 D a P lte um A u s sa i eum C d Nr 1 all n 16 . e . 67 St e 10 r r , o x , G , , 5 The Rel A E . o nc . t 8 12 1 . f gyp , 0, 5 Be nn u t he sa e d b i d o f Osi is so en in ke d b t he s uls in H ad e s de li e an ce as , cr r r , oft vo y o for v r , t he B k of t he De ad s s f e ee ks t he e a le of t he R man s an d oo how , was t he same as t he swan o t h Gr , g o ,
t he e a k f H i D - s a se at t he ime t he p coc o t he n dus. In t he con ste ll ation of Phoenix t he og t r ro t of
is T h w e a e e . . r in g of t he Nile . hus t he Be nn u came t o re pre se nt t he n e w e ra an d t e n e y r tog th r Cf
R . S. P l H se E men l Ch istian it 423. e tiacce Lo n d . 1851 42 Lun d on u ta oo , or gyp , , , y , M r y, 7 — - C . Lactantius the Phoen ib ii on x i L . . i i . 2 14 2 19 A nte N ic. f , , , xx
108 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
’ e e M a e e e e sixt n ithraic alt rs hav b n found , might hav sung in Kipling s words
‘ i h as God of t he m nin o ur um e s ake n t he wall M t r , or g, tr p t w ” R me is ab e all t he n a i ns b ut h u art e all. o ov t o , t o ov r
- h T Sun worship_was a se rious riv al to t e Christian faith . he glamour of sol ar m ” e P e e in m m e e e e 1 e e e e St i . e . he r v r nc mad atrick v n pow r of h av n , t light
t he In t he M it S t he e e h . t e of sun ithraic cult was agittarius , arch r, who sl w Bull of D arkne ss ; conse que ntly that sign of t he zodiac is always found
t h e a e t he a e M a e in pictorial fr m work surrounding im g of ithr s , styl d on his
6 a altars D EI SO LIS INVICTI MYTR AE . A sacre d bird ccompanie s t he
6 f r h r a e . fi w c e e rch r A gur on 11t a_l corr sponds w ” £12 most
Bel M a i . he Bel o . e e . t fil fllfi i ollo rod ch ( , son of ) ” fA p ” e t he t h e e e t he e e bor bow of d lug or bow of Anu , and is id ntifi d with
e a h h e It ch of t e signs of t zodiac . M u m
a e t he Pa a co in a well as a t e I . was st mp d on rthi n g fl as p. tha of R ginald of w
‘ ' 21 2 m 11e e e a e e e crosm wio n Y 51k 9 9 9 . 7 , ) A r whos h dpi c bor a
’ ' II 7 22—7 5 Sa a on t he s t an d ard t h e S . 0 of Assyrian King argon ( gitt rius ,
t e e e a was e t he or h Chi f C nt ur , id ntical with Chiron , who , according to Rig
e a a e e e e e V d , was r nown d hunt r , proph t , and a chi f physician among ” a 6 physici ns .
h R e v H M e b e T e . John odgson was of opinion that ithras continu d to
’ H - H a D e ouse st e A . . worshipp d at ads , on drian s Wall , until But solar worship must have survive d long afte r Christianity had b e come t he popular
e e e e an d e r ligion ; at l ast som of its rit s customs , with a loss of th ir original
The e a e s ni e e e e e . t ig ficanc , w r continu d and surviv burning of h cl vi in
e t he d e isil n - e e Burgh ad , or turni g sun wis at fun rals , passing through ” I 92 fire t he Be lt e in e e e are ll . n 6 , f stivals , and oth r fr its , survivals ti now
e e e e [E e e e s v ral North rn kings , on th ir capitulation to King th lstan , r nounc d
1 T dd St Pat i k 1 64 427 m 8 4. o , r c , , , hy n 4 A h .«El 7 i . . NS 185 . 23 N 5 1 i d v 2 rc ( ) , , 8 , o . bi . , x . 56. ’ 6 Cum n Textes et M on L l tude da Cults de . a . ii 26 1 d E s . 6 309 3 0 35 a a de I ntro . a o t, , f c , , , 0 g r , t l i h a . . No . 1 i. No . 6. M r , p xxv , xxv 4 Cum n Textes 4 — iii . 3 5 6 l . fi 245. o t, , , p v . g. 5 ’ Pe e t Chi ie z Hist d M on h l . xxn . . e l Art . 508 La a d . o N in eve rrot p , , v y r , f , p 5 Wils n Ri Veda anda la f u u e d had i . C ii. ii 4. The e n au i h t he b d o a ad o , g , M , , xxx t r, w t o y q r p , ’ t he b us and e ad of a man in t he act of d a in a b ow as see n o n t he d a of C m a s t h r w g , oorw y or c l k Chape , Roc of Cashe l . 7 A n A c un t Rom A n M k Mi h aic . ti . C h us. heste s N thumbe la nd 179 . Of. is co q r , or r , t wor for t r
al a s illus . t r , t SYMBOLS AND D OCTRINE 1 09
m 1 1 0 1 7—10 5 e e the ir idolatry at Ramot in Nort hu bria . King Cnut ( 3 ) v n found it ne ce ssary to e nact for England a law forbidding various forms of idolatry And we e arne stly forbid e ve ry he athe nism : he atheni sm is
m e n hi : e e a e an d that wors p idols that is , that th y worship h th n gods , t h e
fire e i e n 6 t he . . e sun or moon , or riv rs or by blot ( off ri gs to
e e e e e t h e e e E e t he This statut l nds cr d nc to stat m nt that v rard , first abbot
H e ult ram e e t h e a e h of olm C (Cumb rland) , who flourish d in l tt r half of t e twe lfth e a a e e t h e e n e c ntury , saw a p g n t mpl in n ighbourhood of his mo ast ry , whe re ” e e b e ffe e a 6 H t he blood of captiv s us d to o r d in s crific e . olme Cult ram Abb e y
e a e - e e t h e e e a e li s bout tw nty ight mil s (as crow fli s) from B wc stl . Cloch
a e - e t he a e e e l - m b n ston , l st of a circl probably conn ct d with Apol o worship
' Gre t n a fo urt e e n e t h e I Ma on os e . f b e ( p ) , stands in , mil s from Abb y it could
a t he at e e e e t he an Ma Co cidi us shown th t camp B wcastl , wh r woodl d god , rs , w a e was as o n e e e e e t h e n s worshipp d , , might xp ct from its n arn ss to Roma
- Ea- e E e i . e . 5 e t he Wall , also a sit for sun worship ( an mot , or mound of ) , th n e e e h e e M - xist nc of Christian symbols similar to t os us d in ithras worship ,
h e - a e t h e e e e b e a along with t sun di l carv d on Ob lisk at B wcastl , could ccounte d
4 The a e for satisfactorily . s m mi at Ruthwe ll .
n ce to t h e popul ar
S a we e t he e . e e myths of tim uch adapt tion find on both th s monum nts . It w as t he policy of e arly British churchme n to act on t he advice give n by Pope Gre gory to Abbot Me llitus ( 60 1 not to de stroy but to re con se crate
a 5 The d ri t he monume nts of idol try . ad ition of a Ch stian symbol indicate d
t he t ransfere n ce . a
Th e e e e e e e e e a an e V n rabl B d , who was w ll v rs d in Ori nt l chronology d
e e e D e T em orum R ation e E a Sa a sci nc , m ntions in his p that in ngl nd gitt rius
h D e e 6 Th e e a a was t h e zodiacal sign for t e month of e c mb r . rly Christi ns use d
1 e i e s Ske ne e t c . dis edi his e e e n e id la . Som wr t r ( , ) cr t t r f r c to o try 6 C u A n ient La ws and I nstitutes o En la nd 1 1 2 The La s of Kin n in 840 6 . w g t c f g , , ” 6 d al a lisle in T an s S ot . E l i Au us in ian Ca e C . Dr ame s ls n An co . Soc iii J W o , g t th r , r , r c . , . ,
iii 263. pt. . 4 C Co cidius un d at Be as le in T allie H use use um Carlisle Cata l . t wo al a s to . 40 f t r fo wc t , o M , , ,
ix. pl . ’ 5 ’ 5 O e a i. . Se lla s an sl . 67 . v i ca . xv i il e s e di . Be de , , xxx r tr , p r , , p , G t 1 10 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE t he e e t he —t he t he he mbl m as symbol of light Light of World . And as t
’ e e n e e e t he e Sa wint r solstic now coi cid s v ry clos ly with sun s ntry into gittarius , t he e t h e a e e e e e t h arch r was ppropriat symbol , along with a bab , to r pr s nt e
t n e w e a as e t he a t he t he bir h of a y r , w ll as d wn of Light of World . Christ , t he an d e e t he D e e a e t he e e t he t he light lif Giv r , stroy r of d rkn ss , R viv r of soul , G d h o e e e e t e e t he . of Lov , r pr s nts arch r of old cult
The e a e t he e e e e E as arly Christians dopt d arch r to r pr s nt Cupid or ros ,
D e e as e e t he oeni e e e a symbol of ivin Lov , just th y had chos n ph x to r pr s nt
P h A c cordi s use d e t . m i sych , e undying soul n gflt hg g ang nyt t i m
catacombs of
D a 6 h e allis us 6 e e e 4 St t St C t . omitill , on sarcophagus of , and on oth r anci nt r lics The same subj e ct is e ngrave d on Coptic bone re lics dating from t he se ve nth
h e 5 to t e e ighth c ntury . rs in hunting sce ne s are common on sculpture d
e a e are e e e . e ston s in Brit in , but non of v ry arly dat With symbolical m aning ,
Sa it t arius or t he e a e m an ch urche s e a a g , C nt ur , is carv d on y , ston s , fonts , tymp n , an d a a s t he e e E e are e e e c pit l throughout thr kingdoms . xampl s s n in Forr s ,
S a St e a Me e Cam ust on e e a e S e e h ndwick , Vig ns , igl , , Bak w ll , Br dbourn , h ffi ld ,
S e - - H Ke n c ot t S D a e H H tok sub amdon , , alford , r nth , ook Norton , utton
Y M e Iffle M e e an d Cranswick ( ork us um) , y , alme sbury , Lullington , Ad l , K lls ,
6 D e t h e e a e . e e e e e oth r pl c s oubtl ss symbol in most of th s cas s r f rs to Christ , — t he gre at de stroye r of darkn e ss an d de ath t he Sagittarius and Eros of t he
In t h e M e e e e e e e a old cults . British us um th r is pr s rv d a littl m nuscript ,
’ n ZEt h e lst an s P a e a e commo ly known as King s lt r , which contains t nth
e a e e e n E a e a E c ntury c l ndar , wh r i an nglish rtist , or Contin ntal rtist in ngland ,
h n e a e t e t he . O e e S a has drawn and colour d signs of zodiac of th s is gitt rius .
he e e e e e re d T arch r , in gr n tunic , with bow , low cap , and l gs colour d , draws a bow charge d with a barb - pointe d shaft at an angle of H e stands in
a e Of Mr H e e front of a blue alt r r sting on a gre e n base . this work rb rt says
1 ’ A ul eius The Golden A ss v i Bohn s ansl . 122 . p , , , tr , 6 ’ ist l A C st n A rt 33. Mi l H . de rt i 16 fi 7 Fa a Li e o h i i che , , . , g . rr r, f f r ,
6 - l En l. Kr us Rea i. fi . 27 1 2 fi a , cyc , , g i. 0 , g . 33. 4 ’ ’ ’ fi d 147 148 . 33 34 5 H . Le cle rc an uel A rcheolo ie Chretien n e Pa is 1907 s 3 36. q , M g , r , , , , g , , , 5 K nsin n use um C C i 8 3 Cu id an d b i d . In e ase 69 No . 8 26 u d 0 gto M , , , p , , p r 6 Al l N tes on Ea l C et se i h illus . P o . Soc. A n ti . R . e n h istian S mb lism 433 . J , o r y r y o , g , w t t r c q ,
4 Th n H u n - C An h n an a he and an A us D i 18 8 . e ans i k P ul an d n e fo t of tto r w c shows a t o y, rc r, g u l in s ib e d : Alle n N tes 4 r de y cr , o , 00 .
SYMBOLS AND D OCTRINE 1 1 1
It may b e take n as re pre se nting t he b e st work of which English artists we re ” a 1 The e e e e e n at that time cap ble . arch r on Ruthw ll Cross might hav b
he e are t h e t e copie d from t same drawing , so lik two con mporary works .
The Christ— Preachin and Blessin 7 . g g
Euse bius de scribe s what he saw in Pan e as on an ele vate d stone
a e e a he r e e e e h e r a e a br z n imag of a wom n on b nd d kn , with h nds str tche d out
e e be fore he r like o n e e ntre ating . Opposit to this th re is anothe r image of
m an e e t he e e a e e a a e a , r ct , of sam mat ri ls , d c ntly cl d in mantl and stre tching
he e e e His t . e out hand to woman This statu , th y say , is a statu of J sus Christ ” 6 The a and it has re maine d e ve n until our time s . histori n furthe r state s that this monume nt stood at t he gate s of t h e woman he ale d of an issue of
as e e t h e e e . t he e e blood , m ntion d by vang lists Christ in attitud of a pr ache r ,
a f e in t he e e w e with right h nd upli t d act of b n diction , and ith l ft hand holding
e e t he an d t he e in e a e a a roll , is d pict d on Cross on Ob lisk lin s lmost id ntic l ;
e a t he R ut hwe l 1s e m a e whil gain on l Cross Christ display d a simil r pos , but “M w d -”“M m u m “ w here are v arram aet aih but t he prim ary conc e ption of a he ro - like man distinguishe s all thre e portraits
E a e e a e e . e e e in ston . Th y follow an nci nt typ ach is , how v r , dorn d with a
M e t he a e D e in crucife rous raye d nimbus . ithra also carri d T bl ts of stiny his
e t he e t he e e e e hand . A simple nimbus distinguish d h ads of d iti s and h ro s of
he a a e t he a a e e e t he a e e t cl ssical g , of p g n mp rors of Rom , of Christi n mp rors of
a e a el t he e an d e h Const ntinopl , of ng s , of Apostl s th ir symbols , and also of t e
’ t he e a e a ph oenix and p cock . A crucif rous nimbus round Christ s he d is
a he e h a e t t e r S. e displ y d on a mos ic of sixth c ntury in Chu ch of Lor nzo ,
e 6 The fi St e a e 698 e e 1 1 04 1 8 27 Rom . cof n of Cuthb rt , m d in ( xamin d in and )
e His e e a is incise d with a full figur of Christ . h ad is circl d with crucife rous
1 The i e had t he le asu e of e aminin is man us i al n i h t he Lin disfam wr t r p r x g th cr pt, o g w t e ’
M . i B i is u is a i Bib le an d he a SS n t he h use m . It al u d l s e ls Alcu n s e e a b a A . Go p , , ot r r r , r t M c t og G
a 12mo 200 fol . The r s ill umin a e d li has a s ll i h b i d s an d in e le a e s xviii . , fi t t fo o cro w t r v v
14 has t he Sa i a ius : fol . 10 has a u e nimb use d h ldi n a b k in t he i han d le fol . g tt r fig r , o g oo r ght ft u lif e d in b e n e di i n ui e a m de l t he a e s C is at Be as le an d R u h ll han d p t ct o q t o for M j ty of hr t wc t t we . L M SS. d 122 . C b e Illum . n A . H e f . J . r rt, , o 6 Ec l Hist v ii. v iii. Euse b ius in D e Vita C nstan tin i i. iii. . 49 als allude s t o s mb ls c . , , x o ( , c ) o y o e e d o n t he n s B z n ium of t he Good Sh ph r fo t of y a t . 6 d Emb 2 . Ea ls E Twinin S mb ls an lems 18 8 l . iii. l 3 h t he s mb t he an g, y o , , p xc , , c of y o of v e list s in t he Lin disfam e s e ls is ad n e d i a nimb us as are als t he E an e lis s e mse l e s g Go p or w th , o v g t th v , s m ls T sam is in t he C t h are se a e d b e n ea t he b . he e se e n u h S n La e an R me who t th y o h rc of Jo t r , o , I m a l am l s hn t h Ba is a s b where t he Evan ge lists are stan ding . n so e e r y e x p e Jo e pt t we r a nim us
i as s mb us o t a d b as - lie u d at Os b u k n C in he s n ot . h e a a ni n he n e n e e . um n ot r M t r w r gr r f fo t r r o t, l 24 v i No . 6 . fasc . p . , 1 12 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
nimbus ; H is face is b e ardle ss His right hand is uplifte d in t h e act of pre ach 1 in H is e a a H is e are a e D a h a g l ft h nd holds book fe t b r . lton s re produce d a
ske tch of t he figure of Christ found on a fourth - ce ntury sarcophagus at Sul u
M an e e e e e e His e a onastir (Const tinopl ) , who stands r ct on nak d f t , h d rich with
s e e H is long curling lock , and circl d by a crucif rous nimbus , and right hand 6 e H is a wa n e e e e e e lift d to bre st . That this s o typ for c nturi s is s n by a re fe re nce
t h e n n e a e t h e e n M e to an ivory of i th c ntury displ y d in Ashmol a us um , O xford ,
o n we se e e - e a e a e e e which und r a round h d d p n l a b ardl ss Christ , with cruci
e H is a a e e His e an d f rous nimbus , right h nd r is d to bl ss , l ft holding a book ,
Hi 6 In t h E P a e s e e a e . e e e e e e f t b r th lstan s lt r , alr ady r f rr d to , an upright
e an d t h e e e figur , holding a book , with right hand uplift d , is display d . Twice
o n e a t he a a e e a e e e H is e an rly sarcophagus in V tic n is Christ d lin t d , r ct , l ft
a H e a a e an d a . h nd holding a roll . is cl d in m ntl , tunic , p llium A soldie r
e His e 4 Th e a P a a holds a crown of thorns ov r h ad . s rcophagus of robus (V tic n
e e e e e a H is e H C m t ry) d line at s Christ standing mong Apostl s , a cross in is
r Hi e 5 e s . ight hand , a partly roll d roll in l ft A portrait of Christ from
St li M a His a e His e Aqui no in il n , shows Christ sitting , right h nd uplift d , l ft
di a n d H i a 6 t h e St e li a s e e a . e hol ng book , f t in s nd ls A fr sco in vault of C ci a
h e e lli t he act e 7 t e e Ca st us . in c m t ry of shows Christ , book in hand , in of bl ssing
On a - e a t h e St D e sixth c ntury mos ic in Church of Cosmas and amian , Rom , 8 D t he e at l His e . a e Christ , pr aching Jordan , has a rol in l ft hand lton giv s
t h e - fi ure e e o n e H e e illustrations of Christ g from arly g ms , on of which app ars
a e t h e e e H e e a with h nd uplift d , and a book in l ft hand on anoth r is w ring 6 a e In - e t he e e crucif rous nimbus . a Carlovingian ivory book cov r of t nth c ntury t h e t ran sfigure d Christ is shown with uplifte d right hand an d with a book in
1 ° - H is e n t h e e - a e l e e l ft . O a gold altar front in tr asury of Aix la Ch p l , of dat
1 000 B a t h e e . A . t he . , right hand of Christ holds cross , l ft a book A p e rfe ct e xample of t he n e o - Orie ntal art can b e se e n in t h e Nart he x of
St S e e e t he S Pan tocrator a e ophia at Constantinopl , wh r aviour ( ) pp ars
1 H v C b D u ha m illus . 142 143. a erfield an d ee n ell ata l. Oathed . Di . Gr w , r , t , 6 B zantine A rt and A hae l Oxf. 191 1 n is ie e 128 . y rc o ogy, , , fro t p c , 6 No F 7 C i . . 1 1 1 We s d ll n . , , twoo o e ct o 4 D en kmaleren reib ur -im A . D n hchristlichen F e Waal , D as Kleid des H errn auf de fru , g B is au 1 8 91— 4 e 6 1 fi . 12 . r g , , , g 5 6 d fi . 5 . I bid. 7 fi I bi 8 4 . . , , g . , , g 7 Mi ’ el H ist. de l A rt i. 74 fi . 45. ch , , , g 6 i fin . I hid i. 7 3 fi . 43 Twinin S mb ls e t c . 132 l . lxv . als i e s s e e , , g . g , y o , , , p , o g v th typ 6 D al n Cat Ea l C . h ist A n t l iii 106 107 . i . 17 . to , r y r . q , , p , 1 ° Vi d Al ia an b e useum Case B No . 253. ctor rt M , ,
1 14 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
t he e a e t he M e o His e e of arly Christian g , in British us um , sh ws Christ with f t 1 The in re sting on t he he ads of two animals . patt e rn probably originat e d
E e e t he H u e e e e e t he gypt , wh r god orus was sc lptur d with bar f t r sting on 3 6 I he ads of two crocodile s (P . XXV . fig .
’ 8 A no in in the Lord s Feet . t g
Th e re pre se ntation of t he woman in t he city which was a sinne r
’ e 37 38 t he e e e e (Luk vii . , ) washing Lord s f t with t ars , wiping th m with t he i h e r e is e a t he ha rs of h ad , k sing and anointing th m , was popul r in
e 362 e t he e e arly Church . Ast rius ( ) m ntions fact that this incid nt and t he miracle of t he he aling of t he blind man we re among othe r incide nts 6 i 20 hor cius c . 5 e e e mbroide re d on ve stme nts . C of Gaza ( ) r f rs to a painting 4 R o h ault d e e e - de picting t he re pe ntant woman . Fl ury r cords a sixth ce ntury
e e e in St a e e e e e e r pr s ntation Apollin r , Rav nna , wh r in Christ is d pict d among
a a H is e Th His e w t he e . e e Apostl s , ith wom n suppli nt at f t sam author me ntions othe r two e xample s in m anuscripts of t h e te nth and e le ve nth
I he e a M e e t e . n t e e ce nturie s . Christ is d pic d sitting Ashmol n us um th r is an
- e e a t he e e e ivory book cov r of G rm n work of t nth c ntury , xhibiting Christ
an d h a Hi e 5 e e l e i se ate d t e woman t s fe e t kn eling . Th r is a so a d vot onal table t in t he Victoria and Al b e rt Muse um displayin g t he woman washing t he
6 I a he e e t . f e t of Jcsus . t is Carlovingian ivory of ninth c ntury From parts
t he l e Violle t - le - D uc e e e e re re se n of original scu ptur , , it is conj ctur d , r stor d a p t at ion of thi s incide n t upon a linte l of a door on t he we st front of Veze lay 7 e u e t he fi e t he t e e . Abb y Ch rch , which dat s back to rst quart r of w lfth c ntury
Th a h a e r rity of t e e xample at Ruthwe ll is no argume nt gainst its antiquity . A
e t he e uirin ian a e e u cask t in Biblioth ca Q , Br scia (fifth or sixth c nt ry) shows
h a 6 t e wom n kne e ling be fore a youthful Christ .
l 9 John the Ba tist P . . . . p ( XXV fig
e l e t he e . An imag on Ruthwe l Cross cl arly portrays Baptist , w aring a
e e t he e . It s e nl nimbus , and carrying on his l ft br ast figur of a lamb h ad o y
1 i ia m l . M 1 Ch s n R C B T u i is 3 in hes n i 60 l. l i ase 580. he n . r t oo , , cr c fix c o g g , , p xx x ,
i s o simila M t h e n h an d ele e n h ce n u ies. g ve t w r re pre se ntations o ut of SS. of e t t v t t r 6 Mas e uide us Cai e 47 4 fi . 1 15. p ro, G M . r , , g 6 H mil D iv e z B m at um . 807 i e d b Ba e 37 . t La in Max . ibli veteru o y ( . ) o p r , v , c t y y t, 4 — ’ Orationes 9 1 l u L Evan ile ii. l ii 8 d B b B 61 F e 38 l. e . oisson ade i e d a e i . , , , c t y y t, ry, g , , p v L 2 fi . 5 M fi . at . g g , SS. 9384 . 5 s d 5 Ca l i ian I i s C B We C ll i F C i li n e ase 257 . e n . 1 366 ll . he . twoo o ct o , , ( o M c ) r ov g vor , , 7 ’ C k Date 265 i in Porée L Abba e de Vezela 22 . oo , , c t g , y y, 6 uide I varies Dublin 4 useum 1 . G M ,
1 16 THE RUNIC ROOD S OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE dogmatise as to t h e pe riod whe n such a typ e of t h e Fore runne r carrying t h e
— Th l e a m a L amb did arise it was ve ry probably late . e fu l m antle he w rs y
’ ” e e t h e e e t he a u e t h e s e re pr s nt raim nt of cam l s hair , but fr ct r on ton
Ma e e an e e e r e a n . oblit rat s y trac of a l ath rn gi dl bout his loi s ( tt iii .
