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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King's Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Integration of Women into the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force, Post-World War II to the Mid 1990s Sherit, Kathleen Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Title: The Integration of Women into the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force, Post-World War II to the Mid 1990s Author: Kathleen Sheritt The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ You are free to: Share: to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. The Integration of Women into the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force, Post-World War II to the Mid 1990s Kathleen Louise Sherit King's College, London A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 23 August 2013 1 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it, or information derived from it, may be published without proper acknowledgement. Abstract The history of women in Britain's armed forces is dominated by wartime participation and, latterly, explanations of wider employment of servicewomen in the 1990s. Women's service is mainly attributed to lessening the need for men. Reasons suggested for 1990s' developments have included social factors, technology, servicewomen's career aspirations and policy-makers' attitudes. However, army issues overshadow accounts that emerge from the other Services. When regular service was introduced, women were excluded from seagoing, flying and weapons' training. Terms of service on marriage and pregnancy ensured careers were long-term opportunities only for childless women. This thesis accounts for how the reputedly egalitarian Royal Air Force (RAF) integrated its servicewomen, expanding their employment into armed guard duties and flying 'non-combat' aircraft, while asserting that women's exclusion from combat was upheld. This contrasted with the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS). As a separate, shore- based organisation, it illustrated the conservative approach taken by the naval authorities. Yet it was the Royal Navy (RN) that opened main combat roles to women first. This thesis argues that the Admiralty reluctantly established a peacetime WRNS in response to Air Ministry and War Office policy. It restricted women's employment until failure to adjust to social change led to a personnel crisis in the late 1980s. Unable to follow the RAF's piecemeal widening of women's roles, seagoing in warships was approved in 1990, overturning women's exclusion from main combat roles. RAF combat jet flying followed as a consequence. However, for the vast majority of airwomen, the 1982 decision to introduce weapons' training made them as combatant as male counterparts. Exclusion from land warfare continued; the RN and the RAF followed the army's lead. The armed forces' right to be different from civilian maternity policy succumbed to legal challenge rather than commitment to modernising terms of employment. 2 Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................... 7 List of Figures .............................................................................. 7 Abbreviations and Terminology .................................................. 8 Acknowledgements ...................................................................... 10 Introduction .................................................................................. 12 Part I: Establishing Regular Service for Women in the 1940s ............................................................................................ 27 Chapter 1: Creating Regular Service for Women: from Wartime Expediency to Peacetime Foothold .............................................. 28 Wartime Participation ......................................................... 29 Policy Development ........................................................... 32 Assheton Study on the Future of Women's Services 32 Planning for Post-War .............................. 34 Deciding on Peacetime Service ................................. 38 Status, Titles and Ranks ...................................................... 40 Status of Women's Services ...................................... 40 Regular Services' Titles ............................................. 45 Ranks and Uniform Markings ................................... 48 Exclusion from Essential Functions ................................... 52 Status as Non-Combatants ........................................ 52 Seagoing and Flying .................................................. 55 Roles for Women ................................................................ 58 Navy .......................................................................... 58 Air Force ................................................................... 60 Conclusion .......................................................................... 62 Chapter 2: Establishing Women's Military Careers: Striking a Balance between Gender and Armed Forces' Norms ................... 65 The Directors and Their Roles ............................................ 66 Women's Royal Naval Service .................................. 66 Women's Auxiliary Air Force / Women's Royal Air Force .......................................................................... 67 Roles of the Directors ................................................ 71 Terms and Conditions of Service ....................................... 73 Period of Service ....................................................... 73 Marriage and Pregnancy ........................................... 73 Pay ............................................................................ 78 Pensions ..................................................................... 85 Career Structure and Training ............................................ 87 Women's Royal Air Force ......................................... 87 Women's Royal Naval Service .................................. 89 Conclusion .......................................................................... 92 3 Part II: Developments in Integration 1950s - 1980s ................ 95 Chapter 3: Servicewomen in the Period of Men's National Service: Failing to Resolve the Conflict between Careers and Marriage ....................................................................................... 96 Early Years: 1949 - 1957 .................................................... 97 Initial Policy Targets ................................................. 97 Recruiting and Retaining Regular Servicewomen: Why Policy Targets Were Missed ............................. 101 Transition to All-Regular Forces ........................................ 110 Duncan Sandys' Defence White Paper, April 1957 110 Attitudes to Servicewomen as Revealed by Pay Policy ......................................................................... 113 Recruitment and Retention for All-Regular Forces .. 114 Developments in the Women's Services ............................. 118 WRAF Integration ..................................................... 118 WRAF Aircrew - Air Quartermasters ....................... 120 WRNS Consolidation ...............................................
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