Japan's New Order appeared in 1942. It is an attempt to explain the traumatizing recent military victories of Japan. What is Japan like? Godwin asks. How do her people think and how did they come to think this way? Japan's New Order is only 32 pages long but it covers substantial ground for its size: the origins of Japan's mythology of racial superiority, the influence of Shintoism, the medieval cult of the Samurai, the influence of the Dutch in the 1600s, the emulation of the Bismarckian Chancellor model in government, to mention only a fewJ As llsual in his many wide-ranging books (The Future of Canada; The Future ofCrime; Vancouver (i.e .Captain George Vancouver), a Life; The Great Mystics; Marconi, etc.) Godwin excels at bringing to light important sources which most readers might be unaware of. Perhaps chief of these is what Godwin calls 'the Japanese Mein Kampf') viz., the 1927 Memorial of General Tanaka to the Japanese Emperor. Here is a sample: "In the future, if we want to control China, we must fITst crush the United States; we must first crush the United States just as in the past we had to fight the Russo-Japanese War. But in order to conquer China, we must conquer Manchuria and Mongolia. In order to conquer the world, we must first conquer China. ( ... ) etc." (p. 24). In this reader's opinion the first page (po 3) is a model of eloquent, imaginative historical writing. The final page raises an interesting question: what will happen if Germany and Japan succeed in conquering the world? APAN'S NEW ORDER

By GEORGE GODWIN

No. 23 THE MODERN WORLD

There are many difficult problems facing thoughtful people at the present day-problems of which their fathers and grand­ fathers knew nothing. Emotionally minded ~~:~~~~~ folk often ~ry to solve ~he~ modern problems OF OUR by appealing to the llTational feelings that TROUBLES? ~ometim~s surg~ up within most o~ us. Yet, If we thmk things over calmly, It becomes obvious that what is needed in this twentieth century of our era is not more unrestrained emotion but more quiet reasonable­ ness. Wars, revolutions, and violent changes are fundamentally irrational processes, and if we want to help in creating a new world order free from these upheavals we must cultivate the arts of reason. The Rationalist Press Association is an organization which exists for such a purpose. During the forty years of its exist­ ence it has printed and sold more than four million cheap reprints of the works of the great constructive thinkers, besides hundreds of thousands of copies of new works on Science, History, Philosophy, and Biblical Criticism. The Thinker's Library is a recent series which has achieved great popUlarity. In it are included works by Aldous Huxley, H. G. Wells, J. B. S. Haldane, Havelock GREAT Ellis, John Langdon-Davies, Sir J. G. Frazer, BOOKS BY Lord Morley, Prof. A. Einstein, Bertrand GREAT Russell, Dr. Julian Huxley, etc. Current WRITERS matters of interest are dealt with in the un­ official monthly organ of the Association, The Literary Guide, and also in The Rationalist Annual, published every October. The R.P.A. is not, however, satisfied with what it has done. It believes that only by continual emphasis on the value of human reason can the world be brought to MUCH WORK sanity. More than ever, therefore, is it STILL TO BE DONE necessary that all who share this belief should become members of the Rationalist Press Association and induce others to do likewise. If you are in sympathy with the aims of the R.P.A. and appreciate the work it has done, and if you are wishful of assisting it to do better work in future, you should fill in the Membership Form on the third page of this cover. Requests for further information should be addressed to: The Secretary, Rationalist Press Asso­ ciation Ltd., 5 & 6 Johnsoo's Court, Fleet St., London, E.CA. JAPAN'S NEW ORDER

By GEORGE GOpWIN

LONDON: WATTS & CO., 5 & 6 JOHNSON'S COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C-4 First published 1942

THE THINKER'S FORUM

I. THE GOD OF WAR By joseph McCabe. 2. THE DANGER OF BEING AN ATHEIST. By A. Gowans Whyte. 3. TURKEY: THE MODERN MIRACLE. By E. W .•F. Tomlin. 4. SCIENCE-CURSE OR BLESSING? By Prof. H. Levy. 5. MAKE YOUR OWN RELIGION. • By A. Gowans vVhyte. 6. A YOUNG MAN'S MORALS. By Henry Ll. Cribb . . 7. WHY BE MORAL? By Hector Hawton. 8. THE GIDDY GOD OF LUCK. By Protonius. 9. THE ART OF ASTROLOGY. By Gemini. 10. PRIEST OR PHYSICIAN? By George Godwin. II. AFTER WAR-PEACE. By C. Delisle Burns. 12. THE CRISIS IN THE CHURCH. By Clericus. 13. DO WE WANT LIFE AFTER DEATH? By Arthur Ponsonby. 14. THE NAZI ATTACK ON INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE. . By joseph Needham, Sc.D., F.R.S. 15. THE BODY AS A GUIDE TO POLITICS. By Dr . W. B. Cannon. 16.. RUSSIA AND THE ROMAN CHURCH. By joseph McCabe. 17. THE VATICAN AND THE NAZIS. By joseph McCabe. 18. THE POPE AND THE ITALIAN. JACKAL. _ By joseph McCabe. 19. SCIENCE AND HUMAN PROSPECTS. By Prof. Eliot Blackwelder. 20. WARS OF IDEAS. By Muriel jaeger. 21. B.B-C. RELIGION. By Clericus. 22. THE RIDDLE OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION AND A NEW SOLUTION. By Adam Gowans Whyte, B.Sc.

Printed and Published in Great Britain for the Rationalist Press Association Limited by C. A. Watts & Co. Limited, 5 & 6 J ohnson's Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C·4, England. (f JAPAN'S NEW ORDER

EASTERN "HERRENVOLK" WAR with Gennany has for the British the familiarity of an old quarrel resumed with a well-known antagonist; but war with Japan has the element of apprehension which belongs to the unknown. We know, for example, how Germany conducts war. We know, on the authority of the International Red Cross, that, broadly speaking, even Nazi Germany adheres to the Geneva Convention and does not murder men taken in battle. But already we know that for Japan total war means total barbarity, including the massacre of prisoners of war and the rape of women cap­ tured with the fall of cities. Ethnologically, geographically, and culturally we are close to the Gennan enemy; but in each of these respects the Japanese are our dissimilar. In times of peace a British subject visiting Frankfurt for the Goethe Plays, or Bayreuth for the Wagner Musical Festival, feels no stranger than a man may do who visits blood relations. The scene, daily life, customs, speech-each reveals something of cultural or linguistic affiliations. He feels comfortable and at home. But the Englishman who witnesses the austere N6 Plays,. or watches the ceremonial of the Shrine of Ise, knows him­ self to be a stranger in a strange land, but no more a stranger than the German tourist at his side. The scene, often of exotic beauty; the daily life and customs, the precisely­ ordered formalism that touches all intercourse: these things reveal cultural origins remote from and alien to his own. The truth is that for most Europeans the real Japan has been remote as the mountains of the moon. This state of ignorance regarding one of the half-dozen most powerful States in the world has been brought about by two factors. First, the policy of Japan herself, who for nearly two and a half centuries severed all intercourse with the" Barbarians from the South"; secondly, the falsification which has characterized most writings by Europeans about Japan and the Japanese. These have given to plum and cherry 3 4 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER blossom, the tea ceremonial, the charm' of Japanese women, and the courtesy general throughout the country such prominence that the cult of the lie and double-dealing as an accepted technique for business and diplomatic purposes, the institution of child slavery through filial piety, and the complete absence of male restraint have been overlooked. That traditional expert witness to human folly, the Visitor from Mars, calling on our Earth Home to-day, would probably be baffled by the incongruities of the racial line-up, and might jot down something like this: "In the vast conflict now embroiling homo sapiens on Planet Earth the strangest feature is the racial incongruity of the allied nations of the two vast warring halves. For these are not aligned according to the logic of race, language, geographical distribution, or even to discernible material interests. On the contrary, vVhite and Yellow are unnatural allies against Yellow and White." Our Martian would, no doubt, say a great deal about beings who, in possession of a fertile planet, and having evolved to a stage of development at which the intellectual apparatus makes possible prodigious production of services and goods-universal wealth-pursue endemically the suicidal folly of fratricidal wars and, whenever the necessity for con­ ference and understanding arises, plunge perpetually into bloody battle. Now the revelation of Japan's armed might, the ferocity of her suddenly-launched aggression, and the series of dramatic conquests that have followed so swiftly have jolted the people of the Western world into the uncomfort­ able awareness that in Asia they are at war with a major Dictator State. To the layman it was unthinkable that a Power which could make no real conquest of China after four years of war could go through the strong defences of the British Empire in the East like a knife through ration cheese; yet it has come to pass. There may be many reasons for this, but common sense suggests that we should acquire some knowledge of the Japanese, and that we sh011ld appreciate the nature of the New Order that is their declared war objective . . The very first fact to be grasped-because it is fundamental in Japanese psychology-is the claim made in all sincerity JAPAN'S NEW ORDER 5 that the Japanese people are the race of races, the Herrenvolk of Herrenvolk; that they are of divine origin, and that their Emperor is god made manifest as man. The whole life of Japan centres about this anthropomorphic dogma, and it is probably true to say that Japan is the most united, the most homogeneous, nation on earth under the surface differences of her domestic political life.