S e t he e t ed t he a e St e t trang to say , figur of S John work upon m nipl of Cuthb r
e e di e (te nth c ntury) is that of an ordinary apostl hol ng in his l ft hand a book ,
Th I HA E are e e e 1 e e e N . in his right a branch . l tt rs O N S B s w d round his h ad T h e round obj e cts on which t he Baptist stands may re pre se nt t h e whe e ls of
r e e E e i oh i fi e d scrib d by z k el ( . ) .
ut 1 0 . St C hbert carrying the H ead of St Oswald
The e e e t he t he e e e e as all g d imag of Baptist on B wcastl Ob lisk , lik it is
e a e ffe e e e a in som p rticulars to that at Ruthw ll , has di r nc s in d t il which
e a Pl . The e e d m nd inquiry ( XXV . fig . massiv h ad , without a nimbus ,
’ e e c a e It e e t he S a e e is cov r d with a low p, or mitr . is ith r yri n sh ph rd s cap ,
e a E or more lik ly t he e rlie st form of t he mitre ( xodus xxviii . as worn by
t he e he r S mbols an d Emblems e e e Aaron , pri st . Twining , in y , giv s s v ral
’ t he G e h e e e c a e illustrations of ood Sh pherd we aring t sh ph rd s p . W find this form of he ad - cove ring upon a probable bust of t he Empe ror Phocas ( 602
6 10 t he i M 6 e Z i e ) in Br tish use um . Fl ury shows St achar as w aring a low cap
h a h 6 The e in an illustration of t e Annunci tion of t e sixth ce ntury . arch r in
h P [ E The a t e e e a a e e e e e . salt r of th lst n , lr ady r f rr d to , w ars a low cap f ct s e e a a e e t he e St e tat d by R gin ld , th t a mitr was found cov ring h ad of Cuthb rt ,
e e e e m ~ e t h e e e e e wh n his tomb was op n d , prov s o mor than xist nc in his tim of t he a e e e in [ E e t he e e n l t rich v stm nts which th lstan , in t nth c tury
’ e St e Th e e flat se c a a e adorn d Cuthb rt s body . mitr , or , clo p, without p ak , of t he e e a e e a e 4 Norman p riod , corr sponds with v ry old typ illustr t d by Gorio .
T h e e a e a t he P in E a rli st illustr tion of hrygian cap , or tiara , found ngl nd is
ee E e 7 34 s n on a coin of gb rt , Archbishop of York ( This white
e e e te e a lin n h lm t was conical at first , was lat rly shap d as round skull c a was e a e e e a e e e p, aft rw rds d pr ss d from b ck to front , th n from sid to sid ,
e e w as e e e ni e S. J. t e wh nc it d v lop d co cally . Jos ph Braun , , fully illustra s t e e e e 1 1 00 e a his subj ct , showing Fr d rick , Archbishop of Cologn ( w ring
’ e e e H e e Alb ero s 1 1 52 a d pr ss d cap , rib rt similarly cove re d , Archbishop ( 1 )
1 C . illus . Bu lin t n M a iii i 6 10. f t , r g o g , xx . (cxx ) , 6 A uide 5 ’ h ist. n ile i l iii fi . C A ti . 7 1 fi L Evan . . . 2. 42 . 48 5 . G r q , , g . , No g , , p g 4 Fairholt stume in E . i rux C n la nd An n . F o C e vit li Lo nd . 18 85 i. 79 fi . 73 a , o g , , , , g ; to r G r o , ” l i n 172 l se . iii . C i F De i e t c . . O usc varia l n e 1748 iii. h a e r a e g o, , , g f Gor , p , ore c , , , c pt M tr t , 5 Re v . Pe D e armer The O namen ts o the in isters 108 109 . rcy , r f M , , SYMBOLS AND D OCTRINE 1 1 7
fiat e an d e e e 1 1 5 9 e r a } mitr , Gottfri d of N v rs ( T ) w a ing similar type Braun a e at t he ni an d e e lso conclusiv ly shows th up to nth t nth c nturie s t he mitre ,
i e - e a e t e e or liturg cal h ad ornam nt , had no pl c wha v r among t he distinctive 2 - an d e t he mi i . It E e r e e H e symbols ornam nts of n stry is an ast n h ad dr ss .
e ll a n a S iridion e c a H irten mutz e giv s i ustr tions of Atha sius and p w aring this p ( ) , as he M n l on a II 9 5 H give n in t e o ogi of B sil . ( 7 e also produc e s an e e a e t rz o wski a The a a xampl ( ft r S yg ) on Coptic tombstone . mitre is w nting in t h e Te stame nt of Bishop Ric ul f von Elne and in Church inve ntorie s a he e c n r t he dl e t h n of t t nth e t u y . About mid of e te nth ce tury t he use of a
e e e T c r monial hat or mitr was coming into vogue . he e arlie st re liable
t he e t he o n t ific at e Le o IX 1049 information about mitr occurs in p of . ( ” e P e e t e E e a t he e 4 If a . t wh n that op inv s d Bishop b rh rd with mitr , as
e e we t he e a e l e e B wcastl , find figur of pri st fu ly inv st d with e piscopal robe s a n d cove re d with a cap quite similar to e arly Anglo - Saxon and Norman
e e t we a dl e an a mitr s , y without a nimbus , can h r y id ntify that with im ge of
t he John Baptist .
h as e e e 5 t he e e e e e As b n point d out , obj ct carri d by this ccl siastical p rson age h as two distinctions it is now a lamb re aring upright like a unicorn a un ique pose for t he Agn us D ei an d this sculptural d e fin it e n e ss was not a a e e e e - e e e a e a t he H pp r nt to ight nth c ntury xamin rs , who st t d th t oly Child
t he a e e e . e e e e e e was c rv d th r Lysons , in a car ful sk tch , int rpr t d subj ct as a
an d - a e t t he n E e lamb showing its e ars fore le gs . But in sk ch of wi dow in d n
a e a e e St e n e hall Church , lso in Cumb rl nd , which xhibit d Cuthb rt , imbus d ,
e a e a e e a e mitr d (with conic l mitr ) , with right h nd uph ld to bl ss , and crozi r
e e t h e a t a e e e e e e a re sting on his l ft br ast , r ist shows sl v out of which m rg s hand
6 The e e a a e a e e e a a a e . whos fing rs gr sp pl qu plaqu b rs h d , crown d , looking to
The con ce It a St a e . t he right . is th t of Osw ld adorn d with a nimbus two p
a The e a t he Me e e a e e n ot tions are not dissimil r . l ft h nd in lros x mpl do s h l far an d t h e e a t e P . . . proj e ct so , h d of Oswald looks to right ( V fig
a t he Rites o D urham e e a T e e . h e mod ls v ri d According to f , s v r l windows
1 - - u is he ewan dun F e ib im B eis au 1907 450 459 460 463 . Die lit rg c G g, r urg r g , , , , , { Ibid 434 Au h in de m Sacram e n t are n un d Po n t ifikalie n de s 9 . und 10. ah hunde s , c J r rt i a un d ii b e rhau t e in e li u is he n H au t b e de c kun n i e n d s ed a h 437 wird ein e r M tr p r t rg c p g rg g c t , “ Wi d h l n m an i d auf de n Bild e ke n die de m e s e n ah ause nd e n s amm e n Wir e e r o e , w r w r , r t J rt t t , ” ve rge b e n s n ac h e in e r Mitra od e r iibe rhaupt e ine n liturgische n po n t ific ale n Kopfschm uck fahn de n
441 , 490 , 619 . 1’ 5 Ibid 447 . . 43. Ibid . , 439 . p ’ L Sk h s in he B i ish useum fol. l l 3b lamb 152 in d . This ind ysons etc e t r t M , for , for w ow w ow
C mbe land 192 H u hins n i. 225 E e St Cuthbe t 238 . ill 1 . L s ns u was e xtant t 808 y o , r , tc o , ; yr , r , 1 18 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE in t he Abbe y Church of D urham picture d St Cuthbe rt with t he he ad of 1 a a n o n e a Y St a e e . a Osw ld in his l ft h nd , or p i t d his br st ork had a simil r
n 2 Th e t h e r a e e e e wi dow . arms of burgh of Ki kcudbright , noth r sit wh r his
e e a m a e e t e a wi t he a p r grin ting body y hav r s d , displ y a lymphad th s il
e t h e e St e e e e e t he e a t he furl d in st rn Cuthb rt s at d , holding on his kn s h d of ” i a e a a e n . e e martyr St Osw ld . Both h ds h v a mbus B wcastl Church was
e a e St e b e a e d dic t d to Cuthb rt , and a symbol of him would not out of pl c
e e 3 e a t h e E e th r , any mor th n it was in old Church of d nhall , part of which is 4 r - a d e i e t e e an S . p Norm n , also d d cat d to Cuthb rt
If t h e e e e e a e e t he , as writ r sugg sts , th r is slight trac of a stol upon
e at e e e e e e e e e t h figur B wcastl , th r is an arly pr c d nt for this ornam nt on e
- e St e e a e e Eccle sius (sixth c ntury) mosaic in Vital , Rav nn , d lin ating Bishop — an d it is also se e n on t he altar of D uke R at c his ( 7 44 7 ove r t h e ve stme n ts
’ P e e t M e 5 In us S . e t he of Christ sitting as ri st of pri sts , in artin s , Cividal in e e e a e t h e ni e a e ighth c ntury , it b c m common in nth c ntury mong cl rics in
e . t h e m e dieev al a e ZEt heldre d a e t h e Rom According to biogr ph r of (Audr y) ,
e e Ec frit h e El h he r a virgin qu n of g , and abb ss of y , t at saint with own h nd
e e 6 mad both a maniple and a b e j e we lle d stole for St Cuthb rt .
1 1 Th N ativ it . e y
Pre - Christian pagans conside re d cave s to b e be love d of and sacre d to t he
— e n e Th Z e M H e e D e . e gods us , ithras , rm s , ionysus , Typhon b i g born th r in
a The was e a e . e sun worshipp d in a c v in Assyri first Christians , so w ll ” e e - h ad a e acquaint d with this worship of cav gods , simil r d light in honouring
e e a e e e e - a e an d a l re re Christ , all g d to h v b n born in a cav st bl , in pictori l y p
e t he a e e e e e e t he a s nting N tivity th r in . This subj ct , first d lin at d in C tacombs ,
h a e ra W e a e e a was popular throughout t e whole Christi n . ithrow giv s d lin
I a he H t he e e t h e Calli st us . n e t tion of sc n from Catacomb of cot li s oly Child ,
e M e e t he e at Him t h e Jos ph and ary b sid bab , an ox and an ass looking , and
1 ’ ’ E t Cuthb ert 2 F r e b u ial f Kin Os ald s he ad in St Cu hb e s e S 284 85 . o t h o c n yr , , , r g w t rt offi S meon is O era S i and sh in e of. E R aine als Hist. Transl. S. Cuthb erti in u ees . r , yre , o y p ( rt
191 , 193. 3 I bid . , 28 7 . 3 b ’ Th The author has fre quently e xamined a t closest qua rters t he nimb use d lam s he ad. e b ody ’ is carrie d d n b e n d h ir i us The e is n o a e n ow of t he Ba is s le f han d ow yo t e c cle of t he n mb . r tr c pt t t o r arm t h i an d e r ght h t o o has disappe are d . C x C un t C m li h s ha see m d t o be o f . . Co hu hes Cum lan d 80 . In s e e ne e nd o J , o y rc ( b e r ), o g t w t
a s l a is i . to e is app rent. It not de finite e n ough t o cre ate certa nty 5 D l ' B au ie itu 2 2 4 . n ische Ge wandun 566 567 fi s. 73 7 r , rg g , , , g , 3 B au 7 A 2 Jun . V. n 5 3 i in A ta 8 . Etheldreda Re i I n . 31 . 3 r , , c t g c g , . , (
120 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
1 3 T e isitati n . h V o
The v isit of Mary to he r cousin Elizab e th forme d a subj e ct for picto rial re pre se ntation in t he cycle of Gospe l e ve nts se le cte d for this purpose in e arly
h a t he a a n a e . t e S Christi n tim s Both Annunci tion and Visitation , or lut tio l St e . 39 are e e e e e ( Luk i oft n d pict d in proximity , but n ith r is so common y
a e Mill e e displaye d as othe r incide nts of t he cycle . G bri l t shows a b autiful
S e e t h e a D a 1 e fiv e ll alutation pre s rv d in mon st e ry of phne . Fl ury has i ustra
t he e e Ma an d E a e a t h e t he tions of m ting of ry liz b th , d ting from ninth to
e e e e t he e a e an d e tw lfth c ntury , wh r in holy wom n pp ar with nimbus , in som 2 a e In t he a an d M e an case s e mbr cing ach othe r . Victori Albe rt us um ivory plaque of t he e le ve nth ce ntury de picts t he wome n with the ir arms around 3 h H r - e a e e e . On t e a e e e e ach oth r utton Cranswick font carv d , in thr round h d d
e e e a e A n us D ei . pan ls , two figur s mbr cing , an arch r , and an g
Profe ssor Cook fully illustrate s this s ubj e ct as far as twe lfth - ce ntury
e e e e e a e St e i - - e he sp cim ns in sculptur in V z l y , Chartr s , B no t sur Loir (which
t e are e e di e he e : The visi d) conc rn d , and fin ng such similariti s conclud s analogie s be twe e n t he tre atme nt of the se twe lfth - ce ntury groups an d that of t he corre sponding subj e ct in t he Ruthwe ll Cross are too e vide nt to b e insiste d
” ’ 4 H e e e e t e n I e a e on . also r f rs to V nturi s re productions of talian x mpl s
e l an d e e 5 The a e e n e e e e of tw fth thirt nth ce ntury date . bov r aso ing with r f r nc to a twe lfth - c e ntury origin of t he carving at Ruthwe ll might b e convincing
we e e a 6 if l ft out of account t he e arlie r mode ls alr ady e nume r te d .
1 The Shoes 4 .
Th e shoe s upon t he fe e t of Mary an d Elizab e th appe ar more like t h e
. “ “ ” woode n shoon (Scottice clogs Fre nch sabots ) still worn by t he
D e e a a l a e - e e a e e a a . umfri sshir p s ntry , th n ccl si stic ly s nction d foot cov rings
The a e e a e The e t he nci nts wor both sand ls and le athe r sho s . form tak n by
a a a a e h e In he s nd l str ps m d t sandals in drawings appe ar like t he shoe s . t
M e t he a e E a a a a e n e e British us um nci nt gypti n s nd ls , m d of i t rwov n papyrus
1 Le ona stére de Da hn i Pa is 1 9 l xn 89 14 . . M p , r , , , p 2 ’ L Evan ile i l ix m . . . 23 fi . 2 i e an e lia z nin h e n u has n o ni b us g , , p g , vory v g ry, Met ( t c t ry) , ,
an d no e mb a e fi . 3 e an e lia f as nimb us and mb o St da d n u h t he e a e . r c g , v g ry Me r ( ninth ce t ry) r c 3 Al l N tes on E C t en . h is . S mb lism 4 1 , o r y o , 0 . 4 T Da he te 262 H e e e s als t o Amie ns R e ims an d issa . , r f r o , h , Mo c 5 ’ Ibid. Ve n u i Storia dell A te Ital iii t r , r . , . 5 P e ss Bald in B n d a s a e n i n to t he Visi a i n u in on lde n me dalli ns rof or w row r w tt t o t t o occ rr g go o , si h o r se e n h en a C b rz wski A u m Ad n a o n s an in le as e e e d St o . of xt v t c t ry, fro , t t op , r f rr to y yg ( pp Et schmiadz in - E an lia Bu lin t n M e a iii. i. 44. v g r) r g o g , xx (cxx ) SYMBOLS AND D OCTRINE 12 1
ee e e a e e t he h t he 1 In t he or r ds , hav an app ranc lik s oon on Cross . room whe re
e G e e an d a e are e e o n e e e a e r lics of r k Rom n lif xhibit d , s s Gr e k vase of t he
e n e e e e a a an d third c tury b for Christ mould d lik boot , high s ndals , cork 2 e - e a a e e e e e e a e e bronz sol d s nd ls , wh r a wood n cor is cov r d with iron n ils . Th s
e a e e e a e as t h e n a e sandals , wh n f st n d , would app r on sculptur shoo llud d to .
e e e e t h e a e D e are a n a 3 Figur s pr s rv d in mon st ry of aphn we ri g Gre e k s ndals .
The an a s n 4 h h a St Mi o . s t e e d Christ in Aquilino , lan , has s d l At fir t sho s
t h e a e an n a e a a e e t he not liturgic l m i g , ft rw rds associ t d with th m , as to
e a a n t he s e E h pr p r tio of go p l of p e ace ( p . vi . The shoe deline ate d on works of art up to t h e te n th c e n tury was a
e e e e an d t o e e a e n a simpl sol , with h l cov rings bound with str ps , with littl or
e a t h e t oe - c a — a e e e t he a e e e e m nt tion upon p typ , how v r , of l t r , mor laborat , ” 5 - e o n t ific al e Mac D urn an e a t he cross adorn d p sho . , in his Gosp ls , dorns
e h e e t h e e an M e e e e St D a t S. Apostl s with sho s . unst n , in pictur on Bodl i (r f rr d
at t he e n d f VII a e e t h e e . S to o Chapte r . ) w rs similar sho s ho s of form e xhibite d in t he Annunciation sce ne on Ruthwe ll Cross much re se mble t he ancie n t Irish shoe s found in Craigywarre n crannog (ninth c e ntury) and in
a a e M n 6 e e e e an d t he a a e D . C rrig ll n bog ( l v nth c ntury) , now in N tion l us um , ubli A picture of Bishop Aldhe lm se ate d in his e piscopal chair shows his fe e t
’ e e s e Th e a n a a in e s D e ir in itate cov r d with similar ho s . dr wi g ppe rs Aldh lm V g
e a e Pa a e (ninth c ntury) , in L mb th l c .
1 5 The Fli ht in to E t . g gyp
’ This pictorial re pre se ntation is e qually suitable for t he story of Mary s
n E he r e The e e a e e . flight i to gypt and r turn hom , d lin tion at Ruthw ll is o n e t he e a e e e n e e e e n a t he e e n of rli st in xist c . A r pr s t tion of v nt is fou d in
1 Thi d E ian R m Ca 4 1 d 4 se A 4 5 an 4 65 . r gypt oo , , 5 I a 54—7 D elli San da li de li bid . C se F A n t S tt . 15 27 6 27 7 si i . R ma 1650 6 , , G . 8 , , Bo o , q o o , , , g
A ost li. A i u e m t he m e Pri s illa sh s t h C is ians e a in b uskin s fol. 500 . p o p ct r fro ce et ry of c ow e hr t w r g , 5 ill e 67 M t, .
D l F - - fi Di wo lich Fuss A . d aal s K e d des H n i i B 8 1 8 . 5 . e e hn e e W a i e b u m . 1 9 , rr , re rg , , , g g be kle idun b e s and e n e de in S huhe n e l he de n an z e n Fuss b e de k e n alcei e n es de g t tw r c w c g c t (c , p ro ) o r in San dale n so leoe baxeae cre idoc i d r Fusss hl an e aste n Le de rst iick das du h ( , , p ) e ne m e o e g p , rc
Schn iire iib e r de n Fuss hin um die Fe se n d as S hie n b e in hin au e s e b un de n wu de ibid . 6. , r c f f tg r , , 5 B aun Di l u — i it e ndu 2 i h ll s a ns. e . wa n 384 4 4 i u r , rg G g , , w t tr t o 5 C e u de C l i s s d i d in The lden Psalte o i elt A n ti 7 fi 79 . E e s a i e e 7 3 4 s. 7 8 ff y, G . q . , , , g , cc t c p ct Go r ’ an d Folchart s Psal e G ll s s ina ld D u ham de s ib e s sh e s un d o n t he r, St a , we ar hoe . Re of r cr o fo t “ g e e of St Cu hb e hus In dib us al e ame n a ont ific alia e i uee ul us Sand alia f t t rt t pe c c t p g r t, q v g ” a e consu v i B u a i ld s d s ib d sh s in use in t he e l h voc r e t . ra n thinks th t Re g n a thu e cr e t he oe tw ft ’ ce n u . The mi h e E ls a i t ry y g t have b e n the t n s g ft. 1 22 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
’ t h e e - e M en olo ion II an d t h e St P t nth c ntury g of Basil on door of aul s Church ,
e e e e e e 2 It a e e e h outsid Rom ( l v nth c ntury) . pp ars on arly ivori s in t e e le ve nth ? e In e e e t he P e t he c ntury bronz , it is s n on door of isa Cath dral , and on door
St Z e e at e 4 P e e e e of non V rona . rof ssor Cook has num rat d many twe lfth
e e a e e I t l e on e c ntury x mpl s in Franc and taly , par icu arly drawing att ntion to on a storie d capital of Chartre s Cathe dral which conside rably re se mble s ” e 5 e e e e e he that at Ruthw ll . All n discov r d two xampl s on fonts of t Norman
e - on - t h e - H Lan e s e H a p riod , at Walton ill ( ) and W st ddon (Northampton) , an d I 6 e e e l e e . anoth r sp cim n at C onard Abb y , r land So simple is t he de tail of t h e work e xe cute d by t he carve r in Northumbria that the re was ne e d for no late r mode l than what t he te nth - ce ntury manual of art provide d . It h as b ee n conj e cture d by some that t h e obj e ct thought to re pre se nt t h e e e e h e e e e a adi h ad of Jos ph might d pict t tr und r which , ccording to tr tion ,
’ ” Ma e e E h e . T e e e e e ry r st d wh n in gypt Virgin s Tr , or its succ ssor , a v ry
e e e e e e at M e t he e old sycamor , has long b n an obj ct of v n ration atari h , anci nt
H e an d e e t h e e re d e e t h e liopolis , still flourish s b e sid maj stic granit ob lisk of ’ Sun - H he a e e e e e e . t e god , orus That obj ct is h ad is v ry probabl , b ing in k ping ” ’ t he I e e a an d are e e with inscription o se ph . Jos ph s dr m flight d pict d on
’ Max imian s e thron .
A date - palm tre e ove rshadows t h e Virgin se ate d on an ass on a panel of t h e P e e ee t h e bronze door of isa Cathe dral . A similar d lin ation is s n in choir e e at P nclosur in Notre D am e aris .
1 6 The H ealin o the Blin d M an . g f
f u w e h on e O Biblical s bj e cts in much favour ith arly C ristian artists , was
’ t e Christ s miracle of he aling t he blind man . Kraus draws at ntion t o t he
e 8 e xiste nce of re pre se ntations from t he s cond ce ntury onwards . Bottari
a 9 h e e a ill ustrate s t h e re pre se ntations found on s rcophagi . T h ling of two
1 5 l I bid. n . x11 fi . A in u H ist. o A rt iii. l. i. fi . 18 . . . 20. g co rt, f , , p xxx g , , p g 5 Mus. ase A 3 1 Vi an d Alb . C Ku 1 fi . 13 . . 79 1 7 1 K aus Geschichte h ist. nst i. 7 1 8 r , c r , , g ct , , , ,
k- Byz antin e b oo cove r.
T i A rt Tea hin 329 Le thab ediceval A rt 104 l. . yrwh tt, c g, y, M , , p xx 5 The Date 264 a ia e The Scu rtures i e s a o 48 l. 19 . He e e s t o , M rr g , h , g v phot , , p r f r
R u n on ha of Amie ns W rks 33 168 la e . ski t t o , , , p t 5 k T Notes, 447 Coo , he Date, 263 7 P t ne v 2 2 llus a ns. Pi tu es ue ales i i . 1 8 1 9 i i c r q , , , tr t o 5 G hi h st Kunst i 136 esc chte c ri . , . .
l R tt xx n. i . xli l v iii. S u tu e ma S . le . i . x c p r o o , p xx x , , xxx x , x x
SYMBOLS AND D OCTRINE 123
’ m n Maximi an s e 1 n e b lind e is de pict e d on thron , and on Carolingia ivori s
t he t e e 2 l e r e e s e e of nth c ntury . F u y r produc thr illustrations from a sarco
h a us he e e St e p g in t Lat ran , an ivory of Rav nna , and a mosaic in Apollinar ’ 3 e e t h e e e . (sixth c ntury) , on all of which Christ touch s blind man s y
1 The S mb ol o t M a thew 7 . y f S t
It is conj e cture d that t he two figure s (shown in bust only) on t h e north
a e e C e a e e t he e e e f c of Ruthw ll ross , imm di t ly abov Baptist , might r pr s nt
a — e St Matthe w with his atte nd nt ange l t he symbol of that Apostle . Trac s of wings appe ar on t he on e figure t he othe r se e ms to hold a table t or book . ’ A ve ry int e re sting conj unction of t he two figure s is se e n in St Cuthb e rt s
G e e e u e Lin disfam e M e : e e i osp l x c t d in onast ry a wing d ang l , w th nimbus , in t he act w e a h e e a e a e of blo ing a trump t , and holding book (t Gosp l) , pp rs ov r
‘ t h e e e St M e h as an d e a he nimbus d h ad of atth w , who long locks b rd , as
1‘ e - e a e sits writing his Gosp l book . The re are in nume rable varieti s of this ng l s t he e ymbol , from fifth c ntury onwards .
