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Privatization in Yemen: Policy and Performance

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Privatization in Yemen: Policy and Performance PRIVATIZATION IN YEMEN: POLICY AND PERFORMANCE ABDULLAH ALAMEER FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2013 PRIVATIZATION IN YEMEN: POLICY AND PERFORMANCE ABDULLAH ALAMEER THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2013 PERAKUAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN Nama: Abdullah Alameer (No. K.P/Pasport: 3569977) No. Pendaftaran/Matrik:EHA080025 Nama Ijazah: Doctor of Philosophy Tajuk Kertas Projek/Laporan Penyelidikan/Disertasi/Tesis (“Hasil Kerja ini”): Privatization in Yemen: Policy and performance Bidang Penyelidikan: Public Administration Saya dengan sesungguhnya dan sebenarnya mengaku bahawa: (1) Saya adalah satu-satunya pengarang/penulis Hasil Kerja ini; (2) Hasil Kerja ini adalah asli; (3) Apa-apa penggunaan mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dilakukan secara urusan yang wajar dan bagi maksud yang dibenarkan dan apa-apa petikan, ekstrak, rujukan atau pengeluaran semula daripada atau kepada mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dinyatakan dengan sejelasnya dan secukupnya dan satu pengiktirafan tajuk hasil kerja tersebut dan pengarang/penulisnya telah dilakukan di dalam Hasil Kerja ini; (4) Saya tidak mempunyai apa-apa pengetahuan sebenar atau patut semunasabahnya tahu bahawa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain; (5) Saya dengan ini menyerahkan kesemua dan tiap-tiap hak yang terkandung di dalam hakcipta Hasil Kerja ini kepada Universiti Malaya (“UM”) yang seterusnya mula dari sekarang adalah tuan punya kepada hakcipta di dalam Hasil Kerja ini dan apa-apa pengeluaran semula atau penggunaan dalam apa jua bentuk atau dengan apa juga cara sekalipun adalah dilarang tanpa terlebih dahulu mendapat kebenaran bertulis dari UM; (6) Saya sedar sepenuhnya sekiranya dalam masa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini saya telah melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain sama ada dengan niat atau sebaliknya, saya boleh dikenakan tindakan undang-undang atau apa-apa tindakan lain sebagaimana yang diputuskan oleh UM. Tandatangan Calon Tarikh Diperbuat dan sesungguhnya diakui di hadapan, Tandatangan Saksi Tarikh Nama: Jawatan: ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: Abdullah Alameer (I.C/Passport No: 3569977) Registration/Matric No: EHA 080025 Name of Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (“this Work”): Privatization in Yemen: Policy and performance Field of Study: Public Administration I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya (“UM”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. Candidate’s Signature Date Subscribed and solemnly declared before, Witness’s Signature Date Name: Design ation: ii ABSTRACT Komponen utama dalam reformasi ekonomi termasuk kerajaan menarik diri daripada sektor perusahaan dan perkhidmatan melalui penswastaan sektor-sektor tersebut. Cabaran utama yang dihadapi oleh kerajaan Yemen, selepas tamatnya konflik yang berakhir dengan penyatuan Yemen Utara dan Yemen Selatan, adalah untuk meningkatkan kembali pertumbuhan ekonomi. Oleh sebab kerajaan Yemen masih baru, ia masih lagi mempunyai saki-baki sistem kerajaan lama yang mana sektor awamnya sangat terpusat. Peraturan dan monopoli yang tidak cekap dalam syarikat awam menghadkan banyak aktiviti sektor swasta. Sebagai salah satu usaha untuk memperbaiki ekonomi secara menyeluruh, kerajaan Yemen telah melaksanakan program penswastaan sejak awal tahun 1995 untuk menyusun semula sektor perusahaan agar menjadi lebih cekap, menguntungkan, dan berdaya saing. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti kaedah penswastaan yang sesuai, masalah dan halangan yang dihadapi oleh Yemen; menentukan motif dan matlamat penswastaan di Yemen; menilai kesan penswastaan terhadap firma-firma di Yemen dari segi keberuntungan, kecekapan operasi, perbelanjaan modal, output dan pekerjaan; mengenalpasti halangan utama yang dihadapi ketika tempoh peralihan penswastaan; dan mengenalpasti langkah-langkah penstrukturan utama selepas penswastaan. Walaupun terdapat peningkatan dalam beberapa pembolehubah ekonomi yang diguna pakai, prestasi sektor perusahaan selepas penswastaan masih lagi tidak banyak berubah dalam tiga syarikat yang dikaji. Tiga penunjuk pembolehubah keberuntungan iaitu pulangan atas jualan, pulangan atas aset, dan pulangan atas ekuiti didapati tidak signifikan. Penunjuk kecekapan pendapatan bersih (kecekapan operasi) juga tidak signifikan. Purata perbezaan antara tahun asas dan tahun ketiga selepas penswastaan bagi nisbah perbelanjaan modal terhadap jualan dan nisbah perbelanjaan modal terhadap aset juga menunjukkan tiada peningkatan yang signifikan. Walau bagaimanapun, dari segi kecekapan operasi untuk jualan, jualan output dan jumlah pekerjaan menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan. Kesimpulannya, hasil dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan penswastaan di kalangan syarikat terpilih yang dikaji secara khususnya dan secara umumnya di Yemen tidak mendatangkan kejayaan. iii ABSTRACT A major component of economic reform includes the government's withdrawal from the production and service sectors of the economy, including privatization of most public sector enterprises. The main challenge that the government of Yemen faced after a conflict and unification period was to increase the economic growth at the time that government of Yemen inherited the over- centralized public sector. Therefore, an inefficient monopoly and over regulation appeared in public enterprises and restricted many private sector activities. As part of comprehensive economic reforms, the Government of Yemen initiated a privatization program in early 1995 to restructure enterprises towards more efficiency, profitability, and competency. The objectives are to identify privatization methods, problems and obstacles that Yemen faced; to determine the motives and goals of privatization in Yemen; to assess how privatization affects firms‟ profitability, operation efficiency, capital expenditure, output, and employment; and to assess the major problems and constraints the target enterprises encountered at the time-of-handover and explore the major post-privatization restructuring measures adopted. In spite of the presence of some increase in the measured variables, the performance of these enterprises after the privatization process was not better than before the privatization process in the three enterprises examined. The tests of the three profitability variables (return on sale, return on assets, and return on equity) were found to be not significant. The net income efficiency (operating efficiency) indicator was also not significant. The mean difference between the baseline and three years after the follow up privatization for both the capital expenditure to sale, and capital expenditure to assets recorded no significant increase respectively. However, in terms of operating efficiency for sale, the output sale and employment indicators each recorded a significant increase respectively. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate the privatization of these selected enterprises specifically and generally in Yemen was not successful. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr.Beh Loo See for her advice, guidance and invaluable assistance in completing my thesis. Without her, this thesis would be much more difficult to be embarked upon and completed. Her patience and time are very much appreciated. I also wish to express my deepest appreciation to my family members for their support throughout the entire duration of my thesis. Without them, I would not have made this far. Also to those who have helped me in data collection. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction to Privatization ............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Definition of privatization ................................................................................................
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