THE STELLAR MYTH The legends of Japan cluster about and embalm a central myth: the story of the gods Izanami and Izanagi. Their story is a Creation Myth, and it relates the procreation by these divinities of the First Ancestor. The divine pair begat thirty-five offspring, but two only concern us, Susa­ no-O, god of storms; and Amaterasu 0 Mikami, goddess of the Sun. Susa-no-O goes quickly out of the mythological picture with adventures in the Underworld reminiscent of Orpheus. But he is important nevertheless, for, according to Shinto doctrine, it is from the excretions of this god that all othcr races of mankind descend. Amaterasu 0 Mikami also produced offspring, and in due course sent her grandson Ninigi-no-Mikoto from heaven to earth, to that "floating land" conjured from the void by Izanami and Izanagi. "This land," said the goddess, "is the region of which my descendants shall be forever the> lords. Go! and may prosperity attend thy dynasty, and may it, like Heaven and Earth, endure forever." Tlus legend, which appears to be a stellar myth, may seem remote indeed from what is happening in the Pacific area to-day. Yet for the crews of Japanese battleships and dive­ bombing 'planes, it is no legend at ~l, but history, and • true. When the Emperor Hirohito attended at the Shrine at Ise after the conquest of the Netherlands East Indies, he did so to acquaint Amaterasu in person of that auspicious event. Now, if the claim to be a Herrenvolk in a merely mortal way produces the kind of arrogance that Nazi Germany shows the world to-day, what may one not expect of a race that claims to be a Herrenvolk in a divine sense? This is a big question, and it suggests another-namely, what may 6 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER be expected of a marriage of convenience of two such parties? For the modern Japanese scientific knowledge has a value as truth conditioned by the sublime and eternal truths of his racial cult. And these, demonstrably, clash violently, revealing the astonishing capacity of the human intellect to give hospitality without discomfort to incompatible and mutually contradictory ideas. The Emreror of Japan, then, is not an ordinary mortal monarch, like King George VI; he is a living god.

THE SOLAR THRONE When King George VI leaves his palace in his capital daily life goes on as usual. When the Emperor of Japan leaves his palace the life of his capital is paralysed, for no man may remain at a higher level than the Emperor when he emerges from his palace. The persistence and vitality of Mikadoism show how real is the traditional Japan beneath the thin veneer of modernization. The explanation lies in her indigenous religion, Shintoism. Two religions have found a foothold in Japan: Shintoism, the main tenets of which are that Japan is the chosen country of the gods, that the Emperor descends in a direct line from Jimmu Tenno, first Emperor and fourth in direct line from the grandson of the goddess Amaterasu; and that the sole duty of a Japanese is to his Emperor and country. The pedigree of the Emperor of Japan is phenomenal, even in a land where the Family Register has always been a very important feature. It is one that must excite the envy of the College of Heralds in London, so often bogged at the fourth generation. Yet there it is: Jimmu Tennu, ascended the Throne of Japan, lIth February, 660 B.C.. Observe the precision: the lIth of February. Modern Japanese his­ torians prefer a date nearer 200 A.D. ! Shintoism might be likened to Druidism, and belongs to that cultural level. The second religion, Buddhism, came to Japan via China, which took it from· India. Its priests became rich and powerful; its ethic permeated the whole nation. Buddhism in Japan corresponds to Christianity in Europe. To these two must be added Confucianism, which, with its freedom from supernatural dogma, may be compared to Rationalism JAPAN'S NEW ORDER 7 in the West; it came to Japan as part and parcel of the Chinese State system. . These religions have had their ups and downs throughout the centuries, but Shintoism, with its two great stresses­ the imperial and racial divinity-is considered to have the deepest and strongest roots in the national character: it is, in fact, considered to be the birthright of every Japanese. It provides precepts of conduct only in so far as the indi­ vidual exists in relation to Emperor and State; it contains no private morality. Here, then, is the explanation of the abominations per­ petrated, first in China, and now throughout the length and breadth of East Asia, by the soldiery of Japan. The Ja~nese soldier, freed from the eye of his police, commits any atrocity; he has never known self-imposed discipline, and has no solid core of moral teaching. Christianity never rooted itself in Japan, for although Francis Xavier planted the Jesuits there, they were later driven out during a period of anti-foreignism. " No Christian influence was possible in Japan from the massacre of 1637 until after 1858," observes the Rev. A. C. Bouquet (Comparative Religion), and the same authority adds: "It is important to avoid exaggerating the size of the Christian community in Japan, for it is still only a small percentage of the population." . Whatever religion a Japanese professes, he reacts, in action, as a primitive Shintoist; and, whatever religion he professes he strives to square its creed with the claims of Shin toism in order that he may satisfy his deepest instinctive need-the worship of the Emperor and his own ancestors. Dr. Ebina, a Christian Japanese, quoted by Mr. A. Morgan Young in his excellent account of religion in Japan (The Rise of a Pagan State), provides a characteristic example of the sort of casuistry that follows conversions of this kind. "Though the encouragement of ancestor-worship," writes Dr. Ebina, "cannot be regarded as part of the essential teaching of Christianity, it (Christianity) is not opposed to the notion that, when the Japanese Empire was founded, its early rulers were in communication with the Great Spirit that rules the universe. Christians, according to the theory, without doing violence to their creed, may acknowledge that the Japanese nation has a divine origin. It is only 8 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER when we realize that the Imperial Ancestors were in close communion with God (or the gods) that we understand how sacred is the country in which we live." Professor Inazo Nitobe, of the Imperial University, who has done so much to popularize Bushido and indeed is credited with the invention of the term, sounds a similar note. " To us," he says, " the country is more than land and soil from which to mint gold or to reap gain-it is the sacred abode of gods, the spirits of our forefathers: to us the Emperor is more than the Arch Constable of a Rechtstaat, or even the patron of a Culturstaat-he is the bodily repre­ sentative of Heaven and earth, blending in his person its power and its message." This is pure Shintoism and, as Lafcadio Hearn (who married a Japanese lady and lived for many years in Japan) suggested, " probably the most pro­ found and powerful of the emotions of the race." 1 It is the spirit of Shintoism that rises to repel the advance of Western man into the East, of Shintoism, and all that it embraces with its centuries-long encrustations of perfected ritual and prescribed way of life, so remote and out of time for Western man and his gross materialism. It is Shintoism trumpeting the alarm at the advance into the East of Euro­ pean philosophy: science and technique she has harnessed to her own ends. The central fact is that for the over­ whelming masses of the Japanese people Shintoism is the true and paramount religion, and its central reality the Heavenly Throne whose occupant is a divinity. In his Commentaries on the Constitution of Japan-which he himself drafted-the late Marquis Ito has this: "The Sacred Throne was established at the time when the heavens and the earth became separated. The Emperor 'is Heaven­ descended, divine and sacred." This is the cardinal fact concerning the Japanese that must be thoroughly under­ stood by her enemies-her claim to racial uniqueness. For from it proceed logic;:ally the claims of her New Order and its scope-world dominion.

