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Code-Mixing of English in the Entertainment News of Chinese Newspapers in Malaysia

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Code-Mixing of English in the Entertainment News of Chinese Newspapers in Malaysia www.ccsenet.org/ijel International Journal of English Linguistics Vol. 1, No. 1; March 2011 Code-Mixing of English in the Entertainment News of Chinese Newspapers in Malaysia Lau Su Kia Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, University of Malaya 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: 60-3-7967-3084 E-mail: [email protected] Xiongyong Cheng Faculty of Education, University of Malaya 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia & Xinyang Agricultural College, China Tel: 86-376-626-5963 E-mail: [email protected] Tan Kooi Yee Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Krian 34200 Jalan Sekolah, Parit Buntar, Perak, Malaysia Tel: 60-1-2455-9208 E-mail: [email protected] Choo Wee Ling Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, University of Malaya 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: 60-3-7967-3101 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Code-mixing occurs when lexical items and grammatical features of two or more languages exist in the same sentence (Muysken, 2000). Code-mixing is a phenomenon that often ensues in Malaysia’s multilingual society, which produces mixed languages or rojak language. It has already been found that the phenomenon of code-mixing not only exists in conversations among language users in Malaysia but also occurs in sentences used in the entertainment news of Malaysian Chinese dailies. As such, this study concerns the identification of the features of English lexical items that were code-mixed into Chinese entertainment news from the linguistic perspective. A maximum of 1,000 sentences that were code-mixed in Chinese entertainment news were collected from (a) China Press, (b) Mun Sang Poh, and (c) Guang Ming Daily from January to May, 2007. The features of English words and abbreviations that were code-mixed were analysed and discussed qualitatively. In order to achieve the objective of the current study, the questionnaire survey was also administered to 200 respondents to find out their opinions on the features of some English lexical items code-mixed into the sentences of Chinese entertainment news. It was identified that English abbreviations such as “CD”, “DVD”, “MV”, “SMS”, “KTV”, “VIP”, and “DJ” were inserted into Chinese entertainment news, making the sentences simpler and easier to understand. In addition, English adjectives such as “high”, “cool”, “in”, and “hot” were inserted to generate a sense of stylishness and to put forth some sense of modernity. Another interesting highspot from the findings of the study is the incorrect usage of English grammar, such as “sweet sweet”, “high high”, and “cute-cute” in Chinese entertainment news. This form of reduplication is grammatically correct in the Chinese language, and somehow, it is applied in Chinese entertainment news through the reduplication of English words. Certain Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 3 www.ccsenet.org/ijel International Journal of English Linguistics Vol. 1, No. 1; March 2011 English nouns and verbs change their functions to adjectives when they are code-mixed into Chinese entertainment news. Besides, English words frequently code-mixed in conversations are also used in Chinese entertainment news. As well, entertainment artists are often quoted during interviews, which brings about the popularity of code-mixing in Chinese entertainment news. Keywords: Code-mixing, English, Entertainment news, Chinese, Malaysia, Features 1. Introduction Code-mixing is a phenomenon that frequently occurs in Malaysia’s multilingual and pluralistic society. It has been found that Malaysians who have a good command of English often code-mix English into Malay, Chinese or Tamil. This phenomenon not only exists in conversations but is also presented in entertainment news in Malaysian Chinese dailies. Entertainment news in Malaysian Chinese dailies is often related to the entertainment industry in Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea, to name a few. These entertainment pieces of news describe the current state of the artists or bands, movies, drama series that are currently shown on local television channels, love affairs of artists, upcoming entertainment activities, and others. Many Malaysian journalists have no opportunities to interview international artists from other countries or attend functions in the entertainment industry in Hong Kong or Taiwan, so information on the current state of entertainment arena would be downloaded from the Internet beforehand. Then, news content is reorganised by entertainment news journalists in Malaysian Chinese dailies. Most entertainment news is reported from what has been gathered through interviews and conversations with artists. Although most entertainment news is irrelated to the entertainment industry in Malaysia, it is edited, modified, and printed in Malaysia. These news items are regularly read by some readers in Malaysia. Entertainment