Science and Technology Innovation for a Sustainable Economy Mazharul M

Science and Technology Innovation for a Sustainable Economy Mazharul M. Islam • M. Moazzem Hossain Editors

Science and Technology Innovation for a Sustainable Economy Editors Mazharul M. Islam M. Moazzem Hossain Department of Chemistry Griffith Business School (GBS) University of Bath Griffith University Bath, UK Nathan, Australia

ISBN 978-3-030-47165-1 ISBN 978-3-030-47166-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47166-8

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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (On the occasion of his 100th birthday) Foreword

The 100th birthday of the Founding Father of Independent Bangladesh Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman falls on 17 March 2020. The Government of Bangladesh has declared the year starting on 17 March 2020 as the “Mujib Year.” The whole year will be devoted to honoring the Great Leader in all possible ways. The Government has set up two committees—a national committee and an implementation committee. The former is chaired by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina herself. Programs are being chalked out for implementation at central and ministry levels and by other organizations at national, sub-national and local government levels. All components of governance, for example, policy making, executive, and judiciary will join in the celebrations with relevant programs. Bangladesh’s foreign missions, civil society, and citizens will participate too. In other words, the whole nation will be engaged in a full year of celebrating the life and work of the Father of the Nation. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) at its 40th General Assembly held at the headquarters in Paris on 25 November 2019 has unanimously decided to celebrate the Mujib Year together with Bangladesh. President of the UNESCO General Assembly Altay Cengizer and its Director General Audrey Azoulay were present at the assembly. We, as a professional group, came together to do a bit of our own to add to these national and international programs. We are publishing three volumes of research- based works as follows: Climate Adaptation for a Sustainable Economy: Lessons from Bangladesh, an Emerging Tiger of Asia; Science and Technology Innovation: Towards a Sustainable Economy; and Pathways to Sustainable Economy, Bangladesh’s Vision 2021 and the Reality during 2020. These volumes are dedi- cated to the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. These are being published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York; Springer Nature, Switzerland; and an alternative publisher, respectively. The present volume contains 11 chapters written by distinguished authors in their respective fields, altogether covering a range of key science and technology innovation issues in the context of economic sustainability, particularly focusing on Bangladesh.

