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Overvåking Av Ytre Oslofjord I 2014-2018

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Overvåking Av Ytre Oslofjord I 2014-2018 RAPPORT L.NR. 7423-2019 Overvåking av Ytre Oslofjord i 2014-2018 5-årsrapport Bilde: Stasjoner som har inngått i Fagrådets overvåking av vannmassene i perioden 2007-2018 Norsk institutt for vannforskning RAPPORT Hovedkontor NIVA Region Sør NIVA Region Innlandet NIVA Region Vest NIVA Danmark Gaustadalléen 21 Jon Lilletuns vei 3 Sandvikaveien 59 Thormøhlensgate 53 D Njalsgade 76, 4. sal 0349 Oslo 4879 Grimstad 2312 Ottestad 5006 Bergen 2300 København S, Danmark Telefon (47) 22 18 51 00 Telefon (47) 22 18 51 00 Telefon (47) 22 18 51 00 Telefon (47) 22 18 51 00 Telefon (45) 39 17 97 33 Internett: www.niva.no Tittel Løpenummer Dato Overvåking av Ytre Oslofjord i 2014-2018. 5-årsrapport 7423-2019 29.10.2019 Forfatter(e) Fagområde Distribusjon Walday, Mats Overvåking Åpen Borgersen, Gunhild Beylich, Bjørnar Geografisk område Sider Eikrem, Wenche Oslofjorden 99 + vedlegg Gitmark, Janne Naustvoll, Lars Johan (HI) Selvik, John Rune Staalstrøm, André Oppdragsgiver(e) Oppdragsreferanse Fagråd for Ytre Oslofjord Bjørn Svendsen Utgitt av NIVA Prosjektnummer 180250 Sammendrag Siden 2001 har tilstanden i Ytre Oslofjord blitt overvåket i regi av Fagrådet for Ytre Oslofjord. Undersøkelsene gir informasjon om forurensende tilførsler til fjordområdet og om miljøtilstanden på bunnen og i vannmassene. Hovedvekten er på beskrivelse av tilførsler og effekter av næringssalter. Overvåkingen har i perioden 2007-2018 vært utført som et samarbeid mellom NIVA og Havforskningsinstituttet. Denne rapporten oppsummerer og drøfter resultater fra overvåkingen i perioden 2014-2018, også i forhold til andre relevante undersøkelser og tidligere overvåking i de samme havområder. Sist i rapporten er det et det også et kapittel med spesialtema om vannsirkulasjonen i Drammensfjorden. Fire emneord Four keywords 1. Ytre Oslofjord 1. Outer Oslofjord 2. Marint 2. Marine 3. Eutrofi 3. Eutrophication 4. Overvåking 4. Environmental monitoring Denne rapporten er kvalitetssikret iht. NIVAs kvalitetssystem og godkjent av: Mats Walday Hilde C. Trannum Prosjektleder Kvalitetssikrer 978-82-577-7158-4 NIVA-rapport ISSN 1894-7948 © Norsk institutt for vannforskning. Publikasjonen kan siteres fritt med kildeangivelse. Overvåking av Ytre Oslofjord i 2014-2018 5-årsrapport NIVA 7423-2019 Forord Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA) og Havforskningsinstituttet (HI) gjennomfører på oppdrag fra Fagrådet for Ytre Oslofjord overvåking av det marine miljøet i Ytre Oslofjord. Foreliggende rapport presenterer og diskuterer resultater fra overvåkingsperioden 2014-2018. Resultatene blir også vurdert opp mot andre relevante undersøkelser og tidligere overvåking i de samme havområder. En rekke medarbeidere fra både NIVA og HI har vært involvert i arbeidet i denne overvåkingsperioden: Beregninger av tilførsler: John Rune Selvik. Planteplankton: Lars J Naustvoll (HI), Wenche Eikrem, Jan Henrik Simonsen (HI) og Hege Mathisen Lyngvær (HI) Vannmasser: Lars J Naustvoll (HI) Bløtbunnsfauna: Gunhild Borgersen, Marijana Brkljacic, Bjørnar Beylich, Karl Norling, Siri Moy, Anne Luise Ribeiro, Jarle Håvardstun, Rita Næss, Jesper Hansen (Akvaplan-niva), Hanne Edvardsen, Marthe Torunn Solhaug Jenssen, Tage Bratrud, John Kjeken og Marius Nordberg. Hardbunnsundersøkelser: Janne Gitmark, Maia Røst Kile, Camilla With Fagerli, Mats Walday Overføring av data til Vannmiljø: Jens Vedal André Staalstrøm har skrevet kapittelet om de fysiske forholdene i Drammensfjorden. Forskningsfartøyene «GM Dannevig» med kaptein Gunnleiv Midttveit (HI) og «Trygve Braarud» med kaptein Sindre Holm (UiO) har vært brukt til store deler av feltarbeidet. Mats Walday fra NIVA har vært prosjektleder. Bjørn Svendsen har vært kontaktperson for oppdragsgiver. Oslo, 16. oktober 2019 Mats Walday NIVA 7423-2019 Innholdsfortegnelse 1 Introduksjon ......................................................................................................................... 12 2 Overvåkingsområdet ............................................................................................................ 12 3 Tilførsler til Ytre Oslofjord ..................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Nedbør / Vannføring ............................................................................................................ 15 3.2 Beregnede kildefordelte tilførsler av nitrogen og fosfor ..................................................... 16 3.3 Målte tilførsler av nitrogen og fosfor .................................................................................. 20 3.4 Forurensningsbegrensende tiltak ........................................................................................ 