1 8 S P . t aul an d St A n thon y
H ow t he St P l t he e e t e t he e story of au , r mi , and St Anthony , found r of
E l e t he e monachism in gypt , cou d find so promine nt a plac in pictorial Gosp l carve d at Ruthwe ll can only b e accounted for by t he assumption that a
e e In I e de vote e of a monastic ord r was t he de signe r of t he monum nt . r land “ more than in Britain we re t he solitude of t he de se rt cultivate d an d t he f e a e e d 5 P e e e l e am of Anthony lso comm morat . rof ssor Cook d scrib s scu ptur
e e e e e e on t he Abb y of V z lay d picting sc e ne s in t he live s of th s two saints , c arve d in t he twelfth ce ntury an d says : The sce ne de pict e d on t he pillar of t he narthe x re pre se nts t he sam e act as that de picte d o n t he Ruthwe ll
The e e e a e o n e Cross . influ nc of V zelay m ay have b e e n tr nsmitt d through or oth e r channe l to Ruthwe ll : it is inconce ivable that t he Ruthwell Cross should have influe nc e d Veze lay ; and t he re pre se ntations on t h e Irish an d ” e are e 5 e t he e e h ad Scottish ston s much rud r . But long b e for tw lfth c ntury
’ 1 C F 1 54 Fle u L Evan ile fi . clv . b lin d l n use um We s d lle i n , . , ; , g , g ( Ashmo e a M , twoo o ct o ry
Ri i Ravenna 7 7 fi . 66 . and lame me n ) ; cc , , , g
1 Li e ase 36 No . 46. b C B 256 B i . Mus . Ro man , C , Vict. an d Al . Mus. , ase , ; r t ( f ) ’ 1 T inin 96 l. xlv n . l fi 1 2 3. , , n ile ii. 42 lix . s. L Eva g , , p . g , , w g p
5 t wo sse s in Kells one at n as e rb i e , one at Re prese ntations of An thon y are foun d on cro , Mo t o c t An h n was b n ab u 250 an d b b n at Cas le D e m and o n e at A db e . S , Moo ne A e y, o e t r ot, r o t o y or o t died on e hun dred and fiv e years late r .
The Date , 27 1 1 24 TH E RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e e a I e he e British , and sp ci lly rish , Christians known and practis d t anchor tic r e an d e t he e t he E t he e I e t he ul s , copi d rit s of ast , anchorit s in r land imitating
e e St e l as a famous sh pskin of Anthony in th ir wool y cloak . John C si n
ni e an d e e S a G e e e orga s d syst matis d yrian mon sticism in aul , wh nc it spr ad e e e e t h e e 1 e e e t h e e in Lerin s v rywh r in fifth c ntury . B tw n monast ry and
E as u 2 i a e s gypt and Syria a constant communication w ke pt p . Trad tion t k
St P t Le rin s an d e e I e a e an d St P t he atrick o th nc to r l nd to pr ach , atrick “ n e w as e a E I a h ad you g r buri d in Gl stonbury . arly rish mon sticism
a e a a 4 de e t he p e culi riti s tr c e ble to Syrian ide as and customs . B e m ntions
a e St e t he e Lin disfam e e e n rrow dw lling of Cuthb rt , anchorit , in , wh r “ h e e e e a e an d a t he e H e re b e rt e i s rv d God in solitud m ny y ars , lso pri st l ad ng ” h D e 5 e e a a e t e e e . solit ry lif in island , in rw ntwat r Anthony , th n , was a mod l
e t D In e ae e St D for St Cuthb rt and S unstan . a m di val pan gyric on unstan , “ a t — t h e E — e e St this s in patron of nglish monasticism is lik n d to Anthony , who
e St D e a e dw lt in a tomb , which unstan imitat d by m king for hims lf a tiny
e at 7 e olfrid e e N ait an c ll Glastonbury . Abbot C of Jarrow , in his l tt r to ,
t h e P 7 1 0 e t he a e e e king of icts , in , m ntions fact th t v n in our church s through
a n e e are e a e t he a e e t he out Brit i th r many who , having l rn d nci nt rul s of
E a c an e e a e t he P a e e gypti ns , with gr at s carry on asch l cycl s for any l ngth ” 8 of time .
1 9 T - a l . he Sun di
- a e The sun dial on B e wcastle Obe lisk forms part of t he origin l d sign . It re se mble s t h e lowe r half of t he sun whe e l symbol so commonly inscribe d
’ a a - d di e e at Bo rco v icus H s on Roman lt rs , and also a sun ial scov r d on adrian 9 a P e e Mrs a t h e e fe a fe w - a W ll . rof ssor Cook quot s G tty to f ct th t . sun di ls in
En a a e e 1 066 an d he e a e e is a e e gl nd nt dat , conclud s th t th r bsolut ly no r ason
t he e a e - a e e t he e e e e e an d for dating B wc stl sun di l arli r than lat l v nth c ntury , ” he e e e e 1 0 Mrs a t . e e e that tw lfth c ntury is mor probabl Alfr d G tty , how v r ,
1 Co e - rs T st r o t L ns C mb 1 1 4 1 Ma din he Hi he eri a 9 3 9 00. op r , o y f , , , 1 d Ibi . 95 . , 5 S kes I eland and the Celti Chu h 1907 170 C e -Marsdin 8 8 i e s Ab b Allie z t o to , r c rc , , oop r , , c t é t he e fe ha t Pa i k i d h i Pil ims ame t o las nb u f ct t t S tr c re ce ve t e tons ure in Marmout e r. gr c G to ry to
d e ll n e a t he b d of St Pa i k an d Duns an ad he i b ks Vita S. D . 10 1 1 . w r o y tr c , t re t r oo , , k 5 2 l ist iv . 2 9 . S e s 174. Be de Ec . H . 8 to , , c , , 5 7 ’ S ub b s ita S. D unsta n i 455 d L e 8 V . Ibi . Osb o n s 3. t , , ( r if ), 5 ’ Be d e 2 1 lla l . Se s an s . 69 . , v ; r tr , 3 9 N w es in C n C te M us 198 No . 131 . o e ed es s um. A n A ou t hes s . pr rv h te r Muse cc . r , On e side of t he a me n is a e d as if t he se mi i le h ad bee n b ke n ac ss t he middle : if fr g t j gg , c rc ro ro ” m le e it uld a e b n di d i ee i d n l n s a s. co p t , wo h v v e to e e ve p ce 1 ° The Da te, 302
126 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
t h h t i a e E t e Tos e . e e in days of dward king , in days of g rl This sp cim n a e e e e e t he e Eadward t he e an d in pp ars to hav b n carv d in r ign of Conf ssor , t he time of Earl To st ig of Northumbria ( 105 1 Profe ssor Baldwin Brown re fe rs to a dial on t he southe rn wall of t he e arly Saxon church at
E D a 1 scomb , urh m .
1 Bu l M a iii 45 A n ula s ne a e d an d in ise d so as t o m a . i. . a r g , xx . (cxx ) re ct g r to c rv c for sun - dial was in t he autum n of 19 13 foun d b uilt into t he wall ne ar t he b e lfry of t he parish h m i i a s f a ins i i m a n . c urch of H odd a . Fa nt tr ce o n cr pt o n re CHAPTER VII
EARL Y ART IN NO RTH UMBRIA
O R TH UM R IA e he e e a N B , at this tim (t se v nth c ntury) , in m ny re spe cts le d t he _ “ civ ilisat ion o f EurO e : we e e e e e o as e e p No h r ls was th r such as sch lar B d , fl ‘ 11 m g ; n e i eed m on e e e l e was a e e a afizg pg t l kp_g , nowh r s g th r d such group of gre at m e n ; nowhe re e lse was the re a school of art like that which pro duced t he Lin disfam e Bo ok t he e e a e e an d t h , Cross s of B wc stl and Ruthw ll , e ~ ” i i 1 e e P b e autiful English coin s of th s pe r od . This pronounc m nt of rofe ssor
Le t hab a io r n i a G e e e l e h etit i ci i . e t e W . R . y is p p p C non r nw l trav rs d similar conclusions of forme r write rs whe n he virtually conclude d that a school othe r than that of H e xham (about 7 40) appe ars to have produc e d t he artists who conce ive d and e xe cute d the m (t he from be yo n d t he limits of England a country whe re art h ad for long flourishe d and whe re it had
e e e e e e n o e a a not altog th r di d away , th r b ing r son why two rtists , or two
e e e e I a t he compani s of artists , should not hav b n brought from taly tow rds close of t he se ve n th c e ntury to work conte mporane ously in Anglic an te rri ” 2 It e e e e n e e e e e tory . is w ll , b for comm ting upon obscur subj cts , to r m mb r
e e S ll e Me e a e e e t he e a t h couns l of chi r , asur not by a sc l of p rf ction m gre
a product of re lity .
a are e e — e e e a All th t l ft of obj cts ston , wood , parchm nt , m t l , or ivory
e t h e e an d in t he ort humb rian to t ll story of artistic tast work N kingdom , or
t h e e an n t he e e n are e e in wid r Angli ki gdom up to t nth c tury , ind d me agre ” The e d a e are a e products . Cross s of Ruthwell an Be wc stl m rv llous and
- un l ue e e . a fe w n a i a fe w l e q xc ptions From A glo S xon bu ldings , sti l p rfe ct
e e - e a e e e s e cross s and grav slabs , num rous fr gm nts of sculptur d ston us d as
e a n a - e a e e e t h rubbl by Norm n ico ocl stic church build rs , from sc rc sp cim ns of e — ’ ’ art of j e we lle rs an d mint - maste rs such as ZElfre d s j e we l and Ecgfrit h s
n — an d e a e e e t he Lin disfam e G e coi s , from d signs in such mast rpi c as osp ls
circa 7 00 e - e a c an we n e t he e ( ) and in lat r Anglo C ltic m nuscripts , i f r d gre e
1 The A i 19 12 XX11 . No . 189 . 59 . rch tect . Review, Aug . , , , p 1 / H v l ll A Cata l o Soul t. St ne s 46 47 . a e rfie d and Gree nwe , . f p o , , 1 27 1 28 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE of e xce lle ncy attaine d to by t h e e arly artists in al l kinds in e arly England a - n d t he Borde r land . Authoritie s are all agre e d upon ce rtain ge ne ralisations re garding Gre e k
d r a n a t a e t h e a e . e e Roman ft r dv nt of Christ According to R inach , Aft r ” t h e e t h e e e a ul e e e e e I a middl of s cond c ntury Rom n sc ptur d g n rat d in t ly , an d plastic art fe ll more an d more unde r t h e influe nce s of t he school that had de ve lope d in Asia Minor and Syria a sort of orie ntalise d H ell e nic ” 1 art e e n h e ar S r e to som xte t t e source of Byzantin t . imila ly, Russ ll
t h e e t h e a e 3 1 5 Sturgis , in discussing sculptur s on arch of Const ntin ( ” h e e e an d a a e s a e - art w as which consid rs bas trivi l , v r th t Gr co Roman d e ad whe n the y we re wrought an d for six hundre d ye ars the re afte r scul pture
n e e e all t he e e a t h e e a was de sti d to sl p in W st rn l nds . Now r viv l of ” 2 e t h e e e o n e t he n sculptur in t nth c ntury is of most curious thi gs in history . “ h a Artistic sculpture le ft on t e Roman Wall could inspire no e nthusi sm . A
t h e e e e b e e e ge nius might still in s v nth c ntury inspir d in Rom , but no proof
P r i a a e . e Ca ot t a e of such fact xists According to rof ssor G . , p riod of st gnation in art followe d afte r t h e de ath of Justin ian which in turn was succe e de d ” 4 e e e e t he e n d t h e h e n r by a ge nuin r nasc nc from of ninth to t e e le ve nth c tu y .
h e e e art t h e e E e t h e e n T marv llous r vival of in Byzantin mpir in sixth c tury , inaugurate d through t h e introduction by Justinian of t h e gre at n e o - Orie ntal ” e An t h e mius an d I d e a e e e a rchit cts , si or , who built th t miracl of archit ctur ,
a h ad a L III he I a e e e o . t St Sophi in Byz ntium , its count rp rt wh n , saurian — ( 7 1 7 7 p aralyse d all Christian art by forbiddin g t he m akin g of any like 5 a an e . S a was a a a e e e . ne ss of s int , m rtyr , or g l tatu ry discount n nc d th n Wh t Mr Bradle y says of ill umination is also true of scul pture D uring this p e riod vast numb e rs of illuminat e d liturgic al books we re de stroye d for
a e re ligious or f natical r asons . This e dict of 7 2 6 h ad t h e e ffe ct of
a e an d t he e t he a t h e xcluding im g s of God , Christ , saints l aving rtist e
e a an d e Th e l e n fre e use of flow rs , pl nts , lin e xi d Byzanti e artists trave lle d we stward to find p atronage and e mploym e nt with Charle
e 7 42 at e n t h e a t he e magn ( whos court Alcui , Northumbri n , was chi f
7 S e e a n a art e e t he fin e e . o rnam nt p cim ns of C roli gi n , wh n compar d with
1 Re The St o A r L d 1 S. in a t n . 4 0 . ch , ory f , o , 90 , 8 1 The A e iati n o Scu rture k 1 ppr c o f h , New Yor , 904, 73. 5 N hin a es in at le as is see n in t he use um at Che s ers ot g rr t g, t, M t . 4 A Histor A rt o L n d . 1 ii i. 68 y f , o , 909 , . ( ) . 5 Ad ne The eek and Easte n C u E 1 8 196. e y, Gr r h rches, din 90 , 5 n W. B adle I llum. an us i ts L nd . 1905 31 . Joh r y, M cr p , o , , 7 B n A lcuin o k 15 row e , f Yor , 3.
EARLY ART IN NORTHUMBRIA 129
‘ t h e e e an d Be wc ast le are e e a e work on Cross s of Ruthw ll , r cognis d as of l t
e e e e e an d a dat if th y xhibit signs of vigorous treatm nt , l f , n turalism w i e e e m1 ut b r t h e . e e qualiti s s n on two roods it must not fo gott n , as Rivoira s a e Th e a h Li di t t s , highly complicate d inte rl cing of t e n sfam e Gosp els was done at a time whe n t h e Comacini and Lomb ard guil ds h ad long b e e n accustome d to produce patte rns of t h e most varie d and intric at e characte r ” a 2 d a a e are a e . e a e s e an in c rving Th ir tt mpt to carv human nim l figur s f ilur s ,
e e e ac e di as , stat d b for , Sir T . G . J kson points out wh n scussing Lombard
e n e an d t he - a e a at a e influ c , e ighth c e ntury b ptist ry of C llixtus Civid l ,
he e he a e e el e e e e a of which writ s T orn m nt is xc l nt , v n b utiful , but t h e atte mpts at figure s of me n an d animals are be ne ath criticism ; if t he scul pture d orname n t of t h e e ighth c e ntury b e comp are d with that o f t he as e in t he e a fourth , shown for instanc rly Christian sarcophagi , o n e re alise s t he a bj e ct condition into which t h e arts h ad sunk in Italy ” t he e a 3 during int rv l . The re w as anothe r source of influe nce and in spir ation fe lt in Nort humb ria
e e a — h - was h v ry rly t e ve ry fountain he ad of Christianity itself . Syria t e
— ' ’ “ ' ' s and artist s int hé fift h an d e e chool for both scholars sixth c nturi s , and out
" ‘ ’ of it ihi é Eé fii came t he inspiration of t h e thepre ssure
' o f t he M e t ra e l e we t a t h e e e e and a osl ms , v l d s w rd with str am of xil s prop gators o f a i c e e n d ar If P and Ga e b e in co te i Christi n ty, s i nc , a t . rior rdn r right n nd ng ’ t a l e t h e E a e t he a h t Wifrid s _vange lisation of north of ngl nd provid d m son ’ — c raft of t he Bewc astle an d Ruthwe ll sculpture a vie w which we do not
i s e t h e a he e - a e e e think born out by f cts of t cas , Wilfrid also c m und r dir ct 4 O a a I The e rie nt l as we ll s talian in flue nce s whe n he re sid e d in Rome . wond rful
" ' an e Lin disfam e ai t o h ave b ée n writ t en Eadfrit h m uscript Gosp ls of , s d by , — t he bishop ( 69 8 7 indicat e s by its artistic de sign s that the re e xiste d on e or more of a class of practic al ge niuse s who could at le ast imitate or improve
’ upon c e rt ain Italo - Byzantin e mode ls be fore Wilfrid s inspiration coul d cre ate ’ t he public taste that would appre ciate such productions of t he sculptor s a Eadfrit h e n t he rt . Bishop showe d his ge nius by ncasi g church of Lindis
1 u m i h Basili a of St Amb i The fig re of St Amb rose on t he b aldachin ove r t he cib oriu n t e c rog o,
Milan mi h se e as a B z an in e m d l h C r of R u h ell Carot ti ii. i. 180 illus . , g t rv y t o e for t e h ist t w , ( ) , t 1 L mba di A hite tu e d 4 1910 ii . 1 5. o r c rc c r , Lo n . , , 1 B zan ti d C 13 i. 2 15 2 16. ne an R manes ue A hitectu e b . 19 y o q rc r , am , , , 1 n A n F - nd C b 19 12 b k a . i. 1 A u t o edieva l e u r ure in En la am . cco f M igur Sc h t g , , , oo ch p The An lian C sse s 65 - 2 F C i ian i ame as a ne w i ilisa i n an d b u h g ro , 0 800 1 0 ; or hr st ty c c v t o , ro g t ’ ’ t he a a i t o a e he se e a b l ks s ne not nl i h ain e s and ldsmi hs a e ns c p c ty c rv t gr t oc of to , o y w t p t r go t p tt r , ibid b ut with figure picture s of classic dignity an d motives of orie ntal e legan ce . 9 130 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
— ’ — ” 1 a e P o ak a e e a . e e wh o f rn St e te r s built of , with pl t s of l d Th odor ,
he s e a e a was t a e . 1 cons cr t d th t church , Archbi hop of C nt rbury a “32. m e a e a e e an d on a nat iv o f T rsus in duc t d in Ath ns , ccount of his
an e a e i e a n H e as ac c m le arnin g w as se n t by Pop e Vitali to v ng l s Brit i . w o
anie d b an e e a n e n a e a an d p y oth r l r d tiv of Afric ,
' ’ " ' a re gul ar from a monaste ry in Campagnaf The in flue n c e of the se pote nt
e e an d e n e a P e Se 68 7 a S for ign rs of th ir co t mpor ry , op rgius ( also yrian ,
lfrid We arm u h an d a e a e . e o o t must not b e unde r stim t d C , abbot of J rrow ,
e e 7 0 1 t h e a e e a P e Se n St visit d Rom in , in s m y r in which op rgius fou d in
’ Pe te r s a pie c e of t h e True Cross an d cre ate d a n e w fe stival in me mory of ’ 2 h e a n e t h e di e e lfrid e a t e ve n t n d B e de chro icl d scov ry on C o s r turn to J rrow . And it m ay b e admitte d that scul ptors from t h e Orie nt an d southe rn ce ntre s
art e b e e e an a a e n a M e e an d of cultur could procur d from Al x dri , R v n , ars ill s ,
e n othe r place s in t he se ve n th and ighth c e turie s . Profe ssor Cook write s inquiringly We should b e inte re ste d to conside r whe the r an y Egyptian obe lisk coul d have be e n known to North Europ e ans t he M dl e e an d a e e e t h e l e at e of id Ag s , ft r r f rring to on y ob lisk Rom ” h as at e e e e e n e e e t h e n he e which not som tim or oth r b l v ll d with grou d , giv s his opinion that e ve ry such pil grim from t he north would of course have ” an e an e an d e e a 3 Man b e e n impre sse d by obj ct so str g by figur s so nigm tic . y
an d H e n e e s a e e e e a a British ib r ian ccl i stics , for c nturi s b for th t d te which
P e a s e e e e e i t h e H a rof ssor Cook s igns to th s cross s , w r p lgrims to oly L nd ,
ell e a E an d e e n e e a e e t trav d lso in gypt , w r in tur visit d by Ori nt l pri sts , stud n s , a d a e n a e a an d e a a a d a r d n n e e . n n e a t an e e tr v ll rs Ori t l id s id ls , f cts f ci s , sci c
n - a Th e a h we re common place s in A glo S xon England . f ct of t e influe n ce of
‘ t h e t h e Ea e e a t he an in E e a e 1 Church of st , sp ci lly br ch gypt , is now st blish d .
he E a e t he e r e an d e . T e gyptg v to C ltic Chu ch its typ ton round tow r , monastic
M ne e e e e -zs school , i lif , b hiv h E 1 909 had prototyp e s in t e East . A visit to gypt in impre ss e d t h e write r with with t he similarity of scul ptural de sign in use
t he e a e an d e . The Book o A dam an d Eve e in in rly Ori nt Occid nt f , compos d
E t he e e a I e 5 In h gypt in fifth or sixth c ntury, was known in rly r land . t e
1 Bede iii. a l 2 . ns . 19 . , , xxv tr , 1 B dl S o t Hist an . . Rev ix. 34 145 146 i in au h i ie r , c . , , , , c t g t or t s 1 The D ate 334 n 1 “, . . 1 Th d l E T E Sa e e In eb e dn ss o f t he Ke i Ch h ans . S t. ccl Soc. e u . . iii. yc , t t c rc to gypt, r co , pt —1 2 2 —2 ( 191 1 ) 50 60 . 5 S kes I eland and the Celti C u h 2 1 h 18 8 6. to , r c rc , ,
1 32 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
Christianity in its m ain outline s be came Egyptian and Orie ntal rathe r than
e e a o Sir a M e was m e We ste rn . Som tim g G ston asp ro taking ove r t he n e w
h e h ad e e a t h e a M e an d Coptic room b n rranging in C iro us um , showing m e t h e re mains of sixth - ce ntury Coptic e ccle siastic al archite cture that h ad b e e n
e e U e E I was e a re c e ntly discov r d at Bawit in pp r gypt . r m rking that the y
’ he h e so - a e a e ar e e a e t t t . Ye s h e e e r v l d to us origin of c ll d Byz ntin , r pli d ,
e e e e an d a t he but th y r ve al som thing mor , th t is origin of Christian Ke ltic
’ I was a as we se e t h e e e a art . t e an d “ r m th t , now , int rlac d p tt rns f o “ e Christ ian Ke ltic art we re de ri ve d 311811555611 t hefolia in o us n e fr ts of w g or am nt an d birds that are alike characte risticof both t he e arly Coptic an d t he Chris
h e - e e e - b e e a e . T so a ll ti n K ltic call d wh l cross , which can tr c d from Cornwa — and Wale s through t h e Isle of Man into Wigtownshire but according to
Mr l e e S a — e a E t ia i n Romi ly All n , not furth r into cotl nd has qu lly an gyp y p gi , — ‘ - ‘ ' an d I have found it associate d with t he sacrame ntal c upfvrhich came afte r
a b e e a e t he a e a h ad e e e h w rds to r pl c d by ch lic , on rocks in wh t onc b n t e
- M a a n a e e e ne ighbourhood of pre oh mme d n mo st ri s at Assuan . Aft r this we ne e d not b e surprise d that e ve n t h e typical Cmk
t h e e t h e t h e e a e an E which took plac of cross on rly monum nts of Christi gypt ,
b e m e t a a as far as - e as e a shoul d with g in north Nigg in Ross shir , w ll as t
e I e an e Kirkm adrin e in e e ul r a in Ardbo in r l d , whil at Wigtownshir s p ch l script ion s of t h e fifth c e ntury are found surmounte d by t he Coptic cross with
h - a e rho a e e t h e n e e t e so c ll d ttach d to its upp r limb , origi of which has b n
l a t h e E a t he e H E h ok . e trace d to t e o of h ir of gypti n god , young r orus v n t he Ruthwe ll Cross pre se rv e s a re colle ction of Egypt in t he le ge nd attache d
t h e e a n St Pa an d St e e a t h e to figur s of two s i ts , ul Antony brok br d in
’ M e e Th e t h e e a e e SS. t h e n e de se rt . illuminations of rli r K ltic r fl ct i flu nce
h In he e t h e E a h e E an d t e e . t e n e of t ast of W st pictur s of v ng lists , for insta c ,
h e e Lin disfam e nl are t he r e e e e a in t Gosp ls of , not o y pictu s th ms lv s Byz ntine
’ a e t h e E - e e e 0 a ios a e e a e in ch ract r , but gypto Gr k titl g in L tin l tt rs is att ch d ” 1 Pl . to t h e name s of t h e Evangelists ( XXV fig .
a e e a e St e e E Profe ssor S yc conclud s th t , wh n Augustin cam to ngland he found t h e Ke ltic Church posse ssing a substructure which we nt back
h a t h e e h ad e e dl in to t e Rom n Church of fourth c ntury , but b n profoun y
fle n c e d d e e e e e e e u and mo ifi d by Ori ntal rit s and doctrin , and mor sp cially ” ar 1 t h e e E by t he monasticism and t of Egypt . By fifth c ntury gypt had
1 l Soc iii. iii 2 6 Sa e The In de b e ess et c . Trans. S o t. E c . . . 5 . yc , t dn , , c c , , 1 Ibid. , 255 , 258 . P ATE XXVII L .
