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Species Diversity and Community Composition of Mosquitoes in a Filariasis Endemic Area in Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia

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Species Diversity and Community Composition of Mosquitoes in a Filariasis Endemic Area in Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 20, Number 2, February 2019 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 453-462 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200222 Species diversity and community composition of mosquitoes in a filariasis endemic area in Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia RINI PRATIWI1,♥, CHAIRIL ANWAR2,♥♥, SALNI3, HERMANSYAH4, NOVRIKASARI5, AHMAD GHIFFARI6, RADEN PUTRA1, ADRI HUDA1 1Department of Environmental Science, Graduate Program, Universitas Sriwijaya. Jl. Padang Selasa No. 524 Palembang 30139, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Tel./fax. +62-711-354222, email: [email protected]. 2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Universitas Sriwijaya. Ogan Ilir 30662, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Tel./fax. +62-711-580644, email: [email protected]. 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya. Ogan Ilir 30662, South Sumatra, Indonesia 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya. Ogan Ilir 30662, South Sumatra, Indonesia 5Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sriwijaya. Ogan Ilir 30662, South Sumatra, Indonesia 6Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang. Palembang 30263, South Sumatra, Indonesia Manuscript received: 23 December 2018. Revision accepted: 25 January 2019. Abstract. Pratiwi R, Anwar C, Salni, Hermansyah, Novrikasari, Ghiffari A, Putra R, Huda A. 2019. Species diversity and community composition of mosquitoes in a filariasis endemic area in Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 453-462. Mosquitoes are well known as the most medically important arthropod vectors which should be monitored and evaluated because of their potential to transmit diseases. One step in monitoring and evaluation could be conducted by assessing the presence of prevalent mosquito’s vectors including their species diversity and composition. The present study has successfully recorded the diversity and community composition of mosquitoes in two villages in Banyuasin District, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The research was conducted for four months from December 2016 to March 2017 by collecting mosquitoes using Indoor and Outdoor Human Landing Collection method (HLC). The result shows that there were 8239 mosquitoes collected consisting of 12 genera and 38 species. Mansonia is found as the most dominant genus in Sedang Village, while in Muara Sugih Village, Culex is the most dominant. Assessment on species diversity showed that Sedang Village haes higher diversity compared to Muara Sugih Village. Further analysis indicates that environmental characteristics and presence of water plant play important role in the diversity, abundance, and dominance of mosquitoes. Waterlogged area covered with Pistia stratiotes in Sedang Village likely facilitate the breeding of Mansonia spp while extensive rice field in Muara Sugih Village may enable the high numbers of Culex spp. Anopheles spp. and Aedes spp. mosquitoes. The findings of this study suggest the rationale for the high cases of filariasis in Banyuasin District. Future research should be directed to reveal mosquitoes’ dispersal pattern and its potential as disease vector, the risk of transmitted disease, and further prevention to reduce the number of filariasis cases. Keywords: Disease vector, entomology, environmental characteristics, human landing method, mosquitoes diversity Abbreviations: Ma: Mansonia; Cx: Culex; An: Anopheles; Ae: Aedes; Och: Ochlerotatus; fv: fulvus; sp./spp.: species INTRODUCTION mosquitoes vectors including their species diversity and composition (Beerntsen et al. 2000). Several studies report Mosquitoes are important groups of arthropods which that there are 23 species belong to five genera which are inhabit freshwater habitats. Beside causing annoyance to potentially identified as filariasis vectors, such as humans, mammals, birds and other animals due to their Mansonia, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, and Armigeres bites (Rueda 2008), the presence of mosquitoes is (Wijayanti et al. 2016; St. Laurent et al. 2016; Sugiarto et generally undesirable as they may transmit pathogen, al. 2017). The potential of being the vector is based on especially to human, causing diseases such as filariasis, several cases. For example in Mali, 10 species of dengue, and malaria (Kauffman et al. 2017; Asare et al. Anopheles and Cx. quinquefasciatus are confirmed as the 2016; Chandra 2008). Rueda (2008) reported that there are vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti in the rural and urban type more than hundreds of