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A Domus in the Subura of Rome from the Republic Through Late Antiquity

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A Domus in the Subura of Rome from the Republic Through Late Antiquity ARTICLE A Domus in the Subura of Rome from the Republic Through Late Antiquity MARGARET M. ANDREWS Abstract landscape of ancient Rome is fleeting at best. Most of The crypt of the church of Santi Sergio e Bacco on the structures that Rome’s large population inhabited Piazza Madonna dei Monti in Rome preserves the partial have been either lost or destroyed, leaving only a small remains of a Roman structure showing multiple building corpus of extant literary descriptions on which to base phases. Tuff piers approximately 5 m tall belong to the atrium of a republican atrium house, with the surround- our understanding of Rome’s residential urban fab- ing rooms reflected in the adjacent spaces of the modern ric. Many of these texts have become classic for their basement. During the Imperial period, this atrium was accounts of the potential perils and frustrations that closed off, and a bath complex was added in adjacent inhabiting and navigating the ancient streets could rooms. The rooms preserve marble revetment, figural bring.1 Figuring large among these descriptions is the painted plaster of various styles, and floors of opus sectile. As a residential structure with a long occupation history, neighborhood of the Subura, the area of the city that lay the house clarifies our impression of the lower Subura along the Argiletum within the valley below the eastern and its development as a neighborhood. When considered hills and extended eastward along the Clivus Subura- with other examples of atrium houses nearby, a standard nus (fig. 1). The written accounts indicate that the area lot size and house form for elite residential development was a residential and commercial zone, and its lower can be suggested for the Subura and the southern Viminal slopes during the Republican period. Later renovations half along the Argiletum was notoriously noisy, crowd- to the structure provide material evidence that a socially ed, and crime ridden. Martial, for example, harped mixed population continued to occupy the valley of the on its rampant prostitution, while Juvenal complained Subura, and they demonstrate the persistent importance about its barking dogs, butcher shops, and rickety of the Argiletum as the primary thoroughfare of the area structures prone to fire and collapse.2 The descriptions from the Imperial period through late antiquity.* of the Subura in literary sources are so vivid that the neighborhood has come to define the “other side” of introduction Rome in both the popular and scholarly imagination.3 Beyond the imperial residences of the Palatine To date, there has been little in the archaeological Hill, material evidence for the sprawling residential record of the area to complement or to nuance this * I owe thanks to many people for their assistance in this the Archaeological Institute of America (Seattle, 2013). I am project. The permission to undertake and publish the study grateful to the members of both audiences for their insight- was given by priests of Santi Sergio e Bacco and Mirella Ser- ful questions and comments. I lastly thank the anonymous lorenzi of the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologi- reviewers for the AJA for their perceptive critiques and sugges- ci di Roma. The Sisters Catechists of Saint Anne, who manage tions. All mistakes remain my own. All figures are my own un- the adjacent convent and hotel, provided access to the base- less otherwise noted; additional figures can be found under ment and to previous graphic documentation of the modern this article’s abstract on the AJA website (www.ajaonline.org). structure. Scholarly research was conducted almost entirely at 1 E.g., Juv. 3.5–9; Mart. 2.17, 6.66; Sen., Ep. 56.1–2; Suet., the American Academy in Rome (AAR) during my time there Vesp. 5.4. as a Rome Prize Fellow, and I thank the AAR, the AAR library 2 Gell., NA 15.1; Juv. 3.5–9, 11.51, 11.141; Mart. 5.22, 7.31, staff, and Susann Lusnia for their help and patience during 9.37, 10.94, 12.18; CIL 6 1953, 9284, 9399, 9491, 9526, 33862. the summer of 2012. I have benefitted immensely from con- For prostitution in particular, see Mart. 2.17, 6.66, 9.37, 11.61, versations about various aspects of the structure with Federico 11.78, 12.21; Pers. 5.30–3; Priapea 40; Prop. 4.7. Guidobaldi, Lothar Haselberger, Vincent Jolivet, Paolo Liver- 3 Gros and Torelli 1988, 70–2, 159; Zanker 1988, 139, 155; ani, Emanuele Papi, Gianni Ponti, Simonetta Serra, and Erik Favro 1996, 30, 176, 228; Greiner and Pelzl 1998, 64, 179; De- Varner, while Brian Rose, Lisa Fentress, and Kim Bowes have Laine 2000, 119; Aldrete 2004, 99, 171; Dyson 2010, 94, 135. offered especially helpful insights and support throughout In strictly