THE HERMIT STATE There is a rhythm in Japanese history, an alternation between quiescence and isolationism, and progress and foreign intercourse. The process of modernization, consequently, 1 Koko-ro. JAPAN'S NEW ORDER 9 was not a gradual one, but spasmodic, and it profoundly influenced the development of Japan, for it was the differ­ ence between the sustenance of regular meals and alternating starvation and surfeiting, and the result has been some­ times nausea and sometimes chronic indigestion. Japan's first real contact with the outside world, other than pirate affrays against the Chinese seaboard, was her invasion of the Kingdom of Korea under the legendary Empress-Regent Jingo. Korea, a decayed Orient Greece, was made to pay tribute. Her representatives visited Japan periodically for that purpose. In their train cam~ scholars, philosophers, teachers of the Buddhist religion, Civil Ser­ vants, craftsmen, and workers in metals and fabrics. A war of aggression had paid dividends in culture to the aggressor. Throughout the fifth and sixth centuries a Japan largely nomadic and barbarian became civilized. Side by side with this cultural advance there developed a militant feudal system and a peculiar division of the-divine imperial function under which the Emperor became little more than an invisible symbol. Political power wa exercised by a succession of families who seized power and created in the course of time a virtual dual throne, taking care always to utilize the divine prerogatives of the Emperor to their own ends. Roughly from the seventh to the nineteenth centuries Japan ceased serious intercourse with foreigners; it was the policy of seclusion of the last two centuries (seventeenth to nineteenth), as Professor Hindmarsh observes (Basis of Japanese Foreign Policy), which made possible continuity of natural development and the production of ·a homo­ geneous people. It was during the latter period of seclusion that there developed the code since widely advertised by the Japanese propagandists as Bushido or the Teaching of Knightly Ways. It is supposed to provide a guarantee of chivalry and, as such, was the verbal guarantee offered by the Commander­ in-Chief when Singapore fell. Bushido entails blind loyalty to a superior (note, not to an inferior or equal); in the name of loyalty any crime or vice is condoned. This development resembled in many ways the cult of the body as against the cultivation of the mind, as preached and practised in Nazi Germany. To be tough, never by word Az 10 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER or gesture to betray hurt, to excel in all manner of military exercises, and to be prepared at any moment to fight to the death for the Emperor or to expiate disgrace by suicide: these were the ideals set before generations of Japanese youth. The militant feudalism which developed from the end of the twelfth century and was ushered in by the creation of the title Sei-i-tai-shogun (Great Barbarian Subduing General) in favour of Kamakura, only once in four centuries had to face foreign aggression-namely, when Kublai Khan made his two abortive attempts to conquer Japan (1275 and 1281). The Ashikaga family and other great Shoguns remained the uncrowned rulers of Japan for four centuries, now and then throwing up great figures. Of these, Japan's" Napoleon," Hideyoshi, has the dis­ tinction of being the first Japanese ruler to envisage a New Order for Japan. He became master of Japan in 1577, and declared that he would conquer Kyushu (southernmost island in the Japanese archipelago and then in a state of civil war). " When that is effected," he said, "I shall conquer next Korea and finally China. The three countries-China, Korea, and Japan-will then be one. I shall do it all as' easily as a man rolls up a piece of matting and carries it under his arm." . Hideyoshi cleaned up Kyushu (despatching all the Chris­ tians whose headquarters were on the island), and he pro­ ceeded to im[ade Korea, succeeding at the second attempt. But before China fell to him he died. These early exploits of a Japanese military genius reveal the ~ngredient of audacity in the Japanese character, and its innate im­ perialism. Iyeyasu, Hideyoshi's successor, decided that Japan was being victimized by the pioneers who were swarming into the country from the west-Portuguese, Spaniards, Dutch, and En~lish-and all on the make; he decided to expel them, and proceeded to do so. By Decree of 1637 all foreigners were excluded from Japan and all Japanese for­ bidden to leave the Islands. This decree, and others that followed it-the Exclusion Laws-converted Japan into a Hermit State sealed to the influences of the Western world; and the country remained in this mollusc condition for more than two centuries. Completely cut off from the outside world JAPAN'S NEW ORDER II until 1853, Japan missed the boat throughout the period when the Western nations were exploring the earth and annexing to themselves those parts of it which they found to their liking. While Britain, the Netherlands, France, Spain, and Portugal were colonizing,. Japan, obliviQus to all but the internal life of her realm, lived through the centuries in static calm, with a stationary population kept down by infanticide, a feudal government, and the ideology of the Dark Ages. Through only one little window did her people get a glimpse of the outside world-through Deshima, the small island the Dutch were permitted to colonize. It was the Dutch who taught the Japanese engineering, mining, mathe­ matics, medicine, and much else, and their language became for the high-class Japanese of the period the cultural flourish that good French remains for the English-speaking world. We know now what reward was reserved for the Dutch for these great services to Japan. Though the Dutch did much for Japanese culture during the long period of isolation, the Japanese retained their fear and hatred of the foreign "barbarian." The story of Hideyoshi's agent and the Spanish pilot was still remem­ bered. The pilot's ship had run aground, and the Japanese was curious to know how so small a land as Spain had come to control an empire so vast. "Oh," replied the pilot, "that is quite simple. First we send to those countries we wish to conquer a large number of Christian missionaries to convert the heathen. Then we send troops, who com­ bine with the converts. After that our kings have very little trouble in completing the business." I t was when Hideyoshi received a report of this exchange that he moved against the Christians in Japan. And soon thereafter Japan withdrew from the world as completely as any anchorite of the Thebaid. But, as happens with all who fear and turn from the thing feared, there began the process of autophagy, for every organism must draw either upon itself for sustenance or upon sources of nutrition from without. Thus, while the tempo of life quickened through­ out the WOrld, that of Japan remained at the medieval level. There has been nothing like it in history, except Thibet. 12 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER

