DOCSLIB.ORG

Table of Contents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Table of Contents Table of contents Introduction ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table of contents .................................................................................................................. 4 Time Table ............................................................................................................................ 10 History .................................................................................................................................... 12 Ancient Time ........................................................................................................................ 12 The Name ............................................................................................................................... 12 Location ................................................................................................................................. 13 Designation ........................................................................................................................... 14 Geography ............................................................................................................................. 15 Country of Asia .................................................................................................................... 15 Kurdistan ............................................................................................................................... 16 Erbil ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Ancient history of Erbil ..................................................................................................... 19 History of the Jews in Kurdistan .................................................................................... 20 Medieval history of Erbil .................................................................................................. 20 Modern history of Erbil .................................................................................................... 21 Kurdish Jews in modern times ....................................................................................... 21 Kirkuk ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Mesopotamia Geography ................................................................................................. 24 Mesopotamia ancient history ......................................................................................... 25 Writings of Mesopotamia ................................................................................................. 26 Sumer ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Babylonian history ............................................................................................................. 28 Biblical history .................................................................................................................... 29 Biblical Babylon .................................................................................................................. 30 The Assyrian ......................................................................................................................... 31 The Jewish exile to Babylon ............................................................................................ 32 Jews of Babylon ................................................................................................................... 33 4 Archeological excarvations ((Greek Period and before)) ................................... 34 Mosul, Ninveh ....................................................................................................................... 35 The Specificity of Mosul .................................................................................................... 36 Statistics ................................................................................................................................. 38 Alexander the great ........................................................................................................... 38 Parthian period ................................................................................................................... 39 Jews in the Sassanid period ............................................................................................. 40 Jews of Babylon ................................................................................................................... 41 Jews out of the cities .......................................................................................................... 42 Judaism - the first One God Religion ............................................................................ 43 Babylonia as center of Judaism ...................................................................................... 43 Academies of Babylon ....................................................................................................... 44 Nehardea, Sura, Pumbedita ............................................................................................. 44 Nehardea ............................................................................................................................... 46 Sura ......................................................................................................................................... 47 Pumbedita ............................................................................................................................. 47 The title Gaon and the Geonic period .......................................................................... 49 The Geonim ........................................................................................................................... 49 Geonim and the Academies ............................................................................................. 50 Appointment as Gaon ........................................................................................................ 51 The Babylonian Talmud / Talmud Bavli .................................................................... 52 The structure of the Talmud ........................................................................................... 54 Sassanid period ................................................................................................................... 55 Arab conquest and early Islamic period ..................................................................... 