mosquitoes species which have been location, respectively (Coulibaly et al. 2013); and 6 proved to transmit various diseases to human and animal Mansonia species are reported as the Brugia malayi vectors species. which are found in the swamp area in Thailand In the context of filariasis, mosquitoes are well known (Apiwathnasorn et al. 2006). Nonetheless, filariasis cases as the most medically important arthropod vectors which generated by mosquito species from such genera in should be monitored and evaluated because of their Indonesia still rarely appear in the medical reports likely potential to transmit the disease (Rajakumar and Abdul because of the lack of information. The Ministry of Health Rahuman 2011). One step in monitoring and evaluation of the Republic of Indonesia reports that Mansonia and could be conducted by assessing the presence of prevalent Anopheles barbirostris are the main species which play 454 BIOD IVERSITAS 20 (2): 453-462, February 2019 important role in the transmission of filariasis in eastern was Sedang Village located in Suak Tapeh Sub-district (2º Indonesia (Kementerian Kesehatan RI 2016). 49.395’ South and 104º 25.381’ East longitude) with the In South Sumatra, Ma. uniformis and An. nigerrimus altitude of 10 meters above the sea level. The second are confirmed as B. malayi vectors, while An. barbirostris studied area was Muara Sugih Village in Tanjung Lago is reported as the vector of B. timori which is commonly Sub-district located at 2º 47.048’ South and 104º 45.731’ found in East Nusa Tenggara and the South Maluku Islands East longitude with the altitude of 12 meters above the sea (Kementerian Kesehatan RI 2016). Some species of level (Figure 1). The landscapes of studied area are Mansonia spp. are also reported as the nocturnal sub- dominated by water bodies such as swamp, river, rice field periodic of B. malayi vectors. In general, comprehensive and farm (Figure 2). Sedang Village is surrounded by water research to identify vectors of infectious diseases has never bodies which constantly inundating to form pool-alike been made in Indonesia. The diversity of mosquitoes, for landscapes with aquatic plants covering the surfaces, example, has never been reported comprehensively despite indicating the characteristics of the swamps with mosaic of the fundamental role of such data in informing the potential plantations of rubber trees and oil palm (Figure 2.A). It risk and impact of the transmission of infectious diseases differs with Muara Sugih Village which consists of rivers, and the plausible preventive actions to control the tidal rice fields, and oil palm plantations characterized by transmission (Vourc’h et al. 2012; Chaves et al. 2011). flowing water in primary and secondary drainage canals The lack of information on species diversity of mosquito used to drain the rice fields (Figure 2.B). hampers the understanding on the distribution and The different characteristics of land use and occurrence of vectors potentially initiate the infectious hydrological system between Sedang Village and Muara disease. Sugih do not differentiate the physical characteristics of In this study, diversity of mosquito species is both studied-area. Table 1 shows that the average investigated for the first time in two villages in Banyuasin temperature and humidity in Sedang Village and Muara District, South Sumatra, Indonesia to assess the potential of Sugih Village are relatively similar with difference are less transmission of filariasis and other mosquitoes-based than ± 2oC and ±2%, respectively. In term of altitude, both infectious diseases in the area. The choice of the studied study areas are classified as lowland which is suitable for area is based on the high filariasis cases occurred during mosquitoes’ breeding and habitat (Costa et al. 2010). the periods between 1983 and 2002. Banyuasin is also reported as the highest filariasis cases in South Sumatra as Mosquitoes collection method in 2014 there were 83% (142 of 173) of provincial cases of The study was conducted in four months from chronic filariasis occurred in Banyuasin District alone December 2016 to March 2017 with one collection time (Dinas Kesehatan Banyuasin 2016). Banyuasin also has a per month. The mosquito collection was done using Indoor high rate of endemic case with 2.02% of the average and Outdoor Human Landing Collection method (HLC) for microfilariae rate. The high rates of filariasis and endemic 12 hours between 18.00 and 06.00 the following day by six cases indicates the high abundance of mosquitoes which groups of enumerator. Three groups collected mosquitoes potentially increases the possibility of pathogen that were biting and resting in indoor condition and three transmission (Roche et al. 2013). Several efforts have been groups collected mosquitoes that were biting and resting in made to suppress the number of filariasis cases in outdoor condition. The biting mosquitoes were collected
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