vii viii Foreword

The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (adopted by the UN General Assembly on 25 September 2015) can be succinctly defined as socially acceptable, promoting environmentally sound economic growth, keeping inter-generational equity in perspective. In this volume we are dealing with science and technology innovation for sustainable economy. Obviously, the issues dealt with are crucial, in the context of economic progress, which is one of the three key pillars of sustainable development. The other two volumes are dealing with environment and climate change and socio-economic issues. The three volumes together deal with issues relating all three pillars. An attempt may be made, after all the three volumes are published, to prepare a summary volume within the framework of sustainable development, bringing together the key ideas and lessons that emerge from the analyses of the wide range of issues presented in the three volumes and adding any further analyses that may be necessary. The chapters making up this volume, which have been prepared by different authors, are concerned with scientific and technological enhancements and innovations in the context of sustainable economy, with particular reference to Bangladesh. In fact, Bangladesh has achieved sustained and accelerating economic growth with effect from 2010. The GDP growth rate was over 6% every year for several years consecutively from 2010, over 7% for the next 2 years and 8.2% in 2018–19. Currently, Bangladesh’s GDP growth rate is the highest in Asia, according to ADB. The country has, in the meantime, moved up to the status of a lower middle income country. It may also be mentioned that in respect of social development, highly significant improvements have been posted, such as in reducing poverty and infant, child, and maternal mortality rates and expansion of education and health services. In promoting gender equality, Bangladesh has done better than all other South Asian countries, although much more remains to be achieved. These high and sustained achievements of Bangladesh are recognized internationally. Now is, how- ever, the time to consolidate the achievements and accelerate the forward march. The ideas and suggestions put forward in the chapters of this volume deserve attention in the relevant contexts while developing or modifying policy planning and action programs for sustainable economic prepress. The issues dealt with are surely very pertinent for Bangladesh, as it is essential to adopt new technological ideas and innovations in order to raise productivity and diversify the production and service agendas. One key problem in Bangladesh economy’s forward march is widespread skill deficiencies in all sectors at various skill levels. One chapter suggests the building of purposeful industry-university collaboration for addressing this issue, keeping in perspective that, in the increasingly competitive world, the aim must be to raise skills training and research and development activities to appropriately competitive levels. This would call for farsighted approach to and adequate investment in education and training, assigning due priority to science and technology. Some aspects of green energy development and energy storage systems are ana- lyzed theoretically in another chapter with a view to further improving access to energy and its use-efficiency. Another chapter finds no evidence to argue that energy consumption has a positive impact on GDP or an adverse impact on labor force, Foreword ix which has implications for energy conservation policies. This finding may not be appreciated by everyone but is worth looking at. One chapter informs that rapid wheat breeding technologies have been developed in Australia, cutting the time taken from 10 to 12 years under traditional methods to 4–5 years. It is suggested that these technologies may be considered for adoption in Bangladesh for rapid development of new varieties and increasing production of wheat. One chapter revisits the challenges of rice research in Bangladesh, keeping in perspective the increasing requirement of rice in the country in the coming years and decades. It suggests several ways of increasing rice production, including genetic modification; mechanization and new varieties suited to changing weather conditions, rainfall patterns and intensity and level of salinity ingress; and proper use of land types. Hunger has now been minimized in Bangladesh, but nutrition security for a significant segment of population remains a challenge. One chapter explores how best this challenge can be addressed, ensuring nutritional security of all in the country by 2041. In view of high rate of un- and under-employment in Bangladesh, particularly among the youth including the educated youth, ideas about how best this challenge can be addressed are certainly welcome. The focus of one chapter is “occupational qualifications” emphasizing that qualifications and skills acquired should be such that will make the people concerned employable. The experience of the industrialized countries and possible ways forward for Bangladesh in this regard are discussed. One chapter discusses the vast advancement in the DNA and genome sequencing technology and consequent significant reduction in the costs of using this technology. Its use is, therefore, rapidly increasing in, for example, genetic screening, non- molecular diagnostics, precision/personalized medicines, and synthetic biology. Genome sequencing, for example, helps obtain information of medical value with reference to genetic variants for use as appropriate. One chapter recognizes that control over breakthroughs in biotechnology, medi- cine, and environmental science has essentially remained restricted to higher economic echelons due to high costs and limited availability of the wherewithal. It looks at the bioactive paper research. This technology is a thousand times cheaper, as claimed in the chapter, than its counterparts available in the market. This leads to its large-scale, high impact applications, which was previously unthinkable. One chapter deals with techniques to measure the quality and safety characteristics of food. It discusses various techniques available for the purpose. Unsafe food is highly detrimental to human health and abilities, which must be avoided. But an assessment is first required. This chapter provides analyses and guidance regarding best possible food quality and safety assessment. It is my expectation that Bangladesh’s ongoing remarkable development process will get a boost in the Mujib Year in relation to its forward march. It may be noted that the political party in power Bangladesh Awami League has recognized in its Election Manifesto 2018 that the existing and likely challenges and pitfalls encoun- tered along the development pathway may deflect the process of development and x Foreword promised to resolve them. Therefore, it can be expected that the Government will address these problems seriously to ensure that the on-going socio-economic achievements are consolidated and acceleration occurs. Let the Mujib Year be cel- ebrated at the highest possible pitch paying the best possible homage to Bangabandhu and, at the same time, a much stronger base and more conducive circumstances are created for the nation to move fast towards reaching the goal of establishing Bangabandhu’s Sonar Bangla (Golden Bengal), an inclusive and equitable society.

Dhaka School of Economics (DScE) Qazi Kholiquzzaman Ahmad University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) Dhaka, Bangladesh

Dr Qazi Kholiquzzaman Ahmad is an eminent economist and an expert on environment and climate change. He is also a devoted social worker. In recognition of his extraordinary contribu- tions to the welfare of the people and society, the Government of Bangladesh has bestowed upon him the highest national civilian award the “Independence Award” in 2019. Preface

