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Ground-Water Resources in Southern Oahu, Hawaii

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Ground-Water Resources in Southern Oahu, Hawaii Ground-Water Resources in Southern Oahu, Hawaii By F. N. VISHER and J. F. MINK GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1778 Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of ff^ater and Land Development UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract________________________________________________________ 1 Introduction-_____________________________________________________ 3 Purpose and scope___________________________________________ 3 Location and extent of area____________-______-_--___________-__ 3 Previous investigations_________________________________________ 3 Personnel and acknowledgments________.________________________ 4 Geography______________________________________________________ 5 Surface features and drainage___________________________________ 5 Climate._____________________________________________________ 6 Airmass circulation________________________________________ 6 Rainfall._________________________________________________ 7 Development-________________________________________________ 11 Geology__________________________________________________________ 11 Geologic history.______________________________________________ 11 Shield volcanoes_________________-_____-_____--__-__---_- 12 Sedimentation__ _ ________________________________________ 12 Character of the water-bearing rocks___________________________ 13 Lavas________________-_-_-__-__-___--------__--__-___--_- 13 Dikes_______________1____-____________-_-_ 14 Pyroclastic rocks______-------_------_-_-----_----_-------- 14 Sedimentary deposits-_--__-____-------_----------_---_--_- 15 Soils_______________________________________________________ 17 Ground water.____________________________________________________ 17 Modes of occurrence___________-------------------------------- 18 High-level ground water_________________-__--____________-_ 18 Basal ground water______________-___---_----_--_-_---_---_ 19 The fresh-water lens______-______-_-_----_--_-_-__--_-_ 19 Transition between fresh and salt water__-________--_-_-_ 20 Development of fresh water___________________________ 29 Basal ground water in southern Oahu_.-._._-_________-__________---- 31 Extent and character of the basal aquifer_______________________ 31 Source of water.______________________________________________ 32 Movement of the basal water___________-____--_--_________-__-_ 34 Discharge.___________________________________________________ 34 Pearl Harbor springs_____-_-_________-___-_-_______-_------ 34 Description of major springs____________________________ 40 Kalauao Springs_________________________________ 40 Waiau Springs___.-____________________-__-_-_---_ . 40 Waimano Springs________________________-_--_--- 40 Waiawa Springs.__________________________________ 41 Waikele Springs.__________________________________ 41 Wells. ____________________.__________________ 42 Aquifer properties_____________________________________________ 42 Water-level fluctuations and changes in storage_________________ 44 in IV CONTENTS Basal ground water in southern Oahu Continued Page Transition zone.______________________________________________ 45 Evolution of the transition zone_____________-_____-_________ 48 Effects of pumping._______________________________________ 51 Transition zone at the Pearl Harbor springs __________________ 56 Behavior of the transition zone in response to changes in the position of the lens__ ____________________________________ 62 Utilization of basal water_____________________________________ 69 Quantity of water available.--____________________________ 70 Methods of development----_---_-_-_---_-_---_--------__-_ 71 Artificial recharge of floodwater._________________________________ 72 Quality of water_____________________________________._________ 72 Sources of dissolved solids- ______________-__-_______--'-_____ 72 Expression of analyses.____________________________________ 73 Quality in relation to use of water_________________________ 74 Geochemical cycle_________________________________________ 79 Rainfall_______________________________ 79 Sea water_____________________________________________ 85 Effect of terrestrial environment on rainwater.____________ 86 Composition of uncontaminated water ___________________ 88 Expression of composition._________________________ 88 Stream water_________-_--________________________ 89 Dike water_____-____-________-___________________ 91 Basal water in the Koolau Volcanic Series- ___________ 91 Perched water in the Honolulu Volcanic Series. _______ 92 Solution from the terrestrial environment-________________ 92 Sea-water intrusion-_-_____-___-----___________-_-____- 95 Composition of intruded water and its effect in the zone of mixture_-___-_---_-_-_-_-_----___--_______-_ 97 Variation in content of elements of low concentration. _ _ 107 Effect of irrigation water on the chemistry of basal ground water.