THE BLACK SHIP So recently has Japan, the last Child of the Aged Earth, acquired the three R's of modern civilization that when on July 8, 1853, Commodore Perry steamed with an American squadron into Tokio Bay and" bust the country open," he found a land without railways, telegraphs, postal system, newspapers (not even to preach the doctrine of Isolation I), no properly constituted law-courts or machinery for adminis­ tering justice, no system of education, no merchant marine, no fleet, no army, no Civil Service, and no proper govern­ ment. When Commodore Perry stepped ashore he stepped back four centuries in time. He found himself and his fellows regarded with intense fear and hatred, along with every other manifestation of human life from beyond the Isles of Japan. He was Modern Man planked down in the middle of the medieval scene, and it must have been an experience almost as curious as that of Gulliver among the Lilliputians. For the inhabitants, wildly dashing about with huge curved swords and clanking armour, Perry and his Black Ships were the materialization of the age-old dread of Japan-the foreigner from across the water, about which one of the most popular of folksongs sang: Thro' a black night of cloud and rain, The Black Ship plies her way- An alien thing of evil mien- Across the waters grey. Down in her hold there labour men Of jet black visage dread; While, fair of face, stand by her guns, Grim hundreds clad in red. With cheeks half hid in shaggy beards, Their glance fixed on the wave, They seek our Sun Land at the word Of captain owlish-grave. Wbile loud they come-the boom of drums And songs in strange uproar; And now with flesh and herb in store, Their powers turn towards the western shore. And slowly floating onward go These Black Ships, wave-tossed to and fro. (Dr. Nitobe's translation.) Perry was able to convince the Japanese that the moment JAPAN'S NEW ORDER 13 had arrived when it was necessary for their country to return to the world. On March 31,1854, he signed a Treaty of Commerce with the Shogun of the Tokugawa regime then in power. The writer is unaware where the Treaty was signed, but if it was done on the barrel of one of the guns of the American flagship, then the place was appropriate: for the treaty was extorted by force majeure. Yet Perry contrived the difficult business well and won the good will of the Japanese before his mission was com­ pleted. And thenceforth, force majeure became for the mazed Japanese mind the new idea from the West, for somehow it contained the answer to the riddle of the vast external world, then uncovered to the eyes of Japan for the first time. How had England, an island smaller than the Isles of Japan, become the master of India? Answer: by force. How had the Western nations grabbed so much of China? And again the answer was the same. In short, wherever the Japanese looked with their unaccustomed eyes, it was the same. British, Dutch, French, Spanish-all had acquired great empires by the force of the sword. rr No sooner was the conclusion of the commercial treaty between the United States and the military magistrate of Japan reported to the West than the other Powers struggled to extort the same privilege from the islanders ' '-thus Pro­ fessor Hindmarsh, who sees in this scramble to make money out of Japan the dynamic of the national fusion that followed hard upon it and led to the end of the feudal age and the birth of a modern State. THE RESTORATION Nothing unites a nation more effectively than fear of foreign aggression. And it was fear of the barbarians at her gate which aroused in Japan an intensity of national sentiment, a passionate patriotism which instinctively turned to the eternal central symbol, the person of the Emperor. Medievalism fell from her like a shed kimono, revealing two great needs. First, the end of the Shogunate, absolute and arbitrary, and the restoration to functional activity of the Emperor. Secondly, a form of government on lines similar to those models provided by the Western Powers. The one was, in a sense, a regression, since it 14 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER intensified rather than modified the traditional conception of the Emperor as a divinity descended from the Snn goddess Amaterasu 0 Mikami. But the urge was instinctive, and remains as strong to-day as ever. The second provides a first-rate example of the Japanese genius for taking and remodelling alien institutions to her own needs. The drafting of the new Constitution was entrusted to the Marquis Ito, sometimes referred to as Japan's Solon. His task was to decide, first, which of the existing con­ stitutions best suited the problem of Japan, and next how so to modify it as to make it a workable instrument of government for the new, emergent Japan. The Japanese statesman travelled to the West. He rejected the American model for the same reason that he turned from the British: both were democratic, whereas Ito was looking for the democratic form in which to clothe his autocratic conception of the ideal instrument. Germany gave him the thing he wanted; for Bismarck, whom he met and admired, had devised for the new Prussian State a constitution which dis­ played the political technique of making A look like B. Bismarck's constitutional government for the Bund was one that included a Cabinet uncontrolled by the legislature and answerable for its actions only to the Crown, the Ministers being the Crown's servants alone. Considering the Germanic Confederation, Ito noted at once the circumstance that there was a minister-the Chan­ cellor-and not a ministry; and that that minister was answerable only to the Crown. Ip. other words, that Bis­ marck, beneath the cloak of a popular government, was virtual Dictator of the new Reich. And he asked himself how Bismarck had achieved this power and position, and he found the answer in the Iron Chancellor's own words­ by a policy of " Blood and Iron." This term, as we shall see in a moment, bit deep into the political consciousness of the newly awakened Japan and occurs in the Tanaka Memorial, one of the most interesting political testaments ever brought to light. The last of the Shoguns went out of office in November, 1867, and thus brought about the new era of imperial I splendours so long in eclipse. In 18go the new Constitu­ tion was promulgated: Japan had executive, legislature, and judiCIary. It may be said in truth that this Con- JAPAN'S NEW ORDER IS stitution was" made in Germany," and from that date to this the power politics of Germany have exercised a never­ failing fascination for the Japanese political mind. Of the changes which came to Japan with the opening of her doors to the world Nitobe writes: " The daily routine of life was suddenly changed. No use any more for swords and spears, even for the Samurai. If he wished to be a warrior other weapons were now to be manipulated. If he desired to become a scholar other books than the Confucian Classics were to be studied. For, with the opening of the country to foreign intercourse, the whole scheme of life and the institutions of the land were subjected to violent trans­ formation. We had to take new bearings in every sphere of activity." The same writer also notes the effect upon Japan of the widespread use of military and naval force by the Powers of the Western world; and Sir Frederick Whyte in his first­ rate booklet, Japan's Purpose in Asia, writes: "They [the Japanese] had been able to make some study of the sources from which the Powers of Europe drew their material strength. They had drawn their own conclusions from the success with which these Powers had established themselves in Asia. Being themselves Asiatics they foresaw the same fate for Japan, unless they could learn the European secret of power and use it to make Japan secure from European aggression. " The central lesson Japan learned from the history of the Western world was that if you want something you take it; and if the owner resists, you take it by force. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION · During her hermit period Japan had a population, mainly rural, of thirty million. Between 1875 and 1924 it almost doubled. The period was that of the introduction of machines, and they produced economic changes comparable with those that attended the Industrial Revolution in England. There was an upward movement in fecundity, and there was a move from the fields to the factories. All the evils that attended the Industrial Revolution in 16 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER England were repeated in Japan. There were no factory laws, no unions, no workman's compensation, and the system of labour has been described by a Japanese, K. K. Kawakami, in The Political Ideas oj Japan: _ " An army of children and women are mercilessly employed in factories, oftentimes under the lash of heartless overseers .... Piety, generosity, mercifulness, and, above all, self-sacrifice, which have descended from the knighthood of the olden Japan, are constantly giv­ ing way to the greed of gain and the aspiration for wealth." It was the period of internal ferment in the economic sphere and also in the realm of ideas. Japan, again open to the world, was like a man who, having eaten nothing for a long time, proceeds to eat too much, too fast. The prime factors of her situation became clear: the rapid rise in the population statistics had created a real Lebensraum problem. Next, th~ growing need for world markets for the increasing output of cheap goods became urgent. When the Emperor Meiji was restored there were twelve cities in Japan the total populations of which did not much exceed two millions of the country's total, thirty­ nine millions. By 1925 Japan had fifty-five cities and an aggregate of urban dwellers of over twelve 'millions.