Recently, the United Nations Committee for Development Policy announced that Bangladesh has shifted from being a “low-income” to a “lower middle-income” country. The country needs to maintain its status on various measures until 2024 before the change officially happens. This has prompted the nation to aim for trans- forming the country into a “developed” one by 2041. In the year 2000, we organized an international conference on the most important development goals with a view to drafting a set of development targets for the nation to achieve up to 2021, called “Vision 2021.” The “Vision 2021,” brainchild of Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, MP in 2000, addresses the following development issues: • Is Bangladesh likely to be free from poverty by 2021, at the time of its golden jubilee? • Is Bangladesh likely to become middle level industrialized nation by 2021? • What changes need to occur and what institutions need to be in place to achieve the goals of the Vision 2021? In 2018, we organized another international conference in Dhaka in order to assess the overall economic development of the country since its birth to the present. The aim was to examine the reality when the nation reaches 2021 in 2 years. It was observed that: • The GDP per capita advanced to almost ninefold as a result of sustained growth in GDP between 5.0% and 7.8% in recent decades. • The inflation rate decreased to 5.9% in 2018. • The literacy rate increased to 73% or more at present and the life expectancy at birth surpassed 72 years. • According to the latest survey results of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), the poverty rate in rural areas is 22.4%, while urban poverty is 18.9%. The current rate of extreme poverty is 12.9%, compared to 17.6% 6 years ago. With all of these achievements in the economic and social fronts, the country has obtained a great momentum to turn into a middle-income nation (according to the

xi xii Preface

World Bank’s definition of prosperity). It is necessary now to consolidate and accelerate this momentum. Vision 2041: The HPM Sheikh Hasina recently stated that Bangladesh will achieve the goal of becoming a middle-income country by 2021 and developed country by 2041. Due to extra-ordinary development programs taken by this Government, Bangladesh is recognized now all over the world as a “Role Model of Development.” In this present conference, the “Vision 2041” was examined against the backdrop of “Vision 2021.” Debates were held on challenges and opportunities for the next 20–25 years too. For reviewing the prospect of reaching the “middle income” status in the next 2–3 years as well as studying the development strategies to achieve the “developed” status by 2041, the focus has been on the following aspects: 1. Industrialization: north–south collaboration 2. Information, technology, and science 3. Agriculture and food security 4. Public health 5. Climate change and environment 6. Population, economics, and business In addition to this book, another two volumes compiled from papers presented in the conference are going to be published. The volumes are planned to coincide with the celebration of the 100th Birth Anniversary of the Father of the Nation, Bangabandhu (Friend of Bengal) Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 2020. This volume, being published by Springer Nature Switzerland, includes the papers on Science and Technology. The other volumes on climate change and adaptation and economic development will be published by Nova Science Publishers, New York, and University Publishing Limited (UPL), Dhaka, respectively.

Bath, UK Mazharul M. Islam Nathan, Australia M. Moazzem Hossain November 2019 Acknowledgements

As mentioned in the concluding part, this volume is a collection of papers presented at an international conference held in Dhaka in October 2018 which focused on Bangladesh’s long-term development agenda and the country’s vision for 2041. Three institutions located in Dhaka, viz., Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), University Grants Commission (UGC), and Jagannath University provided the logistic support to hold this conference. Intellectual collaboration of the editorial panel appointed for this volume finally brought the conference papers in print. The Department of Business Strategy and Innovation (BSI), the Griffith Centre for Sustainable Enterprise (GCSE), and Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith University, Australia; University of Bath, UK; and a conference grant of the Jagannath University provided the funds for the conference. The PKSF provided generous support in offering lunches, refreshments, and venue facility for more than 150 delegates from several public and private universities of Bangladesh, government departments, NGOs, multilateral agencies based in Dhaka, and several contributors from abroad (Australia, UK, US, France, and Germany) presenting papers in the conference. The conference was chaired by Professor Qazi Kholiquzzaman Ahmad, Chairman of PKSF and Professor Abdul Mannan, former Chairman of UGC, was the Chief Guest in the inaugural session. Professor Mijanur Rahman, Vice- Chancellor, Jagannath University, chaired the session on Flagship Documents, while Associate Professor Moazzem Hossain of Griffith University delivered the keynote speech on the country’s development and economy. The welcome address was offered by the Managing Director of PKSF, Md Abdul Karim, on behalf of the sponsors. The key-note speech in the Flagship session on science and technology was delivered by Prof. Dr. Boubakar Diawara of IRCP/PSL, Paris. The concluding ceremony was addressed by Dr. Mazharul Islam of Bath University where he delivered the conference outcomes and perspectives. Our appreciation goes to all of these eminent persons for their interest in and support to the conference. We especially thank the following distinguished profes- sionals, business leaders, and members of civil society for making themselves available to speak and chair the various sessions of the conference: Professor Haseena

xiii xiv Acknowledgements

Khan, Professor Atiqul Islam, Professor Giashuddin Miah, Professor Bibhuti Roy, Professor Zeba I Seraj, and Engineer AKM A Hamid. A large international conference such as this cannot be organized successfully without the dedication and professionalism of the staff who worked behind the scene. Our sincere appreciation goes to Dr. Jashim Uddin, Deputy Managing Director of PKSF, and his staff for unfailing support and dedication to the organization of the conference over the 2 days, 30–31 October 2018. Finally, our sincere appreciation goes to Springer Nature for taking interest in the study area and for publishing the volume for wider access to audience in Bangladesh and abroad. Contents

