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Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati : the Architect of Modern Odisha

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Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati : the Architect of Modern Odisha Odisha Review April - 2012 Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati : The Architect of Modern Odisha Dr. Prafulla Chandra Mohanty The Gajapati District in Odisha lies between 180 whose destinies swirled through the mighty arms 46’ N and 190 39’ North latitudes and longitudes of the Gangas, The Gangas, and the Gajapati of 830 48’ East. The district of Gajapati comprises Puri from about 6th century. Krusha Chandra one sub-division, three Tahasils and seven Blocks, Gajapati Narayan Dev, one of the real heroes of two Towns, one Municipality, one N.A.C, making the modern Odisha, belongs to the great hundred six Panchayats and Ganga dynasty. He was born on 460 inhabited villages. The 26th April 1892. His father was district is bounded in the North the king Goura Chandra Gajapati East by the Ganjam district, on Narayan Dev and the mother was the North by the Kandhamal Radhamani Devi. He had his early district in the West by the education at home under the Rayagada district, in the South direct supervision and guidance of by Srikakulam, a district of his father and mother. During his Andhra Pradesh. Now early education, Apanna, a Parlakhemundi is the district reputed teacher and author of Headquarters of the Gajapati many books was his private tutor. district. Parlakhemundi Syama Sundar Rajguru, the first Zamindari estate presently Oriya graduate of the then called Gajapati District presents Ganjam district was also his tutor. a most colourful historical and W. Taylor, the ex-Secretary and cultural panorama, spanning manager of the kingdom, had also over several centuries since it guided Krushna Chandra sprang in to existence as “Prabala Khemundo” Gajapati Narayan Dev during his early education. later corrupted in to Parlakhemundi means the To his misfortune Krushna Chandra lost his father ‘coral headed’. Paralakhemundi was the core and in 1905, his uncle Padmanava Dev in 1904 and honeycomb of the glorious ancient kingdom of his family teacher Syama Sundar Rajguru in 1909. Kalinga known to history from the days before Anyway, Krushna Chandra received his Ashoka and Kharavela (2nd Century B.C). It was secondary education in the Parlakhemundi extending from the Gangas to beyond Nellore, Maharaja’s High School. After completion of 6 April - 2012 Odisha Review matriculation he went to Madras to prosecute his He felt disappointed due to the alienation higher studies and joined in the Newington of his own estate Parlakhemundi and also the Residential College, an institution of special entire Ganjam district from political Odisha and category to educate the sons of kings and landed decided to work for bringing them together. At aristocrats. Mr. Cameran Morrison and Mr. Dela that time Madhusudan Das, Sri Ramachandra Hay were appointed as his tutors at Madras. Due Dev, the Raja of Khallikote and some of the to the un-time death of Maharaja Goura Chandra leaders of Odisha, started organising Odiyas to Gajapati, the father, Krushna Chandra was only unite together under a banner of Utkal Union of 12 years of age, a minor, so the zamindar went Conference. The Utkal Union Conference served to Court of Wards for administration and the best purpose of infusing a new light basing on remained till 1913. On 26th April, 1913 the nationalistic inspirations in the minds of Odiyas. coinciding birthday of Krushna Chandra, the Harihara Mardaraj, the Raja of Khallikote laid coronation ceremony was held in a very traditional the seed of Utkal Sammilani or (Union pomp and exuberance. He became the Raja of Conference) in the Rambha Palace in the year Parlakhamundi estate since then. 1902 A.D, which was really working for the awakening of Odiyas. Since 1902, the Utkal Parlakhemundi zamindari was one of the Union Conference were organized at different eighteen ancient zamindaries of Ganjam. The places for proposed Odisha in different times. The zamindars of Parlakhemundi, Peda-khemundi and important leaders were Madhusudan Das, China-khemundi claim descent from the Gajapati Ramachandra Bhanja Dev, the Maharaja of kings of Odisha. It is to note that both the Mayurbhanja, the chiefs of Dhenkanal, Khemundi estates originally belong to Keonjhara, Athagarah and Talacher, Sashibhusan Parlakhemundi in the name of Vijaya Nagar and Rath, the Raja of Surangi Biswanath Beborta Pratapgiri respectively. In 1835 A.D., the Patnaik and Baikunthanath Dey and many others. Gajapati Palace was built. Krushna Chandra On joining of Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati had great wisdom in administering his Gajapati after his coronation, the Conference took estate. It was a very critical time for the Odiyas a separate shape. The tenth session of the Utkal as they remained divided under four divisions such Union Conference was held at Parlakhemundi for as in Bengal, Bihar, Central Province and the two days