- B CA L CR FROM NO EA . EW ST E OSS , RTH ST
J M erie . Photograph by M r . C . ontgom
1 34 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
— draughtsman of t h e Lin disfarne Gosp els an d his work is t h e glory of North
e H e e e t he e t h e an art . e a 8 9 . e umbri To r p t ( , n rb rt sp aks of mbl ms in “ 1 D as e n e a e e t he e e Book of urrow crud , co v ntion l , grot squ of x cution of t h e D e as t he e n e a e f e e Book of urrow (se ve nth c ntury) poor , g r l f ct m an an d b arb aric 2 of t h e flat an d conve ntional te chn ique of t h e portraits
t he Lin disfam e e 3 t h e G e St a e e u in Gosp ls of osp ls of Ch d ( ighth c nt ry) , t he drawing of t he figure (of Christ) touche s t h e limit of grote sque hide ous 4 n e ss of t he noble Book of Kells (e ighth or ninth c e ntury) an d its picture of t he Madonna an d Child which se e ms like a caricature of some e arly
an n e a n It e e . ul b e e e i e Byz ti p i ting . is sol mn but in pt Nothing co d l ss lif l k
e e a In an e e t he a e - e a e s n or mor hid ous th n this f t Christ , not v n l rg h d d , to y ” e e Ma 5 The a e e a t h e Mac R e ol G s e S2O y d donna . s m writ r s ys of g o p ls ( T )
a e are flat an d e e a e e e e e t h e Mac F c s g om tric l , p rsp ctiv do s not xist of
D an G e s 92 7 The e n e t he a e urn osp l ( 1 ) figur drawi g is impossibl , and dr p ry ” 7 e . The e e e e n a a e still mor so writ r can homologat th s co clusions , h ving c r
l e a e e all h e M e e e a e as e as e fu ly x min d n arly t SS. r f rr d to bov , w ll oth rs of
’ ’ ’ e a “ 9 M e a e as Al cuin s e E e s a P e Al e S. D rly d t , such Bibl , th l t n s salt r , dh lm s ” 1 1 1 1 2 ni at e ° h e e a t Ma a e an d e all Virgi t , t e Gosp l L ction ry of S rg r t , oth rs , of which be ar out t h e conte ntion that t h e figure de signs on t h e two crosse s are imme asurably supe rior to anythin g atte mpte d by draughtsme n be twe e n t h e e e a e s v nth n d e le ve nth ce n turi s . Fe rocious D ane s an d iconoclastic Norman re forme rs have le ft fe w of t h e works raise d by pious hands to indicate indubitably t h e con dition of
a n e he a e M e a e e t . craftsm nship in sto , wood , or m t l b for Norm n Conqu st any
t h e n - Sa n e a e e e i e a e e a P a of A glo xo church s h v b n obl t r t d , lik th t of lumbl nd
o rt h umb ria we a e a a e a su fii cie n t a e at in N but h v still in th t r m sonry l ft , as
M We arm o ut h an d H e a a as far as e onk , Jarrow , xh m , to show th t , simpl
n n was e e t e n a e n e e e e buildi g co struction conc rn d , N or h r cr ftsm w r th r to do
e ffi e I h . t was a a n N aitan kn t e Pict t it ci ntly to J rrow th t Ki g , i g of m
’ Ce olfrid e e in e In e e In Ecclesiast l to for mast r build rs ston B d , his ica ” H istor e e e n e e Bisc o t he o n e y, m r ly m tions that B n dict p and Wilfrid built, a mon aste ry an d t h e othe r the se courts at Ripon ; but whe n he re fe rs
1 1 Itlum. an i us ts 7 1 Ibid 72 . M cr p , . . , 1 5 I bid . 76. , I bid. , 7 7 . 7 5 I bid 8 0. B i us u . , In rit sh M e m 7 B 1 ° 1 1 In i . Mus. In t he B dl Lib . r t In Lamb eth Palace . o eian 1 1 In e d u i s t h n e ld l l f all . r pro ct o , Go e n Psalte r an d Fo ch art Psa te r o St G 1 “ Bed e , v . , xxi. EARLY ART IN NORTHUMBRIA 1 35 to Acca of H e xham h e write s H e e nriche d t he structure of his church ” n a e a e a 1 e with ma ifold dornm nts and m rv llous workm nship . Wh n
E t h e e an d an n Wil frit h w e t h e ilfrit h h e ddi , sing r comp io of , rot Life of W ,
’ m e n tione d t he fact that on Wil frit h s re turn to Northumbria with Eon an an d
e l e e n e nl h e a s a an hims f , vid tly from K nt o y , l o took m sons d othe r age n ts in a 2 H e as a e s l was E h . t e n e e his comp ny xham Church , r u t , for ddi fi st b yond t h e — an n a n t h e H S e n ilfrit h Alps i spir tio of oly pirit giv to W . With such a te xt it was e asy for Willi am of Malm e sbury e arly in t h e twelfth c e n tury
’ to asse rt that Wilfrit h s lib e rality attracte d the se artisan s from Rome to imitate its a mbitious b asilicas 1 a s e asy for Richard of H e xham ( 1 1 3 8
1 1 54 a e ilfrit h e e I a n e an d e ) to h v W bring th m from Rom , t ly, Fra c , oth r 4 l ands whe re ve r h e coul d fin d the m an d no le ss difficul t for Ailre d of R ie — ’ vaulx ( 1 1 09 7 1 1 66) to m ake Wilfrit h s transm arin e art ifice rs e xe cute
e l a H e a 5 marv l ous l pidary an d pictori al work at xh m .
’ Unl e ss t h e pictori al productions an d sculpture d works of Wilfrit h s age
e e e an n i a e t h e art an d e h e e b e hav b n wholly ih l t d , cultur inspir d must appraise d by a re fe re nc e to such re lics as are house d in t he C athe dral Library
D a are e t an as e are e an d a at urh m , or y st ding cross s , or brok n built into m ny p arish churche s b e twe e n t he H umb e r an d t h e Ch e v iot s fi If t h e fine st work
’ of t he H e xham school is e xhibite d upon t h e cross - he ads of D urham an d Acca s
t h e e - a e n H e a e e e D a a Cross , with oth r cross fr gm ts from xh m pr s rv d in urh m , comp ari son will show at a glanc e that it is not in t he same c ate gory with that
a e 7 e e e e o n e e a e displ y d at Ruthwe ll or B e wc astle . Wh r figur s xist th s fr gm nts
1 Be de v . . , , xx 1 m v o Wil ridi ca . . 22 I deo aute enera H ist . the Chu h o k Eddins Vita S. f rc f Yor ( , f , p i bittie vivens mn ibus a us e isco alia o icia er lura s atia a ens cum Can toribus E dde et r , o c r , p p fl p p p g , Eo n e ccemen n is u ce tis institoribus e im ent sua m rediens cum e ula San ti na , t tariis, om q e p ne ar , r g r g c ” ’ B i i E di als s a e s h a Wilfrit h s n e w Chu h enedicti nstituta eccles arnm D ei bene meliorabat . d , o t t t t rc of St An d e at H e h am as far as he had he a d e e lle d all he s on his side t he Al s : r w x , r , xc ot r t p negue en im ntla m doma m citra A kres mon tes ta lent wdificata m a udivimus it s foun de r havin g b een ins i e d b t he S iri Go d he b elie ed . p r y p t of , v 1 esta Ponti cum iii 255 R lls arb it rat u uide m m ul a i se d e t ce men G fi , . ( o q t propr o, ” t ariorum u s e x R m a s es munifice ntiae at traxerat m a is e i . , q o o p , g t r o 1 in e P o H ex m 2 ma u ue e t I alia e t F an ia e t de aliis R a i ha . 0 De R , r ory f , i o q oq , t , r c , e is ub icun ue in e i o rat c se nt ario s e t uoslib e t ali s in dust rios artifice s se um t rr , q v n re p te , me , q o , c ”
ue rat t ad su i da um in n liam adduxe rat . re tin , e ope ra a fac e n se c A g 5 “ C k 1 75 : Wilfridus adduct is se um e x a ib us The Da 2 2 R in e 1. te 8 8 n . a oo , , , , , c p rt ” t ran smarinis ifi i id b ila u ict uris e t coelat uris multi hariam de coravit . art c b us, miro lap e o t a t p p 1 C llin d un d a m n s 240 sse s in t he N Ridin of kshi e Mr W. G. o gwoo has fo fr g e t of cro orth g Yor r 3 The same andalism h lds P i an d a dne A ce o M ed F . S ul t ii. 1 14 n . . r or G r r, . f . ig c p , , proof of v o l good for oth er co un ties in Scotlan d and Eng an d . 7 - — ham a men s D u ham e 7 8 5 Nos. . xxi. ii . iii. H e r Cross he ads : Cata logu , 8 , xx , , xx , xx x fr g t Cata l — — . 53 68 N s i lus . o . iii x . il , , , t 136 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e are e t he e b e e th y crud productions , and only floral d signs can compar d
The e e e e e favourably . sam conclusion holds good , as far as r f rabl , for thos
e e e e i e I n D e a an r pr s ntativ stand ng cross s , rto , arh m , and Gosforth , and to m y sculpture d fragme nts (some of which lack human and animal form) use d as
e e e - le - S e e - Can on b a l e H a rubbl in Workington , Ch st r tr t , Cross y , C r isl , lton ,
- - 1 a a S a le S e e . e e Gilcrux , St mfordh m , Billingham , and t nton tr t All of th s sp e cime ns of sculpture d stone e xhibit skill of an orde r infe rior to that re quire d
Ma e are e e e n t he e e e for t h e two Runic roods . ny of th m mor in k pi g with l m nt ’ 2 ffi l hile ar e St e c o n . w y incis d carving found on Cuthb rt s Rivoira , admitting
a a e H e a an d a e D a m a b e th t fr gm nts from xh m J rrow , now hous d in urh m , y
s e e a e e di Bisc o an d a Wilfrit h a crib d to Fr nch rtists brought by B n ct p, th t did t h e fin e St e H e a n a t h e e i i build church of Andr w , xh m , thi ks th t st r l ty of
E a e e e t h e e e a at ngland must h v b n caus of th ir bringing fore ign rtists , but th Wilfrid would not have take n t h e trouble to bring artists from b e yond t h e ” 1 e a e e . l s s in ord r to produc work of this kind (P . XXX . ) The re are no historical facts to guide us as to t he date of t h e so - c all e d
’ m e on s e e e e t he e a n d a e Cross of Acc a . Sy r f r nc s to d th a buri l of Acca outsid t he H e e e e e e Church of xham , with two ston cross s d corat d with wond rful ” el e o n e at e a t he e at e e t he e e e r i f carving , his h d , oth r his f t , to subs qu nt xhuma
e e t he an d t h e e tion and int rm nt of his body in church , to cons rvation of his
e e e a e e a a e e rob s tak n from his r m ins , mor than thre e hundre d y rs ft r th ir first
a e f e t e e t h e e e e buri l , giv no in ormation at first hand , nor y stat wh n cross s w r
e e e an d a e e e e t he e e e e e . r ct d , th t th y xist d wh n writ r th n r cord d th ir history ’ ” I e e t h e r e a e e e e t he e e e nd d, w it r s ch ng of t ns , wh n using word plac d, as s n
t he e ositos sun t ositus est osita eraul e t he e t h e in footnot , p , p , p , sugg sts id a that
e S e l e was t h e e a a 1 040 chronicl r , whom ym on fo low d , at xhum tion of Acc in , 4 t he e e e e e e re - e e e Pl I and saw m morial cross s th n r ct d or r ct d ( . XX X . fig .
1 C l l 2 24 — — ll a e e 06 1 138 170 282 4 278 107 95 1 83 136 ee n e 69 95 92 illus . v r y, , , , , , , , , ; Gr w , , , , t 1 e n ll 141—1 1 Gr e we , 5 . 1 T Ri ira L mba di A hite u L 1 — Th s n i - . . t e nd . 1910 11 . 38 146. e e h s l G vo , o r c rc c r , o , , to fr t too usuall ass ia e d i h Wilfrit h an d C as a t i ue t a a v e d u i y oc t w t pre se rve d in He xh am hurch h r q r c r pon t . — That was a symb ol struck at York on the coins of Siht ric Gale (921 6) and of Olaf Kuat an 4 H k 9 9 7 ue b e andb o 2 l . iv s ( ) Gr r, o , 0, p . No . 1 14, 1 16. 4 — — The e ditor of Sym e on Raine state s th at this H istoria Begum is for t he most part a e b a im an ab id me n of e a lie i e s i h e ain addi i n s s me of hi h are v r t copy or r g t r r wr t r , w t c rt t o , o w c ” ssib l m t he e n S m e n hile he s ha e un ue s i n ab l b ee n added b a la e hand . po y fro p of y o , w ot r v q t o y y t r S me n n ot b n e n e a s a e h hu a i of A a m us ha e b e en u in an y o , or for tw ty y r ft r t e e x m t on cc , t v q ot g au h i for t he e e i n or at le as e is e n e of h se sse s in 1040 or he i e is e n e in his t or ty r ct o , t x t c , t e cro , t r x t c
own da 1 130 if s ill e is in . y, , t x t g
S me n D un elmensis O e a e di . . R aine Su ees 18 68 i. re . ix : H istoria Re um y o p r , t J ( rt , , p f g , C us e e us ad orie nt ale m la a a ari m e le siae H au ust alde nsis uam orp v ro j p g m e xtr p e te cc g , q
1 38 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
Th e state me n t of Sym e on of D urham that in his d ay Bishop
’ ZEt h e lw old s n ame - inscrib e d cross of curious workm an ship was still
n D a 1 Th e a a e n o t e a a e . st ndi g in urh m , do s h lp us to ppr is its rtistic worth
was e awe e e a all a t h e i e Cross an obj ct of and v n r tion to Christi ns , and d scov ry
t h e e a e n e of v rit bl Rood was of e ngrossi g inte r st to pilgrims .
Willib ald Be rn ard an d Sae wulf all e e t h e n n . t h e , , , r f r to fi di g of “ Ma 8 8 3—4 e a a t h e D ZElfre d rinus in s nt p rt of lignum omini to King , 1 in a e as n e a Ma e e a e who turn g v it to Gl to bury Abb y . Willi m of lm sbury r l t s ” a 92 6 H D ux Fran c orum a t he s t h e o m m el th t in ugo, , brought a n il of Cro s in p
’ an n e a a t h e an d a t h e w of Const ti s sword , p rt of Cross , part of cro n of thorns Z 3 . Et h elst an E e a a e a a t h e ha an rode to King . th lst n in turn g v p rt of Cross ( lg )
’ St Pe e M n e E e e a d e Se b ro ok n e - e e e to t r s i st r , x t r , in Rich rd g , shri k p r
D a 1 3 8 3 e n e t h e t t h e a e in urh m , in thus inv tori s por ions of Cross in his ch rg
I tem a l e a e e t h e item t h e e e , si v r cross with pi c of Cross , portions of Tr of ” t h e 5 e e e a an d E e e e e e e Lord . Th s r lics in Gl stonbury x t r must hav int r st d
t D a On e t h e e e a S unst n . of manuscripts form rly b longing to Gl stonbury
a e a e t he e a a a n is now tr sur in Bodl i n Library , and cont ins homily in A glo
a o n T e I n v n on “Th e recto a e e e a S xon h e ti of the Cross . first folio shows r pr s nt
n e a e an d at is e a n e e I t D n a as H e . t S tio of Christ s t d , f t mo k kn ling is u st n ,
n n Th e a h e a Th e e e . his own writi g bove t portrait indic tes . drawing is w ll do
a e e 9 5 6 i e b A D . Pl Th e F li was d t may . ( . V . fig . indp g g t t i Qs po tically
- m e e t h e so all e his -Ch rist El n e a tr at d by c d in , e J , n él a he e p rt of which_is inscribe d on t Cross of Ruthw ll ; an d that author shows
h e was a i a a a an d e n that f m li r with cl ssic l ori ntal lore a d mythology , as
e as a e a an d e n e a e w ll with p tristic th ology . Thus E st W st j oi d h nds n ar
’ H a a at e a e e l h e drian s W ll B wc stl and Ruthw l . Might not t tools from East an d We st also have b e e n use d toge the r the re ? Anothe r conjunction
b e e e e a e a e t h e a a might n ith r impossibl nor improb bl , n m ly , ssoci tion of
St D e a e ZEt h elm eer an d t h elwold— t h e unstan and two cont mpor ri s , ZE rood — a e of. . e a n e at Cadm on m k rs ( p with that oth r import nt wit ss Court , ,
- e . G a t h e e h as in this work of rood r aring admon , lthough nam Cymric
e e d e e e a e e e ul r lativ s too , might in icat an ori ntal, Al xandri n , p r grin sc ptor
un a t h e a a t D an d e who fo d position in brilli nt st ff of S unstan , l ft proof of
a a a e he e t . his pr ctic l art , if not his n m , on Rood of Ruthw ll
1 1 H ist Ch - . u h o D u 66 ha m Ch on . 11 . xn . 642 e di . S e ens n . A u Sax. . rc f r , , t t v o g r , ’ 1 S n 1 5 e e so n s di . 1 17 hb ert 124 26 e . R St Cut Bi h Ca t. ain e 1 . Sara ii. 38 9. t v t , rc , r , , , , 5 A ucta m riu F. iv . 32 Ma a A nna ls o Bodle ian 20 S ub b s Vita S. D unstan i cxi. , cr y, f , t , , PLATE XXVIII.
B CA PARI URC A O F R - C C M N W . EW STLE SH H H ND R SS , RO O TH EST
Pho o h b M r J . . M o t grap y C ntgomerie.
To ace 1 f page 38 .
THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
1 The e e e he s an d t he e e e a i . xist nc of t crucifix ymbol , r pr s nt tion upon t
a e - e h e a as ai e i e in a of s mi nud C rist , d d (or l v ) , was mpossibl Northumbri in
Th - - s t he e e e as h as e e e e . e t he t s v nth c ntury , b n pr viously prov d John B apti
t he e in e e symbol , in form shown on Ruthw ll (accord g to most obs rv rs also on
e a e e a a e a e e . B wc stl ) Cross , is a lat symbol lso , as lr dy sugg st d
2 The l e e an d t he e n e e t h e e x e c u . sup e re xce le nc of t he sculptur r fi m nt of tion of t h e high tone d the me s portraye d pre clude t h e possibility of such work
e n e l n t h e e e e e o n e e t he e e an d b ing do s v nth c ntury , unl ss postulat s uniqu ris
a e e di a a e e a e its own passing of m t oric spl y of rtistic g nius , which m mori lis d " a e e ff e e e h as e e n a read h w e e m rv llous orts on th s two cross s . As b l y s o n, th r are e e e a n a a e a e no oth r such productions , or v n nythi g ppro ching th m in st t li
e e e e n a e e e a e e e in e e e n ss , lov lin ss of conc ptio , f ultl ssn ss of d t il d x cution , or vid nc
t e e e e e n s e e a a e a b e di e e of h compl t mast ry of g iu ov r r fr ctory m t ri l , to scov r d
n in a In e di e amon g t h e re lics of e arly Christian civ ilisatio Brit in . th ir gnifi d p e rfe ction the y must have outshone t he gre at high- crosses of Irelan d of a
a e a e e a e t t he en e a e e e a s still l t r g . Wh n comp r d wi h g r l s ri s of rly Briti h
l e e e a e e a as H e Sa r . scu ptur d monum nts , ch of th s st nds yp rion to a ty Nor is the re an y proof that such huge blocks of ston e could b e m anipulate d
‘ ' in e arly Anglo - Saxon time s far le ss that de signe rs of t he cross h ad eoeeeive d or worke d out t he pie rc e d whe e l - he ade d form which Ruthwe ll Cross un
1 as a t h e a e a e a e doubte dly was shap e d into . This l t f ctor in c s lon ought to m k a ae s a se e e a n an e a a e e e e n rch ologist p u b for ssig ing rly d t to ith r monum t , although it is not imp e rative to acc e pt t he summation of Rivoir a To sum
all e e e e - e a e a a a e t h e e u e up , th s wh l h d cross s , ch r ct ristic of which is gabl d struct r
e e e t h H Se e e are n e are a e r pr s nting e oly pulchr by which th y crow d, l t r ” a h e an e s En a 1 A n d e e t h e th n t Norm Conqu t of gl nd . r f rring to e m diaeval re vival of scul pture h e write s So far as t he c arving is conce rne d this re v ival cannot have b e come e ffe ctive till conside rably afte r t he be gin nin g of t h e ” 1 e e e e The e e e - e a I was a l v nth c ntury . typ of wh l h d or rish cross prob bly
’ e A D 8 an e a e e Tuat h al s e e . . 00 e e fix d b for , x mpl b ing s n on Abbot g tomb
( 8 06) an d t he de ve lop e d fre e - standi n g typ e is re fe rable to t h e b e ginning of
1 i h t h n m n —4 1 1 A n C A n I . . 17 Th e e . e di V 3 W e u e s 5 38 3 9 40 e di f pp x , p g t of Mo t , , , ; pp x
- III . 170. Th e hei s of e sse s are he se San db a 22 ee F e s ss slab 20 ee , ght oth r cro t ch , f t ; orr (cro ) , f t ; I n a i h b ase 16 e e 8 in he s s h 14 ee Al e 1 1 e e 3 in he s Co le st on o (w t ) , f t c ; Go fort , f t ; tyr , f t c ; pp , 10 ee 6 in he s Kild alt on 8 e e 8 in he s Ilkle 8 ee 4 in he s E am 8 ee 3 in e s f t c ; , f t c ; y, f t c ; y , f t ch ; Bar h an in Mu drum 8 B k ll m f h I ish sse s oc 8 ee 3 es ee a e e 8 e e . S e o t e , f t ch ; g , f t ; w , f t o r cro , of da ar ll i e dl la e e e e e n a C . n adm e . 153 . 1 . tt y t r t , v t r f , 1 di A h L mba ite tu e ii. 256 . o r c rc c r , 1 Ibid. , 257 . THE DATES ASSIGNABLE TO THE RUNIC ROODS 141
. 1 t h e e e . e a e a t he e w s hi s fl t , e r s a t nth c ntury Not rli r th n t nth , c ntu y Cross of e e ro dflctioh Ruthw ll a possibl p . ”
3 . Lite rary re asons for re j e cting e ithe r an e arly or a late date for the se
e are e an d e a Is e e a th e in scri l o monum nts simpl cl r , if it conc d d th t pt ns upon el Cress are c e ra e a e th t he makn of t h e Ruthw l of ont mpo n ous d t wi i g work ,
1 ’ w61'k an h1 Th e e a e b e e as s p . B wc stl inscriptions must ignor d unreliable
a n The e e an d unsafe base s for re soning o . incis d t xt from The D ream of the
' R c an e e e a a e a as mw l ood giv littl or no clu to d t , in smuch an old poe o u d
’ e lon i n iib lid mm and anewon e e an o n e l b e ling r g fi ; , lik old , wou d quote d
" by a Southe rn English artist in te rms appropriate to t h e place an d p e ople
r e l t he n e a t e e . e e e a e an mos int st d Nor wil ki d of run s pr s rv d fix d t , y more
a h e H e - a n e e n e h ad a n - e r th n t ib rno S xo l tt rs , si c both lo g continu d cur e ncy in “ - y r i ' Theié is sdmet hin u a a t o a e an a e En nd . e gla g s bst nti l b s rgum nt upon wh n ' w e t h e e a a e h a e e ic from t h e find lit rary ch r ct ristics of t e s cr d p_ __ which quota — e l e t he e t — so ffe e an tion or paraphras is cul d form , doctrin , spiri di r nt d so indicative of a gre at advanc e in t h e w ay of poe tic ally e xpre ssin g Scriptural
an d a e e a e t he e tru th p tristic conc ptions , wh n comp r d with b st productions
- Th e a h of t he Anglo Saxon intelle ct . uthor of t e poe m was a ge nius who had e m ancip ate d himse lf from m any of t he conse rvative ide as that hampe re d
n d wa a n an d Ye t a a a a s M e e . t he lite r ry cr ftsm n , od rn in to spirit not so
e w as h e e n e e n e t he e e in c on mod rn , that his r fi d d li ation of Cross would s m gru o us whe n immortalise d on stone in le tte rs ille gible onl y to a ve ry late Th u h a e a e a e o . e se e t e e a d t e r d r of Angli n or for ign bl od of run s , r viv l of art e e an d e a e a e e e e t h e a , archit ctur , pious l rning , sp ci l r v r nc for Cross , lofty
a e e t h e e e a are e t he tone in civil and s cr d lif , ris of a gr t artist , not s of te nth c e ntury .