Part I Science and Technology Innovation Investigation on Advanced Materials for Green Energy Development and Sustainable Industrial Processes �� 3 Mazharul M. Islam University-Industry Collaboration for Skill Enrichment and Industrialization: Global Picture �� 35 Boubakar Diawara Terminator to Reversible Terminator: Generational Shift in DNA Sequencing Technologies �� 43 Mong Sano Marma Selected Sensor Technology Innovation in Food Quality and Safety �� 59 Mohammad Shafiur Rahman, Kamal-Eldin Afaf, Zaher Al-Attabi, Mohidus Samad Khan, Ismail M. Al Bulushi, Nejib Guizani, and Nasser Al-Habsi

Part II Innovation in Agricultural Sciences Rice Research Revisited: BRRI and Its Achievements �� 91 Jiban Krishna Biswas, M. A. Salam, and Md. Shahjahan Kabir A Rapid Breeding Technology of Wheat �� 109 Nizam U. Ahmed and Richard M. Trethowan Meat Intake and Nutritional Security: Some Observations �� 121 N. R. Sarker and S. M. R. Rahman Modelling the Demand for Meat in Bangladesh �� 135 E. A. Selvanathan, Maneka Jayasinghe, M. Moazzem Hossain, and Saroja Selvanathan

xv xvi Contents

Part III Multi-sector Analyses Bioactive Papers: A Futuristic Tool for Health, Food, and Environmental Applications �� 155 Mohidus Samad Khan, Shariful Kibria Nabil, Hasib Al Mahbub, and Md. Mursalin Rahman Khandaker Occupational Qualification: A Right Pathway into Employability for Bangladesh? �� 179 Bibhuti Roy

Part IV Conclusions Conclusions and Recommendations �� 191 M. Moazzem Hossain and Mazharul M. Islam Contributors

Kamal-Eldin Afaf Department of Food, Nutrition & Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE Qazi Kholiquzzaman Ahmad Dhaka School of Economics (DScE), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), Dhaka, Bangladesh Nizam U. Ahmed Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW, Australia Zaher Al-Attabi Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman Ismail M. Al Bulushi Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman Nasser Al-Habsi Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman Hasib Al Mahbub Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh Jiban Krishna Biswas Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), College of Agriculture, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Gaizpur, Bangladesh Boubakar Diawara IRCP, Chimie Paristech, PSL University, Paris, France Nejib Guizani Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman M. Moazzem Hossain Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia Mazharul M. Islam Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK

xvii xviii Contributors

Maneka Jayasinghe Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia Md. Shahjahan Kabir Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gaizpur, Bangladesh Md. Mursalin Rahman Khandaker Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh Mohidus Samad Khan Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh Mong Sano Marma Miltenyi Biotec, Waltham, MA, USA Shariful Kibria Nabil Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh Mohammad Shafiur Rahman Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman S. M. R. Rahman Department of Dairy Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh Bibhuti Roy University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany M. A. Salam Agricultural Economics Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gaizpur, Bangladesh N. R. Sarker Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh Saroja Selvanathan Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia E. A. Selvanathan Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia Richard M. Trethowan Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW, Australia

About the Editors

Mazharul M. Islam has been working as a senior researcher in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Bath, UK, since July 2018. He has been awarded with the visiting researcher contract by the Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, for a period between 2019 and 2021. Dr. Islam was born on 27th July, 1977, in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He completed his BSc (Hons) and MSc in Chemistry from the University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 1999 and 2001, respectively. He then obtained his PhD in Theoretical Chemistry from the University of Hannover, Germany, in July 2005 with the “George-Christoph-Lichtenberg” Scholarship of the Land Niedersachsen. Contributors xix

