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EU DRUG MARKETS REPORT EU Drug 2016 In-depth Analysis Markets Report EU Drug Drug EU EU DRUG MARKETS REPORT In-depth Analysis EMCDDA EUROPOL EU Drug Markets Report In-depth Analysis 2016 Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Europol is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA and Europol accept no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the partners of the EMCDDA and Europol, any EU Member State or any agency or institution of the European Union. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 ISBN: 978-92-9168-843-2 doi:10.2810/219411 © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2016 Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249–289 Lisbon, Portugal Tel. + 351 211210200 [email protected] | www.emcdda.europa.eu twitter.com/emcdda | facebook.com/emcdda © Europol, 2016 The Hague, the Netherlands File No: EDOC 798834 Publications: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications/ All rights reserved. No part of this publication covered by the copyright thereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means — graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems — without the permission of the EMCDDA and Europol. Credits for cover photos (from left): Europol; David Mansfield; Pharmaceutical Control Laboratory, Office of the Cantonal Pharmacist, Bern, Switzerland; iStockphoto. Recommended citation: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and Europol (2016), EU Drug Markets Report: In-Depth Analysis, EMCDDA–Europol Joint publications, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Contents 5 I Foreword 7 I Introduction 9 I Acknowledgements 11 I Executive summary 15 I Overview PART I Understanding the widespread ramifications of the drug market 23 I Key issues 27 CHAPTER 1 I The ramifications of the illicit drug market 43 CHAPTER 2 I Drivers of drug market developments PART II Main drug markets in the EU 55 CHAPTER 3 I Cannabis 73 CHAPTER 4 I Heroin and other opioids 95 CHAPTER 5 I Cocaine 115 CHAPTER 6 I Amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA 139 CHAPTER 7 I New psychoactive substances PART III Tackling the illicit drug market 155 CHAPTER 8 I Drug supply reduction policies and responses 167 I References 183 I Abbreviations 185 I Annex Foreword Illicit drugs are big business and drug markets continue to be one of the most profitable areas for organised crime groups operating in the European Union. Each year Europeans spend at least EUR 24 billion on illicit drugs. If the sums of money spent on illicit drugs are considerable, then the costs for our communities and citizens are even bigger. The analysis presented here explores these costs in detail. They extend beyond simply the harm to which those who use drugs are exposed; the collateral damage to society resulting from drug market activities is manifest in unsafe communities, damage to legitimate commercial activities, the corruption of officials, violent crime and even the destruction of the environment. This wider impact is why this topic is so important and why I am pleased that two agencies for which I am responsible, the European Union’s law enforcement agency, Europol, and our drugs agency, the EMCDDA, have once again joined forces to produce a new state-of-the-art analysis of the European drug market and its impact. This information is invaluable for policy-makers and governments to be able to make informed choices and better policies for the benefit and protection of our citizens and societies overall. We live in an increasingly joined-up and fast-moving world in which Europe faces social, economic and security challenges on several fronts. Globalisation and technological changes are impacting on all aspects of modern life and the drugs market is quick to exploit these new opportunities as they arise — as is illustrated by the rapid growth of the open trade and sale of new psychoactive substances. In this report it has been necessary to address the growing implications of new technology and the internet, the growth in global trade and the existence of a commercial infrastructure that enables goods to be moved rapidly across international borders. The report shows us why a better understanding of the operations of organised crime and the changing business models used by groups active in drug trafficking and production can help us better target the vulnerabilities of these groups. Importantly, it also explores links to and associations with other criminal activities, such as human trafficking and other illicit trade, and how the income generated from the drug trade can undermine international development efforts, support insurgency and even finance terrorism. Finally, this report shows clearly that any measures to reduce drug supply will be ineffective unless equal vigour is devoted to addressing the demand for illicit drugs and factors that foster involvement in the drug trade. The EU Drug Markets Report 2016 demonstrates the importance and the growing complexity of the problems we face in this area. I am also convinced, however, that the points for action it contains will make a valuable contribution to both European and national strategies to disrupt the drug market and reduce the harm it causes. Dimitris Avramopoulos European Commissioner for Migration, Home Affairs and Citizenship 5 Introduction In 2013, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Europol published the EU drug markets report: a strategic analysis, which was the first report of its kind, bringing together our knowledge and understanding of the operation and structure of the drug market within the broader context of the illicit drugs phenomenon. In this report, we build upon the groundwork carried out during that first joint analysis, developing the themes and applying new ideas and concepts that give us an improved insight into this dynamic policy-relevant field. The coupling of Europol’s expertise and knowledge of criminal networks with the EMCDDA’s holistic overview of the drug situation helps to separate important signals from the ever-present noise. This provides a unique insight that will inform policy development and facilitate action at European Union (EU) and national level. In this report we present cross-cutting themes that help us understand the illicit drug market. For this we first need to explain what exactly we mean by ‘drug market’. Here we use the term to describe the entire chain of events from the production of the drug in the source country to acquisition of the drug by the user in the destination country. We can think of this in terms of the processes, the actors and the impacts/harms. The process includes, but is not limited to, the farming of drug crops; the procurement of precursor chemicals and specialist equipment; the production of the drug itself; trafficking activities and routes; concealment methods; the adulteration steps; and the distribution from wholesale all the way down to the retail level and, finally, consumption. The actors involved are farmers or synthetic drug ‘cooks’, members of organised criminal groups, facilitators, corrupt officials, middlemen, professionals, whether complicit or not, specialists providing criminal services, dealers and consumers. In addition, the report considers the broader harms associated with drug markets and their impact on society. Reflecting upon the conclusions and recommendations of the first edition, we find that many are still relevant today, while some new themes are emerging. For example, the adaptable and opportunistic nature of organised crime remains a key challenge for law enforcement, often hampered by the refocusing of national priorities or the need to work with diminishing resources. Criminal elements respond to innovations and take advantage of their ready access to large amounts of cash to buy specialist services, such as the hacking of computer systems, or the latest communication equipment with secure encryption technologies. The internet continues to change how we live, and the recent developments of anonymising software and crypto-currencies such as ‘bitcoin’ offer new opportunities for online drug supply. Traditional trafficking routes persist, but diversification continues, and the routes appear to be less commodity specific than before, whilst legitimate transport and logistic infrastructures continue to be exploited, with maritime containers representing a convenient channel for large consignments of drugs coming to Europe. There has been progress on many of the recommendations, and the report was influential in informing EU policy initiatives in this area. Examples of the wide range of initiatives being undertaken both within the EU and internationally are included in the report, and considerable work has been undertaken to improve our knowledge of organised crime operations and to focus on the individuals and groups who are most harmful, but there still remains more to be done. In some areas there has been less progress and, as a result, work on these recommendations needs to continue; however, new challenges are also emerging. Our understanding of how criminal actors and activities in the drug market permeate our society has evolved to the point at which we can begin to describe it in some detail. Our 7 EU Drug Markets Report: In-depth Analysis analysis shows how drug markets are related to other criminal activities, and that they create a strain on government institutions and have a serious impact on legal business and the wider economy, not to mention negative effects on neighbourhoods, families and individuals.
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