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Phenotyping of Wheat Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight Using Hyperspectral Imaging

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Phenotyping of Wheat Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight Using Hyperspectral Imaging Institut für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften und Ressourcenschutz INRES – Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz Phenotyping of wheat resistance to Fusarium head blight using hyperspectral imaging Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn von Elias Alisaac aus Sadad – Syrien Bonn 2021 Referentin: Prof. Dr. Anne-Katrin Mahlein Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Jens Léon Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Petr Karlovsky Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 18.12. 2020 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Bonn II To the cradle of the civilization and the land of the first alphabet to my homeland Syria III Acknowledgments At the end of this journey, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the people who supported me to accomplish this work especially Prof. Dr. Heinz-Wilhelm Dehne who passed away too early on 23rd of May 2019. Prof. Dehne supported my application in the German embassy and helped me to enroll at the University of Bonn. May God have mercy on him. Many thanks and appreciations go to Prof. Dr. Anne-Katrin Mahlein who believed in me and stood in my side from the beginning and during the difficult times that I went through. Many thanks, Anne, there are no words to express my thanks and appreciations. In addition, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Petr Karlovsky and his team at the University of Goettingen who hosted me in his laboratory and gave me the chance to do the molecular investigations related to this work. Many thanks go to Prof. Dr. Jens Léon for his time, and remarks regarding this work, thanks are extended as well to my committee for their time during the examination process. I would like to thank also the administration of the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Bonn represented by the Dean and the promotion office, in addition to the administration and the teamwork of the department of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection at the Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES). I also appreciate the financial support of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the funding program “Networks of excellence in agricultural and nutrition research - CROP.SENSe.net” (Funding code: 0315529), Junior Research Group “Hyperspectral phenotyping of resistance reactions of barley”. I am grateful and thankful to the Catholic Academic Exchange Service (KAAD) for their financial and social support during my Ph.D. and sincere thanks to Dr. Nora Kalbarczyk and Mrs. Santra Sontowski at the department of the Middle East. Finally, to my parents, who planted my ambition and were always my supporters. To the twin of my soul, my brother Amer, we always shared the tears of happiness and sadness, and to my little angel, my sister Mariam and her beloved family, thank you for being in my life. Elias IV Declaration I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this thesis is my own original work carried out in the Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Plant Diseases and Plant Protection and that all sources have been accurately reported and acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. And this thesis has not been previously submitted for another degree at this or any other university. 21.01.2021 Elias Alisaac V Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... IV Declaration........................................................................................................................... V Abbreviation ....................................................................................................................... IX Summary............................................................................................................................. XI Zusammenfassung .............................................................................................................. XII 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 2 3. Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 3 3.1. Fusarium Head Blight ................................................................................................ 3 3.1.1. Pathogen Taxonomy ............................................................................................ 3 3.1.2. Fusarium Species Involved in FHB ..................................................................... 3 3.1.3. Life Cycle and Pathogenesis ................................................................................ 4 3.1.4. Symptoms ............................................................................................................ 5 3.1.5. Mycotoxins .......................................................................................................... 8 3.1.6. Fusarium Head Blight Epidemics on Wheat....................................................... 11 3.1.7. Fusarium Head Blight Diagnosis on Wheat ....................................................... 12 3.1.8. Integrated Management of Fusarium Head Blight .............................................. 16 3.2. Remote Sensing for Monitoring and Phenotyping Fusarium Head Blight ................. 19 3.2.1. Spectral Techniques ........................................................................................... 19 3.2.2. Infrared Thermography ...................................................................................... 21 3.2.3. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging..................................................................... 21 4. Publications ..................................................................................................................... 22 4.1. Comparison and Combination of Thermal, Fluorescence, and Hyperspectral Imaging for Monitoring Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat on Spikelet Scale ........................................ 22 Author Contributions ................................................................................................... 22 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 22 VI 4.1.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 23 4.1.2. Materials and Methods ....................................................................................... 25 4.1.3. Results ............................................................................................................... 29 4.1.4. Discussion ......................................................................................................... 37 4.1.5. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 41 4.2. Hyperspectral Quantification of Wheat Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight: Comparison of Two Fusarium Species ............................................................................ 42 Author Contributions ................................................................................................... 42 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 42 4.2.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 43 4.2.2. Material and Methods ........................................................................................ 45 4.2.3. Results ............................................................................................................... 49 4.2.4. Discussion ......................................................................................................... 59 4.2.5. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 63 4.3. Assessment of Fusarium Infection and Mycotoxin Contamination of Wheat Kernels and Flour Using Hyperspectral Imaging ................................................................................. 64 Author Contributions ................................................................................................... 64 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 64 4.3.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 65 4.3.2. Materials and Methods ....................................................................................... 67 4.3.3. Results ............................................................................................................... 70 4.3.4. Discussion ......................................................................................................... 81 4.3.5. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 84 4.4. Fusarium Head Blight: Effect of Infection Timing on Spread of Fusarium graminearum and Spatial Distribution of Deoxynivalenol within Wheat Spikes .................................... 85 Author Contributions ..................................................................................................
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