As of 2020, Dr. Islam has over 15 years of experience as a research associate and senior research fellow in Computational Chemistry. Prior to joining Bath, Dr. Islam worked as senior research fellow between 2010 and 2018 at Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry of the University of Bonn; as postdoc at ENSCP, CNRS, Paris, between 2007 and 2010; as visiting researcher at the University of Milano in 2009; and as research associate at the University of South Australia between 2005 and 2007. Over the years, he has gained vast experience in the computational simulation of a wide variety of materials having practical applications in daily lives through inter- disciplinary research areas including (i) energy materials such as batteries and solar energy; (ii) investigation of photocatalytic activities of TiO2; (iii) materials for con- struction, transportation, power generation, etc.; and (iv) catalyst materials based on mesoporous oxides. He has the expertise to teach many courses in Chemistry and Materials Science including Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Material Science, Solid State Chemistry, and Energy Materials at under- graduate and postgraduate levels. Dr. Islam has experience as a mentor. So far, he has successfully guided three Postdoc, five PhD, one MSc and three BSc students. He has successful collaborations with many world-renowned research groups and has been successful in a number of funding applications. Dr. Islam has been active for the initiation of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department at Dhaka University since 2016. He has designed the following courses: Introduction to Computational Chemistry, Quantum Mechanics, Solid State Chemistry, Chemistry of Surfaces and Interfaces, Fundamentals of Nanomaterials, Energy (production, storage and conversion), Green Catalysis, and Modern Computational Organic Chemistry. He has taught a course on Computational Chemistry for MSc students there in 2016–2017. To date, Dr. Islam has achieved over 55 publications in internationally reputed peer-reviewed journals, published and edited 5 books and written 4 book chapters. He has presented his work as invited speaker, contributed speaker, and poster pre- senter at many international conferences. Dr. Islam has shown strong leadership capacity as reflected by his leading role in the organization of international conferences and workshops. He has organized three successful international conferences at the University of Bonn in 2011, 2012, and 2014; two workshops in 2013 and 2016 in Berlin; and one international conference in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 30–31 October, 2018.

Dr. M. Moazzem Hossain has taught environmental economics, development, and trade in the Department of International Business and Asian Studies (currently, Business Strategy and Innovation), Griffith Business School at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, since 1990. Dr. Hossain’s current research includes climate change issues in the Asia-Pacific, including the Bay of Bengal delta and Sundarbans region. He was visiting fellow in various European and US academic institutions including the University of London; University of Sussex; University of Hull; Institute of Social Studies, The Hague; University of Heidelberg; and Boston University since 1991. Dr. Hossain produced more than 10 authored and edited xx Contributors volumes on subjects such as South Asian economic development, economic reforms, telecommunications reform, climate change and growth in Asia, climate change and the realization of Asian century, South–South migration, and pathways to a sustainable economy, which have been published by the prestigious Routledge, Edward Elgar Publishing, and Springer Publishing over the last 20 years. Additionally, Dr. Hossain published two major volumes on the Political Economy of Bangladesh: Bangladesh’s Development Agenda and Vision 2021 and Democracy’s Roller Coaster Ride in Bangladesh. Both these volumes were published by the Dhaka based University Publishing Limited in 2003 and 2009, respectively. Dr. Hossain published in the Journal of Applied Economics, South Asia Research, Disaster Management Journal, Singapore Economic Review, South Asian Journal of the South Asian Studies Association of Australia, International Journal of Environment, Australian Economic Papers, and WASD journals. Dr. Hossain is the adviser of The Hague based BSUG – Development and Diaspora since 2013. He was the Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (SMR) Professorial Fellow of the University Hull, UK, in 2000. Acronyms

AI Artificial Intelligence AIDS Almost Ideal Demand Systems ASF Animal-Source Foods ALP Alkaline Phos Phatase AST Aspartate Amino Transferase AWD Alternate Wetting and Drying ATP Adenosine Tri Phosphate ASSB All-Solid-State Battery ATN Australian Technology Network of Universities BCG Bromo Cresol Green BWMRI Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute BAU Bangladesh Agricultural University BSMRAU Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University BDT Bangladesh Taka (Currency) BINA Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute CBB Conduction Band Bottom cNEB Climbing Nudged Elastic Band CNG Compressed Natural Gas

CrOx Chromium Oxide DAAD German Academic Exchange Service/DeutscherAkademischer AustauschDienst (DAAD DAE Directorate of Agricultural Extension DAM Department of Agriculture Marketing DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solution DOS Density of States DFT Density Functional Theory