55 Basra ....................................................................................................................................... 56 Theosophists in Basra ....................................................................................................... 58 The Farhud in Basra, 1941 .............................................................................................. 58 Anti-Jewish and anti-Zionism in Basra ........................................................................ 59 Non-Muslim population of Basra .................................................................................. 60 Islamic period and the Jews ............................................................................................ 61 The Umayyads ..................................................................................................................... 62 The Umayyads and the Jews ........................................................................................... 62 5 The Abbasid Caliphate ...................................................................................................... 63 Baghdad ................................................................................................................................. 65 Jews of Baghdad .................................................................................................................. 67 1258- the ruin of Baghdad ............................................................................................... 68 The Ottomans ....................................................................................................................... 69 Statistics: ............................................................................................................................... 70 Jewish housing in Baghdad ............................................................................................. 70 Brits in Baghdad .................................................................................................................. 71 The Farhud in Baghdad .................................................................................................... 72 The bombing in Baghdad ................................................................................................. 73 Jews of Islam ......................................................................................................................... 75 Crisis in Iraq at the 10th century .................................................................................. 76 The Buyids ............................................................................................................................ 77 Iraq from 1055 to 1534 ...................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • RLST 124I: Varieties of Ancient Judaism Spring 2009 Handout #7 (May 12, 2009) “Persian Jews”
    RLST 124I: Varieties of Ancient Judaism Spring 2009 Handout #7 (May 12, 2009) “Persian Jews” Sassanid Empire: Persian ruling dynasty established in 226 CE, which instituted rigid class hierarchies, autocratic military rule, and Zoroastrianism as the “official” Persian religion; in constant military conflict with the Roman Empire, until collapsing under the spread of Islam in the 650s dualism: a theological orientation that posits a struggle between good and evil that is conducted at the individual, communal, and cosmic levels; dualistic religions usually assume the eventual triumph of “good” over “evil,” but assign different levels of potency and authority to the powers of evil Zoroastrianism/Magianism/Mazdeanism: a dualistic ethical monotheism of the Near East, in which believers worship a single god of wisdom and truth (Ahura Mazda) and work to resist the forces of evil (in extreme formulations, posited as almost a second god); Mazda is not worshipped with sacrifices, but in fire temples managed by special priests (magi); the religion is named for Zarathustra (or Zoroaster), the prophet (of the 64th? 18th? 10th? 6th? cen. BCE) of Mazda (although greatly diminished, Zoroastrianism remains a “world religion,” with adherents possibly numbering in the millions) Mani/Manicheanism: an ascetic dualistic monotheism founded by Mani (in the third century), combining aspects of Mazdeanism and Christianity; Manicheans believed that seeds of Light were trapped in a web of Darkness (the created world), and that the Savior (Christ) had come to free the seeds of Light Pahlavi: the official court language of the Sassanids Aramaic: the official scribal language of the Sassanids “castes”: a sociological term used to describe highly rigid systems of social hierarchy; in Sassanian Persia, these castes are usually divided into four: priestly, warrior/noble, scribal/bureaucratic, merchant/artisans.
    [Show full text]
  • Temple Adath Israel
    Volume XIV Issue 5 Sivan/ Tamuz/Av 5775 June/July 2015 Temple Adath Israel Welcomes Rabbi Temple Adath Israel Bids a Fond David Wirtschafter Home Farewell to Rabbi Daniel Roberts and By Jonathan Miller Elaine Rembrandt By Deborah Nelson When Thomas Wolfe penned Please join Temple Adath Israel as we bid a fond farewell “You Can’t Go Home Again,” to Rabbi Daniel Roberts and his wife, Elaine Rembrandt he hadn’t met former Kentucky as they prepare to return to their home in Cleveland. Governor A. B. “Happy” Chan- Rabbi Roberts will lead his final service at TAI on June dler who wisely observed “I 26th, followed by a “chocolate oneg.” Although Rabbi never met a Kentuckian who Roberts’ tenure as interim rabbi lasted only one year, he wasn’t coming home.” and Elaine have established a presence that will continue Indeed the arrival this summer at TAI and in the broader Lexington Jewish community of Rabbi David Wirtschafter to for years to come. the pulpit at Temple Adath Is- Since Rabbi Roberts began at TAI in July of 2014, he rael is an ultimate homecoming. has guided the temple with calm wisdom through a year On July 1, Rabbi Wirtschafter of transition, shared his gentle good humor, and brought will become the first native Lexingtonian to serve as per- extraordinary spiritual comfort to many congregants. He manent spiritual leader of a synagogue in his hometown. helped TAI to identify its strengths and continuing chal- Spending the first seven years of his life in Lexington, lenges, including the great potential for Lexington Jewry David was consecrated and attended religious school at to work together for a stronger community.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Review Jews and Judaism by Hiroshi Ichikawa (Iwanami Shoten, 2019)
