DOCSLIB.ORG

History of the Roman Republic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of the Roman Republic THE REPUBLIC OF ROME 507: Brutus and L. Tarquinius Collatinus (who is rapid- Tarquinius Superbus, last King of Rome Wars in Italy ly displaced) lead a popular revolt – or more likely a Publius Publius Lucius palace coup – to overthrow king Tarquinius Superbus, Wars in the West establishing the Republic. Horatius Valerius Junius 506: Brutus and Poplicola elected first consuls. Cocles Poplicola Brutus Monarchy Wars in the East Intermittent Wars Almost 200 years of intermittent warfare with their central 2nd Servile War Manius Aquillius suppresses Sicilian slave revolt. Italian neighbours—the Aequi, Hernici and Volsci—and their Civil Wars and Raids against Defends the northern neighbours, the Etruscans. 493: B. Lake Regillus. Sublician Neighbours 1st Cilician Pirates 500 BC bridge Gaius The last king, Tarquinius, supported by the Latins and Etrus- Mob violence against the Marcius cans, is finally def. in his attempts to retake the throne. 455: Social War Marius and Sulla defeat Italian uprising. Etruscan B. Mons Algidus. Cincinnatus defeat Aequi. 443: B. Corbio. 491: Latin League formed. Coriolanus T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus defeats Aequi and Volsci. 1st Mithridatic 85: B. Orchomenus. Sulla defeats Mithridates VI of Pontus. Persian Wars Proscriptions, state violence king Lars 491: Start of the conflict of the orders. First secession of the Porsenna. War Mithridates' invasion of Greece stopped. plebs, who withdraw to the Mons Sacer. They create two offices to War of Fidenae/ Etruscans ejected from the Roman side of the Tiber. 20 year Struggle of the Orders: Stage 1 of the Orders: Struggle Dictator defend their rights against the patricians: two tribunes of the Thwarted in his 2nd War of Veii truce. 2nd Mithridatic Local clash. plebs and two pleb aediles to assist them. Spurius ambitions, Coriolanus War Consul leads the Volsci 3rd War of Veii 393: M. Furius Camillus defeats, sacks, and enslaves 483: Sedition of the former consul Spurius Cassius Vicellinus, Cassius against Rome, but is Rome's greatest enemy to date, Veii, wealthiest city in Sullan Civil Wars 82: B. Colline Gate. Sulla defeats Republicans under L. Tribune, tribunician power who proposes agrarian reforms. Vicellinus defeated by the Etruria, after a long siege. Start of the Roman slave-based Cornelius Cinna. virtue of Roman economy. women. Sertorian War Pompey defeats the last Marians, led by Quintus Sertorius, in 468: Lex Publilia. Until this time the tribunes had been elected by the Comitia Curi- Censor Spain. Marian resistance destroyed. Sertorius murdered by his ata, an assembly completely dominated by patricians. Plebs succeed in creating a 1st Celtic Invasion 387: B. the Allia. Gauls sack Rome. Many records lost. Lucius subordinate, prefiguring the later fates of emperors. second and more democratic body, the Comitia Tributa, to elect the tribunes and Gauls paid off by Camillus. Quinctius Republics (Princeton, 2010); G. pass plebiscites (non-binding resolutions). Number of tribunes increased to five. 3rd Mithridatic 72: B. Cabira/Sivas, L. L. Lucullus defeats Mithridates VI. 69: B. This work by Garry Stevens is Cincinnatus 2nd Celtic Invasion Camillus defeats Gauls. licensed under Creative Commons Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Titus War Tigranocerta, Lucullus defeats Tigranes of Armenia. 66: B. the licence CC-BY-NC-ND, and is Rome (University of California 448-7: The Decemviri, a board of ten commissioners with absolute power, Press, 2005) and The History of Quinctius 1st Samnite War 339: B. Mount Gaurus. M. Valerius Maximus Corvus defeats Lycus, Pompey defeats Mithridates VI. Pompey sweeps through available for free from led by the arrogant Appius Claudius Crassus, are appointed to codify and www.garryscharts.com. See terms Rome podcasts (thehistoryofrome .typepad.com). publish the laws. They attempt to cling on to power, ruling through oppres- Capitolinus Samnites. Stalemated when Latins revolt. the East, on the back of Lucullus' victories. Rome's most of use there. Version 1.8. Barbatus tenacious opponent since Hannibal destroyed. Main source: Brian Taylor's series The timelines for individuals are sion, but are eventually expelled. The result of their work is the Twelve Ta- not lifespans, but career lengths; Latin War 336: B. Vesuvius. P. Decius Mus I sacrifices himself. 