4 The a e a a t h e e e e as t h e a e . historic l r sons for disc rding s v nth c ntury d t
Th e e e a of t he crosse s are ve ry coge nt . p opl for whom such m gnifice nt tituli we re de signe d must have attaine d to a high de gre e of spiritual culture
e e t h e e a e t e e and of p rc ption of b utiful , and y no oth r r lics of this sup e rfine
w a a a e e n s e e e . civilis ation e xist in th t f vour d r gio , which ss ntially C ltic For what tribe of Rune - re ading wande re rs in t h e se ve n th ce ntury would it b e ” e a e e t he o ak e e a a e ne c ss ry to r ct in for st of Ruthw ll gig ntic b acon of victory , visualisin g by symbol t h e c ardinal doctrin e s of t h e F aith ? If the se crosse s
’ e a e we i e e e e a a we re e re cte d in St Cuthb rt s g , must nclud th ir pr s rv tion mong
1 t A Dublin 1 5 C Gu de Cel . nt . i i 910 8 . Ge orge offey, q , , 142 THE RUNIC ROOD S OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
a Ma i e l e e t he his mir cle s . ny chron cl rs mournfu ly r cord d almost incre dible
e t he e t h e a a e e e E a stori s of f rocity of p gan pir t s who sw pt ov r ngl nd , surging
e a e t h e e - e e e a from both s s right ov r Bord r land , d stroying v rything Christi n .
’ e e e N ort hm e n e a e e St e o wn Th s murd rous b g n th ir d vilry in Cuthb rt s church ,
e e e n e e e a e fle e n e a D e n wa wh nc his v ry bo s w r m d to for ma y y rs . structio s ” 1 e a e - H a nf e e t h Sa n . e th ir wont, s ys Anglo xon Chro icle istori ns co ss d th y h ad a a e a a I e a t h e a no l ngu g to de scrib e the ir b rb ritie s . For r l nd too uthor of
’ r o hr wi 2 t he Wa f the Gaed l th the Gaill says h e fails to de pict the ir atrocitie s . Alcuin of York ( 7 93) de clare d that n e ve r has such a horror appe are d in ” 3 In h e a a e Britain . t l ngu g of Gre e n So thoroughl y was t he work of de struction done that t h e coun try whe re le tte rs an d cul ture h ad till now found the ir favourite home re maine d for c e nturie s to come t h e rude st an d ” a a 4 l most ignor nt p rt of Britain . Sti l more important is t h e te stimony of
’ Syme on of D urham whe n re fe rrin g to H alfd e n e s crue l de vastations ” 8 7 5 e an d e e a e t he e a e se a t h e e e in Fir sword w r c rri d from st rn to w st rn , an d t h e churche s we re oblite rate d ; an d so thoroughly did the y do the ir work that e ve n o ur pre se n t ge ne ration can se ldom discove r in those place s an y ” 5 e e a e a e e e e . conclusiv m mori l of th ir nci nt dignity , som tim s non Nor must — — t h e e arly Scots b e acquitte d of similar ravage s King Malcolm (9 42 9 54)
e e a s e m an e e e b ing styl d mo t f rocious , b aring a b stial mind , accustom d to ” a a 6 de v state t h e province of Northumbri . Con se que ntly o n e must conclude that t h e obj e cts of e arly Christian re ve re n ce in those p arts we re pulve rise d by t he D ane s and othe r barb ari ans in t h e e an d n e e n e e t h e a an n a Kuaran ighth inth c nturi s , lo g b for p g Ki g Ol f
’ an d hi s allie s lan de d on Solwa y shore to me e t de fe at by E the lstan s Christian
E i e at a Birr ark a e a n e n sw e . ngl shm n Bru nburh , now C mp , n r Ruthw ll And
s a e e e he e a e a e h ad an e a e a thi brut l king , v n aft r b c m b ptiz d , vil n m for tyr nny
a he was e e e H e t h in Northumbri , from which xp ll d . was also guilty of e
a t h e I e e e e a a spoli tion of Church in r land . Aft r b ing subdu d at T ra , Ol f
Kuaran was e e e e I e e h e e . It e a e comp ll d to r tir to ona , wh r di d is r ason bl to suppose that the se two crosse s we re re are d in time s of pe ace to indicat e t h e
a I l e e . n e e c e victory of Christi nity ov r such paganism an poch on y wh n p a ,
e e e e e e e e e e e ul b e pow r , and pri sthood w r h ld in g n ral r v r nc co d such works
e e E ll a e t e re ct d . Wh n was the re a se ttle d p e ac e in ngland ? Not ti ft r S Cuthbe rt
1 Ann 1000. adh Gaedhel L nd . 1867 4 o Todd , Cog , etc o , , 1 . 3 B n e A l uin 2 C u st row , c , 1 9. The onq e , i. 105. 5 H ist. Chu h Du ha m m1 642 652 ii. 656. rc r , . , xx . , xx
S m e n O e a i. 16 Su y o , p r , ( rtees
1 44 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
— Sie ge saule also b e e re cte d in t h e cle aring (thwaite) of t he R e d Wood
(R oth- wald) whe nce brave ZEt h elst an drove Scot and D ane p ell - mell into the ir mighty fle e t in t he Solway Firth in 937 And t he old battle - song 1n t h e Chronicle narrate s how
de parte d then t he Northme n In their n ailed b arks
On t he roarin g se a (on dynges mere) ’ O e r t he de e p wate r ” D ub l k 1 in to se e .
Th e din gin g de e p is re min isce n t of t he wild rush of t h e tide of Solway
Pe a w a e t E a n h e a e e e s . t e e e c hardly y King dmu d , d r d d p rform r ,
e e 946 e Eadre d e t he t was murd r d in , and his succ ssor , , had troubl s with Nor h
a e e n h e e e e in e e a e umbri ns and th ir p tty ki gs , whom sup rs d d R al p c was not se cure d till t h e re ign of t h e pious Ki n g Eadg ar ( 9 5 9 t he patron
t D n a t h e n e a an e h e of S u st n , of whom Chro icl s id God him gr t d that ” 3 e St D a in e e e e a n dwe lt in p ac e . unst n his c ll h ard a sublim voic n ouncing t h e e a i e Ba a Pax A n l orum e e ae e x ort i birth of this gr t pr nc , dg r , thus g ccl si
i D s an i e ue r e t un t e i . e nunc p nostri t mpor ( .
Af e St e e En li a e e t h e e ae t r Cuthb rt , no oth r g shm n has mor glamour d m di val
a t D an Pl P e e an e mind th n S unst did ( . V . fig . oss ss d of xtraordinary
e ni h e a t h e e e a e e t he e If e b e w s S . S g us , gr at st xon b for Conqu st ym on is to
e t e h e was was e e e a e n an cr di d , born in th r for bl to fight at Bru burh with
a Ea n an d e t h e a e - n an d was i gall nt dmu d to writ stirring b ttl so g , st ll young
e n in 943 E a e a G a n e e h e e e wh admund m d him bbot of l sto bury , wh r had b n a “ an d e e e I So e a e e pupil b cam instruct d in rish accomplishme nts . gr t w r his attainme nts that his biographe rs e mbe llishe d t h e accoun t of the m with
e an d e e e Pe h e s e e e n miracl s , so obscur d his gr atn ss . rsonally mu t hav b 7 s e e e n e a e a up r min nt to whom A s lm offe re d pr y rs s to God , and for whom
a e a a a ni H e t h e e e r King Cnut ord in d a n tion l n ve rsary . was irr sistibl spi it o f a e e e f e e e H e a e e a e his g , and mad it notabl . O him Gr n wrot d r d to cr t an E a h e e e a a a in ngl nd , and to crown t lord of th se r lms as its n tion l king ’ D un st an s time London rose to t he comme rcial gre atne ss it h as he ld e ver
1 A - n 3 . S. h i I 11 2. C . 2 11 bid. . 9 06 . 8 8 ro . , . Ibid . , 11 . 91 . , 4 S ub b s Vita S. Du i A l nstan de ardo 56. t , ( ) , 5 ’ - H ist hu h Du b i h 11. 85. . C ham C r D . s x ii. The A . S. h n . s 925 fo rc r , xx 668 . ro give rt
- 1 4. S. Chr n . ii. 90 Fl n sa s 42 A h of 940 me n i ns him as ab b o ore ce y 9 . c arte r t o ot an h in 46 ot er 9 also . 7 ita S. D u V nstani, 451 . X PLATE XXI .
’ ’ } u b e s ffi n . FI G . 2 St a s Cr ss . C C FI G . 1 . Acc o th rt o
To face page 144 .
1 46 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
’ Of St D un st an s proficie ncy as a draughtsm an or craftsm an we have . such me agre proofs that o n e can only acce pt as true what hi s biographe rs
The e e e t he e e e s said of his artistic tale nt . littl sk tch of hims lf at f t of J su ill 1 a a e e o wn e . a Christ , usu lly cc pt d as his work , shows som sk Ap rt from
a St D n e e e e e a t h e his pr ctical work, u stan was compl t ly obs ss d by two id s ,
- Pe e In t h e a a e i he e e hi . Cross , and its t ac ng ac m ny ch rt rs wh ch subscrib d t he Cross is de sign ate d unde r e ve ry conc e ivable de nomination in Latin and — ” 2 a e a e a e t he Pax . s Gresco L tin , and his piscop l s l b ars words , Vobis Thi
e e a e e a e w as e 'e a e wond rful p rson g , whos n m a hous hold word in m diaev l Christ n 9 8 8 If l ll e . e e a l a dom , di d in such a g nius , associat d with his bri i nt con
t e a e t he e e di e e w as a e an d e n mpor ri s of B n ctin Ord r , not bl to found d sig ,
e h he e e e e . e Ma e e a a e t . t p rh ps also c rv fin r pr s ntm nts , g j sty , on both monu
e we e a e e m nts , why should suppos th t som lat r but unknown artists, two
e e a e ul e e e e ? c nturi s l t r, co d x cut th m
It b e e a o n e e e e e o f may admitt d th t, with xc ption, what has b n said
’ St D unstan and his time s e quall y applie s to t he e poch of Scotland s gre at
D I as a e a t h e n n d e e k . w a a ing , avid , who gr t champion of Cross , concili tio , p ac
’ t e e e c an b e a P e e e n in h tw lfth c ntury . And much s id for rof ssor Cook s r c t
e n h e a e a e e e a t he cont tion , which supports with mpl uthoriti s , sp ci lly with
e E e ll a e a D e d w ighty conclusions of b n Wi i m Rob rtson , th t King avid inspir
t he e e e e e e e e e e found rs of th s cross s , or p rsonally caus d th ir r ction , wh n
He illumyn yd in his dayis ” 5 His lan dys with kyrkis and wyt h ab b ayis.
Th e comple te picture which Profe ssor Cook give s of t he Southe rn Scot
a o f D a ur e e a e e e an d a l nd King vid , with flo ishing ov rs s comm rc , nobl g llant
e a e e a a e e e an d for ign chiv lry at court , p ac ful l nds dorn d with r ligious hous s , ” t he a e e t h e a M e t h e e h as pr y rful lov r of Bl ck Rood of his oth r on thron ,
’ its p aralle l in John Richard Gre e n s brilliant account of t he Northe rn England D St a e . far our e t he e e t he unst n mad As as conc rn with monum nts li s , — diffe re nc e be twe e n the se gre at Make rs was this St D unstan could pe rson
a l a D a e e e t he a e l y ccomplish what King vid mploy d oth rs to do , and l tt r had
e as i e a e a n t he a e a e hi s e no r ason , far as is d scov r bl , for dor ing w st pl c s of r alm
’ are ll a e t he - with roods which sti world s wond r for Anglo Saxon race .
1 B dl ia Lib a MS. Auc ari F i 2 h b k in he sam lib ar Libe Sancti e n t um . v . 3 . An e t e o r ry, , ot r oo r y, r — Dunsta ni No . h as an he ske h a rib u e d t o him e n i led Wulfri c Cild t he he ad of ( ot r tc tt t , t t b - his b h e m s a l C n a o b b a tea 103. y rot r, o t pro y. f. , 1 Bi h Cart. San 2 rc , , iii. 65 . 5 — — The Date 3 2 4 E l K n s i. 227 2 06 3 0 9 E R b s n Scotland unde her a i 33 . , ( . W. o e rt o , r r y g , THE DATES ASSIGNABLE TO THE RUNIC ROODS 147
uoad ultra t he e e t he i e e Q , acknowl dgm nt of ability of h r d mploye e s of St
Wilfrit h an d e e — a e I a a his cont mporari s Byz ntin , tali n , or G llic artisans in t he se ve nth c e ntury to e xe cute such e laborate works in stone (an d as far
t he e a e e e i e e e e e e e r as figur c rving is conc rn d this is d n d h r ) , do s not l ss n p ple xit y in our se arch for re asons or c ause s for ere cting such supe re xc e lle nt
e e e a a e e e e e an d o n productions r mot from gr t mission ry c ntr s of nt rpris , spots
if n e e e e t h e e e which , o c famous in th s arly days , mus of history l ft in oblivion .
’ Almost unassailable would Profe ssor Cook s most re ce nt the ory as to t he
a e n t he e b e h e h ad e t h e a li l t origi of two cross s , if prov d suit bi ty of such unique me morials in an e nvironm e nt so obscure as that in which the y are
e e e e e are e e l e e e e pr s rv d , and distinguish d as th y by app als to int l ig nc xpr sse d in obsole te characte rs quite unintelli gible to t h e Borde re rs of t he twelfth
e E e e e a wa e e e e a e e c ntury . xc pt in a g n r l y, th r is no v stig of nything of int r st
n D I e e e e e an d ell — e n to Ki g avid . r f rabl to B wcastl Ruthw no incid t , no
a e t e - a e e r e e a s cr d si , no blood st in d fi ld of victo y , no fragm nt of a stat ly Christi n
e ike Me r e e db ur h e H H o w e e ffe e shrin l l os , J g , K lso , olyrood . ntir ly di r nt is
t he case of his Anglo - Saxon pre de c e ssors in that gory are na whe re on so many
E a e an d e a e e e ll E was nglish kings m rch d count rm rch d for c nturi s , ti ngland consolidate d unde r o n e crown an d pe ace se cure d ! Profe ssor Cook has ad mirab ly ill ustrat e d his the ory and shown t he in flue nce of t he e nl ighte ne d
he E e a e e a e e monks from t urop n c ntr s of civilis tion , Tiron , Chartr s , B auvais ,
e e I a t h e e e e o f Cl airvaux , Fl ury , and North rn t ly , in producing lov ly sp cim ns
i n a hi e e an d e i many hand crafts , i cluding rc t ctur sculptur , wh ch cannot now
t he e i D e e e b e unde re stimat e d . But motiv of K ng avid for r cting m morials 1 e e ul e e e Al c hfrid e h e e t he on to a n b ous r b l kingl t , , who is suppos d to av di d
e t he e e e ce nturie s b e for him , and oth r to impr ss backwoodsm n with pictorial
t he G e ffi ul e a n an d e e re pre se ntations of osp l story, is di c t to xpl i , is not xplain d
’ or e xpl ainable on Profe ssor Cook s the ory that the se crosse s are e xample s of
’ e a his a 2 D avid s me thod and practic of Christi nising Cumbri n dominion . ’ e e e at e D a a e H e H ad t he cross s b n found Carlisl , vid s f vourit city , or at olm
Lan e rco st a e o n e e e a Cult ram Abb e y , , Ann n , or Lochmab n , could hav r d his
’ D e as far as e e e int e ntion in the m . But in King avid s r ign , r cords show , th r
n e e e — H o dd o m St M D r fe s was no church i Ruthw ll , and only thr , ungo , and y
1 In b k iii. o. xiv . Be de m ak s The re is some discre pan cy in Be de regarding this prince . oo e ’ i . he makes Al Al chfrid join King Pe n da in attacking Alchfrid s fathe r Oswy ; and in c . xx v chfrid d Al chfrid disa e a s m t he his i a e and Oswy in 655 de fe at an d slay Pe n da at Winwae . pp r fro tor c p g an d n o e xplan ation is give n . 1 The Date, 325 148 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE dale —in t he district ; while by t he e n d of t he twe lfth c e ntury the re we re onl y
e e R e on e . If St e e t fiftee n church s n ar , of which uthw ll was not Cuthb rt l f
e t he e e he e e t he Niduari - e a a c ll in for st wh n pr ach d to , or if his body b ring pilgrims e re cte d a de dicatory comme morative chap e l on t he spot whe re his
e a n e e e e 8 8 2 t he e e t u e t he t e r m i s r st d b for , fan was sil n (r in d by Nor hm n
t he e e e e a e e e e e in tw lfth c ntury , ls so famous plac had b n m ntion d among twenty - four e ccle siastical se ttle me nts in t he ne ighbourhood re fe rre d to in
e e i docume nts at t h e b e ginning of t he fourte e nth c e ntury . Th r is l ke lihood in t he supposition that the re was an e arly de dication to St Cuthbe rt in Ruth
e e e M 2 0 e e e t he a t e e w ll parish , wh n his f stival ( arch ) is r f rr d to in ch r r grant d
l 1 509 e e e 1 t o M Cok u e e . John urray of p in , and a mark t cross r f rr d to
t e a M e e The Cu hb rt was a Christian n me in this urray family for c nturi s . se cond chart e r grante d to Bruc e by D avid gave rights in Annandale in forest D n I e e t he e e . i r e e e : Accord ng to G org N ilso nd d, Runic Cross th r ” e t 1 was hoary with age b e fore e ve r a Bruce s foot in Britain .
e St e t h e ll e e e - e t he A conn ction with Cuthb rt , a g d miracl work r of N orth ,
ff ke e e e h a a ords a y to t he myste ry of t he origin of th s m morials . As s b e e n
e St e was t he e [ Elfre d 8 48—90 1 point d out, Cuthb rt tut lary saint of King ( )
t he e e e E e e b and royal hous of W ss x and ngland , his bl ssing b ing sought y ’ e e [ E e [ Elfre d s 8 94 succ ssiv kings . Notably King th lstan , grandson ( in
’ 933 (probably twice ) visite d an d e nriche d St Cuthb e rt s body and shrine in 1 e e - le - ee e e E e t he Ch st r Str t . According to Sym on , h ( th lstan) was first of t h e t h e e a e e ni kings of whol of Britain who ttain d to unlimit d domi on , and
e r this was by t he assistance of t he ble sse d Cuthb e rt . Non of his p e d e ce ssors on t h e throne love d t he church of St Cuthb e rt as he did ; trust ing in t he prote ction of St Cuthb e rt he sle w a countle ss multitude unde r
- O a i . e . It re d e t e t he e l f ( at Brunanburh in was a l t r day in Cal ndar . Syme on also re cords that King Eadmund whe n he was on his way — into Scotland (944 9 45 along with his army visite d t he shrine of St Cuth
e t e e a e e an d e e t he e e b r and ntr t d his assistanc , following h r in xampl of his
e e [ E e a he e e an lat broth r th lst n , honour d it with royal gifts , nam ly gold d ” e e 5 T e e e pr cious v stme nts . he historian furthe r d clar s that h (Eadmund)
e e t he e D e l attain d his pow r through s rvant of God , unstan , by whos counse s
1 A ct. Pa l. S t. 11 . v n . 275 8 Ma 1509 et uad hab eant t e ne an t e t ossidean t r co , ( ) , y , q p in dicto b urgo cruce m foralem e t forum die Jovis singulis eb domadis e t nundin as pub licas ann uatim dieb us ” ’ fe stiv is San i Cut hb e rt i. The e is als Cudd s Lane leadin o ut of D al n n ear a ct r o y g to , t han d . 1 A n nanda le unde the B u es 1 r r c , 887 , 36. 1 S me n Hist . Chu h Du ha m iii. 669. y o , rc r (Ste venson xxx 1 Ibid 668 669 5 . , , . Ibid. , 670.
1 50 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
t he e e e t he e t he of Winch st r school , which was at its z nith in latt r half of 1 e e t h e e a e e . t nth c ntury , as far as illuminat d m nuscript is conc rn d And
a a a a t he D a a e e dr ughtsm nship is h ndmaid of sculptor . unst n , as d sign r ,
2 l ZEt h el a e e e . was host in hims lf , abl to paint and carv No doubt his pupi s ,
e e e him H e e e e e a — in wold and oth rs , mulat d . had s n gr at mod ls broad
’ h e D un st an s a e e e Rom e and on t Contine nt . was a m st r mind obs ss d with o n e e a e a— t he In t he e e e ll t h e gr t id Cross . his day Northm n w r sti using
e t h e M o e e e r e a e run s , as anx m num nts prov , so that th i app ar nc upon
e a e Od o D e e t he e e n e m mori ls whil , a an , rul d in s of Ca t rbury , and
a I Y e t he D t h e Wulfst n . of ork guid d anish party in North , is not out of
a e e t h e e a a time or plac e . Apart ltog th r from r viv l of mon sticism through
’ t he e e e e D un st an s h e a e a e a e B n dictin Ord r in day , g v gr t impuls to
e an e an d a a a e e a e in it s l arning in all its br ch s , p rticul rly f vour d lit r tur
e a a H e e t he E i e popular and v rn cul ar ch racter . nc inscription of an ngl sh po m on an English cross is a fact in ke e ping with t he ge nius of t h e politic
e a e t h e e e e e e stat sman, who concili t d Northm n in v ry way , v n in that — act by re cording in Runic le tte rs t he te aching of t h e poe t himself prob
e — D l ably that po t in The rea m of the H o y Road .
On a t h e e - e a e e e e ccount of abov d t il d r asons , th r is ground for concluding,
3 4 t he t he e in opposition to Rivoira and Cook , who fix on first half of tw lfth
e as t he a e t h e e a e e e e e e e c ntury d t of cross s , th t two c nturi s arli r is mor in k ping
a an d e e e I n P e Le t hab with f cts pr c d nts . opposition to rof ssor y, who thinks that the y are works of t he high d ay of t he Northumbrian school of art ” at t h e e n d t he e e e 5 Sir Ma a 6 e of s v nth c ntury , and to rtin Conw y, who cont nds that the y are t he most conspicuous and import ant e xample s of a numb e r
t h e a S — a t h e e e e — t h e of works of Angli n chool lso of s v nth c ntury , write r
e e e li e e e e t h e a e s s in th m ttl corr spond nc with productions of th t p riod . The y
b e a e e e a e e h a would isol t d ph nom n b sid works of t e s eve nth c e ntury . Th t t he e e e di e e e subj ct is b s t with fficulti s, and that th r is room for change of
t h e n e w b e e e t he a opinion on production of light , may gath r d from ttitude of an n e e e a art— P e Le t h a . . b In ack owl dg d authority on m diae v l rof ssor W R y . 1 9 1 2 (June ) he wr ite s I am e ntire ly satisfie d that t h e Ruthwe ll Cross is a se ve nth - c e ntury monume n t ; 7 and late r (August) : I am e ntire ly con v in c e d that t h e crosse s at Ruthwe ll an d B e wcastle we re wrought in t h e
1 H Illum an 1 e b e . us i ts 124 i 2 r rt, M cr p , . V ta, 0, 79, 8 0. 1 B lin t M xxi 1 u n a . . No cix r g o g , , . . 24. The D ate , 361 5 Bu M a 5 l. . iii. No . i. 49 xxi N . o . cxi. 146. Ibid xxi No . ii. 193 r g , xx , cxx , . , . , cx . 7 Ibid. , xxi. , No . c xi. 146. THE DATES ASSIGNABLE TO THE RUNIC ROODS 151
” s e e e 1 . e e e M edice val A rt n e w e v nth c ntury But in his xc ll nt , dition , re vise d an d corre cte d Profe ssor Le t h ab y state s Scul pture of t he e arlie r Byzantine School gradually spre ad ove r Europ e : two of t he b e st e e t he e e are e l an d e a e e xampl s of middl p riod our own Ruthw l B wc stl cross s ,
a t h e e e works prob bly of ighth c ntury , in which are figure s an d groups arrange d ” di e l - e e a 1 i accor ng to a w l ord r d iconographic l tradition . H s ne xt se nte nce
e e t h e Se e S an d r f rs to condary Byzantin chool , to t he p e riod whe n e ne rgy
a e - a n a e an d a e E in im g m ki g burst forth n w m ny art schools aros in urope . Th e fore going pre misse s sugge st this late r e ra for t h e cre ation of the se
e e t he E e t he e two mil ston s in history of nglish sculptur , as Comm ndatore
G . . ra e e e T Rivoi w ll d signat s our crosse s .