EFG Electric Field Gradient Lithium Titanium Disulphide (LixTiS2) ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immune-Absorbent Assays E-NOSE ELECTRONIC-NOSE E-Tongue ELECTRONIC-TONGUE

xxi xxii Acronyms

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FOSPR Fiber-Optic Surface Plasmon Resonance FRET Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FY Fiscal Year FYP Five Year Plan GC-MS Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy GMOs Genetically Modified Organisms GDP Gross Domestic Product HGP Human Genome Sequencing HPLC High-Performance Liquid Chromatography HYV High Yielding Variety LA-AIDS Linear Approximated Almost Ideal Demand System LFAs Lateral Flow Assays Li-GICs Lithium−Graphite Intercalation Compounds Li-GICs Lithium−Graphite Intercalation Compounds LMICs Low and Middle Income Countries LSPR Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance MAS Marker Assisted Selection MDG Millennium Development Goal MMT Million Metric Ton MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoF Ministry of Finance MoFDM Ministry of Food and Disaster Management MC Ministry of Commerce NGOs Non-Government Organizations NIBs Na Ion Batteries OTS Octadecyl-trichloro Silane PCE Power Conversion Efficiencies PCP Penta Cholor Phenol PEC Photo Electro Chemical POC Point-of-Care PtG Power to Gas PPC Public Procurement Center PC Price Commission PV Photovoltaic PC Price Commission PPC Public Procurement Centre RBC Red Blood Cells RU Rajshahi University SPS Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary SDGs Sustainable Development Goals 7th FYP 7th Five-Year Plan SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SNG Synthetic Natural Gas SPRI Surface Plasmon Resonance Image Acronyms xxiii

STEM Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics TSPR Transmission Surface, Plasmon Resonance TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training USG Urea Super Granule VBT Valence Band Top VET Vocational Education and Training

VOx Vanadium Oxide WHO World Health Organization List of Figures

Investigation on Advanced Materials for Green Energy Development and Sustainable Industrial Processes Fig. 1 Schematic representation of various models utilized in the present study �� 4 Fig. 2 Schematic representation of cell parts and redox mechanisms in Li-ion battery �� 6 Fig. 3 ( a) Local structure showing various migration pathways

containing a Li point defect in LiBO2 (Islam et al. 2011b). (b) The two nearest oxygen five-vertex polyhedra of the lithium

and the vacancy along the tetragonal axis of Li2B4O7 crystal (Islam et al. 2006b). The blue, red, green, and yellow spheres represent Li, O, B, and Li vacancy, respectively �� 7

Fig. 4 (a) Schematic diagram of Li2O and B2O3 interface (Heitjans and Indris 2003). (b) Atomistic model of Li2O:B2O3 nanocomposite [Islam et al. 2012a] �� 8 Fig. 5 ( a) Local structure of the Li(2)–Li(1)–Li(3) triplet. (b) Li exchange between Li(1) and Li(3) (Islam et al. 2012b) �� 10

Fig. 6 Li migration pathway in LiTiS2 via tetrahedral void. The pink, white, and yellow disks represent Li, Li defect, and S atoms, respectively �� 12

Fig. 7 Li migration pathway in LiC6. In the through-plane pathway, lithium migrates through a carbon hexagon hollow (H) along the crystallographic c direction. The in-plane pathways are denoted as bridge (B) and top (T) (Thinius et al. 2014) �� 12 Fig. 8 Local structure showing various migration pathways in β- Li2TiO3. The blue, red, and pink spheres represent Ti, O, and Li atoms, respectively (Islam and Bredow 2016) �� 13

Fig. 9 Schematic representation of band gap modification of TiO2 �� 14

xxv xxvi List of Figures

Fig. 10 Density of states for stoichiometric (a), oxygen defective

(b), and aluminum-doped (c) rutile TiO2 using HF/DFT hybrid approach PW1PW (Islam et al. 2007b) �� 15 Fig. 11 Density of states for vanadium-doped (Islam et al. 2011c) (a) and manganese-doped (Islam and Bredow 2015c)