335: B. of books (Spellmount, 2008), bles, which would remain the foundation of Roman law for centuries. which correct the traditional usually starting from their first Trifanum. T. Manlius Torquatus defeats Latins. War of Crassus and Pompey defeat Spartacus. Last of the great slave Varronian dating in many cases position in the cursus honorum. Appius prior to 300 BC. Other sources Maps show the largest cities at 446: Leges Valeriae Horatiae. Tribunes declared sacrosanct, plebiscites give Spartacus/3rd revolts. include H. Fowler, Roman each time. the force of law. 442: Lex Canuleia legalises patrician-plebeian intermarriage, Claudius 2nd Samnite War 319: B. Caudine Forks. Samnites defeat Romans. 308: 1st Servile War formerly prohibited by the Twelve Tables. 440: Office of censor created. Crassus B. Lake Vadimo: Q. Fabius Rullianus defeats Etruscans. 304: War of Fidenae/ 2nd War of B. Bovianum. L. Papirius Cursor defeat Samnites. First use Gallic Wars Gaius Julius Caesar defeats Gauls. In one of history's great 437-6: Sedition of Spurius Maelius, who buys Etruscan grain to of Roman naval forces (in Adriatic). genocides, Caesar kills perhaps one-third of the population, and Veii Consuls with alternate Military Tribunes distribute to the populace. Thwarted by elderly Cincinnatus. Archetype of Roman enslaves one million. leadership, civic 3rd Samnite War Grand coalition of Etruscans, Umbrians, Samnites and Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian 442-367: Boards of military tribunes with consular powers often elect- virtue and Italian Gauls. 295: B. Sentinum. Rullianus & P. Decius Mus II Caesar's Civil War 48: B. Pharsalus. Caesar defeats Republicans under Pompey. modesty, but a defeat coalition. 293: B. Aquilonia. M. Curius Dentatus 46: B. Thapsus. Caesar def. Republicans under Metellus Scipio. ed instead of two consuls as the chief magistrates. The office is ob- of the Patricians Republic bitter opponent of defeats Samnites. Samnites admitted as allies. In acts of magnanimity unusual for a Roman victor, Caesar scure. It lacked the religious authority granted to consuls, and seems the plebs. to have been devised to deny the plebs the consulship proper. consistently forgives his enemies (with some notable exceptions) Wars of Survival Wars Gallic and Etruscan 283: 2nd B. Lake Vadimo. P. Cornelius Dolabella defeat the Marcus War of Sextus 36: B. Naulochus. Agrippa defeats the last Republican, Sextus Furius Revolt Italian Gauls and Etruscans in their last stand Pompeius Pompeius, son of Pompey, who had threatened Rome's grain Mythic Mythic Camillus Pyrrhic War 275: B. Beneventum. Dentatus defeats Pyrrhus of Epirus. supply from Sicily. The Roman legion demonstrates it can hold its own against the Greek phalanx. Italy secure from Hellenistic threats. Civil War of Antony 43: B. Forum Gallorum. Octavian sides with the Republicans to Republic defeat Antony. 400 3rd War of Veii Armies maintained in the field for more than one season, and paid. Conquest of Rapid conquest of southern Italy after Pyrrhus leaves. At the Etruria's largest city razed to the Southern Italy end, Rome controls all of Italy. War of the 42: B. Philippi. Octavian & Antony def. the Liberatores (M. Junius ground. Sack of Veii marks start of the decline of the Etruscans. Liberators Brutus and G. Cassius Longinus). Largest battle fought between 1st Punic War 242-241: B. Aegates Islands. G. Lutatius Catullus defeats Romans (36 legions), save possibly the B. Lugdunum (197 AD). 1st Celtic Invasion Carthage. First overseas military engagements. Gauls sack Rome. Last violation Perusine War Octavian defeats L. Antonius, brother of Antony. 382: Sedition of Marcus Manlius Capitolinus – saviour of the Capitol during the Gallic siege – of Rome for 850 years. 1st Illyrian War Punitive expedition against pirates. who argues for plebeian debt relief. Assasinated. War of Actium 31: B. Actium. Octavian & Agrippa defeat Antony and Cleopatra. 3rd Celtic Invasion 222: B. Clastidium. M. Claudius Marcellus defeats Gauls. Camillus, after a lifetime of military achievement against the Etruscans and Celts, is hailed as Octavian now sole master of the Roman world. the second founder of Rome. He straddles the transition from a mythic Rome to historical fact. 2nd Illyrian War Punitive expedition. Cantabrian War Augustus completes conquest of northern Spain. 371-367: Obscure period of near-anarchy led by pleb agitation. 