Asia and Western Dominance
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ASIA AND WESTERN DOMINANCE 13 BY K. M. PANIKKAR India and the Indian Ocean Founding of the Kashmir State In Two Chinas The Afro-Asian States and Their Problems The Foundations of New India 14 ASIA AND WESTERN DOMINANCE _________________________ A Survey of the Vasco Da Gama Epoch of Asian History 1498-1945 BY K. M. PANIKKAR The Other Press, Kuala Lumpur 15 © George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1959 First Published in 1953 This Reprint 1993 (500 copies) As this book has been out of print for some time, this reprint by The Other Press, Kuala Lumpur, is intended to prepare the Asian historians for the coming event in 1998 of the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama’s arrival in Asia. Printed in Malaysia 16 PREFACE TO THE 1993 EDITION In a few years from now - 1998 to be exact - Asians will pause a while to reflect on the 500th anniversary of the arrival of Vasco da Gama (a native of Portugal) at Calicut on the west coast of India. Da Gama's 1498 voyage pioneered the direct sea route from Europe to Asia via the Cape of Good Hope. (The South Americans have, already in 1992 itself, taken stock of the 500th anniversary of the intrusion of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. The Columbus quincentennial was marked by severe discord, division and protest. While the Spanish government brazenly exploited the occasion to attempt a grand re-entry into the global market, those at the receiving end of Columbus fatal blandishments had already decided that the past 500 years constituted - largely -a period hostile to the terms of their survival on the planet and for this reason, best relegated to memories of an unpleasant past, safely forgotten). Between now and 1998, for those Asians who wish to prepare for the coming event, there is indeed no single historical or political work that would better instruct them than Sardar K M Panikkar's Asia and Western Dominance. The book was published in 1953. It has long been out of print. We are naturally excited and pleased to participate in the publication of a special edition at what seems obviously a most appropriate and propitious time. When it was published forty years ago, Asia and Western Dominance created an enormous turbulence. It stunned the general literate public, generated hostility and resentment in western academic circles and also led to significant political consequences in India. For instance, it provoked the state government of Madhya Pradesh to install a ban on Christian missions in the state. Today, on the occasion of the release of the present special Asian edition - and as the quincentennial of the Vasco da Gama voyage draws near - it becomes incumbent upon us to locate and understand the circumstances of the controversy associated with the original appearance of the book and also to examine its significance for events of the future. v Who was K.M. Panikkar and what was the nature of his scholarly and professional output? The man who would later become one of the country's leading diplomats, historians and thinkers was born at Kovalam in the south Indian state of Kerala in 1895. (Hence his full name, Kovalam Madhava Panikkar). He was educated at Madras Christian College and later at Christ Church, Oxford, where he earned a First Class in History and became a Dixon Scholar. On his return to India, he joined the Aligarh Muslim University in 1919. In 1922, he gave up teaching despite an offer of a Readership in History from Calcutta University. In 1924 Panikkar became the first editor of the Hindustan Times in Delhi. He left the paper later to join the services of the Indian Princely States as Secretary to the Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes. He served as Foreign Minister of the states of Patiala and Bikaner where he also later became Prime Minister and given the title of "Sardar". He participated in the Round Table Conference in 1930-33. After India's independence, Nehru prevailed upon him to serve as a diplomat and to evolve a pattern for Indian diplomacy. From 1948 to 1959 he held various diplomatic posts and became the chief architect of friendship between India and the People's Republic of China. He returned to education as Vice-Chancellor of Jammu & Kashmir University in 1961 and died as Vice-Chancellor of Mysore University on 11 December 1963. Despite his forays into diverse fields, he remained essentially a scholar, publishing extensively and displaying as much interest in ancient Indian history as in more recent historical developments. While at Aligarh he wrote Sri Harsha of Kanauj (1992), and followed it with The Origin and Evolution of Kingship in India (1935). In the latter volume, he came to the significant conclusion that unlike in Europe, kingship in India never developed into an