______________________________ 108 Contamination from fertilizers.____________________ 109 Contamination from reaction in the soil profile ________ 111 Changes in basal water___________________________ 111 Caprock water--___--____--_-_-__-__-_-__--____-_____--__- 115 Temperature of the water. _________________________________ 118 Temperature of atmosphere and rainfall-_________________ 119 Temperature of recharge water__________________________ 120 Temperature of the basal aquifer..______________________ 122 Temperature of intruded saline water ____________________ 124 Summary__ _ ____________________________________________________ 126 References_ _____________________________________________________ 128 --______________________________________________________ 131 CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. Map of southern Oahu showing streams, springs, wells, shafts, and tunnels____________________________ In pocket FIGURE 1-2. Maps of Oahu showing: 1. Area of study and geomorphic provinces___--__-__ 4 2. Distribution of rainfall_____--__--____-_-_-____ 7 3-5. Graphs showing: 3. Distribution of rainfall along Kipapa Ridge______ 8 4. Logarithmic distribution of rainfall along Kipapa Ridge._______________________________ 9 5. Rainfall in central and southern Oahu____________ 10 6. Map of the Pearl Harbor area showing depth of the base of the caprock_________________________________ 16 7-10. Diagrams showing: 7. Pattern of movement through a fresh-water lens_ 21 8. Effect of pumping on the transition zone__________ 24 9. Half the cross section of an idealized elongate island in three different hydraulic conditions __________ 25 10. The short-term effect of recharge on the shape of the fresh-water lens._____________-__-_-___-_- 28 11. Map of southern Oahu showing ground-water areas, dis­ tribution of the caprock, and distribution of irrigated land.____-___________-__--_-_-_-_---_---.-____ 33 12. Section of the caprock in the Waiau Springs area. ______ 37 13-16. Graphs showing: 13. Relationship of head at well 193 to flow from Pearl Harbor springs.____________________________ 39 14. Head at well 193, 1919-57, and pumpage from Pearl Harbor area, 1901-57________________ 43 15. Head at well 193 and rainfall in the Koolau Range. 46 16. Change in chloride content of water with depth in test hole T-67____________________________ 47 17-19. Graphs showing draft at: 17. Oahu Sugar Co. pumps 6 and 6-B and the Navy Waiawa shaft, head at well 190, and chloride content at pumps 6 and 6-B.__________-__-_- 50 18. Ewa shaft, head at Ewa pump 1, and chloride content of water at Ewa pumps 1, 3, 4, 7, and 9-D___.-._---_________--___-___-___-_----- 52 19. Honolulu Plantation Co. pumps 4-E and 4-H, the Navy Halawa shaft, the Board of Water Supply Halawa shaft, and the Honolulu Plantation Co. Aiea shaft________________________________ 53 20-21. Graphs showing: 20. Decrease in chloride content of water in well 7-F at the Honolulu Board of Water Supply Kaimuki pump__ _ _________________________________ 55 21. Chloride content and head at well 153 for the years 1924-58__--___-_______--_______--__--_-_- 56 VI CONTENTS Page FIGURE 22. Map showing the approximate change in position of the 200- and 1,000-ppm isochlors between 1910 and 1950__ 57 23. Diagram showing generalized pattern of discharge at springs in the Pearl Harbor area__________________ 58 24-26. Maps showing distribution of the chloride content of ground water in the: 24. Kalauao Springs area.________________________ 59 25. Waimano Springs area-___-_______-_____---___ 60 26. Waiawa Springs area________________________ 60 27. Graph showing the relation between chloride content of water at Waiawa Springs and head at well 201 _______ 63 28-29. Graphs showing the relation between chloride content of water and head at: 28. Well 201__--___-_---_-------_-_-_-_-_--__-. 64 29. The Waimano Springs area.____________________ 65 30-32. Diagrams showing: 30. Generalized flow lines in a Ghyben-Herzberg lens. __ 66 31. The expansion of the Ghyben-Herzberg lens during high recharge.________________'_______ 67 32. The contraction of the Ghyben-Herzberg lens during reduced recharge--___________________ 68 33. Diagram classifying water on basis of sodium and salinity hazards---____--_-___--_--_-----_--------_----__ 77 34. Curves showing relation between hardness and chloride content of ground water_-_____--_____--_-__-__-_-_ 80 35.
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