    JISMOR 15 Book Review Jews and Judaism by Hiroshi Ichikawa (Iwanami Shoten, 2019) Toshihiro Horikawa This book summarizes 40 years of work by its author, Professor Hiroshi Ichikawa. It also presents findings from the discovery of 1st-century synagogue ruins in the region of Galilee, made in the summer of 2016 in the course of archeological excavations in Israel that Ichikawa has joined for 30 years. In the 1980s, the assertion of his Israeli teacher that “Japan’s prosperity will not last long,” struck a chord with him and made him realize how the Jews, who were forced to live in pagan lands, keenly observed the societies they lived in and prepared themselves for the adversities that awaited them. From this, he surmised that “Maybe we can learn something from the Jews in figuring out our own future, because they had become stronger by recognizing their weaknesses, and had victoriously lived through many harsh realities” (p. ii). He wrote this book in the hope that the modern generation could gain inspiration about living from the lives of the Jews. This book begins with an introductory chapter on “who is a Jew?” followed by four chapters taking up Jewish history, faith, studies, and society. The author provides a comprehensive discussion on the life of the Jews and on Judaism itself from these four perspectives. The introductory chapter defines who the Jews are. The word “Jews” is “Yehudi” in Hebrew, which is referred to the people of the tribe of Judah from the latter half of the period of Solomon’s Temple until that of the Second Temple, or to the people living in the land of Judah as recounted in the Bible.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of the Jewish Fixed Calendar: the Origin of the Molad
    133 A Short History of the Jewish Fixed Calendar: The Origin of the Molad By: J. JEAN AJDLER I. Introduction. It was always believed that the transition from the observation to the fixed calendar was clear-cut, with the fixed calendar immediately adopting its definitive form in 358/359, at the date of the inception. Indeed according to a tradition1 quoted in the name of R’ Hai Gaon,2 the present Jewish calendar was introduced by the patriarch Hillel II in the Jewish Year 4119 AM (anno mundi, from creation), 358/359 CE. The only discordant element with regard to this theory that the calen- dar adopted immediately its definitive form, was the fact that we find al- ready in the Talmud that the postponement of Rosh Hashanah from Sun- day was a later enactment.3 Only some rare rabbinic authorities already recognized the later character of this postponement. Indeed a passage of the epistle of R’ Sherira Gaon implying that Rosh Hashanah of the year 505 C.E. was still on Sunday was generally consid- ered as the result of a copyist mistake.4 It is only in the first decade of the twentieth century that new evidence appeared after the discovery of new documents in the Cairo Geniza. 1 Sefer ha-Ibbur by R’ Abraham bar Hiyyạ edited by Filipowski, London 1851, p. 97 quotes a responsum of R. Hai Gaon dated from 4752 AM = 992 C.E. report- ing this tradition. 2 R. Hai Gaon (939-1038) was the last and the most prolific Gaon. He belonged to the Yeshiva of Pumbedita.
    [Show full text]
  • 3161521382 Lp.Pdf
    Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum Edited by Peter Schäfer (Princeton, NJ) Annette Y. Reed (Philadelphia, PA) Seth Schwartz (New York, NY) Azzan Yadin (New Brunswick, NJ) 150 Geoffrey Herman A Prince without a Kingdom The Exilarch in the Sasanian Era Mohr Siebeck Geoffrey Herman, born 1967; 2006 PhD at Hebrew University in Jerusalem; taught at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York, and at Cornell University; Postdocs at Harvard University and at the University of Geneva; fellow at Research Con- sortium “Dynamics in the History of Religions” at Ruhr University, Bochum; currently lectures in ancient Jewish history at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. e-ISBN PDF 978-3-16-152138-6 ISBN 978-3-16-150606-2 ISSN 0721-8753 (Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio- graphie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2012 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany. www.mohr.de This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Gulde-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. זכרון עולם אמי מורתי חוה בת משה ומרים (לבית גריצרשטיין) Preface and Acknowledgments This is a book about the Sasanian Exilarchate. Through a re-examination of the primary sources and scholarship, as well as the integration of comparative sources from Iranian studies and Persian Christianity, it seeks to understand and explain the enigmatic Exilarchate that features in the Babylonian and Palestinian Talmuds.
    [Show full text]
  • Menorah Review VCU University Archives
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Menorah Review VCU University Archives 2000 Menorah Review (No. 50, Fall, 2000) Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/menorah Part of the History of Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons © The Author(s) Recommended Citation https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/menorah/49 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the VCU University Archives at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Menorah Review by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NUMBER 50 • CENTER FOR JUDAIC STUDIES OF VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY • FALL 2000 For the Enrichment of Jewish Thought firsttime with the most controversial play he tunity to celebrate their achievement with a The Merchant of Venice ever wrote. production of The Merchant of Venice. and Skylock's "Christian It is possible, although unverified, that WernerKrauss, a Nazi himself, plays Shylock Problem" the one Jew who we know was living in as something revoltingly alien, greasy, dirty, Williamsburg at the time also was in atten­ repulsive--<:rawling across the stage. dance that night. He was a Sephardic Jew Now it is June 1999 at the Shakespeare 2000 Brown Lecture whose family came from Portugal during the Theater in Washington. Hal Holbrook plays Inquisition. John de Sequeyra was born in Skylock as a tall, straight-backed, proud London in 1716, came to Williamsburg when man who speaks with authority and dignity. The following article is excerpted from the he was 29 and died there at the ripe age of 79.