2nd Punic War 202: B. Zama. P. Scipio Africanus def. Hannibal. Rome's only 363: Leges Licinae Sextia (traditionally held to be supported by Camillus). Gaius rival in the West vanquished after an epic life-or-death German Wars T. Claudius Nero and his brother N. Claudius Drusus, sons of 2nd Celtic Invasion Permanent restoration of the consulate. One consul to be a pleb, but only Marcius struggle. Syracuse, the last great Greek city-state, captured. Augustus' wife Livia, defeat Germans. Borders of empire in observed intermittently in the next 20 years. Praetorship created to assist Europe mostly stabilised, although Rome will soon move from the consuls and curule aediles. 362: Lucius Sextus Lateranus is elected the Rutilus 1st Macedonian Philip V of Macedon defeats Greek alliance. Rome plays little the Elbe to the Rhine as a border. first
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Elite Female Status Competition in Mid-Republican Rome and the Example of Tertia Aemilia
    chapter 12 Mihi es aemula: Elite Female Status Competition in Mid-Republican Rome and the Example of Tertia Aemilia Lewis Webb Mihi es aemula.1 ∵ 1 Introduction Status competition was l’esprit du temps in mid-republican Rome (264– 133BCE), an impetus for elite male action, as prior studies have shown.2 If it was vital to elite men, did it also motivate elite women? (By elite, I mean the top tier of the two-tier equestrian aristocracy in mid-republican Rome.) Although Phyl- lis Culham and Emily Hemelrijk have found status competition among elite women, hitherto no study focuses on the phenomenon.3 So this chapter turns a lens on mid-republican Rome, investigating the rich evidence for what I term ‘elite female status competition’. Cicero alludes to such competition in his Pro Caelio.4 In a celebrated proso- popoeia Cicero summons Appius Claudius Caecus (RE 91, cos. 307, 296) ab inferis to condemn his descendant Clodia Ap.f. (RE 66), scion of the elite patri- 1 Plaut. Rud. 240. RE numbers are provided throughout, patronymics at the first occurrence of female names. On female nomenclature: Kajava 1994. For the magistracies: Broughton 1951; 1952. Latin text comes from the PHI Latin Corpus, Greek from the TLG. Translations are my own. Dates are BCE. 2 Harris 1979, 17–38; Hölkeskamp 1993; 2010, 99–100, 103–104, 122–123; 2011, 26; Rosenstein 1993, esp. 313; Flower 1996, 10–11, 72–73, 101, 107, 128–158, esp. 139; 2004, 327, 335, 338, 342; Mucci- grosso 2006, 186, 191, 194, 202; Steel 2006, 39, 45–46; Rüpke 2007, 144, 176, 218; Jehne 2011, 213, 215, 227; Zanda 2011, 13–14, 18, 25, 33, 36, 53–54, 57, 59, 65; Nebelin 2014; Beck 2016; Champion 2017, 15–16, 46–48; and Bernard in this volume.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • Wars and Battles of Ancient Rome
    Wars and Battles of Ancient Rome Battle summaries are from Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles, published by Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1904. Rise of Rome—753 to 3911 B.C. The rise of Rome from a small Latin city to the dominant power in Italy Battle of Description Sabines According to legend, a year after the Romans kidnapped their wives from the neighboring Sabines, the (Kingdom) tribes returned to take vengeance. The fighting however, was stopped by the young wives who ran in B.C. 750 between the warring parties and begged that their fathers, brothers and husbands cease making war upon each other. The Sabine and Roman tribes were henceforth united. Alba Longa After a long siege, Alba was finally taken by strategm. With the fall of Alba, its father-city, Rome was (Kingdom) the undisputed leading city of the Latins. The inhabitants of Alba were resettled in Rome on the caelian B.C. 650 Hill. Sublican Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium was marching toward Rome, planning to restore the exiled Tarquins to Bridge the Roman throne. As his army descended on Rome from the opposite side of the Tiber, roman soldiers (Tarquinii) worked furiously to destroy the wooden bridge. Horatius and two other soldiers single-handedly fended B.C. 509 off Porsenna's army until the bridge could be destroyed. Lake Regillus Fought B.C. 497, the first authentic date in the history of Rome. The details handed down, however, (Tarquinii) belong to the domain of legend rather than to that of history. According to the chroniclers, this was the B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Romano-Italic Relations and the Origins of the Social War