RE CA PITULA TI ON A N D C ON CLUSI ON
Bewcastle
The monolith at B e wcastle is an obe lisk forme rly comple te d with a — fin ial a like as a e— fix e d e t he t he cross , as ly con by a t non in top of block .
Th e e a t h e e a w as e h d of cross s nt to C mde n ne ve r a part of this monum nt .
Th e e e It s e e e a e sandston of which it is form d is loc al . normous siz sugg sts lat
e e e as a s Th e t he a an d e p riod for its r ction cro s . form of sh ft of its pan ls ,
t he e e e t h e a e n a e — e e a t he an d subj cts d pict d , orn m t tion adopt d sp ci lly plants
e a e — a e e a e a e b e e cr tur s h v rly for ign nalogu s , and might assign d to any
6 0 A a e e . D d t aft r 7 . But whe n we de al with t h e carve d hum an figure s on t he monume nt t he e e e a t fi ure - vid nce s point to a much lat r d te . Such ar istry in g carving
1 A h Rea xxxn N 1 rc , . , o . 8 9, 63. 1 ’ L n d . 1912 2 16 . P e ss Le thab s la e s n un e me n is un d in a am hle I s o , , rof or y t t pro o c t fo p p t,
n l -K t Ruthwell an A el i W rk ? e in e d m The A hae l. u n . lxx No . 278 2n d g o c o (r pr t fro rc o Jo r , ; l se ie s v o . . No . 2 . 145 L n d . 1913. In it he i e s . l I ha e sh n r , xx , , pp o wr t , p v ow t o m own sa is a i n at leas ha t he Be cas le C ss is in dee d a me m ial se t u Kin y t f ct o , t, t t w t ro or p to g
Alcfrid ab u t he e a 670 an d ha t he s ill n e ss R u ell was a sli h l e a lie k. o t y r , t t t fi r cro of thw g t y r r wor
- 4 C i a e ss. This is e a . 1 8 Th e Be as le ss is a e s n al me m ial ha s a in (p ) wc t ro p r o or , t t gr v cro c rt Tha t he Ru h ll from t he ge n e ral type of t he in scri ption apart from an y disputed de tails . t t we i n A ab le was Cross was n o t such a me morial follows from t he ab se n ce of such an inscript o . ( t t
le an in s i i n . It is a hi h ss an im an na i n al e lesias i al m n u ft for cr pt o g cro , port t, t o or cc t c o ” ha n a i nal un ds me n a al k aid b n a i n al un ds. We n de t roy wor , p for y t o f wo r w t t o f in D . e xisted 67 0 A . C h n anised and s ien i ea me n of W. . llin d o n t he e ha d a e an Mr G o gwoo , ot r , ft r org c t fic tr t t
sub e t he An lian an d An l -D an ish s ul u e in N humb ia n ludes le e t he j ct of g g o c pt r ort r , co c ( tt r to Au h 13th an ua If he e is an hin in t he i. e. his me h d t he Ru h ell t or, J ry t r yt g ( ) t o , t w — ” C ss alls in it s la e as a k of 750 800 a he e a lie han la e in t he e iod . ro f to p c wor , r t r r r t t r p r 152 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e e e c was not possible in England soone r than t h te nth c ntury . Th Runi
e e e e e e e e e charact e rs are mode rn . Th y hav not b n d ciph rabl for c nturi s ; conse que ntly t he pre se nt large inscription is worthle ss as a public com
If t he i o 1 e KUNIBU R G e P . me morative r cord ( l ns r ption, r ad as ,
e e - e e t he e t he is admitte d , it may indicat a plac nam , and h lp to fix dat of
- a — he e e e re ction of t he local cross in t he burh building ge t t nth c ntury .
e e e e e e e e This cross b ing simpl r in d sign , and , g n rally sp aking , asi r of
e b e e t he e e e xe cution than that at Ruthw ll , may look d upon as arli r
n e H ad i e e e a t he e e o . th s ob lisk b n Christian production of s v nth or e e i e e e e e ighth c ntury , noth ng short of a miracl could hav pr v nt d its
e e e t he n D e d face m nt and partial or total . d struction by paga an s of
e e e lat r c nturi s .
Ruthwell
The e e e e a t he Cross of Ruthw ll , originally compos d of s v r l blocks , is
e t e e - e e e e larg r por ion of a high , fr standing monum nt , form rly compl t d with
e e ee e e e a The re d a cross of a p rforat d wh l patt rn , of which trac s r m in . sandstone out of which it is fabricate d is e ve ry way ide ntical in characte r
a e l with that onc e qu rri d in t he Crossgil s ne ar Ruthwe ll Station . This
e t h e a e e a a e a e cross is a fin r copy of s m mod l th n th t of B wc stl , and e e e e e e e xhibits in d sign and id ography mor proofs of for ign , sp cially
E e e gyptian, influ nc .
The a e e e e e e flor l carving r s mbl s that of B wcastl , both b ing probably copie d from a me diae val manual ill ustrative of t he orn amen ta in use in t he
E e an d e e n e e e Th e fi re - a n . u ast rn W st r Church s , or from for ign mod ls g c rvi g ,
’ e e a e e a e e as e sp ci lly that d lin ting J sus Christ on both cross s , is from a m t r s
e e e a e a e chis l , probably mod ll d from a pl st r c st rath r than from a large d a i 1 The e a rawing or min ature . pe rf ct dr ughtsmanship the re by displaye d
n e t he e ort humb rian a is u lik any work of arly N or Angli n schools ,
e s a e t he e e b ut t he e e and sugg ts dat not in s v nth in t nth c ntury, or e e e v n lat r .
e t he e are e T he C rtain symbols on cross s obviously of lat origin .
did e e ll e e e u e e Church not p rmit th m ti a much lat r dat , and th y wo ld n v r
1 From time immemorial the Egyptian craftsme n we re accustome d t o the artistic use of las e and s u an d n o a isan s of t he lde n ime uld m e easil ua saw a e an d p t r t cco , rt o t co or y q rry, , c rv , polish the largest and hardest b locks of stone than those scul ptors who prob ab ly worke d in or nea the ua ie s of ebe l Ahma C n n r q rr G r, airo , He lwa , Aswa , Khan kah , an d Tell el Ama rna.
THE DATES ASSIGNABLE TO THE RUNIC ROODS 153
l e e e e e - ce n t uf H ad e e hav b n insc rib e d on s v nth y crosse s . such crosse s xist d
t he e e e t he D e e a e in s v nth c ntury, an s and oth r pag ns would c e rtainly hav
e Th e e e e e - brok n the m . languag r cord d in run s b e ars a te nth ce ntury
- a e t he e e are a e e . The n ch ract r , and run s as w ll of lat typ high cross is o t known e arlie r than t he b e ginning of t he te n th ce ntury : t he pe rforat e d
e e - e a e a e in e a e e wh l h d is a littl l t r app ring . Furt h r, if th se me morials at
e e R e e t he e The D ream o the Rood h ad B wcastl and uthw ll , as w ll as po m , f ,
e t h e e e e e if e e e i e e th ir origin in sam poch , or v n at d f r nt tim s , wh ch w r
e e e e e t h e e e not far r mov d from ach oth r , th n po tic and spiritual conc ptions e xpre sse d in The D ream we re not in curre ncy in t he English Church
e till long afte r t he se ve nth c ntury .
The gre ate st e ve nts in t he e arly history of t he Anglo - Saxon race took\
e t he e e In e t he e e e e plac in t nth c ntury . that poch most pow rful forc s w r
E e St D a e e a a E King th lstan and unst n , who assist d in cr ting national ngland
e e and in laying t h e foundations of me morable p e ac e . Th n also e xiste d nativ
a a an d e e a e e e e i schol rs , rtists , trav ll rs cap bl of d signing and x cut ng both
e e e a e a St D e 9 1 9 monum nts , and non mor cap bl th n unstan hims lf ( H e flourishe d in that stirring age whe n kings and folk unite d to ve ne rate
e e . H e e e e e e e e th ir patron saint , Cuthb rt , th y b li v d , had bl ss d th ir victorious English arms and s ave d the m from what t h e Irish chronicle r de clare d “ n e l t he a e a e t he e . was i f rior on y to c ptivity of h ll , n m ly, pagan scourg
’ e e St D un st an s e e e t he E i Suffici nt, th n, was marv llous influ nc upon ngl sh
e e a e e e a e monarchs to inspir th m to h v th s two Christi n symbols of lov ,
e an d wi e e e t he dl e t he e e w n m rcy , good ll r ct d in mid of t nth c ntury ithi
’ e - e e St e e t he pacifie d Bord r land , and on spots wh r Cuthb rt s nam was
e e . e e e e e ee h ld d ar Nor had that influ nc abat d wh n King Cnut , on bar f t , 2 e t he e e St e approach d s pulchr of Cuthb rt .
1 One of the e arliest e xample s of the illustration of t he Baptist in t he act of carrying t he e d on a an l of t he i h n e A hb ish Maximian now Agnus D ei is th at c arv p e vory t ro of rc op ,
C Ra e nn a It s i in is usuall assi ne d to t he si h e n . pre se rved in t he athe dral o f v . or g y g xt c tury z h e e on side s it t o b e an O ien al k of t he e le e n h e n u and ha in no Goe t , ow v r, c r r t wor v t c t ry v g — R ls e e s t he i h Maximian . oe z Ra ven na 95 illus . 1 16 1 17 . i i a a cbnn e ct ion w t G t , , , t , cc o r p t O se l D e mb e 100 1 n e state me nt of Giovan ni D ia cono that t he D oge Pie tro II . r o o in ce r se t t h
he Em e O III. The s mb l in a m simila ha see n on Ru h e ll ivory chair to t p ror tto y o , for r to t t t w — C ma hus b e e e e d to the e n h e n u Ri i Raven na 37 illus . 1 16. ross, y t r f rr t t c t ry cc , , , t 1 n i. 232. Syme o , CHAPTER IX
TH E D REAM OF TH E R O O D
TE XT
H WE T ic swe fn a se c an w lle , cyst g y ,
53st m e e m eet t e o e n iht e g t midr ,
n syOOan re ordb e ren d re ste wu e d on . puht e m e Oeet ic g e saw e syllicre t re Ow
l ft l eed an l e O b e wun d e n on y ht e ,
e a b e r ll e ac e n ee o ht ost . Ea Ose b b ma t . w s b egot e n mid golde gimme s st Od on
' iae e s eow re e sc e at um sw lce Oeer e weer n g r (f e ) eet fold n , y fif o
e 6am e axle e s an n e Beh e Oldo n Oeer e e dr ht n e s e alle upp on g p . ng l y fee e re urh f r e c af e ee Oeer frac e al a o O s e t . N o Oe s g p g w s huru g g ,
e Oeér b h e Old n a e a ac hin e o h lig g stas ,
’
m e n e n e all Oe Os ee e e sce aft . of r molda , and m r g
S llic ee se si e b e am an d ic s nn um fah y w s g , y ,
r n Ge se ah ic wuldr e s t re Ow fo wu do d mid wo m m um .
weed um e w e or Oo d e scin an g wynnum , ge gyre d mid golde gim m as h eefd on
b e wri e n w rOlic e w e ald e n d e r g e o s t e Ow . H weeiire ic purh Oeet gold o n gyt an m e aht e
e arm ra eer e win Oeet se e g , hit r st ongan
sweé an a a h e a ll dr t 5 i lfe . Ea ic ee e éfe d on s r n w s mid sorgum g ,
’ forht ic wees for Mare feegran ge syh Oe ge se ah ic Oeet fii se b e ac e n
e a weedum b le Om hwilum ee weet an b est ém e d w nd n and hit w s mid ,
b l a e s a il e swy e d mid sw t g nge hw um mid since gegyrwe d . H w ee Ore ic Oeer lie ge nde lange bwile
156 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
l ce ari H eele n d e s t re é w b e he O d hre Ow g ,
o OOeet ic ge hyrde Oee t hit hle o Orode . Ongan 5a word spre c an wudu sole ste
’ B eet ee e a i11 ic Oeet t a e w s g ra , gy g man ,
Ose ic ee ahe awe n h olt e s e e t w s on nd ,
ast r d fn s e n e e n am an m e Oeer e fe On das y e of swe e ( t f ) minum g strang ,
e worht on him Oeer o weefe rs n e hét on m e e we r as heb b an g t y , h ora g
' b eéron m e Oeer b e orn as e axlum o OOeet hie m e on b e o ase t t on on , , rg
f se f n d a n Ge se ah ic a e a man c n n es g e eest n od on m e O r e O s ge o ge . e fr n y m i éfst an e e m cle Oeet he e e o n e st an . ln y , wold g g D eer ic ea n e dorste ofe r D ryht n e s word
o OOe b e rst an 55. ic b ifian e se ah bugan , g e orOan sce atas e all e ic miht e
fe On das e f llan hwee Ore ic feest e o . g y , st d — On gyre de hine ea ge ong H eele O Oeet wee s God eelmiht ig strang and st iOm é d ge st ah h e on ge algan he an n e
o m an i r h s he o m n n an a e s Oe a e a c l s . m dig on g g y , w ld y y
‘ Bifo de ic as. m e se e mb cl t e n e e ic hwee Ore B orn y yp dorst bugan t o e orOan ,
f allan i l e o e sc e at um c sce é d e feest e st an d an . t fold n , ac
R Od ee ic areere d ah of ic o e C n in w s , ri n y g ,
he ofon a Hlaford h ld an m e n e e y dorst .
urhdrifan m e d e orc an n ee lum m e s n don 5a e sie n e p hi mid g , on y dolg g ,
o e n e in widhle m m as n e e ic a een i um an p dorst hir g sce OO .
m e re d n hie t eede re Eall ic B s o ee . ee b lOd m y unc butu g w s mid e b e st e ed ,
b e ot e n Ose siOOan h e b eei e a onse n de d g of s Guman sidan , d his g st . Fe ala ic on 5am b e orge ge b id e n h eeb b e
wraOra w rd a Ge se ah ic we rud a y . God pe arle pe ni an pyst ro h eefd o n
b e wri e n wolcn um We ald e n de s h reew g mid ,
r scirn e sciman sce ad u fo Oe Od e ,
lcn um e O e al e sce aft e wo . wann und r W p g ,
n ni e c i d o Cyn n ge s fyll Crist wee s on rod . H weeOe re Peer fuse fe orran c wo m an
l The aste risks in dicate t he stanz as 1 nscrib e d on Ruthwe l Cross. “ THE DREAM OF THE ROOD ” 157
I was e e with tribulation sor distr st ,
' An d stricke n with t he vision in my bre ast Th e movin g Emble m which was the n in vie w Be gan to change inve stiture and hue Where tre asur e s h ad adorne d it all b e fore
d e e e e a e w e . Lik g ms , flow d a staining str m of gor
For long I lay in grie f b e holding the re
Th e e e hi e did e e e e e Tr w ch onc my R d m r b ar ,
I e Him e as e e Until h ard sp ak , this choic b am Gave utte rance thus to the se words of my dre am
a o I can e t e a Long , long g , it y r c ll ,
e e - e n d e e a By gr n wood , h wn down , and mad to f ll ,
M I e off m e e y trunk opp d , of stark fo s took hold
a e e To m k a showy cross for f lons bold , And on the ir shoulde rs bore m e to a he ight
e e e m Wh r on some fiends e now affix d e tight .
I saw t he Lord of m e n as H e did te nd With ze al and haste upon m e to asc e nd
’ a e law e e Afr id to br ak God s , to br ak mys lf , or bow , ’ I shudder d at t he sight of e arth for now
I e I His e I l wish d had might , as th n wou d
H e e e av b at n down His foe s ye t fast I stood . — The H e ro young H e was Al mighty God
— D e e t un flin c hin l H e isrob d , y strong , g y trod ,
e t he e e And mount d boldly to lofty tr ,
e H e e e se e . Wh n mankind would sav , whil many
I quive re d whe n t h e Brave On e clasp e d m e round
I i e e t he fa n had stoop d , but dar d not touch ground
’ I d are d not e ve n touch cre ation s face
S I e e e tand firm must for that divin mbrac .
A Rood I was se t up aloft I bore
Th e e e nl et e mighty King , t he h av y Lord y mor
e I e el e B low dar d not bow mys f to vi w ,
m e For with black nails the y pierced through and through .
The as e isks in n R h ell C ss t r dicate t he stan z as in scrib e d upo ut w ro . 158 TH E RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL A ND BEWCASTLE
to 5am ZEOe lin ge ic Oset e all b eh e Old .
a e ic ee sor um e dréfe d hn a ic hw ee Ore Oam sec um o S r w s mid ( g ) g , g g t handa
a m d e m cle n am n hie Oeer eelmiht i n e e O o e . Ge o ln y g God , fi l il ahofo n hine of 5am h e an wite for e t on m e 55. h de rin cas ! st an d an s e am b e drife n n e e all ic ee st reelum forwun d od . t e , w s mid
Ale d on hie Ose limwé ri n e e st é d on set e he afdum r g , g him his lic s ,
b e he éld on hie Ose he o fe n e s D r ht en an d h e i e Oeér hwfle e t e r y , h n r s ,
me e sei e 6am miclan e w e n un n n him iia m old ern w rcan O t r g inn . O g o i y
b e orn as ban en a e s h Oe c urfon hi e Oeet b eorht an a e on banan ( ) g y , of st n
n hie Oeer n i ra e ald n d n un n n as. sorhle o O ge se t t o o s g o W e . O g o him galan
a m a eef n t ide ea hie wOld on e ft siOian e r e on 5 e , ,
’ r d mé iie fram Oam m eeran pe é dn e ; re ste h e Oeer m eet e we o o e . H wee Oe re we Oser ge Ot e n d e gode b wile
st Odon st a OOle siOOan ste n e wat on , ( f ) up g
hilderin c a : hreéw c Olo de ,
fee e r e r l e a f ll an g f o gb o d . us man y ongan
o — ee e e slic e alle t e or Oan Oset w s g wyrd .
an e a Be d e al f us man on d e Op s Oe .
H w r m se D r ht n e s e n as ee O e e O r y p g , fre On d as ge frun on
r d n m e an d se lfre gy e o golde o .
N 11 511 mih t e h ran h eele O se e oi g y , min l a ,
Oset ic b e aluwa w rc e b id e n h eeb b e e o g , sarra sorga is nu seél c um e n OeOt m e we or OiaO wide an d side
e e a e all 5e os m eére e sce aft m nn of r mold n , and g ,
eb idd aO n m e e g him to Oysum b e acn e . O B e arn God s
ré wo de hwhile fo r an ic r mfeest p , p p y nu
hlifi e e he ofe n um an d ic ee es g und r , h lan m g
’ ee hw lcn e au a i o g y r Oara Oe him b O e ge sa t m e .
Iu ic ee e e he ard ost w s g word n wita ,
le Odum a50 serOan ic l e we l st , him if s g
riht n e er md e re rdb re n dum g y , o e .
1 60 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
H weet m e 55. e we orOo de wul dre E l r , g s a d o
e holt wud u h e ofonrices We ard of r , ,
sw lce swa h e his m od or e ac M s lfe y arian y ,
eelmiht i God e alle e g , for m nn
e we or Oo d e e e all wifa c nn g of r y .
’ N11 ic Oe a e h eele O se le ofa h t , min , Oeet 511 Gas ge syh iie se e ge mannum on wre oh word um Oeet hit is wuldre s b e am se Oe ‘ eelmiht ig G o d on pré wo de for m an cyn n e s m an e gum syn n um
e e ald e w rht um and Adam s g y . D e aO h e Oser b yrigde hweeiiere e ft dryht e n aras
miclan miht e t 6 e mid his mannum h lpe . H e as on h e ofe n as ast ag hide r e ft fun daO
G e e midd an e ard m an c n e on y n g y s can ,
d Om d ee e D r ht e n s lfa on g , y y ,
eelmiht i e n las g God and his g mid ,
Ose h e G e e e se ah o e e we ald t onn wil d man , d m s g ,
an ra e hw lcum swa h e eerur h r g y , him e
O ssum leén um e e arn a on y lif ge fi .
’ N e m eeg Oeér een ig unforht we san for 5am worde Oe se We alde n d c wyO
frin e O h e Bee e m eeni e hweér se sie for r g man , se Oe for D ryht n e s naman d e aiie s wold e
b it e re s on b ri an swa he eer Oam e a d d . y g , on b me y e
hie G e forht ia O fe a e n c a Ac onn , and p O
hweet hie o e cwe Oan n inn en t Crist o g . N e pe arf Oeér Gonne een ig anforht we san
Oe eer b re Ost um e e h b e acn a l him in b r se e st ,
Ourh 5a o e sce al e esécan ac r d ric g ,
e or Owe e ee hw lc of g , g y sawl
se o Oe We ald en d e e n ce O mid wunian p . Geb eed ic m e as to 5am b e ame bli5e mOde “ THE DREAM OF THE ROOD ” 161
e t he e me n e e To f ll us to arth n xt b gan , And burie d us in dee pe st hole the y c an But frie nds of God soon finding m e in mould
t e e e e Lif d and d ck d with silv r and with gold .
e men 0 H e e What pains of wick d , ro d ar
e I e e e What awful wo s bor , d ign Thou to h ar
e t he e e m e n i m e Now com s tim wh n all worsh p ,
e a Cr ation all pr ys at t he symbolic Tre e .
’ l e m e G o n suffe r Awhi on od s S did pain , H e nce glorifie d I mount t he sky again
e I am e e e To sav all souls ndow d with grac ,
S l a e hould any o ck with fe ar upon my f c .
Afore time I was oft torm e nte d sore
e l e e e By hat fu wick d folks , for long b for I h ad pre p are d t he True and Living Way
For all t he sp e e ch - e ndowe d who sprin g from
The P e a e t he rinc of Glory , W rd n of sky ,
e m e o n t he se t Adorn d wood up on high,
H is e Ma all we As God , moth r , ry , for find
’ ’ H as hon o r d o r all i u e othe r woman k nd .
I a le t m e 0 H e e pr y , now , , Thou ro min
e a e m e n e a e e a e R l t to this b ut ous dr m divin ,
’ Te ll how God sufle r d on this Glory - Tre e
’ ’
e e a an d m e . For Adam s d d of old , m n s sins ,
Th e Lord the n taste d de ath H e rose again With H is gre at mightine ss to succour m e n ;
’ e e e e H e His Asc nd d into h av n , e ll w nd way
- e a e a D . To rth , to j udge mankind on dr d ooms day
Al n e e a e e mighty God , with a g ls n r , must n ds
Judge fle e ting live s accordin g to the ir de e ds .
m en e e t he Nor should fe ar to stand b for Lord , While H e in quiring spe aks this se arching word 1 62 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
e e m cle Oeer ic an a ee ln y , w s m eet e we re de wees m Odse fa afyse d on forOwe ge fe ala e alra ge b ad
l n wil Is m e e h ht an gu gh a . nu lif s y Oeet 10 Gone sige b e am secan mote
an a o ft or G e e alle m e n onn ,
e we orOian m e o 5am w ll is willa t ,
m ce l m é d e an d m un db rd y on , min y is
e rih t O eere o ah ic e a e a g t O r de . N ri r f al
fre On d a fold an ac hie fo r h e on o n on , O
e wit on worulde d re am um sOht on wuldre s C n in g of , him y g ,
lifiaO h e o fe n um H e ahfee de re nu on , mid ,
wun ia ldr 1 e m O on wu e . And 0 w ne e
a e hw lc e hween n e m e D r ht n e s o dag g y y r d ,
Oe ic h e r e or Oan eer sce aw de on o ,
O sson leén an e e fe t i e of y lif g g ,
an d m e G e e b rin e Ose m ce l onn g g r is blis y ,
e a o n h e o fo n um Ose d r ht n e s folc dr m , r is y
e se t e d o s mle Ose a g t y , r is sing l blis and m e Gonne ase t t e Oeer ic sy OOan m Ot
a wul dre e 6am hal um wuni n on , w ll mid g
dr am e s b rfi an e c .