(b) rutile TiO2 using HF/DFT hybrid approach PW1PW �� 16 Fig. 12 Various mechanisms involved in metallic corrosion �� 20 Fig. 13 DFT–STM image showing a corrugated topography

of the Cu terminated Cu2O(001) surface (Islam et al. 2010) �� 21 Fig. 14 Reconstruction of γ-TiAl(111) surface (Islam et al. 2011e) �� 22 Fig. 15 Ultrathin films of alumina on theγ -TiAl(111) surface (Islam et al. 2009d) �� 23

Fig. 16 Adsorption of water on the Cr–Cr2O3(0001) surface 2 2 at the 4.7H2O/nm coverage (a), at the 9.4H2O/nm coverage 2 (b) and at the 14.1H2O/nm coverage (Costa et al. 2009) �� 24

University-Industry Collaboration for Skill Enrichment and Industrialization: Global Picture Fig. 1 Conceptual model for science and technology development �� 37 Fig. 2 Dendrites: the complex network of nerves �� 38 Fig. 3 The biological and artificial neuron �� 38 Fig. 4 Schematic representation of fundamental research activities �� 40 Fig. 5 Various topics for Bangladesh �� 41

Terminator to Reversible Terminator: Generational Shift in DNA Sequencing Technologies Fig. 1 Side-by-side comparison of the key steps of the Sanger’s sequencing and NGS’s sequencing by synthesis method (simplistic representation) �� 45 Fig. 2 National Human Genome Research Institute data on cost per genome. The graph illustrates NGS is outpacing in cost deduction and data output compared to popularly used electronic industry’s Moore’s law (https://www.genome.gov) �� 47 Fig. 3 Generations of dideoxy-nucleotide terminators used in Sanger-based sequencing methods (shown only ddTTP analogues). Entry 1, structure of natural dTTP; entry 2, structure of dideoxy nucleoside-5′-triphosphate(ddTTP); entry 3, a structure of fluorescent dye-labeled dideoxynucleoside-5′- triphosphate; entry 4, a structure of fluorescent dye-labeled dideoxynucleoside-5′-triphosphate where dye is dichlorinated; entry 5, a representative structure of FRET-labeled nucleoside-5′-triphosphate �� 48 List of Figures xxvii

Fig. 4 General motif of linker chemistry used to build labeled dideoxy-nucleotide terminators (a−d) and the iodinated analogues of nucleobases (partial structures, e−h) which are used for synthesizing the labeled dideoxy-nucleotide terminators �� 49 Fig. 5 A set of four fluorescent dye-labeled dideoxy-nucleotide terminators used in capillary Sanger sequencing �� 49 Fig. 6 Chemical structures of one set of dichloro-rhodamine (d-Rhodhamine) dye-labeled dideoxy-nucleotide terminators �� 50 Fig. 7 (a) A representative structure of FRET dye-labeled dideoxy-nucleotide terminators, where the donor dye is fluorescein and the acceptor is dTAMR dye. (b) Schematic presentation of one set of four FRET dye-labeled dideoxy- nucleotide terminators, each has a common donor dye (blue) and a different acceptor dye (various colors). The latter dictates the emission wavelength of the terminators while the former excitation wavelength �� 50 Fig. 8 Generic structures of reversible-nucleotide terminators with (a) and without 3’-OH (b) capping groups. These are only reversible terminators currently used in commercial NGS platforms as of 2019. Only labeled ddCTP analogues are shown �� 54 Fig. 9 The evolution of nucleotides and sequencing chemistry from Sanger to NGS’s SBS �� 55

Selected Sensor Technology Innovation in Food Quality and Safety Fig. 1 Basic principle of electrochemical biosensors �� 61 Fig. 2 Biosensors classification. (Adopted from Malhotra et al. 2017) �� 61 Fig. 3 A comparison of the biological and artificial olfactory systems. (Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti and Aghbashlo 2014, with permission) �� 68 Fig. 4 A flow diagram of the handheld portable e-nose system. (Adapted from Rahman et al. 2018a) �� 69 Fig. 5 Pathway of ATP analysis by luciferase-luciferin �� 79

Rice Research Revisited: BRRI and Its Achievements Fig. 1 Measured filled circles, from 1972 to 2014, and projected requirement and production of clean rice in Bangladesh leading to 2050. (Kabir et al. 2015) �� 95 Fig. 2 Phasic development of rice production in Bangladesh. (The updated figure from Kabir et al. 2015) �� 99 Fig. 3 Intervention for paddy price through triangle policy as prescriped by AED BRRI. (Source: AED, BRRI) �� 103 xxviii List of Figures