LEBENSRAUM As has been indicated, the Napoleon of Japan, the great military ruler, Hideyoshi, had ambitions that extended to the Asiatic mainland, and the ability to pursue them. But his premature death ushered in the Seclusion period and caused the centuries-long hiatus in Japan's pursuit of terri­ torial conquest. With the Restoration and the inculcation of the philosophy of force, as exemplified by the Western world, Japan resumed her territorial programme. The New Japan at once assumed the leadership of Eastern Asia, and formulated claims for Asiatic hegemony and the control of the Pacific Ocean. It brought her into armed conflict with the somnolent and amorphous giant China; she secured Formosa; she began to prate, like any Whitehall, Quai D'Orsay, or Wilhelmstrasse oracle, of "spheres of influence,"

(f equality of opportunity," and the like. 1 lAPAN S NEW ORDER 17 Already before the turn of the century Japan's ambitions were startling; and, in retrospect, it is astonishing to find how little they broke into the sabbatarian calm of the Western chancelleries, for whom the self-assertive Yellow newcomer was an upstart of tin-pot quality. It was an attitude that arose from ignorance of the East, an ignorance so widespread that it was possible for an ex-waiter from the south of France to hoodwink Oxford University into sub­ sidizing a translation of the Bible into the Formosan language, an imposture (there being no such language) it required two years to unmask. Considering that Japan had never seen a railway until the last decades of the nineteenth century, it is amazing how swiftly her military people grasped the significance of rail­ ways in war. They were far quicker to do this than were our own experts to visualize the revolution in war which was implicit in the conquest of the air. The Russian infiltration to the East irked Japan in several ways. It suggested strongly a competitor for a terrain to which she aspired, both as protagonist of Asiatic hegemony and as candidate for Asiatic mainland Lebensraum; and it constituted a clear threat from the military viewpoint. The territory involved in the rivalries being vast, manreuvres for position were centred on control of transport. Here Japan's whole foreign policy was directed to railway control and, later, to the construction of military lines which would serve her in the war which she saw to be inevitable. During the Boxer Rebellion, Russia went into Manchuria. Ito, at that time Japan's outstanding man, wanted to make a deal-Manchuria to Russia, Korea to Japan. But, just as the AUied nations failed to realize the strength and the purpose of Japan in the years immediately before tlte present war, so Russia dealt her cards as though playing with a tyro. For the soft-living and ignorant diplomats of St. Petersburg the Japanese were what they have been for Americans also-" dirty little monkeys." Far from making a deal, Russia took Manchuria and proceeded to infiltrate into Korea . . Japan had always regarded Korea, which points south to Kyushu, the southernmost island of the Japanese archi­ pelago, as an essential shield, but one easily convertible into a weapon in the hands of an enemy. The Russian occupa- I8 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER tion of Manchuria threatened Korea, and when De Witte began to furnish Russian officers to. the Korean army his ultimate plan was plain. In Ig04 Japan declared war on Russia. To Western statesmen the notion that Japan could do much against Russia by force of arms seemed -absurd. Her resounding victory, proving her soldiers first-class fighters and her leaders, military and naval, highly skilled and often brilliant men, startled the whole world into sudden awareness that a new and formidable force had appeared in Power Politics. No less clever was the work done at that time by Japan in diplomacy. With a Constitution on the German model, and with Germans teaching her the arts of war and peace, it would have seemed natural for Japan, at this juncture, to have turned to the Western exponent of Blood and Iron. But the Japanese character is realistic, and her foreign policy at that time was dictated by military-or, rather, naval-needs. _ Japan's position in the East resembled not a little that of England in the West. Both were- islands existing by virtue of the freedom of the seas which secured the sea-lanes for their vital trade. Both had need to keep those sea-lanes secure. Here Japan faced a difficulty. During the Exclu­ sion Period the building of deep-sea craft had been forbidden, so that, at the Restoration, Japan had nothing but her fish­ ing fleets. That by Igo4 she had built up, by purchase and home construction, an impressive naval strength was a sur­ prise for her Russian antagonist and for the world at large. Even so, before the outbreak of war, Japan saW the need of an alliance with a first-class maritime Power, and she chose Britain. The Treaty of Ig02 was an alliance that provided Japan with a powerful referee for her fight with Russia and secured the ring for her against interference by a third Power. The Anglo-Japanese alliance Was important in another way, for it put Japan in the position of the lower fourth-form boy who is invited to dine with the Head. In other words, as an ally of Great Britain, her equality was implied and her new and glittering status as a first-class Power endorsed by the most impressive signature in international business. Now powerful, and forging ahead, and with that elan which comes naturally to a people victorious in arms, Japan JAPAN'S NEW ORDER announced her adherence to the "open door" policy for ,., Eastern Asia, but was brutally clear about "spheres of ,t}- influence." These were to be her pigeon, and hers alone. • Asia for the Asiatics! Meaning: Asia as the happy hunt- g-grOUnd of the exploiting Japanese, the Herrenvolk organ­ izing efficient and secure Lebensraum for a phenomenal population increment. ~ But let nobody blame Japan for this. Had she not seen the fate of other Asiatic nations? Had she not good reason for supposing a like fate would be in store for her, failing a vigorous foreign policy to forestall it? cJ JAPAN IN THE' WAR OF 1914-18 For Japan, the War of 1914-18 was what the absence of - the farmer is to the greedy boy watching the orchard­ opportunity. Here was a heaven-sent chance to continue the process of ousting the Europeans from China and for the furthering of the old design (going back to the sixteenth century) for Asiatic hegemony. The essential weakness of the New Japan was lack of certain foreign markets. China, with all European interests' eradicated, meant for Japan a dumping-ground without saturation point. Directly the blood-letting began in Europe, she became • ~usy. Shantung was seized at once. Next came the big ~ question of securing control of China. How, then? By the \'roo method of peaceful penetration whereby the White races ., had secured the two American Continents, Africa, the Indies, 11) East and West, Australia, and the rest? The idea did not ~'" appeal to men impatient of long-term policies and with the '( blood of a militaristic feudal caste in their veins. The situa­ tion demanded a new formula. It was found in the " Co­ operation for Prosperity" cry, the German version of which is, perhaps, best understood by the men of Vichy. China was to take it, or to be made to take it-and like it. This charming advance, wrapped up in the tinsel paper of a promised absolute national independence, took the form of the Twenty-one Demands of 1915. They included, inter alia, vast trading concessions, undertakings by China to rid herself of the Whites, railway concessions, a joint arsenal n(, and a joint police, and Japanese" advisers." It was, in a word, the sort of friendly co-operation with which e • has since become familiarized by Nazi Germa . --;:br ar ~..... V y~ I 20 JAPAN'S NEW ORDJ!R Peking resisted. Japan removed the mask and presented the ultimatum, which was, for her military leaders, merely the one-ahead move in a thought-out game of chess. This time Peking climbed down. The China War of I894, the Russian War of I904, and the line up against Germany in I914, all dove-tailmto a single design, as pieces manipulated towards the completion of " Asia for the Asiatics," which all Asiatics knew to mea,n Asia for the Japanese. While the new Japan sparkled upon the scene like a polished brass button, China appeared covered with the mildew of the ages. Japan felt that something had to be done about it, for the New Order in Asia could not tolerate this vestigial ancient civilization in which the processes of decay and disintegration were revealed by symptoms that since have brought about the fall of France: corruption, lack of patriotism, a,nd supine fatalism. So, in I9I5, Japan cast China for the rOle of satellite State and "Co-operator in the New Order," precisely as Germany to-day casts the not-altogether unwilling France for the same r6le. It was a policy that jeopardized the White interests in Asia and, as such, aligned the United States and Great Britain against Japan soon after. AND AFTERWARDS Japan came to Paris holding out a large empty platter and with every visible sign of a hearty, healthy appetite for a meal of the spoils of war. She appeared again at Wash­ ington in I922. But on both occasions she left without those sensations of repletion which alone would have satisfied her. She had become a permanent member of the Council of the League; but she had been forced to renounce Shantung. She obtained from Germany the Carolines and the Marshall Group, in the Pacific, but what she had not secured-and this bit deep-was recognition of racial equality. Her representatives retired with wounded amour propre, and it is safe to say the resentment then felt has never ceased to rankle in the hearts of men claiming divine descent and dealing only in condescensi6n with the inferior White races. Soon the New Japan was to cast off these Western ideas and go her own way towards the development of her New Order. Her contempt for the pretensions of the Western JAPAN'S NEW ORDER 21 Powers was increased when she made the discovery that she was not to be interfered with when she went into Manchuria in I931 and there set. up the puppet State which was to serve her purpose against Russian aggressio!'i and was a flank-turnin~ manceuvre against China. And, again, when in I937 she mvaded China and saw that Western aid to the Republic was to be limited to non-belligerency with even material aid withheld for a while by the closing of the supply route, the Burma Road, at her demand. Little wonder that, from Tokio, the policies of the Western world look a little shop-soiled morally. Less wonder still that Japan sees underlined for her the lesson implicit in it all-namely, that force hitherto has been the sole reality in a world of lip-service to the ideal of international peace and justice. Remarked a former Japanese Minister to Paris, M. Motono: .. As long as we consecrated ourselves to the work of an intensive civilization, as long as we produced only men of letters, men of knowledge and artists, you treated us as barbarians. Now that we have learned to kill, you call us ' civilized." And who can say that the r€proach was unmerited? It was a Frenchman, Dr. Paul-Louis Couchoud, who could write of the Japanese: '.! Here is evidenced the miracle of Japan: an artistic sensibility which is so highly refined umted to an immutable military discipline; an island of poets which is the most united nation of to-day." Japan saw that while the masterpieces of Sessu left the Western world unimpressed, her victory in the China War of 1895 made more impression than the foregoing thirty years of peaceful progress. The only contribution, it seemed to her, understood by the Western world was the skilful application of force. And she was happy to take from that Western world, about the ultimate fate of which she had long had her own ideas, battleships and guns in exchange for her own harmless and tawdry products. It was in this way that the White peoples shaped witlessly the thongs of the whip that now cuts mercilessly into their flesh. It was in this way that the superior exponents of Christianity sought to teach the Shintoist barbarians the meaning of civilization. Nations, Tokio observed, were classified .. in accordance with the size and efficiency of armies and navies and industrial systems, and the success 22 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER of policies of imperialistic expansion." "The first lesson that the West gave to Japan," said Nitobe, "was that of self-defence by arms and the necessity of being armed." The crux is, it is now becoming daily more clear, that these elementary lessons in the technique of imperialism which the West gave gratuitously to the East were to a pupil with terms of moral reference about which the teacher had no inkling. For the Japanese remain, what they always were, Shintoists-that is to say, worshippers of a divine Emperor and of a divine State, whose good transcends all competing claims from the world of Western man. To grasp the psychology of an enemy animated by a religious cult such as this may well seem as important in war as the study of ordnance maps. Without a map to the mind of Japan, those who fight her face an enemy whose reactions they can never accurately gauge, and the source of whose dynamic must remain forever obscure to them.