    Managing Empire: Romano-Italic Relations and the Origins of the Social War by Owen James Stewart, BA (Hons) School of Humanities Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania February, 2019 STATEMENTS AND DECLARATIONS Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Owen James Stewart Date: 18/02/2019 Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Owen James Stewart Date: 18/02/2019 Statement Regarding Published Work Contained in Thesis The publisher of the paper comprising the majority of Chapter 1.4 (pages 29 to 42) hold the copyright for that content and access to the material should be sought from the respective journal. The remaining non-published content of the thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Owen James Stewart Date: 18/02/2019 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all those who served as my supervisor throughout this project: Geoff Adams, with whom it all began, for his enthusiasm and encouragement; Jonathan Wallis for substituting while other arrangements were being made; and Jayne Knight for her invaluable guidance that made submission possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: Missing Years
    Cambridge University Press 0521855829 - Caesar’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire Josiah Osgood Excerpt More information Introduction: missing years As a youth, the future emperor Claudius set out to write the recent history of Rome and, with initial encouragement from Livy, then the greatest living historian, produced an account that began with the assassination of Julius Caesar. Some were less supportive. Claudius’ mother, Antonia, and grandmother, Livia, repeatedly criticized his efforts; he could not write as frankly as he wished. Thus warned, Claudius left in his final version the assassination and its immediate aftermath, but omitted everything that 1 happened in the civil wars that followed: an eloquent silence. This book is in one sense an effort to recover what Claudius left out and why. Its reader will have to face up to the killing squads, the land confiscations, the famine, the propaganda, the agonizing dilemmas of these years. But I have not set out to write the kind of political narrative Claudius would have produced. For if the emperor has been one inspiration, another has been Vergil, whose first and ninth Eclogues exemplify how civil war swept through the lives of ordinary Italians during Claudius’ missing years. My work too aims to retrieve the men and women who fought and endured the bloody struggles that beset the Roman world under the triumvirate of Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. It is all too easy in writing about these years to focus only on high politics and constitutional questions, and the results become depressingly top-heavy.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Perspective on the Early Roman Dictatorship, 501-300 B.C
    A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON THE EARLY ROMAN DICTATORSHIP, 501-300 B.C. BY Jeffrey A. Easton Submitted to the graduate degree program in Classics and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Arts. Anthony Corbeill Chairperson Committee Members Tara Welch Carolyn Nelson Date defended: April 26, 2010 The Thesis Committee for Jeffrey A. Easton certifies that this is the approved Version of the following thesis: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON THE EARLY ROMAN DICTATORSHIP, 501-300 B.C. Committee: Anthony Corbeill Chairperson Tara Welch Carolyn Nelson Date approved: April 27, 2010 ii Page left intentionally blank. iii ABSTRACT According to sources writing during the late Republic, Roman dictators exercised supreme authority over all other magistrates in the Roman polity for the duration of their term. Modern scholars have followed this traditional paradigm. A close reading of narratives describing early dictatorships and an analysis of ancient epigraphic evidence, however, reveal inconsistencies in the traditional model. The purpose of this thesis is to introduce a new model of the early Roman dictatorship that is based upon a reexamination of the evidence for the nature of dictatorial imperium and the relationship between consuls and dictators in the period 501-300 BC. Originally, dictators functioned as ad hoc magistrates, were equipped with standard consular imperium, and, above all, were intended to supplement consuls. Furthermore, I demonstrate that Sulla’s dictatorship, a new and genuinely absolute form of the office introduced in the 80s BC, inspired subsequent late Republican perceptions of an autocratic dictatorship.