popular culture, the Subura is highlighted as a slum the entire process. Portions of this study were presented at in HBO’s television series Rome; one of the primary lower-class the Incontro of the Associazione Internazionale di Archeolo- characters, the soldier Lucius Vorenus, resides there. gia Classica (Rome, 2011) and the 114th Annual Meeting of 61 American Journal of Archaeology 118 (2014) 61–90 This content downloaded from 165.123.34.86 on Thu, 9 Jan 2014 11:44:11 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 62 MARGARET M. ANDREWS [AJA 118 Fig. 1. Plan of the Subura in the Imperial period, with approximate extents of the neighborhood shaded in gray. general impression of the Subura, its surroundings, If zones of continuous occupation can be problem- and the social dynamics within it. This gap in our atic for the survival of Roman structures, the opposite understanding of an important and well-known part tends to be true for the sites of churches within the city, of Rome’s ancient urban fabric can be attributed to which often preserve earlier pre-Christian structures. two principal factors. First, it is commonly assumed The Subura has no lack of such churches, particularly from the literary sources that a significant portion of on the surrounding hills. Sant’Agata dei Goti, Santa the area was occupied by lower-income residential Pudenziana, Santa Maria Maggiore, Santa Prassede, and commercial structures that lined narrow, wind- San Martino ai Monti, Santa Lucia, and San Pietro in ing streets and were constructed with lesser-quality Vincoli have all been investigated or excavated to some building materials and techniques.4 Second, the area degree, and most have indeed revealed considerable has witnessed continuous occupation for nearly two- evidence for Roman residential remains, showing that and-a-half millennia. Though its long life attests to the the hilltops were full of insulae and dom:s, often very persistent importance of the Clivus Suburanus and the large and elaborate ones.6 Argiletum and to the viability of the market that these Many of these early churches were located on the thoroughfares provided, the continuous occupation surrounding hills because much of the property do- has hindered the preservation of ancient structures.5 nated for early titular churches was owned by elites.7 4 As suggested by Gell., NA 15.1; Juv. 3.5–9. This ubiquitous ta Pudenziana: Krautheimer 1937–1970, 3:89–96; Guidobaldi idea is perhaps best and most commonly reflected by the con- 2002; Angelelli 2010. Santa Maria Maggiore: Magi 1972; Liv- ception of the back wall of the Forum of Augustus as a fire- erani 1988, 2010; Mols and Moormann 2010. Santa Prassede: wall meant to prevent the spread of fires that were so rampant Krautheimer 1937–1970, 3:239–40. San Martino ai Monti: among the presumably wooden structures of the Subura. Krautheimer 1937–1970, 3:97–104. Santa Lucia: Serlorenzi It has been most recently presented in the second episode 2004, 351–54. San Pietro in Vincoli: Krautheimer 1937–1970, (“Street Life”) of the BBC’s production Meet the Romans. 3:90–4; Colini and Matthiae 1966. 5 The only synthetic surveys of the archaeological remains 7 Scholarship on the phenomenon of the titular donations in this area of the city remain Coarelli (2003) and, to a lesser and the role of the elite in the process is vast. See Hillner degree, LTUR 4:379–83, s.v. “Subura” (Welch). (2006) for a fresh interpretation and a clear summary of how 6 Sant’Agata dei Goti: Krautheimer 1937–1970, 1:2–12. San- the argument developed throughout past scholarship. This content downloaded from 165.123.34.86 on Thu, 9 Jan 2014 11:44:11 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2014] A DOMUS IN THE SUBURA OF ROME 63 As a person emerged from the Subura and ascended it surfaces only a few times in medieval texts, and it the Clivus Suburanus and Vicus Patricius, he also seems to have been of little importance.14 The mon- ascended the social ladder, and the houses became astery was closed in the 15th century, but the church bigger and more grandiose.8 Rome’s physical topog- remained in use. The current structure dates to a mid raphy therefore generally corresponded to its social 18th-century renovation, and it has since then often topography: elites on the hills, lower classes in the less been called the Church of Madonna del Pascolo after valuable real estate of the valleys.9 Though the modern a painting discovered during the reconstruction.15 In neighborhood corresponding to the ancient valley of the mid 20th century, the structure was converted into the Subura now abounds with churches, most show no a Ukrainian national parish. clear phases earlier than the Early Medieval period, During a noninvasive examination of the church’s and many are attested only in later medieval written crypt that I carried out in the summer of 2012, it be- sources.
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