THE TANAKA MEMORIAL A document of first-rate importance which came to light some years ago has a close bearing upon the present war. It is known as the Tanaka Memorial. The Japanese claim that it is a forgery; the Chinese that it is authentic. Setting aside for the moment the question of authenticity, the Memorial is significant, as Mein Kampf is significant, because the programme it lays down is being meticulously followed. This is, of course, a very strong argument in favour of the Memorial's authenticity; and, in view of the renowned mendacity of the Japanese, the official denial is not very important. The Tanaka Memorial is a document of some twelve thousand words-about the length of this pamphlet. It is therefore not possible to do more than quote from it passages that have been made doubly significant by the events of the last war. The Memorial was submitted to the Emperor of Japan by General Baron Tanaka and carries the date July 25, 1927. It is a secret Memorial concerning Manchuria, Mongolia, China, the United States of America, and the World, sub­ mitted by General Tanaka, Premier, to the Emperor of Japan. . The Memorial is stated to be the result of a conference JAPAN'S NEW ORDER 23 held on June 27-July 7, 1927, which was attended by civil and military officers connected with Manchuria and Mongolia to consider plans for colonization of the Far East and the development of a new Continental Empire. Of the hated Nine-Power Treaty, which for Japan was the mess of pottage pressed on to her at Washington in 1922 in exchange for the honest value of a British Alliance, the Memorial says: "The very existence of our country is endangered, and unless the obstacles are removed our national existence will be insecure and our national strength will not increase." This is, among other things, a reference to the power ratio fixed for the United States, Great Britain, and Japan-namely, 5 : 5 : 3-one bitterly resented by Japan. Of the Chinese in Manchuria the Memorial says: " Hordes of them move into the Three Eastern Pro­ vinces every year, numbering in the neighbourhood of several millions. They have jeopardized our acquired rights in Manchuria and Mongolia to such an extent that our annual surplus population of 800,000 have no place to seek outlet. . . . If we do not devise plans to check the influx of Chinese immigrants immediately, in five years' time the number of Chinese will exceed six millions." The above passage sounds the ever-recurrent Lebensraum motif in the Japanese New Order Syrilphony. The Nine­ Power Treaty was execrated throughout Japan from the Emperor down. General Tanaka was sent to Europe on a mission to sound opinion in the Chancelleries. He then learnt that the Treaty emanated from the United States, and that the United States alone was adverse to the increase in Japanese influence in Manchuria and Mongolia. .. This attitude," comments the Memorialist, .. I found out per­ sonally from the political leaders of England, France, and Italy." General Tanaka went home with the intention to abrogate the Treaty forthwith in order to free the hands of the New Japan to press forward her Asiatic mainland colonization. But" the Seiyukai Cabinet fell and the matter was not pursued. Here, as a side-light on the mentality of even the most modern of Japanese, General Tanaka's account of his attempted assassination in China on his way home is of 24 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER interest. "I returned," he wrote, "by way of Shanghai. At the wharf there a Chinese attempted to take my life. An American woman was hurt, but I escaped by the divine protection of my Emperors of the past. It seems that it was by divine will that I should assist Your Majesty to open a new era in the Far East and to develop a new and conti­ nental Empire." Next, and in somewhat bizarre juxtaposition to the im­ mediately foregoing, comes this passage: " For the sake of self-protection, as well as the pro­ tection of others, Japan cannot remove the difficulties in Eastern Asia unless she adopts a policy of " Blood and Iron." But in carrying out this policy we have to face the United States.... In the future, if we want to control China, we must first crush the United States; we must first crush the United States just as in the past we had to fight the Russo-Japanese War. But in order to conquer China, we must conquer Manchuria and Mongolia. In order to conquer the world, we must first conquer China. If we succeed in conquering China the rest of the Asiatic countries and the South Seas countries will fear us and surrender to us. Then the world will realize that Eastern Asia is ours and will not dare to violate our rights. This is the Plan left to us by the Emperor Meiji, the success of which is essential to our national existence. " It was the intention of England and America to crush our influence in China with their power of wealth. England can afford to talk about trade relations only because she has India and Australia to supply her with foodstuffs and other materials. So can America, because South America and Canada are there to supply her needs. Their spare energies could be entIrely diverted to developing trade in China to enrich them­ selves. But in Japan her food supplies and raw materials decrease in proportion to her popUlation. If we merely hope to develop trade, we shall eventually be defeated by England and the United States, who possess unsur­ passable capitalistic power. . . . A more dangerous factor is the fact that the people of China might some day wake up .... When we remember that the Chinese are our sole customers, we must beware lest one JAPAN'S NEW ORDER 25 day, when China becomes unified and her industries become prosperous, Americans and Europeans will com­ pete with us and our trade in China will be ruined.... "The way to gain actual rights in Manchuria and Mongolia is to use the regime as a base and, under the' pretence of trade and commerce, penetrate the rest of China. Armed by the rights already secured, we shall seize the resources all over the country. Having China's resources at our disposal we shall proceed to conquer India, the Archipelago, Asia Minor, Central Asia, and even Europe . ... "But to get control of Manchuria and Mongolia is the first step if the Yamato race wishes to distinguish themselves [sic] on Continental Asia. Final success belongs to the country having food supply; industrial prosperity belongs to the country having food supply; and prosperity belongs to the country having raw materials: the full growth of national strength belongs to the country having extensive territory." Of Japan's Manchurian policy the Memorial says: "When their numbers [the Koreans] reach two and a half millions, they can be instigated to military activities whenever there is the necessity, and under the pretence of suppressing the Koreans we could bear them aid. As not all the Koreans are naturalized Chinese, the world will not be able to tell whether it is the Chinese Koreans or the Japanese Koreans who create the trouble. We can always sell god's meat with a sheep's head as sign-board." On the Suolun-Taonan Railway the Memorial comments: "Looking into the future of Japan, a war with Russia over the plains of North Manchuria is inevit­ able. . . . This line will not only enable us to threaten Russia's rear, but also to curtail its reinforcements for North Manchuria .... Our hope of working hand in hand with the Mongolian princes, of acquiring land, mines, pasturage, and of developing trade with the natives as preliminary steps for later penetration, all depend upon this railway." Observing that the riches are in the hands of the Mon­ golian princes, the Memorial adds: JAPAN'S NEW ORDER " If we can gain possession of them first, we need have no worries about Chinese migration; no Chinese footprints will be found on Mongolian territory." After analysing the strategic value of other railways on the mainland, the Memorialist remarks: "When we are in control of this great system of transportation, we need make no secret of our design on Manchuria and Mongolia .... The Yamato race is then embarked on the journey of world conquest." YAMATO PSYCHOLOGY Who are the Yamato people referred to by Tanaka? They are the Japanese. Yes; but who are the Japanese? To the flowery version of the origin of the Japanese fostered by Shinto there is an alternative, less flattering perhaps, and certainly more mundane. The generally accepted opinion would appear to be that the first inhabitants of the Islands were neolithic Pigmies, the smallness of whose stature. is deduced from the lowness of their cave-dwellings. These Pigmies were succeeded by the Ainu, whom Dr. Griffis,l an authority, believes to have originated in India. These newcomers drove the Pigmies northwards. From them derive the root stock of the modern Japanese. Other strains are believed to have been infused by the introduction of Malayan blood by way of the Kino-Shiwo, or Black Stream, which behaves in the waters of the Eastern Pacific as the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic, following, past the Philippines, a northerly course. - Later invasions from the North are thought to have introduced a Mongol strain per­ ceptible in the Japanese upper classes to the present day. At best it all seems fairly conjectural, but no one has ever suggested any powerful ethnic link between the peoples of China and J ap~n; at least their differences appear to be as important as their similarities. That there is a Malay streak in the Japanese is suggested by physical and psychological characteristics and by social customs. The Japanese has become a by-word in the West for inscrutability and a calm-and sometimes devastating­ imperturbability. He is regarded as cold and cunning; whereas in many respects he is highly nervous and emotional 1 The Mikado's Empire. JAPAN'S NEW ORDER 27 and volatile, even to the point of hysteria, and of childlike naivete in his attempts to dissimulate and deceive. His self-control is due to the inculcation of the Stoic tenets of Shinto, and, perhaps, it represents what the psychologists term over-compensation for feelings of inferiority. For it is not possible that any race consciously superior, as for ex­ ample the British, who are in this respect everywhere insufferable as seen by other nationals, could be so thin­ skinned and susceptible to insult and loss of face as are the Japanese. But if a sense of inferiority explains Japan's arrogance and the conceit of her people, it is unconscious, for consciously the claim to a unique racial super-excellence is honestly and sincerely held by every subject of the heaven­ descended Emperor. All students of the Yamato pepple agree that it is a highly emotional race, and emotional to a fanatical degree when any question of the State enters in. Nothing