    [Show full text]
  • 11Ffi ELOGIA of the AUGUSTAN FORUM
    THEELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM 11ffi ELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM By BRAD JOHNSON, BA A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University © Copyright by Brad Johnson, August 2001 MASTER OF ARTS (2001) McMaster University (Classics) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The Elogia of the Augustan Forum AUTHOR: Brad Johnson, B.A. (McMaster University), B.A. Honours (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Claude Eilers NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 122 II ABSTRACT The Augustan Forum contained the statues offamous leaders from Rome's past. Beneath each statue an inscription was appended. Many of these inscriptions, known also as elogia, have survived. They record the name, magistracies held, and a brief account of the achievements of the individual. The reasons why these inscriptions were included in the Forum is the focus of this thesis. This thesis argues, through a detailed analysis of the elogia, that Augustus employed the inscriptions to propagate an image of himself as the most distinguished, and successful, leader in the history of Rome. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Claude Eilers, for not only suggesting this topic, but also for his patience, constructive criticism, sense of humour, and infinite knowledge of all things Roman. Many thanks to the members of my committee, Dr. Evan Haley and Dr. Peter Kingston, who made time in their busy schedules to be part of this process. To my parents, lowe a debt that is beyond payment. Their support, love, and encouragement throughout the years is beyond description.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Bernard, Seth G., "Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C." (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 492. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Abstract MEN AT WORK: PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION, LABOR, AND SOCIETY AT MID-REPUBLICAN ROME, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard C. Brian Rose, Supervisor of Dissertation This dissertation investigates how Rome organized and paid for the considerable amount of labor that went into the physical transformation of the Middle Republican city. In particular, it considers the role played by the cost of public construction in the socioeconomic history of the period, here defined as 390 to 168 B.C. During the Middle Republic period, Rome expanded its dominion first over Italy and then over the Mediterranean. As it developed into the political and economic capital of its world, the city itself went through transformative change, recognizable in a great deal of new public infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • TRADITIONAL POETRY and the ANNALES of QUINTUS ENNIUS John Francis Fisher A
    REINVENTING EPIC: TRADITIONAL POETRY AND THE ANNALES OF QUINTUS ENNIUS John Francis Fisher A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY RECOMMENDED FOR ACCEPTANCE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS SEPTEMBER 2006 UMI Number: 3223832 UMI Microform 3223832 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 © Copyright by John Francis Fisher, 2006. All rights reserved. ii Reinventing Epic: Traditional Poetry and the Annales of Quintus Ennius John Francis Fisher Abstract The present scholarship views the Annales of Quintus Ennius as a hybrid of the Latin Saturnian and Greek hexameter traditions. This configuration overlooks the influence of a larger and older tradition of Italic verbal art which manifests itself in documents such as the prayers preserved in Cato’s De agricultura in Latin, the Iguvine Tables in Umbrian, and documents in other Italic languages including Oscan and South Picene. These documents are marked by three salient features: alliterative doubling figures, figurae etymologicae, and a pool of traditional phraseology which may be traced back to Proto-Italic, the reconstructed ancestor of the Italic languages. A close examination of the fragments of the Annales reveals that all three of these markers of Italic verbal art are integral parts of the diction the poem. Ennius famously remarked that he possessed three hearts, one Latin, one Greek and one Oscan, which the second century writer Aulus Gellius understands as ability to speak three languages.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Pyrrhic War
    A History of the Pyrrhic War A History of the Pyrrhic War explores the multi-polar nature of a conflict that involved the Romans, peoples of Italy, western Greeks, and Carthaginians during Pyrrhus’ western campaign in the early third century BCE. The war occurred nearly a century before the first historical writings in Rome, resulting in a malleable narrative that emphasized the moral virtues of the Romans, transformed Pyrrhus into a figure that resembled Alexander the Great, disparaged the degeneracy of the Greeks, and demonstrated the mal- icious intent of the Carthaginians. Kent demonstrates the way events were shaped by later Roman generations to transform the complex geopolitical realities of the Pyrrhic War into a one-dimensional duel between themselves and Pyrrhus that anticipated their rise to greatness. This book analyzes the Pyrrhic War through consideration of geopolitical context as well as how later Roman writers remembered the conflict. The focus of the war is taken off Pyrrhus as an individual and shifted towards evaluating the multifaceted interactions of the peoples of Italy and Sicily. A History of the Pyrrhic War is a fundamental resource for academic and learned general readers who have an interest in the interaction of developing imperial powers with their neighbors and how those events shaped the per- ceptions of later generations. It will be of interest not only to students of Roman history, but also to anyone working on historiography in any period. Patrick Alan Kent is an Adjunct Professor at Jackson and Mid-Michigan Colleges in Michigan, USA. His research interests include the development of Roman relations with the peoples of Italy in the fourth and third centuries BCE.