Si m e D ryht e n fre On d se tie on e o r5an eer prOwo d e
5am al e t re Owe um e n a s n n um . on g g , for g y
’ H e 11 s on l sde an d Us e ai y lif forg ,
he ofonlic n ha H i n i ad e m . ht ee e w w s g ,
' b léd um an d 5am Oe Oeer l d an e e O O . mid mid bliss , bryn p
Se S ee si o rfee st 5am siOfat e unu w s g on ,
miht i s édi 65. h e m een i e o g and p g , mid g com ,
a we oro de o n e e g sta , God s ric ,
A n we ald a eelmiht i - e o e g , nglum t bliss , an d e all um 6am b algum 5am tie on h e ofon um eer
wun e d on wuldre ea e We ald e n d o on , h ora wom ,
eelmiht i Ose é el ee g God , r his O w s .
APPENDIX I
RUTH WELL
TH E e - e e e e e P e e plac nam Ruthw ll has much x rcis d rof ssor Cook , who , in ord r
t e e e e - e t e S a to show h possibl influ nc of Clairvaux upon South W s rn cotl nd ,
e t e e e l a e aul trac s he s ttl m nt of a colony of monks from C irvaux in Ri v x , in Yorkshire in H e continu e s : From Rie vaul x dire ctly came not onl y
1 1 6 D he u Me e t . e e 3 e e t lros ( . Abb y , ) but undr nnan whil Ch rch of
e e e e e e Ruthwell se e ms to hav b n nam d from t he same Yorkshir abb y , as
e e e l a The e t ee that , in turn , mod ll d its nam upon C irvaux . link b w n II Rie vaul x and Ruthwe ll is to b e found in t he p e rson of Rob e rt de Bruce .
D r 1 07 8 i D I e e . But ( to whom K ng avid . grant d Annandal , as
N e e e l e e e t e ilson long ago point d out , no cath dra or monast ry was r c d in
e t he e e e e e t i . Annandal by Bruc family , whos b n factions all w n to Gu sborough
P e e e t he e Rivvel rof ssor Cook corr ctly giv s local pronunciation of t he nam as ,
ll e e t he e Re v el 127 5 t R vel and also i ustrat s many arly forms of name , . g . ( ) , y ( 1 329 Ryvel Ryvale R evel Buc ell R evel
Rothwald St Ruel u hwell Revel (Nicolson , Ruthv el R t ( , d u hw Ruthwa l , R t ell
In 1 509 e e e e IV e e Cok ule , how v r , wh n Jam s . cr at d for John Murray of p 1 a e e e e e a burgh of b rony th r , it is d signat d R ub ale t e n e met and Ruval
a e 1 67 2 Ruthv el” e e t h e and l t r , in , A mod rn association of t he nam with
- - e i . e . The Broo Brow Well t h i e Rood w ll ( now or ) , e cross we ll} is thus critic s d b y Profe ssor Cook The base le ssne ss of this surmise m ay b e se e n if we
e t he E rod he d e v olv r call that old nglish , cross , must always have re taine d t , ” e E rood ro ing into mod rn nglish or d . This rule doe s not hold good for
’ e e e t he e Ayrshir , wh r rustics pronounce Caldwell as Carwell or O rw ll
1 - 2 The Date , 344 354 ( 13 1 A ct . Pa l. S t. Th mson ii. 275 1509 r co ( o ) , : , c . 7 . 1 Ibid . iii. 7 7 : 1672 . 35. In Rub al mi s e adin , v , c ete ne met t he b is e vidently a r g i t n for V 1 Bish B n e The do e and Wil rith 236 : T t oss and t he op row , o r f , hey put a shed ove r it ( he cr ), ” m kn n as R d - ll place b e ca e ow oo we . APPEND IX I 1 65 whil e t he ge nuine countryman by Nit hside goe s down t he red with his ro(a )d
rod he m a b e e hOrse e he T to fish ; and on his y a littl wh n me e ts a hOrse . he doyen of t he te ache rs of t he county of D umfrie s did not e radicat e this local distinction afte r half a c e ntury of corre ction of this inte rchange d vocalic
e not e in Nithsdal .
If we e e e we e l e e s k analogi s , find that Rothw l at L ds and Rothwell at Ke tte ring are writte n Rodewelle in D ome sday Book : R ot he we ll at Caistor
. e Ro welle t h e e e ( Lincs ) app ars as de in e sam work . That at K tt ring is writte n
Rothewelle t he P e 1 360 an d e R ell in ip Roll of , is now pronounc d dw . Thus
t he es e e a a e e e . On t h e e a i e simpl t int rpr t tion has pr c d nt oth r h nd , wh l
e e e a e are a e e M oosel Muswald parish s adj ac nt or n r to Ruthw ll loc lly t rm d ( ,
M Torthorel Tin n el a : Thin Vellr it Garrel ouswald) , (Torthorwald) , (Tinw ld g ) ,
a e e are e e e u e t he c eald (G rvald) , which vid ntly words d scriptiv of f at r s in , wald e e e e e e a e e e are , or for st in which th s sit s w r loc t d , and of which th r
e i e e e e in a e o n e a e e a pl nt ful r mains pr s rv d loc l moss s , c nnot always b c rt in
- l e e v e hi e a c eald . e that t s t rmin tion is d riv d from Kinn ll , in Linlithgowshir ,
t he e Pen ahel— a C a ut Valli t he e was in British tongu f translation of p , h ad of t he (Roman) wall .
e e t he e e e e t he e - wald it Assuming , how v r , arly xist nc of t rmination (as i ll e - e — Ruthwald t he e in s sti writt n by local sign writ rs ) , stud nt will find
e e e t he e t h e e a C oet C el ddon disputable vid nc s of inclusion of Ruthw ll in gr t y ,
a e e e e e t he e e a e - e Wood of C l donia , if nowh r ls , in num rous Nors pl c nam s
- e e r t he e nding in thwaite (a cle aring) or riddings . N ar to Ruthw ll Chu ch w A ik ood i . e e Aike t e . Thwaite Burn flows , and clos at hand is farm , form rly ,
- In t he a a r e a a e a e e e Oak wood . p rish lso su viv s p tch of v ry ho ry , v n rabl
’ he e e e e Of e Pin us s lvestris . e t pin s , natur s planting ( y ) Wh n in s tting sun th s re d - b arke d ste ms and branche s we re flushe d with b ars of glowing crimson
e e re d roth- wald e a a t he fore st b cam a wood ( ) , no l ss m gical th n in autumn , whe n the ir companion oaks le nt the ir ruddy foliage to comple te t he charm
e e a e a e Rutlan d e e e . of t he sc n , v rit bl , wh r Apollo was worshipp d
he e red e e e H e nce a de rivation from t primitiv word signifying is pr f rabl ,
E d O . S. red e n e : O . . rea since it was e asily transf rable to ma y tongu s , ; , ;
Mo e r roth r t e . rauthoz re rot d . G . o O . H . G . and ; , , ; Old T ut , ; p
’ ' G 6 eruthros Old I e r dhos reudh L. rub er . e v o Te ut . , ou , , , p p 9 , rish and Ga lic ,
h e e are a Rod - wald ruad ( ) . Oth r d rivations not so s tisfactory , such as , signify
- e Sha w- wood e a t h e e e we e ing wood wood , lik (a r duplic tion of sam id a , as hav
- bur D oon e Castle e O . E . rod e D un g , ) , in conn ction with , , branch , rod , th n 1 66 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
d he rouda rua a ruota ruote rute Ge r . rut rood ; , , ; , ; , , ru S i a e t he e t h e e hi t he te . ign fic ntly nough , at h ad of main slop w ch forms
e l e a a l a or Bae p arish of Ruthw l the r is plantation c l e d Sh wwood . N is wald t he roe - raha rhoo e e e e e u R ae - ll s , wood ( , ) any mor acc ptabl , v n altho gh hi ,
a Th e e e - es is but a short dist nc e from Ruthwe ll . discov ry of two plac nam , ” r e si n ari e Pict or m R un e t we t he l M e C uc g ad Run u and , in orayshir , in
e e - e e t he e e a thirt nth c ntury chart r , throws no light on m aning of Ruthw ll
M r v 456 Prehis A n n . Re E isc o a . e t . ( gist . p . , cit d by Wilson , ,
B EW CA STLE
l e e P e e t h e t Fol owing oth r writ rs , rof ssor Cook ass rts that fact tha
e Boe d Buet h e e e e e a e Gill s , son of , or , from whom B wcastl d riv s its nam , pp ars
’ e e D a I es 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 e a on e se among witn ss s to vid s nqu t of or , l ds to suppo
e e e e that this r gion at l ast was und r his j urisdiction , though so cl arly , accord ” 1 t in t he E e t he e . e e g to our notions , on nglish sid of Bord r Th r is no warran
a P e C for t he assumption that Bue t h gave hi s name to this c stle . rof ssor ook give s t he old name s for this stre ngth : Buthecaster Botecastre Botheeastre ( 1 2 99 C astle of Bothe an d Bewecastle Be w
e a e e h e nl e t he castl is gr at Roman camp whos name is now lost , t o y trac of
e e e t he e a caster castre castle e t he nam b ing l ft in t rmin tion , , , us d by folk who
e t e t he e as r m In t he e o n e rul d af r Romans to d scrib e this old c t u . pr fix has an illustration of t he practic e of re duplication which succe ssive rac e s ofte n use t he e a e D un in d signation of import nt place s take n by th m . Thus bhuir e t h e a e D un - bur - a - dal castle fort e g in L wis is s m as g or , a primitiv
e defen ce e e e an d e e e plac of in But , wh r on victor vanquish d l ft th ir fourfold
a e t h e - Sa ll ceaster e a e t h e t e e n m . To Anglo xon sti a , it b c m to la r maraud rs
t he b b o e e b D a an d w . S u e n . S . from ov r North as a , dw lling , y, Goth , a stadt e e t h E e - a e If b e e e or fortifi d town h nce e u or Both c st r . it n c ssary to
’ e e a e t h e ace o n e a Milidh s l ct a w rrior s nam for pl , might find it in th t of Buu
— t he e e D n t he e e Th knight Buu , a t rribl a ish admiral in t nth c ntury . e
I e e e e e Bot Botar Buth Both Boet Boid Booth sl of But was succ ssiv ly call d , , , , , , ,
Bit Bute e i e e e Bailea M hoid e Vo , ; also in Ga l c Roth say is t rm d (pronounc d j ) , t he e a b ot a e a a b otar . Th e e a original form b ing prob bly , b con , plur l b con , b ot t h e S bur t he a t he Bot e - castr , on axon g in c mp might account for form e .
burh bur e e e e e That or g too must hav had a nam , and non mor applicabl than
Kun i-bur t he e e t he g , war burgh , a nam still carv d upon Cross at B e wcastle .
1 T he Date, 306
1 68 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
all e e e . e n ul f e e t e r data , is matt r of conj ctur A much lat r Cy att st d a char — 925 941 e e e e e e e . a e ( ) pr s rv d in Winch st r Coll g (Birch , ii and mong oth r
e e H e orst an e D an d adm on In t he R ddles Wit ne sse s w r , fath r of unstan , C . i , ” l t he e e e l e . also attribut d to Cyn wu f , cryptic signatur Wu f app ars It is ge ne rally admitte d that Cyne wulf was a gre at e arly Englis h
e t i e ain e nke t e po w th a th ological tr ing , a nov l and bold thi r , acquain d with
e use t h e u e e e e patristic writings , conv rsant with books in in Ch rch , a k n obs rv r
u e e e e a e nl e e s of nat r , a d scrib r of s scap s particularly , and , u ik oth r author
e e e e n e e l n . th n , a r v al r of his co sciousn ss and p rsonality his writings The se characte ristics admirably de scrib e St D unstan ( 9 1 9 Was he Cyn ulf t The inte rnal e vide nce that St D unst an wrote t he Cyn e wul fian Poe ms
he a e t he e . n t he o n e we e t is v ry striking O hand hav biogr phi s of saint ,
’ a e c i n e e e e . S e ov rdrawn no doubt , by cont mpor ri s and lat r writ rs ( f tubbs s d tio ”
t he Vita we e e e e t he e . of ) , and hav r minisc nt passag s in lays of Cyn wulf
” ’ e a e e Elen e e e a For x mpl , Cyn wulf , in his (K nn dy s transl tion , ” e e a e e a e he e a e allud s to a crisis in rly lif , wh n , sh ckl d with sin , obtain d gr c ,
t he an d e a e e e i found Cross unriddl d its m rv ls , studi d and wrot Chr stian books , e e - e an d e t h e Elen e l arn d song craft , wh n old frail compos d , and to many
e e e e a . u D n oth r intimat r v l tions This is a mirror in which to disting ish u stan ,
- a e Sa E . Ye t e r a f vourit saint of Anglo xon ngland non of his w itings ,
M e t t e e e e b e e e . he El n e l e char rs xc pt d , can id ntifi d any passag s in e al ud
’ an e In t he ulian a— e to incide nts in D un st s lif . J and an arly pane gyrist — compare d D unstan with Juliana a re fe re nc e is made to a time whe n t he ” e a e e — e e a e al two broth rs sh ll dissolv th ir kinship th ir gr t lov , which may lude
Ea 946 e Eadre d ulfric to King dmund ( ) and his broth r or to W , who
D a Th e e e t he e a are di e d be fore unst n . coincid nc s in Liv s and L ys too many
e l h and close to b e me r ly fortuitous . Critics also wou d attribute t e se cond ” I D e t e . part of Guthlac to Cyn wul f . is probabl And unstan was inte re ste d in this confe ssor and atte ste d a charte r in favour of Cr oyland
48 h e e S Gut hlac are e e 9 t e . Abb y in , in which r lics of aint m ntion d The A n dreas is attribute d to Cyne wulf St Andre w was t he patron saint
D The fin e e A n eas e a are of unstan . passag s in dr and oth r l ys quite in ke e ping with t he e xpe rie nce of a youth brought up in sight of t he Bristol
e e e Th e e - D u Chann l and its fl ts . battl song of Brunanburh , which nstan was
e e e e a e e e e t he old nough to hav writt n from p rson l xp ri nc of victory , contains ” ” e t he e t he e e e e he id as , such as swart rav n , agl whit b hind , t gre e dy APPENDIX III 1 69
” ” war t he t he e a t he - hawk , wolf in w ld , rin giving lord of m e n and t he “ g , are in t he fallow flood , which also found Elen e . St D unstan was a
e e e H is e gr at advocate of p ac . piscop al se al shows him holding a book in ” e Pax . The e e e scrib d Vobis Cross at Ruthw ll is a m morial of p ace . On ” are s e t he In e e e c it in crib d words , principio rat v rbum , t . The se are t he
s i St D t he St Pe e word wh ch unstan in a vision saw on sword of t r , which
King Eadred inte rpre t e d to me an that t he dre ame r woul d be come t he
Archbishop of Cant e rbury .
e e e e are e are But striking as th s coincid nc s , th y not so arre sting as t he
e a e e e e t he e an d t he id ntic l id as found r sp ctiv ly in Lif in Lays , and also
e t a e a t he e I fi s . n n forth in h rmonious id ogr phy on Ruthw ll Cross e , song
a e e t he a e e a e e e e a craft , pal c lif , study of s cr d and s cular , tr v ls , xil , t rs ,
e s e a t he id al , fights with fi nds , p ssion for immortality , visions of Cross , alike distinguish t he biographie s of t he the ologian an d t he cryptic
The e re minisce nce s of t he poe t . pri st was no ignorant man of t he world ;
alter e o t he e e e a his g , po t , was no m an th ologian , but man of light and
T e e e e a e h e . l ading . g nius of both is ind bt d to classic l mod ls Many coincide nce s go to show that at t h e foot of t he Cross t he trilingual ” D unstan was t he cryptic Cyne wulf .
APPEND IX III
AN GLIA N A N D AN G LO - D A N ISH SC ULPT UR E
MR O LLIN G WO O D Lan e he ad e e a e W . G . C , , Coniston , with v ry gr t court sy , for
I e e m e e a a a which proffe r to him my b st thanks , s nt to for p rus l and ssist nce ” Ea e M e i e e e e a le cture on rly Sculptur d onum nts of Yorksh r , d liv r d by him
M e e 1 9 1 3 al a e e a e a e an d in York use um in Nov mb r ; so pap r r d at B wc stl ,
r al 1 904 In t he a e a Mr i re porte d in t he Carlisle Jou n in . l tt r p pe r Coll ngwood s aid t he Be wca stle Cross would have be e n about 2 1 fee t high from t he b ase ” “ h a H e e a e e e e a of t e pe de st l . conclud d th t it is impossibl to b li v th t t he e a e e t he e e as we e North Cumb rl nd p opl of t nth c ntury , know th m , ” carve d this cross .
In h a e a e i e s e b t e le cture bov llud d to , and wh ch , wh n publi h d , must e
S e e Mr e a e re fe rre d to for its own p cific t rms , Collingwood ss ys to prov that t he re is a distinct se rie s of de ve lopme nt from t he se ve re r and naturalistic 1 70 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
ll s e e e lls t he e t o t he scro , through mor conv ntionalis d scro of ninth c ntury , D anish an d Norse work in which t he lat te r have turne d into dragon - plaits ” a H e hi t he (te nth ce ntury) n d t he se rie s hangs toge the r pe rfe ctly . t nks — — two classe s of de sign of crosse s Anglian and Scandinavian are e vide ntly distinct .
’ Some of Mr Collingwood s most import ant conclusions follow We
I at e e a a 7 00 have no Yorkshire crosse s whi ch fe e l able to d old r th n bout , ” a b Th D while some of those to t he north of t h e Te e s m y e older . e ane s
e t he ni an d soon copi d Christian monume nts by Anglian artists , and by nth
a Th e D a e e te nth ce nturie s the y h d the ir own craftsme n . n s we r not ” - a e at e e h r a h ad e e . stone c rv rs hom , any mor than t e fi st Anglian immigr nts b n The D ane s an d Scandinavians se e m ne ve r to have care d for flowe rs and ” a a a t h e s le ve s s orname nts . Figure dr wing had be come ve ry poor in hand of t h e late r English t h e D ane s atte mpte d nothing but t he rudest and most ” Mr i a n grote sque figure s . Coll ngwood fully illust r te s his the sis that A glian art e e e 7 00 900 e - D ni art xist d in Yorkshir from to , follow d by Anglo a sh ,
a a h 1 0 0 Th e e which me rge d into Norm n fte r t e ravaging of 7 . illustrativ e a e are e fiv e : s e hi e x mpl s divid d into groups A , group out id Yorks r ; B ,
e e e an d e group showing d v lopm nt of scrollwork C , group showing bird b ast
ls D a e n a e e e di D n e e e e scrol ; , l t A gli n sculptur , pr c ng a ish styl , but x cut d
e D a E - D a e e e . und r nish rul ; , Anglo nish s ri s
The f h a a a a A . di ficultie s of t e m t e ri l ccount for a ce rtain want of gr ce
’ an d St f finish on Cuthbe rt s co fin . Se ve rity sugge sts e arly date for
’ S a H e a a a pit l Cross , xh m ; but on Acc s Cross is se e n de ve lopme nt of style ” i e s o n e e e a s e t h a n h a a wh ch involv or two g n r tion sinc e c rvi g of t e Spit l sh ft . ” I t a e e ia r on is p rf ct Angl n cross , though late (ninth c e ntury) .
. a e e e e an e B This group is illustr t d by Ormsid Cup , r ckon d arly work ,
e ort h alle rt on H a e li a t he sculptur s at N , ornby , Lonsd l , Col ngh m , all of e ighth
e an d D e St M - ll t h . c ntury , at wsbury , ary Bishophi , of e ninth ce ntury
. an d e a are ll a a C Bird b st scrolls i ustr te d on Ormside Cup , e rly , and
H a e e a Ma I e e o n e t he ckn ss , arly Aldborough , Cund ll , sham , lkl y , Otl y of
- — fine st with we ll de signe d figure s of e vangelis ts all of t he e ighth
e i a I k e an d b e d s ni c ntury ; Coll ngh m , l l y , nth ce ntury .
- D . e St M Lat Anglian work is found at ary Bishophill , Urswick , Lan
e e an d a cast r , ninth c ntury l te r .
- E . Mr t he n t h Collingwood , in illustrating Anglo Da ish se rie s , contrasts e fin e e ighth - ce ntury work of Easby with t he grote squely c arve d Scandinavi an
THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
Of e t he e e s e e s e ill e various cross s within dioc s of Carli l , d crib d and ustrat d
a e e e e e e e e t he by C lv rl y and Collingwood , sixt n or th r by hav h ads of Latin typ e in t he No rt humb rian patte rn ; sixte e n have p e rforate d whe e l- he ads ;
e e e e - e o n e n e t he cumdach e li s v n have solid wh l h ads ; has a fi ial aft r , or r c
e e . 0 e e s e e e e e e cas , typ N Gr k cros is xhibit d , xc pt wh n incis d on a Latin
In t h e D a e e e a e a e e cross . urh m Coll ction , d scrib d and illustr t d by C non Gr n
e e e - e a are e e t e e a - e ad t he w ll , four solid wh l h ds d scrib d , four n L tin cross h s of
e are e an d a n e Northumbrian typ figur d , similar Latin cross is i scrib d on
’ a a finials ar wood found in St Cuthbe rt s gr ve . Two crosse s h ve which e not
a In t he e a e e e e e e e t he of cross typ e . Cumb rl nd s ri s th r is no r pr s ntation of
i Th e e e t h e a a e Cruc fixion . Crucifixion sc n on Gosforth Cross is ssoci t d with “ ” h - a h a Th t e e t e e . e story of spe ar wound d Odin , or with B ldr B utiful
e e e b e e e e . In t he D a subj ct , how v r , may an xampl of syncr tism urh m Col
e e e ar fiv e e h e e e l ction th r e e xampl s of t e Crucifixion , thr rud works from
D e l XXI II III D o n e urham its f ( . B , XX . C , XX . ) , from Brompton (Yorks
al e an d o n e in I . so primitiv and inartistic , from Bill gham (XX X B) ,
hi h a a e e s e e a . e w ch rud sugg stion of Crucifixion According to Gr nw ll ,
n a Lin disfam e 8 30 wh o e Ec re d . Billi gh m was giv n by g , Bishop of ( ” e Sa had found d it , to int Cuthb e rt .
Mr D a . . e a e e e t he H e A L vidson , t ch r , Ruthw ll , who , as Cl rk to ritors ,
‘ a t h R v Mr M Farlan h r - e e . t had much to do , long with , in e e e re ction and
e e a t he wi hi t h e Pa e a e e pr s rv tion of Cross t n rish Church , d live re d l ctur to t h e D e e a a N H an d a 29 h umfri sshir and G llow y . . Antiquari n Socie ty on t “ ” 1 900 a i . It w s e e Th e t he U nfor April nt tl d , Artists of Rut hwe ll Cross . t un at e l e t h e T a sa ion s In a e an e y , it was not publish d in r n ct . an inform tiv m n r Mr D avidson arrange d m any import ant facts which pointe d to t he possibility t hat Lombard artis ans me mbe rs of t h e H e xham Lodge of Comacini
a e e e e a e as a as as was e e e might h v b n ng g d rtists , who , far skill conc rn d , w re
a e t he e e I a e cap bl of work of r aring Ruthw ll Cross . That tali n craftsm n , how e e e e a e e e a v r , produc d such b utiful work , xhibiting obviously lat id ogr phy ,
t he e e e all a Th in s v nth c ntury , is not at prob ble or possible . e influe nce
t he a b e e e e t he of Lombard rtists is not to ov rlooke d , how v r , in study of
a e . . an tea 8 4 Northumbri n sculptur (Cf , , Th e drawing of t h e Ruthwell Cross by Cardo nn el is now more inte re stin g on account of t he fact note d by Captain Ridde ll of Gle n riddell (t he frie nd
’ of Robe rt Burns) in his copy of Sinclair s Statistical A ccount (now in t he
s e D r D M e e po s ssion of avid urray , Glasgow) , to this ff ct APPENDIX III 1 73
'
P. 96 . In 1 7 8 8 I ie Mr D e Cardon n el R carr d to uthwell , and procuring a number of assistants had all t he fragm e nts of this ce le brate d monum e nt
l e t e i he e e e a e col c d, wh ch dr w in a v ry mast rly and accur t e mann r, and his
w e e t h e a a S e is e dra ing was ngrav d by Antiqu ri n oci ty of London , and is publ h d
e Vetusta M on umen ta zud 1 7 8 9 i e a in th ir , vol . , ; so th s v ry curious ntiquity
e e e t h e e e e a e — is now pr s rv d to L arn d to x min G . — “ P. 1 1 In 1 9 I e The 5 7 3 e e MS. e e e . pr s nt d a folio volum ntitl d A n tiquities an d T op ography of N ithsdale t o t he Antiquarian Socie ty of
I r 6 a e t n d e . n a e e 0 c . e e a London . it abov dr wings , , t c . , by Gros oth rs A ” a e e e v luabl pr s nt . It would add furthe r intere st if o n e could numb e r Rob e rt Burns among
’ t h e In e e a hi s e assistants . Ridd ll s hom Burns probably be g n acquaintanc
Card on n el 1 7 8 9 h e e e a with , to whom in s nt his humorous po m on C ptain
se t h e a Gro , ntiquary .