autocracy. These early writings reveal Panikkar's virtues and vices as a scholar. His Malabar and the Portuguese and Malabar and the Dutch (1931) are complementary works, but of uneven scholarship. His grasp of Dutch sources seemed quite tenuous. Panikkar wrote much on the history of the Princely States and of their relations with the Government of India. His sympathy for the Princes vi inhibited him from seeing them, as for instance Mahatma Gandhi did, as "British officers in Indian dress". His biographies of some of the Princes, like of those ruling Kashmir, Patiala and Bikaner are simple hagiographic pictures of the personalities he admired. Panikkar's study on India and the Indian Ocean (1945) discussed the vital importance of control of the oceans for a country like India. He predicted rightly that "the Indian Ocean will be one of the major problems of the future." He made a strong plea for strengthening the country's industrial development and its naval capacity. The volume drew high praise from Captain Liddle Hart, one of the great military critics of this century. In reaction to a Chinese scholar's claim that Indian history, with its lists to apparently unconnected names and facts, looked more like a telephone directory, Panikkar published A Survey of Indian History (1947) to prove otherwise. The Foundations of New India (1963) confirms his revivalist outlook already seen in germinal form in an early booklet entitled Problems of Greater India (1916) in which he defended India's obligation to help Indian emigrants to British colonies overseas to retain their Indian-ness. But it was Asia and Western Dominance that eventually brought Panikkar wide publicity. For it not only shook the academic world, it was noticed by some of the country's new political elite as well. An Indian scholar, Professor Barun De, branded it "an angry book". The reactions it indeed provoked are testimony to the enormous irritation it engendered. Asia and Western Dominance marked a significant departure from the Anglo-Indian historiography in vogue in India. Panikkar approached the impact of the 450 year period as an Asian (even though by Asian he meant India and East Asia and failed to notice West Asia!). It is not easy therefore to categorize him either as a pro-imperialist or liberal historian. Panikkar himself was quite conscious of the pioneering nature of his book. He notes in his introduction that "this is perhaps the first attempt by an Asian student to see and understand European activities in Asia for 450 years." In fact, until Asia and Western Dominance gatecrashed into the academic arena, it had universally been taken for vii granted that the only historians competent enough to write histories of Europe-Asia relations would be people teaching or trained in Oxford or Cambridge car their chelas, the latter increasingly brown-skinned. Panikkar's monumental work dealt that assumption a mortal blow, proving that Indians could reconstruct history using their own categories and order facts following their own assumptions, evaluations and judgements of events. But this was not all. Panikkar's wide ranging scholarship actually overshadowed European attempts at similar history. Certainly no conventional historian could have produced a work of equivalent historical detail and range. A few works by Western historians, like G.B. Sansom's The Western World and Japan, limited themselves to single areas. Many were weakened by questionable facts and more often by a congenital incapacity to understand elementary ideas about human beings outside Europe. Seen in this context, the achievement of Asia and Western Dominance is all the greater and, to a certain extent, even grand. In edition to its unprecedented qualities, it also proved to be an immensely readable book, written with verve and flair, never flagging or basing: Here was an historian writing with perfect self-confidence, calling Europeans names, correcting errors in leading Western scholars, unafraid to use extremely harsh language where necessary. In his conclusion to the book, Panikkar states that "the Europe expansion tower the East began as a crusade . It was the beginning of one of the great Crusades, the Eat Crusade we might call it." We may say that Panikkar's intellectual response as it emerges in this volume is no less crusading in the substance as well as efficiency of his argumentative fire-power. One can also say with a great deal of certainty that in the forty year period since Asia and Western Dominance appeared, there has emerged no historical work which examines the same events and the same period with such scholarly finesse, clarity and perspective. The book remains a pioneer in its class and it is not certain whether its effort will ever be bettered by newer historians. viii The principal themes of Asia and Western Dominance are easily enumerated.