21 4 Vannmassenes tilstand ......................................................................................................... 24 4.1 De vestlige delene av Ytre Oslofjord .................................................................................... 25 4.2 Åpen fjord, Vestfold ............................................................................................................. 29 4.3 Indre del av Ytre Oslofjord ................................................................................................... 31 4.4 Åpen fjord, Østfold .............................................................................................................. 34 4.5 Hvalerområdet ..................................................................................................................... 36 4.6 Ferrybox ............................................................................................................................... 40 4.6.1 Saltholdighet og temperatur ................................................................................ 41 4.6.2 Klorofyll a fluorescens .......................................................................................... 41 4.7 Planteplankton ..................................................................................................................... 43 4.7.1 Bruk av planteplankton som indikator ................................................................. 43 4.7.2 Skadelige planktonalger i Ytre Oslofjord .............................................................. 44 5 Tilstanden på bunnen ........................................................................................................... 47 5.1 Bløtbunn .............................................................................................................................. 47 5.1.1 Tilstanden for bløtbunn i Ytre Oslofjord............................................................... 48 5.1.2 Utvikling over tid hos bunnfauna ......................................................................... 55 5.1.3 Egenskaper hos bløtbunnsamfunn ....................................................................... 59 5.2 Hardbunn ............................................................................................................................. 65 5.2.1 Undersøkelser i fjæra ........................................................................................... 67 5.2.2 Fremmede arter ................................................................................................... 72 5.2.3 Nedre voksegrense for alger ................................................................................ 77 6 Samlet tilstandsvurdering ..................................................................................................... 81 7 Utviklingen i Drammensfjorden ............................................................................................ 84 7.1 Estuarin sirkulasjon .............................................................................................................. 84 7.2 Sirkulasjon i dypvannet ........................................................................................................ 86 7.3 SPI- og faunaundersøkelser i Drammensfjorden ................................................................. 89 7.4 Hvorfor er det så lite vertikal blanding i fjorden innenfor Svelvik? ..................................... 91 4 NIVA 7423-2019 8 Diskusjon ............................................................................................................................. 93 9 Referanser ............................................................................................................................ 96 5 NIVA 7423-2019 Sammendrag Siden 2001 har tilstanden i Ytre Oslofjord blitt overvåket i regi av Fagrådet for Ytre Oslofjord. Undersøkelsene gir informasjon om forurensende tilførsler til fjordområdet og om miljøtilstanden på bunnen og i vannmassene. Hovedvekten er på beskrivelse av tilførsler og effekter av næringssalter. Overvåkingen har i perioden 2007-2018 vært utført som et samarbeid mellom NIVA og Havforskningsinstituttet. Denne rapporten oppsummerer og drøfter resultater fra overvåkingen i perioden 2014-2018, også i forhold til andre relevante undersøkelser og tidligere overvåking i de samme havområder. Ytre Oslofjord har et stort nedbørfelt som dekker store deler av Østlandet, og langtidsobservasjoner av klima viser både økt temperatur og økt nedbør de siste 20 år. Teoretiske beregninger av tilførsler av næringssalter fra de viktigste kildene viser en økning i tilførsler fra befolkningen og en nedgang i tilførslene fra industri. Alle kilder sett under ett, antyder en svak nedgang for femårs-perioden fra 2013 til 2017 for vassdragsområdene Glomma og Drammenselva. Målte tilførsler ved månedlig prøvetaking i vassdragene
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