news is a form of register which is not so formal as language used in administration, economy, religion, academic, science, and technology. According to Nik (1988), register is defined as a style of how a language is used. Additionally, it is a social convention, which is used for a particular situation. The register of entertainment news is more often than not elaborated on and seldom standard. If observed closely, it can be seen that new lexical items are stylishly created and exert some sense of modernity. Also, informal entertainment news allows the phonemonon of code-mixing to exist. What is most noticeable is the prevailing application of English words that are often code-mixed with the Chinese language in Chinese entertainment news, but rare English phrases and clauses. 2. Purpose of the Study This study focuses on code-mixing as well as examining the phenomenon of code-mixing that exists in the entertainment news of Malaysian Chinese dailies, hoping to identify the features of English words that have been code-mixed in the sentences of entertainment news. The research question that this study hopes to answer is “What are the linguistic features of English lexical items that have been code-mixed in the Chinese entertainment news in Malaysia?” Through this research, it is also hoped that readers can see the patterns of the Chinese language used in Malaysian entertainment news from printed media. 3. Review of Literature and Previous Research According to Myers-Scotton (1993), Boeschoten (1998), and Azuma (1998) (cited in Ho, 2007), code-mixing is the change of one language to another in the same oral or written text. It is a common phenomenon in the society where two or more languages are used together. Studies of code-mixing enable us to understand the constraints of language. In accordance with Muysken (2000), code-mixing means the lexical items and grammatical features of two languages that exist in the same sentence. Muysken (2000, cited in Liu, 2008) establishes three major categories of code-mixing: “(a) Insertion: the insertion of well defined chunks of language B into a sentence that otherwise belongs to language A; (b) Alternation: the succession of fragments in language A and B in a sentence, which is overall not identifiable as belonging to either A or B; (c) Congruent lexicalization: the use of elements from either language in a structure that is wholly or partly shared by language A and B” (p. 6). Nik (1988) defines code-mixing as a situation where language users code-mix two or more languages. McLaughlin (1984, cited in Hoffman, 1991) claims code-mixing occurs within the sentential level and usually involves the use of lexical items. Additionally, Maschler (1998) defines a mixed code or code-mixing as “using two languages such that a third, new code emerges, in which elements from the two languages are incorporated into a structurally definable pattern” (p.125). In addition, Bhatia and Ritchie (1999) define code-mixing as follows: 4 ISSN 1923-869X E-ISSN 1923-8703 www.ccsenet.org/ijel International Journal of English Linguistics Vol. 1, No. 1; March 2011 Code-mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units (words, phrases, clauses, and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical systems across sentence boundaries within a speech event. In other words, code-mixing is inter-sentential and may be subject to some discourse principles. It is motivated by social and psychological factors. (p. 244) Furthermore, according to Kachru (1978, p.28), code-mixing refers to “the use of one or more languages for consistent transfer of linguistic units from one language into another, and by such a language mixture developing a new restricted or not so restricted code of linguistic interaction.” In this research, code-mixing refers to English lexical items (words and abbreviations) that are added into the Chinese language, but the componets of phonology and morphology remain the same. As regards China, the phenomenon of code-mixing is also popular in Canton since the Cantonese are greatly influenced by the foreignism of Hong Kong dialects. For instance, the Cantonese are frequently heard to say as follows: “Wo qu copy yixia.” (I go to make copy.), “Wo zuo part-time.” (I am working part-time.), “Mintian zai jia gao party.” (I will hold a party in my house tomorrow.), “Wo jiang ziliao fax gei ta.” (I fax materials to him.), “U zai U nv” (male and female undergraduates), and “ha wu happy? (happy or not?). The Chinese and English languages merge together in the above sentences and expressions, and even there exist deviations in grammatical structures in some of the examples (Chen, 1999). In the West of China, these non-Sino and non-alien mixed words are attributed to the need of doing business. For example, farmers in Xi’an selling earthenware pots to foreign tourists by saying “liang yuan one” (two dollars each one) and “san dollar two” (three dollars for two). This kind of mixed language is really the language user’s verbal communicative tool, which is likewise the specific embodiment of the lively language diversification under such circumstances (Chen, 1999).
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