has so shocked the Allied nations-and, one may take leave to believe, Japan's own allies-as the manner of the Japanese soldier with a prisoner. That Australians, taken in New Guinea, were butchered in cold blood, and their officers made their own executioners, are proven facts, and . not mere atrocity stories. How comes it, then, that the soldiery of a land which has known a Golden Age, and which sha.pes its institutions upon the modern pattern of the West, seem less than men and more beastly than the beasts? The answer is that the approach to battle of the Japanese soldier is fundamentally different from that of the White man's. He desires, as his highest good, death in battle, and seeks it. He assumes that should he be taken prisoner he would be despatched forthwith, and, acting in that belief, he despatches his man, making of the murder at times an amusement and a sport. But there is also another reason: he is, whatever other faith he may' profess, au fond pure Shintoist. And Shinto teaches only one duty: to Emperor and State. It is this State-worship which sanctifies such barbarities and produces the amoral behaviour of the Japanese forces. In justice it has to be added that the Japanese is no kinder to himself where his relationship to the State is i.nvolved. Morgan Young tells the following tale: A Japanese officer is going to the war. He is happily married, but he 28 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER at once divorces the wife he loves. He does so because he hopes and expects to die in battle. As a single man, his estate will revert to the State. As a married man, his widow, but not a divorced ,wife , would have a claim upon it. Therefore the divorce, a proceeding in which the wife concurs. A felon is awaiting execution. In his lp.st few days he receives daily a few yen. These he returns; they are the only gift he can make to the State, and he makes them freely. A general fails, as the commander-in-chief is said to have considered himself to have done in the Philippines. To have failed means for him to have shown himself unworthy of his Emperor. Consequently it follows, he cannot continue to live. He returns home and commits seppuku, or hara kiri, the most ghastly form of self-immolation ever devised by man. His act is taken for granted. He may be an advanced Buddhist; he may be a Confucian; he may even be a Christian (though that is not probable); but whatever his religion, Shinto is the faith that governs and directs his acts. All these acts illustrate how the State, when it has been elevated Into a religion, can supplant natural instincts and produce beings dominated by the herd instinct as com­ pletely as the conditioned behaviour of the individual termite in the dark and horrible world of the terminiary. A lover of order and ritual, with a profound feeling for Nature­ whose Janus head he well knows, since she turns to him perpetually first the face of death ang. disaster by tidal wave or lava-spouting earthquake, and then the fair face of an enchanted, blossom-scented land-the Japanese lives normally under physical conditions similar to those of the people of Britain during the blitz. His life is granted him in little leases, for he enjoys no such security of tenure as that enjoyed by peoples who have marked out as their habitat the thicker, more trustworthy parts of the earth's crust. For a Japanese can never forget, as a man can do drowsing the years away in tr.e security and somnolence of an English village, that life is a very transitory affair and security an illusion, and that there is no permanence either of possessions or of earthly existence. The volcanic character of the Japanese Archipelago must be brought into the reckoning in any attempt to uncover JAPAN'S NEW ORDER the influences which have shaped the character of the Japanese. For these recurrent and always threatening cata­ clysms produce profound effects upon the national psychology. Never is it possible for the Japanese to take Nature for granted, for few other races of mankind so well know the force of her blows and the ineffable charm of her caresses. Japanese daily life, with its stresses upon the seasonal round, plum-blossom time and the pinking of the cherries, bears witness to the spirit of poetry in the race. It has produced a natural sort of reverence for the earth, towards all beauty in the world. A man sees the beauty of the earth for the first time only when he has known the experience of believing he has seen it for the last. Every soldier, and every civilian who has been bombed, understands this. In the Japanese, perpetual jeopardy has produced a strain of mysticism that takes the form of adoration of natural objects: blossom, pellucid lakes, autumnal moon. The West has not given the Japanese his due in regard to this aspect of his strange, enigmatic, and often repellent nature. Yet for him, in their sum, they make up the Japan which is his sacred land. Between the Totalitarianism of Japan and that of Nazi Germany there is a great difference, for the racial and cultural differences between the two States are fundamental and profound. Both, it is true, desire world dominat'ion; both follow the way of blood and iron as avowed policy. Both exhibit supreme contempt for weakness and confuse the negotiator with the coward. But when one comes to the imponderables, all is other­ wise. Nazi Germany reveals a State in cultural regression, brutal and materialistic. Japan uses such methods for her own mystical end and purpose. The two could never speak the same language upon all subjects. In war the Japanese equates, as military virtues, reckless bravery, cruelty, cunning, and the art of surprise as the supreme qualities. He is probably the most formidable fighting man on earth. Judo, the national system of wrestling taught to all children and in which every Japanese aims to excel to the highest grade-the Black Belt-provides a clue to Japanese tech­ nique in war. Nobody who is unacquainted with this system of defensive and offensive fighting can hope to lead victorious 30 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER armies or fleets against Japan. For Judo is based on con, trolled aggression in place of force opposed to force. Your opponent rushes you. You do not charge in return-which is the instinct and training of the West. No, you side-step your man and give him a helping shove so that his own impetus brings about his fall. You have used his own qualities against him. Ruse, surprise, and the expert use of scientific cunning are the ingredients of this sport, and they are natural to the Japanese mind. How many British generals, one wonders, have considered the bearing this sport has upon their present job? In peace the Japanese is a curious compound of shrewd cunning and gross stupidity in his dealings. He starts always with the assumption that the White man is innately stupid and very easy to fool, and he feels at all times his own superiority over him. He trades, therefore, like that sort of street-trader who does not anticipate a second call from his customer. His method is fraud systematized. The Japanese merchant and exporter forges trade marks, labels, cartons, tins, and all forms of branded goods made in Britain, America, or elsewhere. The writer recalls being shown in the office of a Vancouver importer a row of famous branded goods-Scotch whisky, cereals, matches, soaJ?s, and so on. All were Japanese imitations. Such tradmg seems very clever to the Japanese, who believe, it would seem, that a new custom@r is born every minute. In less than a century the Japanese have taken from the Western world everything it has to give save what was most worth giving. And now, making a superficial reading of the West, they declare the machines are not enough and that the civilization of the West does not present the sum­ mum bonum of human existence, and that there are more things in the heaven of Amaterasu 0 Mikami and the Isles of Japan than are dreamed of in Western philosophy. It is the paradox of Japan to-day that at the very moment that she emerges as a fully armed military Power of the first class, her mentality is regressive and completely medieval in feeling and quality. War has revived the code and values of the Samurai (the squirearchy under the baronial tenants­ in-chief; similar to the military organization of the Middle Ages in Europe). JAPAN'S NEW ORDER 31 It is the warrior with fantastic headpiece, heavy armour, and great two-handed sword who stirs beneath the drab uniform of the Tommy-gun-equipped infiltrating Japanese infantryman. The impression made by Western contact on Japan is shallow and may prove to be transitory. It is like the violent synthetic emotional reaction produced by the cinema. Intense and exhausting at the time, it is forgotten within twenty-four hours. For the screen is not reality; nor is the West reality for the Japanese. It could become so only as part of the New Order of the Yamato race. And in that scheme, which is the dynamic of the present aggression, there is room for only one Herrenvolk. In that scheme the White man is cast for the r6le of drawer of water and hewer of wood. But it would probably take Japanese batteries and battalions on the heights of Boulogne to bring that truth home .... From her throne in the heart of the Sun, Amaterasu 0 Mikami gazes· down upon the earth. And she calls the progeny of her progeny. And so we have the paradox: the harking back to an ancient traditional culture pattern: to Shinto, and the intensified worship of the divine Emperor, the Imperial Ancestors, and all Ancestors, and the State, at a moment in history when our old friend, the Martian, would have decided that the logic of facts called for the discarding of old things and the assumption of things new. For nearly two and a half centuries Japan became in the literal sense a hermit State: to-day she is ideologically immured. In his Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan, Mr. G. A. Ballard writes : " Here, within the precincts of Japan, will either be fought the conflict between the East and the West or be built a temple, as on the Isle of Delos, where the nations will meet unarmed and bring into harmony the discordant notes of nations and races." The decision was made by word when Mr. Matsuoka said: " The materialistic civilization of the West is doomed. The Yamatao race must save the wtrld." It was made by overt act when the first bomb exploded on Pearl Harbour. . 32 JAPAN'S NEW ORDER Japan, having been tempted from a high place, covets the world-the whole world. Do not shrink from it. And, as a means to that end, she applies the only lesson she has so assiduously learned of the West-namely, that Force is a language all men know, and that, whosoever inherits the earth, it is certainly neither the humble nor the weak.