Fig. 4 Value chain of aromatic rice in the domestic market 𝐢: Farmer > 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 > 𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑟 > 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 > 𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑟 (rice) > 𝑊ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 > 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 > 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐢𝐢: Farmer > 𝐵𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖 > 𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑟 > 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 > 𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑟 (rice) > 𝑊ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 > 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 > 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐢𝐢𝐢: Farmer > 𝐵𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖 > 𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑟 > 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 > 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠 (Pran, ACI, Chachi) > 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 > 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒r > 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐢𝐯: Farmer > 𝐵𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖 > 𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑟 > 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 > 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠 (Pran, ACI, Chachi) > 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 �� 104

A Rapid Breeding Technology of Wheat Fig. 1 Wheat x maize system of DH production �� 112 Fig. 2 Applying 2,4-D in the cavity of a spikelet �� 113 Fig. 3 A haploid seedling in test tube �� 114 Fig. 4 Haploid seedlings growing outside �� 115 Fig. 5 Haploids for colchicine treatment �� 115 Fig. 6 DH plants in a tunnel house �� 116 Fig. 7 Seed setting in DH plants �� 116 Fig. 8 Double Haploid variety ‘Spitfire’, showing uniform growth �� 117

Meat Intake and Nutritional Security: Some Observations Fig. 1 Contribution of livestock sector in the national economy. (Source: Jabbar 2004) �� 123 Fig. 2 Year-wise meat production (million MT) in Bangladesh. (Source: DLS 2018) �� 125

Modelling the Demand for Meat in Bangladesh Fig. 1 Per capita consumption of chicken, beef and mutton, Bangladesh, 2000–2017 �� 140 Fig. 2 Retail prices of chicken, beef and mutton (2000 = 100), Bangladesh, 2000–2017 �� 141 Fig. 3 Unconditional budget shares of chicken, beef and mutton and group meat budget share, Bangladesh, 2000–2017 �� 142 Fig. 4 Conditional budget shares of chicken, beef and mutton, Bangladesh, 2000–2017 �� 143 Fig. 5 Relative consumption against relative price �� 145 Fig. 6 Budget share against log of expenditure of respective types of meat �� 147

Bioactive Papers: A Futuristic Tool for Health, Food, and Environmental Applications Fig. 1 Timeline for bioactive paper and paper diagnostic research and product development �� 157 List of Tables

Investigation on Advanced Materials for Green Energy Development and Sustainable Industrial Processes Table 1 Comparison of calculated and experimental activation

energy values (eV) for Li2O, LiBO2, Li2B4O7, and Li2O:B2O3 nanocomposites �� 9 Table 2 Comparison of calculated and experimental activation energy values (eV) for all the electrode materials considered in the present study �� 11

Selected Sensor Technology Innovation in Food Quality and Safety Table 1 Characteristics comparison of natural receptors and artificial electronic sensors �� 67

Rice Research Revisited: BRRI and Its Achievements Table 1 Benefit-cost ratio of MV (modern varieties) rice cultivation in different seasons �� 100 Table 2 Intensity of drought and yield of T. Aman �� 105 Table 3 Comparison of areas under As (arsenic) and salinity problems along with cropping areas �� 106

Meat Intake and Nutritional Security: Some Observations Table 1 Projected cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, and poultry in Bangladesh (in 000) �� 123 Table 2 Projected demand of milk, meat, and eggs in Bangladesh �� 124 Table 3 Nutritional composition (per 100 g) of lean red meat �� 127 Table 4 Population of livestock species for red and white meat source in Bangladesh (in Lakh/hundred 000) �� 127 Table 5 Bangladesh’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Targets for nutritional security �� 128

xxix xxx List of Tables

Modelling the Demand for Meat in Bangladesh Table 1 Summary of meat demand elasticity estimates of selected studies in Muslim-majority countries �� 138 Table 2 Consumption and prices of chicken, beef and mutton, Bangladesh, selected years �� 139 Table 3 Unconditional, group and conditional budget shares for selected years, Bangladesh, 2000–2017 �� 142 Table 4 Log change in price and quantity of meat, Bangladesh, 2000–2017 �� 143 Table 5 Divisia moments, meat group, Bangladesh, 2000–2017 �� 144

Bioactive Papers: A Futuristic Tool for Health, Food, and Environmental Applications Table 1 Various applications of bioactive papers and paper diagnostics �� 165