in December, 1914 under the Madras Presidency. He realized that unless the presidentship of Shri Vikram Dev Varma, who Odiyas are united under one Government there later on became the Maharaja of Jeypore. The could be no use in crying for their development. Conference was well attended by Odiyas of all Right from his coronation, he had determined to Odiya-speaking tracts. The leading personalities do all possible good to his subjects as well as to of the Conference were Madhusudan Das, Fakir unite the Odiyas under one administrative head. Mohan Senapati, Gopabandhu Dash, Nilamani He utilized his full time and resources for Vidyaratna, Radhakrushna Das, Babaji, accomplishment of the ends. Sri Krushna Sashibhusan Ray and Rajas and Rajkumars of Chandra Gajapati selflessly wanted to awaken Madhupur, Tekilli, Manjusha, Tarala, Kanika and and unite the Odiyas, from the date of his host of others. Krushna Chandra Gajapati being coronation he earmarked a substantial amount the chief host of the Conference spent more than from his exchequer for the purpose. rupees ten thousand for organizing the Conference. 7 Odisha Review April - 2012 Madhusudan Das eulogized the Maharaja Philip Duff Committee for enquiring on the Oriya Krushna Chandra Gajapati for his organizing speaking tracts for unification in 1924. On 2nd ability, for the success of the Conference and for Nov, 1924, the Committee headed by Mr. C.L. his patriotism. Phillip, the then Political Agent of Orissa State On 28th Jan, 1914 the young Maharaja and Mr. A.C. Duff, the then collector of married the princess Nalini Devi, the daughter of Vizagapatnam visited Vizagapatanam and Raja of Kharsuan, Mahendra Narayan Singh Ganjam, and met the Raja of Parlakhemundi and Deo. During the First World War in 1916, he was all other landlords of Ganjam district, for a detailed made the Honarary Second Lieutenant of His enquiry. After the enquiry, the Committee came Majesty’s Indian Land Forces and was promoted to the conclusion that Odiya speaking areas of to the rank of a Captain subsequently. In 1918, Madras including Ganjam Agency and the title of ‘Raja Sahab’ was conferred upon him Vizagapatnam Agency should be amalgamated and was made hereditary in 1922. He was the with Odisha. The Committee members were of recipient of a rare Sanand in 1920 from the then the opinion that Mandasa, Tarala, Tekkali, Viceroy and Governor General of India, in Budarsingh, Jalantar and Parlakhemundi estates recognition of his services rendered to the Indian of Ganjam district should form a part in Orissa. Army during the Great War and as a mark of Krushna Chandra Gajapati had plunged in to the approbation. The title of ‘Maharaja’ again was Odia movement by organizing popular opinion, awarded to him, as a personal distinction by H.E. and had convinced the Philip Duff Committee of Lord Willingdom, the Viceroy and Governor the desire of the people of Ganjam to merge with General of India, in the year 1936. He was a Odisha. In the face of stiff national protest against member of the Royal commission on Agriculture the Simon Commission, Krushna Chandra under the chairmanship of H.E. Lord Linlithgow. Gajapati ventured to open dialogue with the He was also a member of Madras ledgislative Commission and made a special appeal at the Council. Honorary Doctorates were awarded to Commission for the creation of a separate state him by the Utkal and Berhampur Universities. The for Orissa. The members of Simon Commission prestigious knighthood award of K.C.I.E. was were so much impressed with the claim of Odisha also conferred on him by His Majesty, the king of and so appointed a sub-committee headed by England. He was one among the founding fathers Major Atlee to look after. Accordingly, the report of Indian Constitution, being a member of of Simon Commission published on 27th May, Constituent Assembly of India as well. His 1930 with the recommendations of making a contribution to horse-racing and his separate province, in 1930, Krushna Chandra encouragement for horse breeding in India are Gajapati contested the election of Madras notable. He was the proud owner of the celebrated Legislative Assembly from the Ganjam and champion English race-horse, Rock of Constituency and declared elected. He also Gibraltar and the famed Indian-bred, Balchand, became sole leader of Landholder’s Association the winner of the Indian Derby in 1957, to name of Madras. He represented Odisha in the 1st just a few. He was a senior member of the leading Round Table Conference in London and placed Race clubs as well as social clubs in the country. the demand for a separate Orissa Province on On the demands made by Utkal Union 12th Nov, 1930 and thus conference had its sittings Conferences, the British Government appointed up to 19th Jan, 1931. The Government of India 8 April - 2012 Odisha Review appointed a Committee under the chairmanship were not included in the said province. Following of Sir S.P.O’ Donnell, for the determination of this along with other leaders for amalgamation boundary of Orissa Province on 18th Sept, 1931.
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