    [Show full text]
  • SAADIA GAON When We Interrupted This Series of "Jewish Pn>F11es" Last
    ,,, i ,, ,7? V g Q ‘ ' ’LJ‘ S j I 28/") /rr l ' ~ - SAADIA GAON ' @ LT! -_-----'_--_ 174.7 (KEV ) V When we interrupted this series of "Jewish Pn>f11es" last April we had dealt with some of the outstanding personalities of the Rabbinic .Age,'from Hilfel 1n the first century B.C.E. to Rgv Ashi, who flourished in Babylonia about the year 400 CrE- We are nowXKg going to mAce a Jump of half a millenium to concern ourselves with a very great Jewish leader who flourished in the early part of the 10th century. This is a long Jump; and yofi will want to know, to begin with, A~pA what haypened 1n the intervening 500.years. As you can imagine, many things did happen; but you will also gather, from the fact that we gre making fine Jump, that no really outstanding person appeared in Jewry}:Er 031 during that period. 510mg Throughout this period the centre of gravity of Jewish life remained in Babylonia, to which country it'had shifted from Palestin /‘kawgn ) about 300 C.E. At the beginning of our period there were, perhaps, 303?o two million Jews in Babylonia. I said something in my last talk about the way they lived. Most of them fiere farmers, though some were artisans,_merchants and sailors. They formed a collection of mofe .. \N‘x—V or less concentrated and autonomous communities, mainly in the region of the larger cities such as Bagdad and Mahhza. Politically they were ruled by an Exilérph, or Resh Galuta.
    [Show full text]
  • 5. Varieties of Non-Rabbinic Judaism in Geonic and Contemporaneous Sources
    Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures McDowell, Naiweld, Ezra (eds) Diversity and Rabbinisation Jewish Texts and Societies Between 400 and 1,000 CE Diversity and Rabbinization Gavin McDowell, Ron Naiweld, and Daniel Stökl Ben Ezra (eds) Jewish Texts and Societies Between 400 and 1,000 CE This volume is dedicated to the cultural and religious diversity in Jewish communi� es EDITED BY GAVIN MCDOWELL, RON NAIWELD, from Late An� quity to the Early Middle Age and the growing infl uence of the rabbis within these communi� es during the same period. Drawing on available textual AND DANIEL STÖKL BEN EZRA and material evidence, the fourteen essays presented here, wri� en by leading experts in their fi elds, span a signifi cant chronological and geographical range and cover material that has not yet received suffi cient a� en� on in scholarship. The volume is divided into four parts. The fi rst focuses on the vantage point of the Diversity and Rabbinization synagogue; the second and third on non-rabbinic Judaism in, respec� vely, the Near East and Europe; the fi nal part turns from diversity within Judaism to the process of ”rabbiniza� on” as represented in some unusual rabbinic texts. Diversity and Rabbinizati on is a welcome contribu� on to the historical study of Judaism in all its complexity. It presents fresh perspec� ves on cri� cal ques� ons and allows us to rethink the tension between mul� plicity and unity in Judaism during the fi rst millennium CE. This is the author-approved edi� on of this Open Access � tle. As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    Halevy, Halivni and The Oral Formation of the Babylonian Talmud Ari Bergmann Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Ari Bergmann All rights reserved ABSTRACT Halevy, Halivni and The Oral Formation of the Babylonian Talmud Ari Bergmann This dissertation is dedicated to a detailed analysis and comparison of the theories on the process of the formation of the Babylonian Talmud by Yitzhak Isaac Halevy and David Weiss Halivni. These two scholars exhibited a similar mastery of the talmudic corpus and were able to combine the roles of historian and literary critic to provide a full construct of the formation of the Bavli with supporting internal evidence to support their claims. However, their historical construct and findings are diametrically opposed. Yitzhak Isaac Halevy presented a comprehensive theory of the process of the formation of the Talmud in his magnum opus Dorot Harishonim. The scope of his work was unprecedented and his construct on the formation of the Talmud encompassed the entire process of the formation of the Bavli, from the Amoraim in the 4th century to the end of the saboraic era (which he argued closed in the end of the 6th century). Halevy was the ultimate guardian of tradition and argued that the process of the formation of the Bavli took place entirely within the amoraic academy by a highly structured and coordinated process and was sealed by an international rabbinical assembly. While Halevy was primarily a historian, David Weiss Halivni is primarily a talmudist and commentator on the Talmud itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Mysticism Historicized