    [Show full text]
  • Marking Scheme IM Classical Studies
    MATSEC Examinations Board Marking Scheme IM Classical Studies Special September Session 2020 Marking Scheme (Special September Session 2020): IM Classical Studies Marking schemes published by the MATSEC Examination Board are not intended to be standalone documents. They are an essential resource for markers who are subsequently monitored through a verification process to ensure consistent and accurate application of the marking scheme. In the case of marking schemes that include model solutions or answers, it should be noted that these are not intended to be exhaustive. Variations and alternatives may also be acceptable. Examiners must consider all answers on their merits, and will have consulted with the MATSEC Examinations Board when in doubt. Page 1 of 13 Marking Scheme (Special September Session 2020): IM Classical Studies A. SECTION A: HISTORY Answer EITHER Question 1 OR 2. 1. In around 350 words, critically discuss the military and cultural effects which resulted from the Greek victory of the Persian wars. (20) As a result of the allied Greek success, a large contingent of the Persian fleet was destroyed and all Persian garrisons were expelled from Europe, marking an end of Persia’s advance westward into the continent. The cities of Ionia were also liberated from Persian control. Despite their successes, however, the spoils of war caused greater inner conflict within the Hellenic world. The violent actions of Spartan leader Pausanias at the siege of Byzantium, for instance, alienated many of the Greek states from Sparta, and led to a shift in the military command of the Delian League from Sparta to Athens. This set the stage for Sparta’s eventual withdrawal from the Delian League.
    [Show full text]
  • Lays of Ancient Rome
    Lays of Acient Rome Lays of Ancient Rome By Thomas Babbington Macaulay 1 Lays of Acient Rome Preface Horatius The Lay The Battle of the Lake Regillus The Lay Virginia The Lay The Prophecy of Capys The Lay That what i called the hitory of the Kings and early Consuls of Rome is to a great extent fabulus, few scholars have, since the ti of Beaufort, ventured to deny. It is certain that, more than three hundred and sixty years after the date ordinarily assigned for the foundatio of the city, the public records were, with scarcely an exception, destroyed by the Gauls. It is certain that the oldest annals of the coonwealth were compiled mre than a century and a half after th destruction of the records. It is certain, therefore, that the great Latin writers of the Augustan age did not possss those materials, without which a trustworthy account of the infancy of the republic could not possibly be framed. Those writers own, indeed, that the chronicles to which they had access were filled with battles that were never fought, and Consuls that were never inaugurated; and we have abundant proof that, in these chronicles, events of the greatest importance, suc as the issue of the war with Porsa and the issue of the war with Brennus, were grossly misrepresented. Under thes circumstances a wise man will look with great suspicio on the lged whi has com do to us. He will perhaps be inclined to regard th princes who are said to have founded the civil and religious institutions of Rom, the sons of Mars, and the husband of Egeria, as mere mythgial persage, of the same class with Persus and Ixion.
    [Show full text]