APPEND IX IV
WEI GH T O F THE MON UMEN TS
e Th e a VAR I O US we ights have b e e n assigne d to t h e two monum nts . L ngbar
e e 1 4 e e The e t he ston w ighs about ton to 1 cubic f t . solid cont nts of
e a e 32 e e t he e B wc stl Cross amount to about 1 cubic f t , making w ight about
w he r ss ills e e e e a e t he 2 t 8 c . T o ons t C g ston , b ing d ns r and h rd r owing to
e 1 l e large proportion of quartz in its composition , w ighs ton to g cubic
e e t he e e d t h e f t , so that w ight of Ruthw ll Cross , inclu ing transom , is about 1 3 tons 0 cwt . I N D E X
A a C ss 8 2 135 136. PI. XXIX . d All en B ne e t c . 27 as s m ade cc , ro of, , , woo , , row , , c t , — re d Kin 105 137 143 148 149 . 27 n . 8 de s i i n 40 47 an e ls E lf , g , , , , , ; cr pt o of, p , 41 the lst an Kin 1 1 8 3 101 108 1 12 137 hun sman an d ha k 41 Runi ins c ZE , g , , , , , , , t w ; ; c rip
143 144 . i n 42 Ch is b le ssin 42 St C h , t o , ; r t g , ; ut b e rt ’ E thelwold 103 an d n . 4 138 145. an d St Os ald s he ad 42 e as a e 44 , , , w , ; t f c ,
Aft eeft 70 7 1 . n h a e 44 s u h a e 45 san ds n , , , ort f c , ; o t f c , ; to e ,
- us D ei l 3 n . 2 36 43 1 10 n . 6 1 15 46 Lan b a k 47 un s Agn , , , , , , , ; g r roc , ; r e 50 52 ; — 1 17 . un e s on Ob e lisk 62 7 1 e a l t ra r , r y nsc rip ’ Alcfrid Al chfri d Alcfrit hu 26 65 67 68 70 i n s 62 63 Ke mb le s in i n 64 , , , , , , , , t o , , ; op o , ; ’ ’ 7 1 7 2 7 3 9 1 147 . au han s e adi n s 65 H e i h s 67 , , , , M g r g , ; g , ’ Al uin 92 128 134 . Vie t or s 69 ab le of eadin s 69 c , , , , ; t r g ,
rit h 61 70 7 2 7 3 9 1 . C nib uru 70 7 4 b i a hi Al df , , , , , y g , , ; ogr p es of pe rso n
- le an dri a Ale an drian c . E . a e s Oswiu Ealhfrit h 7 1 7 A x , x , f gypt g ( , , 5; — All en . R mill 27 69 8 0 95 1 13 1 19 . s ul ure 77 92 ss an d u i in , J o y, , , , , , c pt , ; cro cr c fix — An de s n D r se h 20 8 0 99 . N humb ia 93 101 da e ss 96 r o , Jo p , , , ort r , t of cro , ;
nun ia i n t he 31 1 19 . da e o f u i 97 s mb ls an An c t o , , , t cr c fix, ; y o d ’ — in in t he L d s ee 32 1 14. d ine 93 126 t he in e 101 al n Ano t g or f t, , octr , ; v , ; f co e r
h n St 35 90 104 123 124 . and ha k 102 t he Ch is 1 1 1 Ant o y, , , , , , w , ; r t, ; St Ar he Sa itta ius E s 33 88 105 107 109 Cu hb e an d St Os ald 1 16 sh e s c r, g r , ro , , , , , , t rt w , ; o , ’ - 1 10. 120 t he sun dial 124 Le thab s i ; , ; y v e w, ’ r hib ald D r e e 13 . 127 P i an d a dn e s e A c , G org , ; r or G r r vi w, 129 ;
A ms n Ca ain G. 24 n . 3. in ue n e of E 130 N humb ri an r tro g , pt , fl c gypt, ; ort
A us in e St 91 . s ul u e n o t in same a e 135 ug t , , c pt r c t gory, ; d a e assi nab le t o t he m n umen 139—153 t g o t, Ba is t he St hn 36 37 43 97 1 14 1 15 ini n s of a i us au h i ies 139 pt t, , Jo , , , , , , , op o v r o t or t , ;
1 16 140. P1. XXV. e as n s b au h assi nin t he m n u , r o y t or for g g o
Ba b u ame s 30 3 1 n . 2 40 . m e n t he se e n h e n u 140 141 r o r, J , , , t to v t c t ry , ,
Basil II . Em e 90 1 13 n . 3 1 17 122. ssib le nn e i n i h St D un s an and , p ror, , , , po co ct o w t t Wulfric 144—149 e a i ul a i n and , ; r c p t t o
70 7 3 109 134 147 n . 1 . n lusi n 151 . Pls. IX . XI II Bed e , , , , , co c o , IV , X . ,
nedi in e O de 103 n . 4 145 150. XVII Be ct r r, , ,
Ben n u , 106 n . 6. XXVI . , XXVII . , XXVIII .
C b e lis 1 a - — Be as le r ss or O k at 0 di i n Be as le hi s la e n ame 166 167 . wc t , o , ; tr t o , wc t , tory of p c , 12 he ad of ss 2 1 un e s on 2 1 Be as le Pari sh Chur h in Cumb e lan d 10 ; cro , ; r , ; wc t c , r , H a d C n Camde n S e lm an W m dedi a e d t o St Cu hb e 10 adi i n ow r , otto , , p , or c t t rt, ; tr t o , ’ mi h on 2 1 l s he ad 21 n . 2 Nicolson s de 12 isi ed b Ni ls n 22 23 S 23 , o t , v t y co o , , , t , , ’ s ri i n 22 23 Smi h s a un 23 H a d 24 25 L s ns 25 H ai h an d c pt o of, , t cco t, ow r , , , y o , , g a i le in L ndon a az in e 24 de scri au han 16 Vie 17 e ai of hur h rt c o M g , ; p M g , , tor, r p r c c ,
i n b Ni ls n an d Bu n and b 27 m e anin of d Be as le 166. t o y co o r , y ; g wor wc t , ’
H u hins n 4 a a X. XX III. 2 H d s un 25 Pls. V tc o , ; ow r cco t, ; IV , ’ ’
L s n s a un 25 H e i h s a i le 26 Birds 104 . y o cco t, ; g rt c , ; , ’ ’ au han s em i 26 Vi s e adin s Birre nswark or Burnswark 1 1 142 . M g M o r, ctor r g , , , ,
27 de s i i ns b Cal e le C llin Bisco Be n edi 134 136. cr pt o y v r y, o g p, ct, ,
1 76 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
o the H l R d 18 30 lm t ram D ream f o y oo , , , 38 , 55 56 57 , Ho e Cul , 109 . — 61 2 100 154 1 63 167 . H l R od 6 60, , 9 , , , o y o , .
D un an Re v . Dr H en 17 33 39 54. Pl. V. H us 90 106 1 14 132 . PL X fi . c , ry, , , , or , , , , X V. g 3. d n 24 2 D uns an St 1 1 100 103 121 124 137 144 H a He 25 6 63. Pl . I . t , , , , , , , , , ow r , ry, , , , X — 14 153 167 . P1. . H ard L rd illiam 2 5 , V ow , o W , 1 .
rham 43 1 18 1 5. Hu hins n William 24 43 6 Du 3 3. , , , tc o , , , ,
’ ar Kin 144. I n a h of C s li e Ead h is 90 92. g , g , co ogr p y r t f , , — Eadmun d Kin 1 1 143 144 145 148 149. Ins i i ns t he 48 76 69. Pl XXII. , g , , , , , , cr pt o , , , .
- Ea le 8 6 104 105 106 107 . I al ian as make s 19 n . 5 27 n . 8 Pl . XXIII g , , , , , t c t r , , . .
Ealdfrith c : Aldfri t h . I ie s 8 2 8 3 91 1 12 , f vor , , , , t frid Ealhfri h , cf: Alc .
c frit h 46 65 74. a ks n ir T. 8 E g , , , J c o , S G 3.
e n hall C u h 43. aff a Re v Ed h rc , J r y, . An dre w, 15. ian art ds me m ials a 2 8 E E o sh in e s 8 5 134 136. gypt, gypt , g , or , r , J rrow, , , , in en 1 0 3 34 4 1 42 61 edb h 8 5 flu ce , , 3 , 3, , , , , 77 , 78 , J urg , . 4 2 7 9 , 8 0, 8 , 86, 8 7 , 10 , 129 , 130, 131 , 132 ,
133 . hn St c . Ba is . Jo , , f pt t
Eliz ab e h 33. hn St 34 104. t , Jo , , ,
s c A he nes e n 8 2 n . 2 Ero , f. rc r. Jo , Ow , , 8 7 .
mi zin s l - h 4 22 Et sch ad Go pe b ook, 90. Jose p , 3 , 1 .
E Ar hb ish 93 . yre , c op , lls B f 4 Ke , ook o , 8 9, 13 .
F l n and h a 4 2. mb l 18 25 5 54 5 a co e r wk, 1 , 10 Ke e , , , 3, , 5 , 64 .
F C n 8 e nn . arrar, an o , 9 . K edy, Dr C. W , 55 , 60 . F 4 in ial t he 3 37 . Ke rmode Re v . P. . C. 51 . , , , , M ,
Fli h in E 34. Kirk udb i h 43 n . 4 . g t to gypt, c r g t,
it he st an St 49 143 n . 3. Kunib r K n b uru R n b uru Kunib uruk Fr , , , u g , y ( y ) , , K n nb uru K nnb ur C n ib uru K n y g , y g , y g , y n
b iel 3 1 32. b r t h Kiinn b uru n ib r un Ga r , , u ( )ug , g, Cy u yg , Oy
a Mrs 124 . b u u 23 44 63 64 65 67 69 70 73 74 G tty, , r g, , , , , , , , , , , n ish Ed mun d 1 2 2 Gib so , B op , 5, 2 , 6 , 66 . 75 , 76, 151 . P1. XXIII. K e wit a las nb u 1 1 85 137 144 145 149. n s h 66 . G to ry, , , , , , y , d t h Good Shepher , e , 1 .
d n Ale an de 15. Pl . VI . La e in e e a u e s 44 8 6. Gor o , x r, c rt cr t r , ,
u h 16 23 . Lamb c . A nus D ei. Go g , , , f g
n . R . 145 146. Lan b a 46 47 17 . Pl. X III. Gree , J , , g r, , , 3 X
n ll C n n 4 95 n . 2 9 127 n a ee e a 9 9 . Las Re v . mes 13. Gr w , o , , , , o , J ,
- La in Sa n a i als 30 36 48 49 50. t xo c p t , , , , , ’ an s all 91 107 108 o R man al ab 4 4 H adri W , , , ; f. o W l. Le th y , W. R . , 20, 3 , 9, 84 n . l , 94, 96 ,
ai h Re v . D an iel H . 18 26 54 66 67 68 . 127 150 151 . H g , , , , , , , , ,
l . I. in m h P XI L disfa e Gospels, T e , 79 , 80, 83, 106 , 1 1 1
a and al ne 102. n 12 24 2 1 2 1 H wk f co r, . 1 , 3, 1 , 1 7 , 9, 131 , 33, 134.
e alin t he b lin d m an 32 122. un d 2 . H g , , L y, 3
He b e . A . 8 9 1 10 133 145. L s n s D aniel an d Samuel 25 41 n . l 43 63 r rt, J , , , , y o , , , , , ,
e is n . K . 7 9 n . . 64 66. Pl. XI . H w o , J , 6 ,
H e ham 1 1 79 8 2 93 95 134 135 136 . x , , , , , , , , ‘ Hib e n ian art an d a is s 79 80 8 1 8 7 88 131 . M Farlan Re v . ame s 19 54. Pl. V. r rt t , , , , , , , J , ,
Hickes Ge e 14. Pl . VIII. a nuson P e ss Fin n 17 . , org , M g , rof or ,
- i h s in I lm Kin 1 1 142 143. H sse eland 92 n . 1 . al g cro r , M co , g , , ,
H d kin D r 68 . almesb u 1 1 n . 1 . o g , , M ry,
H d s n Re v . 108 . an uals for s ul s 1 13. o g o , J M c ptor , INDEX 1 7 7
a a e uee n 6. Re T. G . 17 . M rg r t, Q , pp , ,
arin us P e 105 . Ri i a . T . 20 8 0 8 2 95 136 1 M , op , vo r , G , , , , , , 50. ’ a ke sse s 8 . R m a Wall 128 c ad ian n . H s a M r t cro , o , f r W ll.
a t he Vi in 33 34 35 43 8 8 1 19 120 R an - e e M ry , rg , , , , , , , , ow tr ,
- — 121 1 22 123. Run e s An l a n 25 5 2 S 0 5 64 . , , , g o xo , , ,
as e 7 9 n . 5 8 4 132 . 2 le Runes 5 141 . P . XXL XXII M p ro , , , , , , .
Ma he t 34 7 37 n . 2 12 . 2 S 3 3 R une s siz e 9 42 . tt w, , , , , , of , , — au han Re v . n 26 43 44 45 46 64 R une s on Be as le Ob e lisk 62 7 0 15 1 152 . M g , Joh , , , , , , , wc t , , ,
65 , 66, 67 , 68 . Pl . XII . Pls. XL, XII . , XXL, XXII . ’ — Maximian s h n e 123 . Run i in s i i n on Ru h ell C ss 17 52 54 t ro , c cr pt o t w ro , , , eas me n s Be as l C ss 41 47 1 5 1 u e e r 73 5 6 . M r t of wc t o , , , ,
Ru h e ll C ss 28 39 40 173. Ru h ell C ss in Pa ish Chu h 1 of t w ro , , , , t w , ro r rc of, 0
e l se Ab b e 43 1 17 . P e ss C k on 12 adi i n re M ro y , , rof or oo , ; tr t o l I 1 2 me e n e in his e n Basil I . 90 1 17 . a din e 12 M o ogy of , , g r g , ; rg c to tory , ; ’ - e d a Be l 32 104 106 108 . A s de m li i n 13 D r A hib ald s M ro ch , , , , ct for o t o , ; rc ’ Mi a i h ai shi ne et c 41 8 1 a un 1 Nicolson s de s i i n thr , M t r c wor p , co , , , cco t of , 3 ; cr pt o of , ‘ 104 105 108 1 1 1 1 18 . 14 d es i i ns b d n 15 Jafira , , , , ; cr pt o y Gor o , , y , i 1 6 C ai 16 Dun an e 1 16 . 15 o u Re M tr , , G gh , , r g , , c , pp, n Chalme s 18 Ke m l n t o ri 4 . 1 . Ma use n 17 b e 18 Mo m e e . C. e . 38 39 7 n l 1 9 g , Mr J , pr f , , , , g , , r , , , , ’
u a s ui e 13 14 16. Wils n 18 H ai h 18 S e he ns 1 8 S ua M rr y Q r , , , o , , g , , t p , , t rt, ‘ 19 Vic t o r 1 9 D ie ri 19 M Farlan 19 , , , t ch , , , , Bla k 19 An de s n an d Alle n 20 C k 20 aita n 2 c , , r o , , oo , ; N n , Ki g , 8 . - n f C ss an d m akin as s re e re c io o ro , g of c , Na i i 1 18 . t t t v ty, isi e d b Ni ls n 14 d n 19 n . 5 e il n D 48 v t y co o , , Gor o , N s r e 1 164 . o , Ge org , , 15 Card on n el 16 Bla k 19 B n i ls n illiam A h a n A hb ish , , , c , , row , N co o , W , rc de co , rc op , C k 20 de s i i n C ss 28 - 40 14 2 oo , ; cr pt o of ro , ; , 2 , 23, 43. PI. V. R h ell a hi - ss 28 m e asu e me n s i ls n an B 24 ut w , gh cro , r t N co o d urn , . ‘ Farlan D d s Alle n H e is n 28 b y M , o , , w o , , Nimb us, 31 , 37 . 29 Mon t om e rie 39 ane ls 30 l u h e n 42 , g , p , ; co o r N m 1 . ort , 2 C i i n s e n 3 s n e 30 n . u e 1 N humb ia 7 7 8 1 8 2 84 8 6 8 9 93 95 127 of to , ; r c fix o c , ort r , , , , , , , , , , nun ia i n 31 Ch is he alin b lin d An c t o , ; r t g 145, 152 . ’ m an 32 man an in in C is s e - — , ; wo o t g hr t f et, N hum b ian art 127 138 169 172 . ort r , , Visi a i n 33 a he — E s 33 32 ; t t o , ; rc r ro , ; t he nial 34 Na i i 34 Fli in fi , ; t v ty , ; ght to la Kuaran 1 1 8 5 107 148 . O f , 8 , , , , E 34 St Paul an d St An h n 35 gypt, ; t o y, b s 1 . Or , 01 h ea hin Ch is 35 t he Ba is 36 t e pr c g r t, pt t, Ori e n al e l E . , f gyp t t an d t he an e l 37 t he St Matthe w g , ;
he us 1 . Orp , h e ni 37 t he e as side 37 t he e s P o x , t , w t al 42 4 9 17 . Osw d , St , , 3, 3, 1 16, 1 ide 38 ee l - e ad 38 san ds n e 39 s , wh h , to , swiu Os in Kin 26 65 70 7 1 . O ( w ) , g , , , , at Cross ills 40 ei 40 quarry g , ; w ght, ;
n ~ axon le e s 48 Le t hab on Lat i S tt r , ; y
Paul St 35 90 . , , , a i a ls 49 un es 50—52 R uni in scri c p t , ; r , ; c p
Pe n da Kin 70 . — , g , i n 52—62 a i us e adin s 53 58 t o , ; v r o r g ,
Pe n n an T u 15 . t, o r, C m n 53 D ream o the R d 55 aed o , ; f oo , ’ ’ Ph eni t he 37 105 106 107 . o x, , , , , Ke mb le s ie s 57 Co k s con et seq . v w , o
e C un 8 9 . Plunk , o , — 2 tt t lusion s 59 s ul u e . 7 7 9 e me i c , ; c pt r ; g o tr c
an d a dne 79 8 5 n . 5 0 9 1 Pri or G r r, , , 9 , , n — e ue s 7 8 in e la ed a e ns p atte r s ch q r , ; t r c p tt r s h — P e 33 . yc , r kn k 7 9 lia e us 8 1 8 8 u e o otwor , ; fo c o , ; fig r , ’ - C hb e s fin 8 9 9 1 ss 8 8 92 St ut rt cof , , cro — la an d u i in N humb ia, 93 101 Rab u , 90. cr c fix ort r da e of ss 96 d a e of u i 97 n . 4 . , Rain e , 95 n . l , 135 n . 4, 136 t cro , ; t cr c fix ; — s mb ls an d d in e 93 126 t he in e , a e n n a 2 5 . , ; R v , 9 , 9 y o octr v 1 2 1 78 THE RUNIC ROODS OF RUTHWELL AND BEWCASTLE
b i a h 107 t he a D r hn 01 sa ed ds 104 e S u 8 19 27 53 7 9 . 1 cr r , ; rc r, t rt, Jo , , , , , ’ C an in n t h d s -dial 45 4 h is 1 1 1 i e L ee Sun 6 7 9 . r t, ; o t g or f t, , , ,
- 1 14 t he Ba is 1 14 t he Na i i 1 18 Sun od Osi is 87 104 109 A ll . ; pt t, ; t v ty, ; g , r , , , ( po o)
- t he Ann un ia i n 1 19 t he Visi a i n Sun o shi 5. c t o , ; t t o , w r p ,
120 sh es 120 i h in E 121 S as ika l 2 . ; o , ; fl g t to gypt, ; w t , ,
healin t he blin d m an 122 St a he S ee Pr e ss H e n 58 . g , ; M tt w, w t, of or ry ,
123 St Paul and St An h n 123 S mb o ls 37 n . 2 8 1 8 6 101 107 1 1 1 n . 2. ; t o y, ; y , , , , , , ’ ’ Le thab s ie 127 P i and Gard ne s S mb ls of Chris 1 109 123 152 c C ss y v w, r or r y o t, , , , f. ro , ie 129 in ue n e of E 130 C u i C z ie O he us d She he d v w, ; fl c gypt, r c fix, ro r, rp , Goo p r , hum b ian s ul u e n ot in same a e Vin e Lamb A nus hi-Rh as ika C o . Nort r c pt r c t , , g , , Sw t 1 d a e assi n ab le t he C oss S b ls f E an e l n 35 m o is s 37 . 2 . gory, ; t g to r , y o v g t ,
- 139 153 in i n s a i us au h i ie s S me n 136 137 148 . ; op o of v r o t or t , y o , , ,
139 e as n s b au h assi nin t he S ian land 37 . ; r o y t or for g g yr , C ss t he e n h e n u 140 141 ro to t t c t ry, ,
ssib le nn e i n i h St D uns an 144 Tab le of D e s in 32 1 1 1 . po co ct o w t t , t t y, , e ss 1 e a i ula i n an d c n Ta l Can n I ma k 48 o saa 68 . PI. XII. r t cro , ; r c p t t o y or, o c , m l si n 151 The D ea o the R d 154 The 1 130 . e u o , r f oo , odore , 9 ,
63. Pls. I IL VI. III. XIII . Th m s n ir E. M. 49 . 1 , , V , , o p o , S ,
XIV. XV. XVI . XXIV. Tradi i n s e a d in Ru h ell 12 14 15. , , , t o r g r g t w , , ,
- me —1 m R u h e ll his la e n a 164 66. T ans t he 29 33 39 . t w , tory of p c , r o , , , , e ll a is Ch h in D um ie sshi l R u h P u e T ee of i e 8 1 101 . t w r h rc , fr r , r f , ,
10 de di a e d St Cu hb e 10 148 T ullan C un il 97 . ; c t to t rt, , ; r o c , ’
a s ui e an d ken ss in m C ss f n . u b 13 Tua o 99 . 1 M rr y Q r , ro cro , , , ro , — 14 20 isi e d b Ni o ls n 14 d n T inin Miss L. 104 1 1 1 n . 3 1 16 . ; v t y c o , , Gor o , w g , , , ,
15 Card o nne l 16 C ss re - e e e d in , , ; ro r ct , i la B n C i h 19 is ed b B k e k 19 e h of t e nume n s 173. ; v t y c , row , oo , , W g t Mo t ,
- - 20 rs hu h 148 . PI. III . Whee l ss hee l he ad 38 7 7 132 140 17 1 . ; fi t c rc , cro , w , , , , ,
R n b uru R eb uru c . Kun ib ur . Wilfrith St 8 1 1 67 8 2 8 3 91 94 131 134 y , y , f g , , , , , , , , , , ,
135, 145.
an dals 121 . illiam alme s c a esb S W M b u : lm u . , of ry, f M ry ll San ds n e Ru e 39 . Wilson D r D anie l 18 . to , thw , , ,
San ds n e Be as le 46 47 Wils n Rev . D r ame s 21 n . 2 . to , wc t , , o , J ,
Sa e P e ss 104 n . 2 106 131 132 . Win hes e 145 150 . yc , rof or, , , , c t r, , — lls 8 1 8 8 . 2 Scro , Woman , t he sin ful , 3 . — l S ul u e fi ure 80 8 6 8 8 ia e us 8 1 W m D r Ola 2 1 62 . c pt r g , , , ; fo c o , , or , f, , 8 7 e me i 7 7 in e la in kn g o tr c, t r c g , ot
k 7 9 80. lf c 2 wor , , Wu ri , 10 , 103, 149, 168 .
- — S ul ure An lian an d An l D anish 169 17 2 . c pt , g g o ,
Sh e s 120. un R ev . a in 1 . o , Yo g , G v , 3 l A n in lai Sta tisti a c u t b 16. S c r, c co y,
Smi h e e 23 43 62 . Pls. IX XI. e e lli MS. o C e e rce lle nsis. V . d V t , G org , , , rc , f o x
S e lman Sir H e n 2 1 23 . Ve s me n s 31 32 33 35 . p , ry , , t t , , , ,
he ns P ess e 1 2 m 9 l III . S e e 8 7 30 37 53. Vic to r Wilhe l 19 26 27 54 6 . P . V t p , rof or G org , , , , , , , , , , — Miss and Plun ke 8 1 . in S kes 9 9 98 V e s 8 1 8 6 100 . to , , tt, , , , ,
St rz owski 98 106 . Visi a i n 33 120 . yg , , t t o , ,
PRI NTED BY EILL A ND LTD. E I BURGH . N , D N