    CHAPTER 20 Mysticism Historicized: Historical Figures and Movements Brian Ogren Anna Smith Fine Assistant Professor of Judaic Studies, Department of Religion Rice University, Houston, TX The word mysticism derives from the Greek verb muo, “to hide” or “to close.” The adjectival form mystikos, which means “hidden” or “clandestine,” was originally used in relation to Greek mystery religions, which involved specific initiation rituals (Bouyer 1981, 43). These religions were not open, and initiates who joined had to be formally admitted through a process of secret rites. The term then changed meaning, and from the early first-century Jewish philosophy of Philo of Alexandria (who was Hellenistic, or culturally Greek) and also early Christian texts, mystikos came to represent “mysterious” interpretations of scriptures. These were mainly allegorical understandings “hidden” just beneath the surface: that is, interpreters understood the stories of the Bible to be figurative representations of abstract philosophical concepts. Both these definitions—of secret groups with initiation rituals and of mysterious scriptural interpretations—have persisted throughout history and are still important today. But the term has also come to denote a certain experience and/or sublime cognition of that which is beyond mundane, everyday life. Some scholars have defined mysticism as “the direct and immediate experience of ultimate reality” (DeConick 2010, 300) or as “direct and intimate consciousness of the Divine Presence” (Scholem [1961] 1995, 4; McGinn 2002, xiii). Some have seen this direct experience or consciousness as purely subjective and internal, never fully open or accessible to the outside observer (James [1902] 2002), whereas others have seen it as a social practice in which those who have left the sensory world return, eager to tell others of their visions and experiences (Certeau 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Jews and Judaism in the Rabbinic Era
    Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism Edited by Maren Niehoff (Jerusalem) Annette Y. Reed (Philadelphia, PA) Seth Schwartz (New York, NY) Moulie Vidas (Princeton, NJ) 173 Isaiah M. Gafni Jews and Judaism in the Rabbinic Era Image and Reality – History and Historiography Mohr Siebeck Isaiah M. Gafni, born 1944; BA, MA, and PhD from the Hebrew University; 1967–2012 taught Jewish History of the Second Temple and Talmudic Periods (500 BCE – 500 CE) at the Hebrew University; currently Professor Emeritus in Jewish History at the Hebrew University, and President of Shalem College, Jerusalem. ISBN 978-3-16-152731-9 / eISBN 978-3-16-156701-8 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-156701-8 ISSN 0721-8753 / eISSN 2568-9525 (Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproduc- tions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed on non-aging paper by Gulde Druck in Tübingen, and bound by Groß- buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. For Naomi Table of Contents Abbreviations.............................................................................................. IX I Introduction .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Intertextuality of Translations Into and From
    Cultural and Religious Studies, September 2019, Vol. 7, No. 9, 477-482 doi: 10.17265/2328-2177/2019.09.002 D DAVID PUBLISHING Intertextuality of Translations Into and From Judaeo-Arabic as a Transformative Platform in Jewish-Arabic Universalism: The Case of Legal Monographs of the Late Geonim Neri Y. Ariel The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel In medieval times, translators of Judaeo-Arabic literature living in Islamic lands were fluent in Arabic as this was the lingua franca and, in many cases, their mother tongue. This is only rarely the case for the contemporary scholar. This creates enormous challenges for the modern translators of their works. However, this challenge is an opportunity to bridge cultural and historical gaps by increased accuracy the hallmark of modern scholarship. This interdisciplinary discourse establishes the co-religious Dasein. The research tools which demand knowledge not only of Jewish sources but rather of Islamic texts allow for greater appreciation of contacting influences. Rav Y. al-Barceloni of the 12th century, among others, translated into Hebrew several works of the Geonim with his own halakhic interpretations, interpolations, and expansions. When scholars come today to comprehend anew, these compilations they paradoxically are more reflective of the original text than scholars of the middle ages who were contemporaneous with these texts. Nonetheless insofar as the translations are into Hebrew, they produce insular affect on the cultural product, leaving it within the Jewish fold. This fact forces scholars who desire to communicate with the broader audience to publish their results in European languages. In mediaeval studies, this is not as often as one thinks.
    [Show full text]