RIVAL" NEW ORDERS" In the general gloom there is a shaft of light over the world battle scene. Two aspiring New Orders are better far than one. . Germany saw Japan in terms of her military and naval nuisance value. She did not anticipate that her dwarf allies would raise Cain so completely in the East. Nor did she, one may believe, foresee a Japanese Drang nach Westen. As an ally, Japan may prove too much of a good thing. Can it possibly be that Hitler, vis-a-vis General Tojo (de facto Japanese Fuehrer), is cast in some secret Memorial, y~t to be made known, for the r6le Mussolini to-day plays in relation to Hitler himself? It is a thought, anyway. It would be interesting, could one play Devil-on-two-sticks and visit Berlin, and listen to the satta voce asides of Von Ribbentrop and Dr. Goebbels upon the resounding successes of their Japanese Ally. Wlfat are they saying, thinking, fearing, in Berlin to-day? The British? That is a family row, a quarrel among Europeans, to be seen in retrospect, maybe, as a civil war. No. Here are the elements of a future bitter rivalry between two New Orders, and in the situation exist all the ingredients, thinly masked by political arrangements and alliance, for an ultimate trial of strength. And, after all, in a war in which the totally unexpected and fantastic have become commonplace, stranger things than this may happen that the last shot may be fired from a Yamato Tommy-gun aimed at a German heart. There is room for only (l)ne world New Order. Upon that point Japan and Nazi Germany are in complete agreement. Nole.-The extracts from the Tanaka Memorial quoted in this text are from the English version published by The China Critic, Shanghai. JOIN THE R.P.A. NOWI Members receive THE LITERARY GUIDE (monthly 3d.) and publications of the Association to the full value of their sUbscriptions. Minimum subscription 5s.

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